WO2015155601A2

WO2015155601A2 - Improving neuroperformance

Info

Publication number: WO2015155601A2
Application number: PCT/IB2015/000720
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jose Roberto Kullok; Saul Kullok
Original assignee: Aspen Performance Technologies
Priority date: 2014-04-11
Filing date: 2015-04-09
Publication date: 2015-10-15
Also published as: WO2015155601A3

Abstract

Methods of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject are described herein. Exemplary exercises utilizing letter sequences and serial orders of open-bigram terms are purposefully selected and arranged with the intention of reducing or eliminating the need to develop problem solving strategies and/or to draw inferences from memory storage.

Description

IMPROVING NEUROPERFORMANCE

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a system, method, software, and tools employing a novel disruptive non-pharmacological technology that prompts correlation of a subject's sensory-motor-perceptual-cognitive activities with novel constrained sequential statistical and combinatorial properties of alphanumerical series of symbols (e.g., in alphabetical series, letter sequences and series of numbers). These statistical and combinatorial properties determine alphanumeric sequential relationships by establishing novel interrelations, correlations and cross-correlations among the sequence terms. The new interrelations, correlations and cross-correlations among the sequence terms prompted by this novel non- pharmacological technology sustain and promote neural plasticity in general and neural- linguistic plasticity in particular. This technology is carried out through new strategies implemented by exercises particularly designed to amplify these novel sequential alphanumeric interrelations, correlations and cross-correlations. More importantly, this non- pharmacological technology entwines and grounds sensory-motor-perceptual-cognitive activity to statistical and combinatorial information constraining serial orders of alphanumeric symbols sequences. As a result, the problem solving of the disclosed body of alphanumeric series exercises is hardly cognitively taxing and is mainly conducted via fluid intelligence abilities (e.g., inductive-deductive reasoning, novel problem solving, and spatial orienting).

A primary goal of the non-pharmacological technology disclosed herein is maintaining stable cognitive abilities, delaying, and/or preventing cognitive decline in a subject experiencing normal aging. Likewise, this goal includes restraining working and episodic memory and cognitive impairments in a subject experiencing mild cognitive decline associated, e.g., with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or pre-dementia and delaying the progression of severe working, episodic and prospective memory and cognitive decay at the early phase of neural degeneration in a subject diagnosed with a neurodegenerative condition (e.g., Dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's). The non-pharmacological technology is beneficial as a training cognitive intervention designated to improve the instrumental performance of an elderly person in daily demanding functioning tasks by enabling some transfer from fluid cognitive trained abilities to everyday functioning. Further, this non- pharmacological technology is also beneficial as a brain fitness training/cognitive learning enhancer tool for the normal aging population, a subpopulation of Alzheimer's patients (e.g., stage 1 and beyond), and in subjects who do not yet experience cognitive decline.

BACKGROUND

Brain/neural plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change in response to experience, learning and thought. As the brain receives specific sensorial input, it physically changes its structure (e.g., learning). These structural changes take place through new emergent interconnect! vity growth connections among neurons, forming more complex neural networks. These recently formed neural networks become selectively sensitive to new behaviors. However, if the capacity for the formation of new neural connections within the brain is limited for any reason, demands for new implicit and explicit learning, (e.g., sequential learning, associative learning) supported particularly on cognitive executive functions such as fluid intelligence-inductive reasoning, attention, memory and speed of information processing (e.g., visual- auditory perceptual discrimination of alphanumeric patterns or pattern irregularities) cannot be satisfactorily fulfilled . This insufficient "neural connectivity" causes the existing neural pathways to be overworked and over stressed, often resulting in gridlock, a momentary information processing slow down and/or suspension, cognitive overflow or in the inability to dispose of irrelevant information. Accordingly, new learning becomes cumbersome and delayed, manipulation of relevant information in working memory compromised, concentration overtaxed and attention span limited.

Worldwide, millions of people, irrespective of gender or age, experience daily awareness of the frustrating inability of their own neural networks to interconnect, self- reorganize, retrieve and/or acquire new knowledge and skills through learning. In normal aging population, these maladaptive learning behaviors manifest themselves in a wide spectrum of cognitive functional and Central Nervous System (CNS) structural maladies, such as: (a) working and short-term memory shortcomings (including, e.g., executive functions), over increasing slowness in processing relevant information, limited memory storage capacity (items chunking difficulty), retrieval delays from long term memory and lack of attentional span and motor inhibitory control (e.g., impulsivity); (b) noticeable progressive worsening of working, episodic and prospective memory, visual-spatial and inductive reasoning (but also deductive reasoning) and (c) poor sequential organization, prioritization and understanding of meta-cognitive information and goals in mild cognitively impaired (MCI) population (who don't yet comply with dementia criteria); and (d) signs of neural degeneration in pre-dementia MCI population transitioning to dementia (e.g., these individuals comply with the diagnosis criteria for Alzheimer's and other types of Dementia.).

The market for memory and cognitive ability improvements, focusing squarely on aging baby boomers, amounts to approximately 76 million people in the US, tens of millions of whom either are or will be turning 60 in the next decade. According to research conducted by the Natural Marketing Institute (NMI), U.S., memory capacity decline and cognitive ability loss is the biggest fear of the aging baby boomer population. The NMI research conducted on the US general population showed that 44 percent of the US adult population reported memory capacity decline and cognitive ability loss as their biggest fear. More than half of the females (52 percent) reported memory capacity and cognitive ability loss as their biggest fear about aging, in comparison to 36 percent of the males.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, and specifically Alzheimer's disease, may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States. These costs will probably increase as aging becomes an important social problem. Numbers vary between studies, but dementia worldwide costs have been estimated around $160 billion, while costs of Alzheimer in the United States alone may be $100 billion each year.

Currently available methodologies for addressing cognitive decline predominantly employ pharmacological interventions directed primarily to pathological changes in the brain (e.g., accumulation of amyloid protein deposits). However, these pharmacological interventions are not completely effective. Moreover, importantly, the vast majority of pharmacological agents do not specifically address cognitive aspects of the condition. Further, several pharmacological agents are associated with undesirable side effects, with many agents that in fact worsen cognitive ability rather than improve it. Additionally, there are some therapeutic strategies which cater to improvement of motor functions in subjects with neurodegenerative conditions, but such strategies too do not specifically address the cognitive decline aspect of the condition.

Thus, in view of the paucity in the field vis-a-vis effective preventative (prophylactic) and/or therapeutic approaches, particularly those that specifically and effectively address cognitive aspects of conditions associated with cognitive decline, there is a critical need in the art for non-pharmacological (alternative) approaches.

With respect to alternative approaches, notably, commercial activity in the brain health digital space views the brain as a "muscle". Accordingly, commercial vendors in this space offer diverse platforms of online brain fitness games aimed to exercise the brain as if it were a "muscle," and expect improvement in performance of a specific cognitive skill/domain in direct proportion to the invested practice time. However, vis-a-vis such approaches, it is noteworthy that language is treated as merely yet another cognitive skill component in their fitness program. Moreover, with these approaches, the question of cognitive skill transferability remains open and highly controversial.

The non-pharmacological technology disclosed herein is implemented through novel neuro-linguistic cognitive strategies, which stimulate sensory-motor-perceptual abilities in correlation with the alphanumeric information encoded in the sequential, combinatorial and statistical properties of the serial orders of its symbols (e.g., in the letters series of a language alphabet and in a series of numbers 1 to 9). As such, this novel non-pharmacological technology is a kind of biological intervention tool which safely and effectively triggers neuronal plasticity in general, across multiple and distant cortical areas in the brain. In particular, it triggers hemispheric related neural-linguistic plasticity, thus preventing or decelerating the chemical break-down initiation of the biological neural machine as it grows old.

The present non-pharmacological technology accomplishes this by principally focusing on the root base component of language, its alphabet, organizing its constituent parts, namely its letters and letter sequences (chunks) in novel ways to create rich and increasingly new complex non-semantic (serial non-word chunks) networking. This technology explicitly reveals the most basic minimal semantic textual structures in a given language (e.g., English) and creates a novel alphanumeric platform by which these minimal semantic textual structures can be exercised within the given language alphabet. The present non-pharmacological technology also accomplishes this by focusing on the natural numbers numerical series, organizing its constituent parts, namely its single number digits and number sets (numerical chunks) in novel serial ways to create rich and increasingly new number serial configurations.

From a developmental standpoint, language acquisition is considered to be a sensitive period in neuronal plasticity that precedes the development of top-down brain executive functions, (e.g. , memory) and facilitates "learning". Based on this key temporal relationship between language acquisition and complex cognitive development, the non-pharmacological technology disclosed herein places 'native language acquisition' as a central causal effector of cognitive, affective and psychomotor development. Further, the present non- pharmacological technology derives its effectiveness, in large part, by strengthening, and recreating fluid intelligence abilities such as inductive reasoning performance/processes, which are highly engaged during early stages of cognitive development (which stages coincide with the period of early language acquisition). Furthermore, the present non- pharmacological technology also derives its effectiveness by promoting efficient processing speed of phonological and visual pattern information among alphabetical serial structures (e.g. , letters and letter patterns and their statistical and combinatorial properties, including non-word letter patterns), thereby promoting neuronal plasticity in general across several distant brain regions and hemispheric related language neural plasticity in particular.

The advantage of the non-pharmacological cognitive intervention technology disclosed herein is that it is effective, safe, and user-friendly, demands low arousal thus low attentional effort, is non-invasive, has no side effects, is non-addictive, scalable, and addresses large target markets where currently either no solution is available or where the solutions are partial at best.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non-limiting exercises put forth in Examples 1-6.

Fig. 2 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the exercises disclosed in Example 1 use in promoting inductive reasoning ability in a subject by inductively inferring the next open- bigram term in a direct alphabetical open-bigram sequence.

Figs. 3A-3D depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for inductively inferring the next open bigram term in an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. Fig. 3A shows a direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms comprising three open- bigram terms and prompts the subject to correctly sensory motor select the fourth open bigram term. Fig. 3B shows that the correct sensory motor selection is the open-bigram term GH. Likewise, Fig. 3C shows an inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms comprising three open-bigram terms and prompts the subject to correctly sensory motor select the fourth open-bigram term. Fig. 3D shows that the correct sensory motor selection is the open-bigram term BA. Fig. 4 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by reasoning about the similarity or disparity in open-bigram sequences.

Figs. 5A-5B depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for reasoning about the sameness and differentness in two serial orders of open-bigram terms. Fig. 5A shows two serial orders of three (3) open-bigram terms and prompts the subject to sensory motor select whether the two serial orders of open-bigram terms are the same or different. Fig. 5B shows that the correct sensory motor selection is different.

Fig. 6 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by reasoning strategies the subject utilizes in order to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert missing open-bigram terms into an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms to form a completed serial order of open- bigram terms.

Figs. 7A-7D depict a number of non-limiting examples for sensorial discrimination and sensory motor inserting the correct missing open-bigram terms in an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. Fig. 7A shows an incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of open- bigram terms, along with the complete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms underneath the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. Fig. 7B shows the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms with the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms displayed with a changed time perceptual related attribute in the form of a font color change. Fig. 7C shows an incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms along with the complete inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms there under. Fig. 7D shows the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms having a single changed spatial perceptual related attribute in the form of font boldness.

Fig. 8 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by completing a predefined incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms with two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms to form a completed serial order of open-bigram (e.g., alphabetic, numeric or alphanumeric symbols) terms.

Figs. 9A-9C depict a non-limiting example of the exercises completing an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms to obtain a complete serial order of open-bigram terms. Fig. 9A shows an original incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms along with a number of other incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms provided thereunder. Fig. 9B shows that the subject has correctly sensorially identified and sensory motor selected one complementary contiguous incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms AB CD EF GH. Further, Fig. 9C shows the obtained completed direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms with the subject having correctly sensorially identified and sensory motor selected the second complementary contiguous incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms ST UV WX YZ.

Fig. 10 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject through reasoning strategies directed towards problem solving by the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and gradual reorganization of different open-bigram terms into a completed non-randomized open- bigrams sequence that comprises a complete direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

Figs. 11A-11C depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and gradual reorganization of different open-bigram terms from a randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms into a completed nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. Fig. 11A shows a randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms and prompts the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the randomized open-bigrams sequence. Fig. 11B shows the correct serially sensorially discriminated, sensory motor selected, and reorganized different open-bigram terms AB and IJ. Fig. 11C shows the correct serial sensorial discriminations, sensory motor selections, and reorganization of different open- bigram terms CD and EF in the randomized open-bigram sequence by sensory motor swapping the ordinal positions of the different open-bigram terms. Figs. 12A-12C comprise a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject through reasoning strategies directed towards problem solving by the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, ordinal reorganization, and insertion of open-bigram terms to attain a complete nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms.

Figs. 13A-13F depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, reorganization, and insertion of open- bigram terms.

Fig. 13 A presents a randomized open-bigrams sequence with repeated open-bigram terms, open-bigram terms occupying wrong ordinal positions in relation to their respective ordinal positions in a complete direct alphabetical open-bigram set array or a complete inverse alphabetical open-bigram set array, and missing open-bigram terms. The subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate all of the repeated open-bigram terms from the randomized open-bigrams sequence in order to sensory motor remove them and reorganize them in a direct alphabetical order in the given box. Fig. 13B shows the results of the subject successfully completing this first step.

Fig. 13C shows the remaining different open-bigram terms in the randomized open- bigrams sequence and prompts the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and organize them into an incomplete direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence in the given box in the second step. Fig. 13D shows the remaining different open-bigram terms in their correct direct alphabetical order in the box. In Fig. 13E, the subject is prompted to complete the direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence by sensory motor inserting the missing different open-bigram terms provided in the box in the third step. The final result is shown in Fig. 13F, where the correct sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms are shown with changed spatial and time perceptual related attributes.

Fig. 14 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non-limiting exercises put forth in Example 7 disclosed herein.

Figs. 15A-15K depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 15A shows a direct alphabetic letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. Fig. 15B shows a correct sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "WE." Figs. 15C-15J show the same direct alphabetic letters sequence of Fig. 15 A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 15K shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 16A-160 depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 16A shows an inverse alphabetic letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. Fig. 16B shows a correct sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "AM." Figs. 16C-16N show the same inverse alphabetic letters sequence of Fig. 16A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 160 shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 17A-170 depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 17 A shows a direct alphabetic letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled therefrom. Fig. 17B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "AM." Figs. 17C-17N show the same direct alphabetic letters sequence of Fig. 17A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto- bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 170 shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 18A-18K depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 18A shows an inverse alphabetic letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled therefrom. Fig. 18B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "WE." Figs. 18C-18J show the same inverse alphabetic letters sequence of Fig. 18A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 18K shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 19A-19F depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 19A shows a non-alphabetical letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. Fig. 19A also shows an array of open proto-bigram terms in the ruler. Fig. 19B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "BY." Figs. 19C-19E show the same non-alphabetical letters sequence of Fig. 19A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 19F shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 20A-20G depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 20 A shows a non-alphabetical letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. Fig. 20A also shows all of the open proto-bigram terms answers that can be assembled from an inverse alphabetic set array in the ruler. Fig. 20B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "WE." Figs. 20C-20F show the same non-alphabetical letters sequence of Fig. 20A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms and correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 20G shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms. Figs. 21A-21J depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 21A shows a non-alphabetical letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled therefrom. Fig. 21A also shows an array of open proto-bigram terms in the ruler. Fig. 21 B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "AM." Figs. 21C-21J show the same non-alphabetical letters sequence of Fig. 21A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 21 J shows all of the correctly selected open proto-bigram terms.

Figs. 22A-22E depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 22A shows a non-alphabetical letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled therefrom. Fig. 22A also shows all of the open proto-bigram terms answers that can be assembled from an inverse alphabetic set array in the ruler. Fig. 22B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "SO." Figs. 22C and 22D show the same non-alphabetical letters sequence of Fig. 2A from which the subject must form open proto-bigram terms, but it also shows previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms from the open proto-bigrams array in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto- bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams array. Fig. 22E shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms.

Fig. 23 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non-limiting exercises put forth in Example 8.

Fig. 24 shows a non-limiting exemplary open proto-bigrams terms matrix configuration.

Figs. 25A and 25B depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. Fig. 25A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigrams, one being the target term and the other being the distractor term. Fig. 25B shows correctly selected target term "IF."

Figs. 26A and 26B depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. Fig. 26A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto-bigram term as both the target and distractor terms. However, in this case since only a single open proto-bigram term is utilized, the target and distractor terms are distinguished by font size. Fig. 26B shows correctly selected smaller font size target term "NO."

Figs. 27 A and 27B depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. Fig. 27A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigrams, one being the target term and the other being the distractor term. The two open proto-bigram terms also have different font sizes. Fig. 27B shows correctly selected target term "NO."

Figs. 28A-28D depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. Fig. 28A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto-bigram as the target and distractor terms and distinguished by font type. Fig. 28B shows the correctly identified targets. Similarly, Figs. 28C and 28D depict an arranged open proto-bigrams matrix with a single open proto-bigram as the target and distractor terms that are differentiated by font boldness.

Figs. 29A and 29B depict another set of non-limiting examples of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. In Fig. 29A, there is an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigram target-distractors terms from the same matrix sector. The target terms are distinguished by a different font angular rotation. Similarly, Fig. 29B shows another arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigram target and distractor terms distinguished by the target term having a different font angular rotation. However, in this case, the open proto-bigram terms are selected from two different matrix sectors. Figs. 30A-30D depict another set of non-limiting examples of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. In Fig. 30A, there is an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto-bigram term as both the target and distractor terms. The target terms are distinguished by a different font type. Fig. 30B shows the arranged matrix but with the target terms having "disappeared." Fig. 30C shows the arranged matrix having only distractor terms, which the subject sees during the "intermittency" period. Fig. 30D shows the correctly selected targets "IN."

Figs. 31A-31D depict another set of non-limiting examples of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. In Fig. 31 A, there is an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto-bigram term representing both the target and distractor terms, the target terms distinguished by a smaller font size. Figs. 3 IB and 31C show the target terms having moved into different cell positions. Fig. 3 ID shows all of the correctly identified target terms.

Figs. 32A-32D depict another set of non-limiting examples of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. In Fig. 32A, there is an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto-bigram term representing both the target and distractor terms. The target term is also distinguished by a different font size. Fig. 32B shows the arranged matrix with the all of target and distractor terms having the angular rotation spatial perceptual related attribute changed as well as their position in the matrix. In Fig. 32C, the target terms are shown in another different position within the matrix as well as having a change in font boldness. Fig. 32D shows the correctly selected target terms.

Figs. 33A-33D depict another set of non-limiting examples of the exercises for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. In Fig. 33A, there is an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigram terms from the same matrix sector, one representing the target term and the other representing the distractor term. Fig. 33B shows a horizontal array containing a target term having shifted to the right. Fig. 33C shows further transposition of the horizontal array containing the target term to the right. Fig. 33D shows the correctly selected target term in a third shifted position in the array. Fig. 34 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non-limiting exercises put forth in Examples 9 and 10.

Figs. 35A-35E depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters held in between two of the letters forming one of the open proto-bigram terms assigned in the ruler. Fig. 35 A shows a selected direct alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 35B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 35C and 35D show the selected letters 'A' and 'M' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute red font color. Fig. 35E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute red font color in the new incomplete direct alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 36A-36E depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters in order for the two letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term to become contiguous. Fig. 36A shows a selected inverse alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 36B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 36C and 36D show the selected letters 'Η' and Έ' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Fig. 36E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute blue font color in the new incomplete inverse alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 37A-37J depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters in order for the two letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term to become contiguous. Fig. 37A shows a selected direct alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 37B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed in the ruler in a spatial perceptual related attribute small font size. Figs. 37C and 37D show the selected letters 'B' and Έ' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig 37E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute red font color in the new incomplete direct alphabetic letters sequence.

Fig. 37F shows newly assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed in the ruler with a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 37G and 37H show the selected letters 'O' and 'R' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 371 shows open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the ruler. Fig. 37J shows all of the revealed open proto-bigram terms displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the final obtained direct incomplete alphabetical letters sequence.

Figs. 38A-38J depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 38A shows a selected inverse alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 38B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' displayed in the ruler with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 38C and 38D show the selected letters 'S' and 'O' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Fig. 38E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' displayed with time perceptual related attribute blue font color in the new incomplete inverse alphabetic letters sequence.

Fig. 38F shows newly assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed in the ruler in a spatial perceptual related attribute large font size. Figs. 38G and 38H show the selected letters 'I' and 'F' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Fig. 381 shows open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the ruler Fig. 38J shows all of the revealed open proto-bigram terms displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the final obtained inverse incomplete alphabetical letters sequence.

Figs. 39A-39N depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 39A shows a complete non- alphabetical letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 39B shows the first assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 39C and 39D show the selected letters 'A' and 'M' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font boldness. Fig. 39E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font boldness in the new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence.

Similarly, Figs. 39F-39I show another compression of the letters sequence for the second assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Figs. 39J-39M show a third transformation of the provided letters sequence for the last assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 39N shows the last revealed open proto-bigram term 'AT' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical letters sequence.

Figs. 40A-40Q depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 40A shows a complete non- alphabetical letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 40B shows the first assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Figs. 40C and 40D show the selected letters 'O' and 'N' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Fig. 40E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 40F-40I show another compression of the letters sequence for the second assigned open proto-bigram term 'AS' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Similarly, Figs. 40J-40M show a third compression of the letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Figs. 40N-40Q show a final compression of the letters sequence for the last assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 40Q shows the last revealed open proto-bigram term 'AT' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical letters sequence.

Figs. 41A-41N depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 41 A shows a complete non- alphabetical letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 41B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed in a time perceptual related attribute font red color. Figs. 41C and 41D show the selected letters 'B' and Έ' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 41E shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 41F-41I show another compression of the letters sequence for second assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Fig. 411 shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the second new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence. Figs. 41J-41M shows a third compression of the letters sequence for the third open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Fig. 41M shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the third new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Fig. 41N shows all of the revealed open proto-bigram terms 'BE', 'IF', and 'OR' displayed with their respective spatial and time perceptual related attributes in the final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical letters sequence.

Figs. 42A-42F depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a non-local compression of the provided letters sequence by removing more than two contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. This example shows an extraordinary non-local compression. Fig. 42A shows a complete non-alphabetical different letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 42B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed in the ruler with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Figs. 42C and 42D show the selected letters 'B' and Έ' displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 42E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute red font color in the obtained non-alphabetical different letters sequence and in the ruler. In Fig. 42F, open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute red font color only in the obtained non-alphabetical different letters sequence. Figs. 43A-43DD depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform a transpositional compression of the provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 43A shows a complete non-alphabetical same letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 43B shows the first assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Figs. 43C and 43D show the selected letters 'A' and ' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. In Fig. 43E, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43F-43I show a second compression of the letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'ME' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute small font size. Fig. 431 shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'ME' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute small font size in the second new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43J-43M show a third compression of the letters sequence for the third open proto-bigram term 'IN' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Fig. 43M shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'IN' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the third new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43N-43Q shows a fourth compression of the letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'NO' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Fig. 43Q shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'NO' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the fourth new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43R-43U shows a fifth compression of the letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 43U shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'OF' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the fifth new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43V-43Y show a sixth compression of the letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed with a spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Fig. 43Y shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'IF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the sixth new incomplete non-alphabetic letters sequence.

Figs. 43Z-43CC show a final compression of the letters sequence for the seventh assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Fig. 43CC shows revealed open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the seventh new incomplete non- alphabetic letters sequence.

Fig. 43DD shows assigned open proto-bigram terms 'AT', 'HE', and 'IF' displayed in their respective spatial or time perceptual related attributes only in the final obtained non- alphabetical same letters sequence.

Figs. 44A-44F depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an extraordinary non-local compression of the provided letters sequence by removing more than two contiguous letters to form an open proto-bigram term. Fig. 44A shows a complete non-alphabetical same letters sequence and complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Fig. 44B shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 44C and 44D show the selected letters 'O' and 'F' displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness Fig. 44E shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the obtained non-alphabetical same letters sequence and in the ruler. In Fig. 44F, open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness only in the obtained non-alphabetical same letters sequence.

Fig. 45 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non-limiting exercises put forth in Example 11.

Figs. 46A-46H depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between an open proto- bigram term to form an incomplete letters sequence. Fig. 46A shows a direct alphabetical letters sequence and Fig. 46B shows the selected open proto-bigram term 'GO.' Figs. 46C- 46H show the correctly expanded letters sequence for each single letter selection in the sequence.

Figs. 47A-47F depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between an open proto-bigram term to form an incomplete letters sequence. Fig. 47A shows an inverse alphabetical letters sequence and Fig. 47B shows selected open proto-bigram term 'TO.' Figs. 47C-47F show the correctly expanded letters sequence for each single letter selection in the sequence.

Figs. 48A-48D depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between a selected open proto-bigram term to form an incomplete letters sequence. Fig. 48A shows a randomized serial order of an alphabetic set array and a ruler having a direct alphabetic set array. Fig. 48B shows selected open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed. Fig. 48C shows correctly inserted letter 'C in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the selected open proto-bigram term. Fig. 48D shows final letter 'D' correctly inserted between the selected open proto- bigram term in time perceptual related attribute font red color.

Figs. 49A-49V depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between an open proto- bigram term to form an incomplete letters sequence. Fig. 49A shows a direct alphabetical letters sequence and a ruler displaying a direct open proto-bigrams sequence. Fig. 49B shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 49C and 49D show the selected letters 'A' and 'M' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 49E, the subject is prompted to select each letter between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram term to reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence there between. Figs. 49F-49P show the revealed incomplete letters sequence for each single letter selection between the selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' with time perceptual related attribute font red color.

Fig. 49Q shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Figs. 49R and 49S show the selected letters 'O' and 'R' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 49T, the subject is prompted to select each letter between the 'O' and the 'R' of the assigned open proto- bigram term to reveal the incomplete direct letters sequence there between. Figs. 49U and 49V show the revealed incomplete direct letter sequence for each single letter selection between the selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Figs. 50A-50U depict a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between an assigned open proto-bigram term to form an incomplete direct letters sequence. Fig. 50A shows a direct alphabetical letters sequence and a ruler displaying a direct open proto-bigrams sequence. Fig. 50B shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Figs. 50C and 50D show the selected letters 'B' and Έ' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 50E, the subject is prompted to select each letter between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram term. Figs. 50F and 50G show the selected letters between the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' with spatial perceptual related attribute smaller font size.

Figs. 50H-50O show a second expansion of the provided letters sequence for assigned open proto-bigram term 'IN' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Fig. 50O shows selected open proto-bigram term 'IN' expanded to reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence there between.

Similarly, Figs. 50P-50U show a third expansion of the provided letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. Fig. 50U shows selected open proto-bigram term 'OR' fully expanded to reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence there between.

Figs. 51A-51U depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting reasoning in a subject to perform an expansion of one or more contiguous letters in between an assigned open proto-bigram term to form an incomplete inverse letters sequence. Fig. 51A shows an inverse alphabetical letters sequence and a ruler displaying an inverse open proto-bigrams sequence. Fig. 5 IB shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Figs. 51C and 5 ID show the selected letters 'O' and 'F' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. In Fig. 5 IE, the subject is prompted to select each letter between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto- bigram term. Figs. 51F-51M show the selected letters between the assigned open proto- bigram term 'OF' expanded to reveal the incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence there between.

Likewise, Fig. 51N-51U shows a second expansion of the provided inverse letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'UP' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Fig. 51U shows selected open proto-bigram term 'UP' fully expanded to reveal the incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence there between.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Introduction

It is generally assumed that individual letters and the mechanism responsible for coding the positions of these letters in a string are the key elements for orthographic processing and determining the nature of the orthographic code. To expand the understanding of the mechanisms that interact, inhibit and modulate orthographic processing, there should also be an acknowledgement of the ubiquitous influence of phonology in reading comprehension. There is a growing consensus that reading involves multiple processing routes, namely the lexical and sub-lexical routes. In the lexical route, a string directly accesses lexical representations. When a visual image first arrives at a subject's cortex, it is in the form of a retinotopic encoding. If the visual stimulus is a letter string, an encoding of the constituent letter identities and positions takes place to provide a suitable representation for lexical access. In the sub-lexical route, a string is transformed into a phonological representation, which then contacts lexical representations.

Indeed, there is growing consensus that orthographic processing must connect with phonological processing quite early on during the process of visual word recognition, and that phonological representations constrain orthographic processing (Frost, R. (1998) Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails, Psychological Bulletin, 123, 71_99; Van Orden, G. C. (1987) A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading, Memory and Cognition, 15(3), 181-1987; and Ziegler, J. C, & Jacobs, A. M. (1995), Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings, Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 567-593).

Another major step forward in orthographic processing research concerning visual word recognition has taken into consideration the anatomical constraints of the brain to its function. Hunter and Brysbaert describe this anatomical constraint in terms of interhemispheric transfer cost (Hunter, Z. R., & Brysbaert, M. (2008), Theoretical analysis of interhemispheric transfer costs in visual word recognition, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 165-182). The assumption is that information falling to the right and left of fixation, even within the fovea, is sent to area VI in the contralateral hemisphere. This implies that information to the left of fixation (LVF), which is processed initially by the right hemisphere of the brain, must be redirected to the left hemisphere (collosal transfer) in order for word recognition to proceed intact.

Still, another general constraint to orthographic processing is the fact that written words are perceived as visual objects before attaining the status of linguistic objects. Research has revealed that there seems to be a pre-emption of visual object processing mechanisms during the process of learning to read (McCandliss, B., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003), The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 293-299). For example, the alphabetic array proposed by Grainger and van Heuven is one such mechanism, described as a specialized system developed specifically for the processing of strings of alphanumeric stimuli (but not for symbols) (Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception, In P. Bonin (Ed.), The mental lexicon (pp. 1-23), New York: Nova Science).

Transposed Letter (TL) Priming

The effects of letter order on visual word recognition have a long research history. Early on during word recognition, letter positions are not accurately coded. Evidence of this comes from transposed-letter (TL) priming effects, in which letter strings generated by transposing two adjacent letters (e.g., "jugde" instead of "judge") produce large priming effects, more than the priming effect with the letters replaced by different letters in the corresponding position (e.g., "junpe" instead of "judge"). Yet, the clearest evidence for TL priming effects was obtained from experiments using non-word anagrams formed by transposing two letters in a real word (e.g., "mohter" instead of "mother") and comparing performance with matched non-anagram non-words (Andrews, S. (1996), Lexical retrieval and selection processes: Effects of transposed letter conf usability, Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 775-800; Bruner, J. S., & O'Dowd, D. (1958), A note on the informativeness of parts of words, Language and Speech, 1, 98-101 ; Chambers, S. M. (1979), Letter and order information in lexical access, Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 18, 225-241 ; O'Connor, R. E., & Forster, K. I. (1981), Criterion bias and search sequence bias in word recognition, Memory and Cognition, 9, 78-92; and Perea, M., Rosa, E., & Gomez, C. (2005), The frequency effect for pseudowords in the lexical decision task, Perception and Psychophysics, 67, 301-314). These experiments show that TL non-word anagrams are more often misperceived as a real word or misclassified as a real word in a lexical decision task than the non-anagram controls. Other experiments that focused on the role of letter order in the perceptual matching task in which subjects had to classify two strings of letters as being either the same or different exhibited a diversity of responses depending on the number of shared letters and the degree to which the shared letters match in ordinal position (Krueger, L. E. (1978), A theory of perceptual matching, Psychological Review, 85, 278-304; Proctor, R. W., & Healy, A. F. (1985), Order-relevant and order-irrelevant decision rules in multiletter matching, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 519-537; and Ratcliff, R. (1981), A theory of order relations in perceptual matching, Psychological Review, 88, 552- 572). Observed priming effects were ruled by the number of letters shared across prime and target and the degree of positional match. Still, Schoonbaert and Grainger found that the size of TL-priming effects might depend on word length, with larger priming effects for 7-letter words as compared with 5-letter words (Schoonbaert, S., & Grainger, J. (2004), Letter position coding in printed word perception: Effects of repeated and transposed letters, Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 333-367). More so, Guerrera and Foster found robust TL-priming effects in 8-letter words with rather extreme TL operations involving three transpositions e.g., 13254768-12345678 (Guerrera, C, & Forster, K. I. (2008), Masked form priming with extreme transposition, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 117-142). In short, target word length and/or target neighborhood density strongly determines the size of TL-priming effects.

Of equal importance, TL priming effects can also be obtained with the transposition of non-adjacent letters. The robust effects of non-adjacent TL primes were reported by Perea and Lupker with 6-10 letter long Spanish words (Perea, M., & Lupker, S. J. (2004), Can CANISO activate CASINO? Transposed-letter similarity effects with nonadjacent letter positions, Journal of Memory and Language, 51(2), 231-246). Same TL primes effects were reported in English words by Lupker, Perea, and Davis (Lupker, S. J., Perea, M., & Davis, C. J. (2008), Transposed-letter effects: Consonants, vowels, and letter frequency, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, (1), 93-116). Additionally, Guerrera and Foster have shown that priming effects can be obtained when primes include multiple adjacent transpositions e.g., 12436587-12345678 (Guerrera, C, & Forster, K. I. (2008), Masked form priming with extreme transposition, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 117-142).

Past research regarding a possible influence of letter position (inner versus outer letters) in TL priming has shown that non-words formed by transposing two inner letters are harder to respond to in a lexical decision task than non-words formed by transposing the two first or the two last letters (Chambers, S. M. (1979), Letter and order information in lexical access, Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 18, 225-241). Still, Schoonbaert and Grainger provided evidence that TL primes involving an outer letter (the first or the last letter of a word) are less effective than TL primes involving two inner letters (Schoonbaert, S., & Grainger, J. (2004), Letter position coding in printed word perception: Effects of repeated and transposed letters, Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 333-367). Guerrera and Foster also suggested a special role of a word's outer letters (Guerrera, C, & Forster, K. I. (2008), Masked form priming with extreme transposition, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 117-142; and Jordan, T. R., Thomas, S. M., Patching, G. R., & Scott-Brown, K. C. (2003), Assessing the importance of letter pairs in initial, exterior, and interior positions in reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 883-893).

In all of the above-mentioned studies, the TL priming contained all of the target's letters. When primes do not contain the entire target's letters, TL priming effects diminish substantially and tend to vanish (Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1990), Orthographic processing in visual word identification, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 517-560; and Peressotti, F., & Grainger, J. (1999), The role of letter identity and letter position in orthographic priming, Perception and Psychophysics, 61, 691-706).

Relative-Position (RP) Priming

Relative-position (RP) priming involves a change in length across the prime and target such that shared letters can have the same order without being matched in terms of absolute length-dependent positions. RP priming can be achieved by removing some of the target's letters to form the prime stimulus (subset priming) or by adding letters to the target (superset priming). Primes and targets differing in length are obtained so that absolute position information changes while the relative order of letters is preserved. For example, for a 5-letter target e.g., 12345, a 5-letter substitution prime such as 12d45 contains letters that have the same absolute position in the prime and the target, while a 4-letter subset prime such as 1245 contains letters that preserve their relative order in the prime and the target but not their precise length-dependent position. Humphreys et al. reported significant priming for primes sharing four out of five of the target's letters in the same relative position (1245) compared to both a TL prime condition (1435) and an outer-letter only condition ldd5 (Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1990), Orthographic processing in visual word identification, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 517-560). Peressotti and Grainger provided further evidence for the effects of RL priming using the Foster and Davis masked priming technique. They reported that, with 6-letter target words, RP primes (1346) produced a significant priming effect compared with unrelated primes (dddd). Meanwhile, violation of the relative position of letters across the prime and the target e.g., 1436, 6341 cancelled priming effects relative to all different letter primes e.g., dddd (Peressotti, F., & Grainger, J. (1999), The role of letter identity and letter position in orthographic priming, Perception and Psychophysics, 61, 691-706). Grainger et ah, reported small advantages for beginning-letter primes e.g., 1234/12345 compared with end-letter primes e.g., 4567/6789 (Grainger, J., Granier, J. P., Farioli, F., Van Assche, E., & van Heuven, W. (2006a), Letter position information and printed word perception: The relative- position priming constraint, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 865-884). Likewise, an advantage for completely contiguous primes e.g., 1234/12345 - 34567/56789 is explained in terms of a phonological overlap in the contiguous condition compared with non-contiguous primes e.g., 1357/13457/1469/14569 (Frankish, C., & Turner, E. (2007), SIHGT and SUNOD: The role of orthography and phonology in the perception of transposed letter anagrams, Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 189-211). Further, Schoonbaert and Grainger utilize 7-letter target words containing a non-adjacent repeated letter such as "balance" and form prime stimuli "balnce" or "balace". They reported priming effects were not influenced by the presence or absence of a letter repetition in the formed prime stimulus. On the other hand, performance to target stimuli independently of prime condition was adversely affected by the presence of a repeated letter, and this was true for both the word and non-word targets (Schoonbaert, S., & Grainger, J. (2004), Letter position coding in printed word perception: Effects of repeated and transposed letters, Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 333-367).

Letter Position Serial Encoding: The SERIOL model

The SERIOL model (Sequential Encoding Regulated by Inputs to Oscillations within Letter units) is a theoretical framework that provides a comprehensive account of string processing in the proficient reader. It offers a computational theory of how a retinotopic representation is converted into an abstract representation of letter order. The model mainly focuses on bottom-up processing, but this is not meant to rule out top-down interactions.

The SERIOL model is comprised of five layers: 1) edges, 2) features, 3) letters, 4) open-bigrams, and 5) words. Each layer is comprised of processing units called nodes, which represent groups of neurons. The first two layers are retinotopic, while the latter three layers are abstract. For the retinotopic layers, the activation level denotes the total amount of neural activity across all nodes devoted to representing a letter within a given layer. A letter's activation level increases with the number of neurons representing that letter and their firing rate. For the abstract layers, the activation denotes the activity level of a representational letter unit in a given layer. In essence, the SERIOL model is the only one that specifies an abstract representation of individual letters. Such a letter unit can represent that letter in any retinal location, wherein timing firing binds positional information in the string to letter identity.

The edge layer models early visual cortical areas V1/V2. The edge layer is retinotopically organized and is split along the vertical meridian corresponding to the two cerebral hemispheres. In these early visual cortical areas, the rate of spatial sampling (acuity) is known to sharply decrease with increasing eccentricity. This is modelled by the assumption that activation level decreases as distance from fixation increases. This pattern is termed the 'acuity gradient'. In short, the activation pattern at the lowest level of the model, the edge layer, corresponds to visual acuity.

The feature layer models V4. The feature layer is also retinotopically organized and split across the hemispheres. Based on learned hemisphere-specific processing, the acuity gradient of the edge layer is converted to a monotonically decreasing activation gradient (called the locational gradient) in the feature layer. The activation level is highest for the first letter and decreases across the string. Hemisphere-specific processing is necessary because the acuity gradient does not match the locational gradient in the first half of a fixated word (i.e., acuity increases from the first letter to the fixated letter and the locational gradient decreases across the string), whereas the acuity gradient and locational gradient match in the second half of the word (i.e., both decreasing). Strong directional lateral inhibition is required in the hemisphere (for left-to-right languages - Right Hemisphere [RH]) contralateral to the first half of the word (for left-to-right languages - Left Visual Field [LVF]), in order to invert the acuity gradient.

At the letter layer, corresponding to the posterior fusiform gyrus, letter units fire serially due to the interaction of the activation gradient with oscillatory letter nodes (see above feature layer). That is, the letter unit encoding the first letter fires, then the unit encoding the second letter fires, etc. This mechanism is based on the general proposal that item order is encoded in successive gamma cycles 60 Hz of a theta cycle 5 Hz (Lisman, J. E., & Idiart, M. A. P. (1995), Storage of 7 ± 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles, Science, 267, 1512-1515). Lisman and Idiart have proposed related mechanisms for precisely controlling spike timing, in which nodes undergo synchronous, sub-threshold oscillations of excitability. The amount of input to these nodes then determines the timing of firing with respect to this oscillatory cycle. That is, each activated letter unit fires in a burst for about 15 ms (one gamma cycle), and bursting repeats every 200 ms (one theta cycle). Activated letter units burst slightly out of phase with each other, such that they fire in a rapid sequence. This firing rapid sequence encoding (seriality) is the key point of abstraction.

In the present SERIOL model, the retinotopic presentation is mapped onto a temporal representation (space is mapped onto time) to create an abstract, invariant representation that provides a location-invariant representation of letter order. This abstract serial encoding provides input to both the lexical and sub-lexical routes. It is assumed that the sub-lexical route parses and translates the sequence of letters into a grapho-phonological encoding (Whitney, C, & Cornelissen, P. (2005), Letter-position encoding and dyslexia, Journal of Research in Reading, 28, 274-301). The resulting representation encodes syllabic structure and records which graphemes generated which phonemes. The remaining layers of the model address processing that is specific to the lexical route.

At the open-bigram layer, corresponding to the left middle fusiform, letter units recognize pairs of letter units that fire in a particular order (Grainger, J., & Whitney, C. (2004), Does the huamn mnid raed wrods as a whole ?, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 58- 59). For example, open-bigram unit XY is activated when letter unit X fires before Y, where the letters x and y were not necessarily contiguous in the string. The activation of an open- bigram unit decreases with increasing time between the firing of the constituent letter units. Thus, the activation of open-bigram XY is highest when triggered by contiguous letters, and decreases as the number of intervening letters increases. Priming data indicates that the maximum separation is likely to be two letters (Schoonbaert, S., & Grainger, J. (2004), Letter position coding in printed word perception: Effects of repeated and transposed letters, Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 333-367). Open-bigram activations depend only on the distance between the constituent letters (Whitney, C. (2004a), Investigations into the neural basis of structured representations, Doctoral Dissertation. University of Maryland).

Still, following the evidence for a special role for external letters, the string is anchored to those endpoints via edge open-bigrams; whereby edge units explicitly encode the first and last letters (Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J., & Quinlan, P. T. (1990), Orthographic processing in visual word identification, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 517-560). For example, the encoding of the stimulus CART would be *C (open-bigram *C is activated when letter C is preceded by a space), CA, AR, CR, RT, AT, CT, and T* (open-bigram *T is activated when letter T is followed by a space), where * represents an edge or space. In contrast to other open-bigrams inside the string, an edge open-bigram cannot become partially activated (e.g., by the second or next-to-last letter).

At the word layer, the open-bigram units attach via weighted connections. The input to a word unit is represented by the dot-product of its respective number of open-bigram unit activations and the weighted connections to those open-bigrams units. Stated another way, it is the dot-product of the open-bigram unit' s activation vector and the connection of the open- bigrams unit's weight vector. Commonly in neural networks models, the normalization of vector connection weights is assumed such that open-bigrams making up shorter words have higher connections weights than open-bigrams making up longer words. For example, the connection weights from CA, AN, and CN to the word-unit CAN are larger than the connections weights to the word-unit CANON. Hence, the stimulus can/would activate CAN more than CANON.

Visual Perceptual Patterns

The SERIOL model assumes that the feature layer is comprised of features that are specific to alphanumeric-string serial processing. A stimulus would activate both alphanumeric-specific and general features. Alphanumeric-specific features would be subject to the locational gradient, while general features would reflect acuity. Alphanumeric-specific- features that activate alphanumeric representations would show the effects of string- specific serial processing. In particular, there will be an advantage if the letter or number character is the initial or last character of a string. However, if the symbol is not a letter or a number character, the alphanumeric-specific features will not activate an alphanumeric representation and there will be no alphanumeric-specific effects. Rather, the symbol will be recognized via the general visual features, where the effect of acuity predominates. An initial or last symbol in the string will be at a disadvantage because its acuity is lower than the acuity for the internal symbols in the string.

Two studies have examined visual perceptual patterns for letters versus non- alphanumeric characters in strings of centrally presented stimuli, using a between-subjects design for the different stimulus types (Hammond, E. J., & Green, D. W. (1982), Detecting targets in letter and non-letter arrays, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 67-82). Both studies found an external-character advantage for letters. Specifically, the first and last letter characters were processed more efficiently than the internal letters characters. Mason also showed an external-character advantage for number strings (Mason, M. (1982), Recognition time for letters and non-letters: Effects of serial position, array size, and processing order, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 724-738). However, both studies found that the advantage was absent for non-alphanumeric characters. The first and last symbol in a string were processed the least well in line with their lower acuity.

Using fixated strings containing both letters and non- alphanumeric characters, Tydgat and Grainger showed that an initial letter character in a string had a visual recognition advantage while an initial symbol (non-alphanumeric character) in the string did not. Thus, symbols that do not normally occur in strings show a different visual perceptual pattern than alphanumeric characters (Tydgat, I., and Grainger, J. (2009), Serial position effects in the identification of letters, digits, and symbols, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35, 480-498). As described in more detail by Whitney & Cornelissen, the SERIOL model explains these visual perceptual patterns (Whitney, C., & Cornelissen, P. (2005), Letter- position encoding and dyslexia, Journal of Research in Reading, 28, 274-301 ; Whitney, C. (2001a), How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 221-243; Whitney, C. (2008), Supporting the serial in the SERIOL model, Lang. Cogn. Process. 23, 824-865; and Whitney, C, & Cornelissen, P. (2005), Letter-position encoding and dyslexia, Journal of Research in Reading, 28, 274-301).

The external letter character advantage arises as follows. An advantage for the initial letter character in a string comes from the directional inhibition at the (retinotopic) feature level, because the initial letter character is the only letter character that does not receive lateral inhibition. An advantage for the final letter character arises at the (abstract) letter layer level, because the firing of the last letter character in a string is not terminated by a subsequent letter character. This serial positioning processing is specific to alphanumeric strings, thus explaining the lack of external character visual perceptual advantage for non- alphanumeric characters. Letter Position Parallel Encoding: The Grainger & van Heuven model

According to the Grainger and van Heuven model, parallel mapping of visual feature information at a specific location along the horizontal meridian with respect to eye fixation is mapped onto abstract letter representations that code for the presence of a given letter identity at that particular location (Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W.j. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception. In P. Bonin (Ed.), Mental lexicon: "Some words to talk about words" (pp. 1-24). New York, NY: Nova Science). In other words, this model proposes an "alphabetic array" retinotopic encoding consisting in a hypothesized bank of letter detectors that perform parallel, independent letter identification (any given letter has a separate representation for each retinal location). Grainger and van Heuven further proposed that these letters detectors are assumed to be invariant to the physical characteristics of letters and that these abstract letter representations are thought to be activated equally well by the same letter written in different case, in a different font, or a different size, but not invariant to position.

The next stage of processing, referred to as the "relative -position map", is thought to code for the relative (within-stimulus) position of letters identities independently of their shape and their size, and independently of the location of the stimulus word (location invariance). This location-specific coding of letter identities is then transformed into a location invariant pre-lexical orthographic code (the relative-position map) before matching this information with whole-word orthographic representations in long-term memory. In essence, the relative-position map abstracts away from absolute letter position and focuses instead on relationships between letters. Therefore, in this model, the retinotopic alphabetic array is converted in parallel into an abstract open-bigram encoding that brings into play implicit relationships between letters. Specifically, this is achieved by open-bigram units that receive activation from the alphabetic array such that a given letter order D-E that is realized at any possible combinations of location in the retinotopic alphabetic array, activates the corresponding abstract open bigram for that sequence. Still, abstract open bigrams are activated by letter pairs that have up to two intervening letters. The abstract open-bigrams units then connect to word units. A key distinguishing virtue of this specific approach to letter position encoding rests on the assumption/claim that flexible orthographic coding is achieved by coding for ordered combinations of contiguous and non-contiguous letters pairs. Relationships between Letters in a String - Coding Non-Contiguous Letter Combinations

Currently, there is a general consensus that the literate brain executes some form of word-centered, location-independent, orthographic coding such that letter identities are abstractly coded for their position in the word independent of their position on the retina (at least for words that require a single fixation for processing). This consensus also holds true for within-word position coding of letters identities to be flexible and approximate. In other words, letter identities are not rigidly allocated to a specific position. The corroboration for such flexibility and approximate orthographic encoding has been mainly classically obtained by utilizing the masked priming paradigm: for a given number of letters shared by the prime and target, priming effects are not affected by small changes of letter order (flexible and approximate letter position encoding) - transposed letter (TL) priming (Perea, M., and Lupker, S. J. (2004), Can CANISO activate CASINO? Transposed-letter similarity effects with nonadjacent letter positions, J. Mem. Lang. 51, 231-246; and Schoonbaert, S., and Grainger, J. (2004), Letter position coding in printed word perception: effects of repeated and transposed letters, Lang. Cogn. Process. 19, 333-367), and length-dependent letter position - relative-position priming (Peressotti, F., and Grainger, J. (1999), The role of letter identity and letter position in orthographic priming, Percept. Psychophys. 61 , 691-706; and Grainger, J., Granier, J. P., Farioli, F., Van Assche, E., and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2006), Letter position information and printed word perception: the relative-position priming constraint, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 32, 865-884).

Yet, the claim for a flexible and approximate orthographic encoding has extended to be also achieved by coding for letter combinations (Whitney, C, and Berndt, R. S. (1999), A new model of letter string encoding: simulating right neglect dyslexia, in Progress in Brain Research, eds J. A. Reggia, E. Ruppin, and D. Glanzman (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 143-163; Whitney, C. (2001), How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: the SERIOL model and selective literature review, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 8, 221-243; Grainger, J., and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception, in The Mental Lexicon, ed. P. Bonin (New York: Nova Science Publishers), 1-23; Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., and Vinckier, F. (2005), The neural code for written words: a proposal, Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 9, 335-341). Letter combinations are classically and exclusively demonstrated by the use of contiguous letter combinations in n-gram coding and in particular by the use of non-contiguous letter combinations in n-gram coding. Dehaene has proposed that the coding of non-contiguous letter combinations arises as an artifact because of noisy erratic position retinotopic coding in location-specific letters detectors (Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., and Vinckier, F. (2005), The neural code for written words: a proposal, Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 9, 335-341). In this scheme, the additional flexibility in orthographic encoding arises by accident, but the resulting flexibility is utilized to capture key data patterns.

In contrast, Dandurant has taken a different perspective, proposing that the coding of non-contiguous letter combinations is deliberate, and not the result of inaccurate location- specific letter coding (Dandurant F., Grainger, J., Dunabeitia, J. A., & Granier, J.-p. (2011), On coding non-contiguous letter combinations, Frontiers in Psychology, 2(136), 1-12. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00136). In other words, non-contiguous letter combinations are coded because they are beneficial with respect to the overall goal of mapping letters onto meaning, not because the system is intrinsically noisy and therefore imprecise to determine the exact location of letters in a string. Dandurant et al., have examined two kinds of constrains that a reader should take into consideration when optimally processing orthographic information: 1) variations in letter visibility across the different letters of a word during a single fixation and 2) varying amount of information carried by the different letters in the word (e.g., consonants versus vowels letters). More specifically, they have hypothesized that this orthographic processing optimization would involve coding of noncontiguous letters combinations.

The reason for optimal processing of non-contiguous letter combinations can be explained on the following basis: 1) when selecting an ordered subset of letters which are critical to the identification of a word (e.g., the word "fatigue" can be uniquely identified by ordered letters substrings "ftge" and "atge" which result from dropping non-essential letters that bear little information), about half of the letters in the resulting subset are non-contiguous letters; and 2) the most informative pair of letters in a word is a non-contiguous pair of letters combination in 83% of 5-7 letter words (having no letter repetition) in English, and 78% in French and Spanish (the number of words included in the test set were 5838 in French, 8412 in English, and 4750 in Spanish) (Dandurant F., Grainger, J., Dunabeitia, J. A., & Granier, J.- p. (2011), On coding non-contiguous letter combinations, Frontiers in Psychology, 2(136), 1- 12. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00136). In summary, they concluded that an optimal and rational agent learning to read corpuses of real words should deliberately code for non-contiguous pair of letters (open-bigrams) based on informational content and given letters visibility constrains (e.g., initial, middle and last letters in an string of letters are more visually perceptually visible).

Different Serial Position Effects in the Identification of Letters, Digits, and Symbols

In languages that use alphabetical orthographies, the very first stage of the reading process involves mapping visual features onto representations of the component letters of the currently fixated word (Grainger, J., Tydgat, I., and Issele, J. (2010), Crowding affects letters and symbols differently, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36, 673-688). Comparison of serial position functions using the target search task for letter stimuli versus symbol stimuli or simple shapes showed that search times for a target letter in a string of letters are represented by an approximate M-shape serial position function, where the shortest reaction times (RTs) were recorded for the first, third and fifth positions of a five-letter string (Estes, W. K., Allmeyer, D.H., & Reder, S. M. (1976), Serial position functions for letter identification at brief and extended exposure durations, Perception & Psychophysics, 19, 1- 15). In contrast, a 5-symbol string (e.g., $, %, &) and shape stimuli shows a U-shape function with shortest RTs for targets at the central position on fixation that increase as a function of eccentricity (Hammond, E. J., & Green, D. W. (1982), Detecting targets in letter and non- letter arrays, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 67-82).

A definitive interpretation of the different effect serial position has on letters and symbols is that it reflects the combination of two factors: 1) the drop of acuity from fixation to the periphery, and 2) less crowding on the first and last letter of the string because these letters are flanked by only one other letter (Bouma, H. (1973), Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of word, Vision Research, 13, 762-82). Specifically expanding on the second factor, Tydgat and Grainger proposed that crowding effects may be more limited in spatial extent for letter and number stimuli compared with symbol stimuli, such that a single flanking stimulus would suffice to generate almost maximum interference for symbols, but not for letters and numbers (Tydgat, I., and Grainger, J. (2009), Serial position effects in the identification of letters, digits, and symbols, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 35, 480-498). According to the Tydgat and Grainger interpretation of the different serial position functions for letters and symbols, one should be able to observe differential crowding effects for letters and symbols in terms of a superior performance at the first and last positions for letter stimuli but not for symbols or shapes stimuli. In a number of experiments they tested the hypothesis that a reduction in size of integration fields at the retinotopic layer, specific to stimuli that typically appear in strings (letters and digits), results in less crowding for such stimuli compared with other types of visual stimuli such as symbols and geometric shapes. In other words, the larger the integration field involved in identifying a given target at a given location, the greater the number of features from neighboring stimuli that can interfere in target identification. Stated another way, letter and digit stimuli benefit from a greater release from crowding effects (flanking letters or digits) at the outer positions than do symbol and geometric shape stimuli.

Still, critical spacing was found to be smaller for letters than for other symbols, with letter targets being identified more accurately than symbol targets at the lowest levels of inter-character spacing (manipulation of target-flankers spacing showed that symbols required a greater degree of separation [larger critical spacing] than letters in order to reach a criterion level of identification) (See experiment 5, Grainger, J., Tydgat, I., and Issele, J. (2010), Crowding affects letters and symbols differently, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36, 673-688). Most importantly, differential serial position crowding effects are of great importance given the fact that performance in the Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Procedure of isolated symbols and letters was very similar (Grainger, J., Tydgat, I., and Issele, J. (2010), Crowding affects letters and symbols differently, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36, 673-688).

Concerning the potential mechanism of crowding effects, Grainger et al. proposed bottom-up mechanisms whose operation can vary as a function of stimulus type via off-line as opposed to on-line influences. These off-line influences of stimulus type involved differences in perceptual learning driven by differential exposure to the different types of stimuli. Further, they proposed that when children learn to read, a specialized system develops in the visual cortex to optimize processing in the extremely crowded conditions that arise with printed words and numeric strings (e.g., in a two-stage retinotopic processing model: in the first-stage there is a detection of simple features in receptive fields of VI - 0.1 ø and in a second-stage there is integration/interpretation in receptive fields of V4 - 0.5 ø [neurons in V4 are modulated by attention]) {See Levi, D.M., (2008), Crowding - An essential bottleneck for object recognition: A mini-review, Vision Research, 48, 635-654).

The central tenant here is that receptive field size of retinotopic letter and digit detectors has adapted to the need to optimize processing of strings of letters and digits and that the smaller the receptive field size of these detectors, the less interference there is from neighboring characters. One way to attain such processing optimization is being explained as a reduction in the size and shape of "integration fields." The "integration field" is equivalent to a second-stage receptive field that combines the features by the earlier stage into an (object) alphanumeric character associated with location-specific letter detectors, "the alphabetic array", that perform parallel letter identification compared with other visual objects that do not typically occur in such a cluttered environment (Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., and Vinckier, F. (2005), The neural code for written words: a proposal, Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 9, 335-341 ; Grainger, J., Granier, J. P., Farioli, F., Van Assche, E., and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2006), Letter position information and printed word perception: the relative-position priming constraint, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 32, 865- 884; and Grainger, J., and van Heuven, W. J. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception, in The Mental Lexicon, ed. P. Bonin (New York: Nova Science Publishers), 1-23).

Ktori, Grainger, Dufau provided further evidence on differential effects between letters and symbols stimuli (Maria Ktori, Jonathan Grainger & Stephane Dufau (2012), Letter string processing and visual short-term memory, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65:3, 465-473). They study how expertise affects visual short-term memory (VSTM) item storage capacity and item encoding accuracy. VSTM is recognized as an important component of perceptual and cognitive processing in tasks that rest on visual input (Prime, D., & Jolicoeur, P. (2010), Mental rotation requires visual short-term memory: Evidence from human electric cortical activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2437- 2446). Specifically, Prime and Jolicoeur investigated whether the spatial layout of letters making up a string affects the accuracy with which a group of proficient adult readers performed a change-detection task (Luck, S. J. (2008), Visual short-term memory, Irs S. J. Luck & A. Hollingwort (Eds.), Visual memory (pp. 43-85). New York, NY: Oxford University Press), item arrays that varied in terms of character type (letters or symbols), number of items (3, 5, and 7), and type of display (horizontal, vertical and circular) are used. Study results revealed an effect of stimulus familiarity significantly noticeable in more accurate change-detection responses for letters than for symbols. In line with the hypothesized experimental goals in the study, they found evidence that supports that highly familiar items, such as arrays of letters, are more accurately encoded in VSTM than unfamiliar items, such as arrays of symbols. More so, their study results provided additional evidence that expertise is a key factor influencing the accuracy with which representations are stored in VSTM. This was revealed by the selective advantage shown for letter over symbol stimuli when presented in horizontal compared to vertical or circular displays formats. The observed selective advantage of letters over symbols can be the result of years of reading that leads to expertise in processing horizontally aligned strings of letters so as to form word units in alphabetic languages such as English, French and Spanish.

In summary, the study findings support the argument that letter string processing is significantly influenced by the spatial layout of letters in strings in perfect agreement with other studies findings conducted by Grainger & van Heuven (Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W.J. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception, In P. Bonin (Ed.), Mental lexicon: "Some words to talk about words". New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers and Tydgat, I., & Grainger, J. (2009), Serial position effects in the identification of letters, digits and symbols. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 480-498).

Open Proto-Bigrams Embedded within Words (subset words) and as Standalone Connecting Word in-between Words

A number of computational models have postulated open-bigrams as best means to substantiate a flexible orthographic encoding capable of explaining TL and RP priming effects. In the Grainger & van Heuven model the retinotopic alphabetic array is converted in parallel into an abstract open-bigram encoding that brings into play implicit relationships between letters (e.g., contiguous and non-contiguous) (Grainger, ]., & van Heuven, WJ. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word pe ception, In P. Bonin (Ed.), Mental lexicon: "Some words to talk about words". New York, NY^": Nova Science Publishers). In the SERIOL model retinotopic visual stimuli presentation is mapped onto a temporal one where letter units recognize pairs of letter units (an open-bigram) that fire in a particular serial order; namely, space is mapped onto time to create an abstract invariant representation providing a location-invariant representation of letter order in a string (Whitney, C. (2001a), How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 221-243; Whitney, C. (2008), Supporting the serial in the SERIOL model, Lang. Cogn. Process. 23, 824-865; and Whitney, C., and Cornelissen, P. (2005), Letter-position encoding and dyslexia, J. Res. Read. 28, 274-301). In these models, open-bigrams represent an abstract intermediary layer between letters and word units. A key distinguishing virtue of this specific approach to letter position encoding rests on that flexible orthographic coding is achieved by coding for ordered combinations of contiguous and non-contiguous letters pairs, namely open-bigrams. For example, in the English language there are 676 pairs of letters combinations or open-bigrams (see Table 1 below). In addition to studies that have shown open-bigrams information processing differences between pair of letters entailing CC, VV, VC or CV, we introduce herein an additional open-bigrams novel property that should be interpreted as causing an automatic direct cascaded spread activation effect from orthography to semantics. Specifically, an open- bigram of the form VC or CV that is also a word carrying a semantic meaning such as for example: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, HE, IF, IN, IS, IT, ME, MY, NO, OF, ON, OR, SO, TO, UP, US, WE, is herein dubbed "open proto-bigram". Still, these 24 open proto- bigrams that are also words represent 3.55% of all open-bigrams obtained from the English Language alphabet (see Table 1 below). Open proto-bigrams that are a subset word e.g., "BE" embedded in a word e.g., "BELOW" or are a subset word "HE" embedded in a superset word e.g., "SHE" or "THE" would not only indicate that the orthographic or phonological forms of the subset open proto-bigram word "HE" in the superset word "SHE" or "THE" or the subset open proto-bigram word "BE" in the word "BELOW" were activated in parallel, but also that these co-activated word forms triggered automatically and directly their corresponding semantic representations during the course of identifying the orthographic form of the word.

Based on the herein presented literature and novel teachings of the present subject matter, it is further assumed that this automatic bottom-up-top-down orthographic parallel- serial informational processing handshake, manifests in a direct cascade effect providing a number of advantages, thus facilitating the following perceptual-cognitive process: 1) fast lexical-sub-lexical recognition, 2) maximal chunking (data compression) of number of items in VSTM, 3) fast processing, 4) solid consolidation encoding in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM), 5) fast semantic track for extraction/retrieval of word literal meaning, 6) less attentional cognitive taxing, 7) most effective activation of neighboring word forms, including multi-letter graphemes (e.g., th, ch) and morphemes (e.g., ing, er), 8) direct fast word recall that strongly inhibits competing or non-congruent distracting word forms; and 9) for a proficient reader, when open proto-bigrams are a standalone connecting a word unit in between words in a sentence, there is no need for (open proto-bigram) orthographic lexical pattern recognition and retrieval of their corresponding semantic literal information due to their super-efficient maximal chunking (data compression) and robust consolidation in STM-LTM. Namely, standalone open proto-bigrams connecting words in between words in sentences are automatically known implicitly. Thus, a proficient reader may also not consciously and explicitly pay attention to them and will therefore remain minimally aroused to their visual appearance.

TABLE 1: Open-Bigrams of the English Language

Open Proto-Bigrams Words as Standalone Function Words in between Words in Alphabetic Languages

Open-bigrams that are words (herein termed "open proto-bigrams), as for example: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, HE, IF, IN, IS, IT, ME, MY, NO, OF, ON, OR, SO, TO, UP, US, WE, belong to a linguistic class named 'function words'. Function words either have reduced lexical or ambiguous meaning. They signal the structural grammatical relationship that words have to one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Function words also specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. They are resistant to change and are always relatively few (in comparison to 'content words'). Accordingly, open proto- bigrams (and other n-grams e.g. "THE") words may belong to one or more of the following function words classes: articles, pronouns, adpositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, interjections, particles, expletives and pro-sentences. Still, open proto-bigrams that are function words are traditionally categorized across alphabetic languages as belonging to a class named 'common words'. In the English language, there are about 350 common words which stand for about 65-75% of the words used when speaking, reading and writing. These 350 common words satisfy the following criteria: 1) they are the most frequent/basic words of an alphabetic language; 2) they are the shortest words - up to 7 letters per word; and 3) they cannot be perceptually identified (access to their semantic meaning) by the way they sound; they must be recognized visually, and therefore are also named 'sight words'.

Frequency Effects in Alphabetical Languages for: 1) Open Bigrams and 2) Open Proto- Bigrams Function Words as: a) Standalone Function Words in between Words and b) as Subset Function Words Embedded within Words

Fifty to 75% of the words displayed on a page or articulated in a conversation are frequent repetitions of most common words. Just 100 different most common words in the English language (see Table 2 below) account for a remarkable 50% of any written text. Further, it is noteworthy that 22 of the above-mentioned open proto-bigrams function words are also most common words that appear within the 100 most common words, meaning that on average one in any two spoken or written words would be one of these 100 most common words. Similarly, the 350 most common words account for 65% to 75% of everything written or spoken, and 90% of any average written text or conversation will only need a vocabulary of common 7,000 words from the existing 1,000,000 words in the English language.

TABLE 2: Most Frequently Used Words Oxford Dictionary 11 Edition

Still, it is noteworthy that a large number of these 350 most common words entail 1 or 2 open pro-bigrams function words as embedded subset words within the most common word unit (see Table 3 below).

TABLE 3: Common Service and Nouns Words List

By: Edward William Dolch - Problems in Reading 1948

The teachings of the present subject matter are in perfect agreement with the fact that the brain' s anatomical architecture constrains its perceptual-cognitive functional abilities and that some of these abilities become non-stable, decaying or atrophying with age. Indeed, slow processing speed, limited memory storage capacity, lack of sensory-motor inhibition and short attentional span and/or inattention, to mention a few, impose degrees of constrains upon the ability to visually, phonologically and sensory-motor implicitly pick-up, explicitly learn and execute the orthographic code. However, there are a number of mechanisms at play that develop in order to impose a number of constrains to compensate for limited motor- perceptual-cognitive resources. As previously mentioned, written words are visual objects before attaining the status of linguistic objects as has been proposed by McCandliss, Cohen, & Dehaene (McCandliss, B., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003), The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 293-299) and there is pre-emption of visual object processing mechanisms during the process of learning to read (See also Dehaene et ah, Local Combination Detector (LCD) model, Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., and Vinckier, F. (2005), The neural code for written words: a proposal, Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 9, 335-341). In line with the latter, Grainger and van Heuven's alphabetic array is one such mechanism, described as a specialized system developed specifically for the processing of strings of alphanumeric stimuli (Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W.J. B. (2003), Modeling letter position coding in printed word perception, In P. Bonin (Ed.), Mental lexicon: "Some words to talk about words". New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers).

Another such mechanism at work is the high lexical-phonological information redundancies conveyed in speech and also found in the lexical components of an alphabetic language orthographic code. For example, relationships among letter combinations within a string and in between strings reflect strong letter combinations redundancies. Thus, the component units of the orthographic code implement frequent repetitions of some open bigrams in general and of all open proto-bigrams (that are words) in particular. In general, lexical and phonological redundancies in speech production and lexical redundancies in writing as reflected in frequent repetitions of some open bigrams and all open proto-bigrams within a string (a word) and among strings (words) in sentences reduces content errors in sender production of written- spoken messages making the spoken phonological-lexical message or orthographic code message resistant to noise or irrelevant contextual production substitutions, thereby increasing the interpretational semantic probability to comprehending the received message in its optimal context by the receiver.

Despite the above-mentioned brain anatomical constrains on function and related limited motor-perceptual-cognitive resources and how these constrains impact the handling of orthographic information, the co-occurrence of some open-bigrams and all open proto- bigrams in alphabetic languages renders alongside other developed compensatory specialized mechanisms at work (e.g. alphabetic array) an offset strategy that implements age-related, fast, coarse-lexical pattern recognition, maximal chunking (data compression) and optimal manipulation of alphanumeric-items in working memory-short-term memory (WM-STM), direct and fast access from lexical to semantics, robust semantic word encoding in STM-LTM and fast (non-aware) semantic word retrieval from LTM. On the other hand, the low cooccurrence of some open-bigrams in a word represent rare (low probability) letter combination events, and therefore are more informative concerning the specific word identity than frequent (predictable) occurring open-bigrams letter combination events in a word (Shannon, C. E. (1948), A mathematical theory of communication, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379-423). In brief, the low co-occurrence of some open-bigrams conveys most information that determines word identity (diagnostic feature). Grainger and Ziegler explained that both types of constraints are driven by the frequency with which different combinations of letters occur in printed words. On one hand, frequency of occurrence determines the probability with which a given combination of letters belongs to the word being read. Letter combinations that are encountered less often in other words are more diagnostic (an informational feature that renders 'word identity') than the identity of the word being processed. In the extreme, a combination of letters that only occurs in a single word in the language, and is therefore a rarely occurring combination of letters event when considering the language as a whole, is highly informative with respect to word identity. On the other hand, the co-occurrence (high frequency of occurrence) enables the formation of higher-order representations (maximal chunking) in order to diminish the amount of information that is processed via data compression. Letter combinations (e.g., open-bigrams and trigrams) that often occur together can be usefully grouped to form higher- level orthographic representations such as multi-letter graphemes (th, ch) and morphemes (ing, er), thus providing a link with pre-existing phonological and morphological representations during reading acquisition (Grainger, J., & Ziegler, J. C. (2011), A dual-route approach to orthographic processing, Frontiers in Psychology, 2(54), 1-13).

The teachings of the present invention claim that open proto-bigram words are a special class/kind of coarse-grained orthographic code that computes (at the same time/in parallel) occurrences of contiguous and non-contiguous letters combinations (conditional probabilities of one or more subsets of open proto-bigram word(s)) within words and in between words (standalone open proto-bigram word) in order to rapidly hone in on a unique informational word identity alongside the corresponding semantic related representations, namely the fast lexical track to semantics (and correlated mental sensory-motor representation-simulation that grounds the specific semantic (word) meaning to the appropriate action).

Aging and Language

Early research on cognitive aging has pointed out that language processing was spared in old age, in contradistinction to the decline in "fluid" (e.g. reasoning) intellectual abilities, such as remembering new information and in (sensory-motor) retrieving orthographic- phonologic knowledge (Botwinick, J. (1984), Aging and Behavior. New York: Springer). Still, research in this field strongly supports a general asymmetry in the effects of aging on language perception-comprehension versus production (input versus output processes). Older adults exhibit clear deficits in retrieval of phonological and lexical information from speech alongside retrieval of orthographic information from written language, with no corresponding deficits in language perception and comprehension, independent of sensory and new learning deficits. The input side of language includes visual perception of the letters and corresponding speech sounds that make up words and retrieval of semantic and syntactic information about words and sentences. These input-side language processes are commonly referred to as "language comprehension," and they remain remarkably stable in old age, independent of age-linked declines in sensory abilities (Madden, D.J. (1988), Adult age differences in the effects of sentence context and stimulus degradation during visual word recognition, Psychology and Aging, 3, 167-172) and memory for new information (Light, L., & Burke, D. (1988), Patterns of language and memory in old age, In L. Light, & D. Burke, (Eds.), Language, memory and aging (pp. 244-271). New York: Cambridge University Press; Kemper, S. (1992b), Language and aging, In F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse (Eds.) The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 213-270). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; and Tun, P.A., & Wingfield, A. (1993), Is speech special? Perception and recall of spoken language in complex environments, In J. Cerella, W. Hoyer, J. Rybash, & M.L. Commons (Eds.) Adult information processing: Limits on loss (pp.425-457) San Diego: Academic Press).

Tasks highlighting language comprehension processes, such as general knowledge and vocabulary scores in tests such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, remain stable or improve with aging and provided much of the data for earlier conclusions about age constancy in language perception-comprehension processes. (Botwinick, J. (1984), Aging and Behavior, New York: Springer; Kramer, N. A., & Jarvik, L. F. (1979), Assessment of intellectual changes in the elderly, In A. Raskin & L. F. Jarvik (Eds.), Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive loss in the elderly (pp. 221-271). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing; and Verhaeghen, P. (2003), Aging and vocabulary scores: A meta-analysis, Psychology and Aging, 18, 332-339). The output side of language involves retrieval of lexical and phonological information during everyday language production and retrieval of orthographic information such as unit components of words, during every day sensory-motor writing and typing activities. These output-side language processes, commonly termed "language production," do exhibit age-related dramatic performance declines.

Aging has little effect on the representation of semantic knowledge as revealed, for example, by word associations (Burke, D., & Peters, L. (1986), Word associations in old age: Evidence for consistency in semantic encoding during adulthood, Psychology and Aging, 4, 283-292), script generation (Light, L.L., & Anderson, P.A. (1983), Memory for scripts in young and older adults, Memory and Cognition, 11, 435-444), and the structure of taxonomic categories (Howard, D.V. (1980), Category norms: A comparison of the Battig and Montague (1960) norms with the responses of adults between the ages of 20 and 80, Journal of Gerontology, 35, 225-231 ; and Mueller, J.H., Kausler, D.H., Faherty, A., & Oliveri, M. (1980), Reaction time as a function of age, anxiety, and typicality, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 473-476). Because comprehension involves mapping language onto existing knowledge structures, age constancy in the nature of these structures is important for maintaining language comprehension in old age. There is no age decrement in semantic processes in comprehension for both off-line and online measures of word comprehension in sentences (Speranza, F., Daneman, M., & Schneider, B. A. (2000) How aging affects reading of words in noisy backgrounds, Psychology and Aging, 15, 253-258). For example, the comprehension of isolated words in the semantic priming paradigm, particularly, the reduction in the time required to identify a target word (TEACHER) when it follows a semantically related word, (STUDENT) rather than a semantically unrelated word (GARDEN); here, perception of STUDENT primes semantically related information, automatically speeding recognition of TEACHER; and such semantic priming effects are at least as large in older adults as they are in young adults (Balota, D.A, Black, S., & Cheney, M. (1992), Automatic and attentional priming in young and older adults: Reevaluation of the two process model, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 489-502; Burke, D., White, H., & Diaz, D. (1987), Semantic priming in young and older adults: Evidence for age-constancy in automatic and attentional processes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 79-88; Myerson, J. Ferraro, F.R., Hale, S., & Lima, S.D. (1992), General slowing in semantic priming and word recognition, Psychology and Aging, 7, 257-270; and Laver, G.D., & Burke, D.M. (1993), Why do semantic priming effects increase in old age? A meta-analysis, Psychology and Aging, 8, 34-43). Similarly, sentence context also primes comprehension of word meanings to an equivalent extent for young and older adults (Burke, D.M., & Yee, P.L. (1984), Semantic priming during sentence processing by young and older adults, Developmental Psychology, 20, 903-910; and Stine, E.A.L., & Wingfield, A. (1994), Older adults can inhibit high-probability competitors in speech recognition, Aging and Cognition, 1, 152-157). By contrast to the age constancy in comprehending semantic word meaning, extensive experimental research shows age-related declines in retrieving a name (less accurate and slower) corresponding to definitions, pictures or actions (Au, R., Joung, P., Nicholas, M., Obler, L.K., Kass, R. & Albert, M.L. (1995), Naming ability across the adult life span, Aging and Cognition, 2, 300-311 ; Bowles, N.L., & Poon, L. W. (1985), Aging and retrieval of words in semantic memory, Journal of Gerontology, 40, 71-77; Nicholas, M., Obler, L., Albert, M., & Goodglass, H. (1985), Lexical retrieval in healthy aging, Cortex, 21, 595-606; and Goulet, P., Ska, B., & Kahn, H. J. (1994), Is there a decline in picture naming with advancing age?, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 629-644) and in the production of a target word given its definition and initial letter, or given its initial letter and general semantic category (McCrae, R. R., Arenberg, D., & Costa, P. T. (1987), Declines in divergent thinking with age: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential analyses, Psychology and Aging, 2, 130-137).

Older adults rated word finding failures and tip of the tongue experiences (TOTs) as cognitive problems that are both most severe and most affected by aging (Rabbi tt, P., May lor, E., Mclnnes, L., Bent, N., & Moore, B. (1995), What goods can self-assessment questionnaires deliver for cognitive gerontology?, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, S127- S152; Ryan, E.B., See, S.K., Meneer, W.B., & Trovato, D. (1994), Age-based perceptions of conversational skills among younger and older adults, In M.L. Hummert, J.M. Wiemann, & J.N. Nussbaum (Eds.) Interpersonal communication in older adulthood (pp.15-39). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; and Sunderland, A., Watts, K., Baddeley, A.D., & Harris, J.E. (1986), Subjective memory assessment and test performance in the elderly, Journal of Gerontology, 41, 376-384). Older adults rated retrieval failures for proper names as especially common (Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1984), Memory in old age: "good in parts" New Scientist, 11 , 49-51 ; Martin, M. (1986); Ageing and patterns of change in everyday memory and cognition, Human Learning, 5, 63-74; and Ryan, E.B. (1992), Beliefs about memory changes across the adult life span, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, P41-P46) and the most annoying, embarrassing and irritating of their memory problems (Lovelace, E.A., & Twohig, P. T. (1990), Healthy older adults' perceptions of their memory functioning and use of mnemonics, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 115-118). They also produce more ambiguous references and pronouns in their speech, apparently because of an inability to retrieve the appropriate nouns (Cooper, P.V. (1990), Discourse production and normal aging: Performance on oral picture description tasks, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P210-214; and Heller, R.B., & Dobbs, A.R. (1993), Age differences in word finding in discourse and nondiscourse situations, Psychology and Aging, 8, 443-450). Speech disfluencies, such as filled pauses and hesitations, increase with age and may likewise reflect word retrieval difficulties (Cooper, P.V. (1990), Discourse production and normal aging: Performance on oral picture description tasks, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P210-214; and Kemper, S. (1992a), Adults' sentence fragments: Who, what, when, where, and why, Communication Research, 19, 444-458).

Further, TOT states increase with aging, accounting for one of the most dramatic instances of word finding difficulty in which a person is unable to produce a word although absolutely certain that they know it. Both naturally occurring TOTs (Burke, D.M., MacKay, D.G., Worthley, J.S., & Wade, E. (1991), On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults, Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542-579) and experimentally induced TOTs increase with aging (Burke, D.M., MacKay, D.G., Worthley, J.S., & Wade, E. (1991), On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults, Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542-579; Brown, A.S., & Nix, L.A. (1996), Age-related changes in the tip-of-the-tongue experience, American Journal of Psychology, 109, 79-91 ; James, L.E., & Burke, D.M. (2000), Phonological priming effects on word retrieval and tip-of-the-tongue experiences in young and older adults, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1378-1391 ; Maylor, E.A. (1990b), Recognizing and naming faces: Aging, memory retrieval and the tip of the tongue state, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, P215-P225; and Rastle, K.G., & Burke, D.M. (1996), Priming the tip of the tongue: Effects of prior processing on word retrieval in young and older adults, Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 586-605).

Still, word retrieval failures in young and especially older adults appear to reflect declines in access to phonological representations. Evidence for age-linked declines in language production has come almost exclusively from studies of word retrieval. MacKay and Abrams reported that older adults made certain types of spelling errors more frequently than young adults in written production, a sub-lexical retrieval deficit involving orthographic units (MacKay, D.G., Abrams, L., & Pedroza, M. J. (1999), Aging on the input versus output side: Theoretical implications of age-linked asymmetries between detecting versus retrieving orthographic information, Psychology and Aging, 14, J- 17). This decline occurred despite age equivalence in the ability to detect spelling errors and despite the higher vocabulary and education levels of older adults. The phonological/orthographic knowledge retrieval problem in old age is not due to deficits in formulating the idea to be expressed, but rather it appears to reflect an inability to map a well-defined idea or lexical concept onto its phonological and orthographic unit forms. Thus, unlike semantic comprehension of word meaning, which seems to be well-preserved in old age, sensory-motor retrieval of phonological and orthographic representations declines with aging.

Language Production Deficits in Normal Aging and Open-Bigrams and Open Proto-Bigrams Priming

The teachings of the present invention are in agreement with some of the mechanisms and predictions of the transmission deficit hypothesis (TDH) computational model (Burke, D. M., Mackay, D. G., & James L. E. (2000), Theoretical approaches to language and aging, In T. J. Perfect & E. A. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 204-237). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; and MacKay, D.G., & Burke, D.M. (1990), Cognition and aging: A theory of new learning and the use of old connections, In T.M. Hess (Ed.), Aging and cognition: Knowledge organization and utilization (pp. 213-263). Amsterdam: North Holland). Briefly, under the TDH, verbal information is represented in a network of interconnected units or nodes organized into a semantic system representing lexical and propositional meaning and a phonological system representing sounds. In addition to these nodes, there is a system of orthographic nodes with direct links to lexical nodes and also lateral links to corresponding phonological nodes (necessary for the production of novel words and pseudo words). In the TDH, language word comprehension (input) versus word production (output) differences arise from an asymmetrical structure of top-down versus bottom-up priming connections to the respective nodes.

In general, the present invention stipulates that normal aging weakens the priming effects of open-bigrams in words, particularly open proto-bigrams inside words and in between words in a sentence or fluent speech. This weakening priming effect of open proto- bigrams negatively impacts the direct lexical to semantics access route for automatically knowing the most common words in a language, and in particular, causes slow, non-accurate (spelling mistakes) recognition and retrieval of the orthographic code via writing and typing as well as slow, non-accurate (errors) or TOT of phonological and lexical information concerning particular types of naming word retrievals from speech. It is worth noticing that with aging, this priming weakening effect of open-bigrams and open proto-bigrams greatly diminishes the benefits of possessing a language with a high lexical-phonological information and lexical orthographic code representation redundancy. Therefore, it is to be expected that older individuals will increase content production errors in written- spoken messages, making phonological and lexical information via speech naming retrieval, and/or lexical orthographic production via writing, less resistant to noise. In other words, the early language advantage resting upon a flexible orthographic code and a flexible lexical-phonological informational encoding of speech becomes a disadvantage with aging since the orthographic or lexical- phonological code will become too flexible and prompt too many production errors.

The teachings of the present invention point out that language production deficits, particularly negatively affecting open-bigrams and open proto-bigrams when aging normally, promote an inefficient and noisy sensory-motor grounding of cognitive (top-down) fluent reasoning/intellectual abilities reflected in slow, non-accurate or wrong substitutions of 'naming meaning' in specific domains (e.g., names of people, places, dates, definitions, etc.) The teachings of the present invention further hypothesize that in a mild to severe progression Alzheimer's or dementia individual, language production deficits worsen and expand to also embrace wrong or non-sensory-motor grounding of cognitive (top-down) fluent reasoning/intellectual abilities thus causing a partial or complete informational disconnect/paralysis between object naming retrieval and the respective action-use domain of the retrieved object.

A Novel Neuro-Performance non-Pharmacological Alphabetic Language Based Technology

Without limiting the scope of the present invention, the teachings of the present invention disclose a non-pharmacological technology aiming to promote novel exercising of alphanumeric symbolic information. The present invention aims for a subject to problem solve and perform a broad spectrum of relationships among alphanumeric characters. For that purpose, direct and inverse alphabetical strings are herein presented comprising a constrained serial positioning order among the letter characters as well as randomized alphabetical strings comprising a non-constrained alphabetical serial positioning order among the letter characters. The herein presented novel exercises involve visual and/or auditory searching, identifying/recognizing, sensory-motor selecting and organizing of one or more open-bigrams and/or open proto-bigrams in order to promote fluid reasoning ability in a subject manifested in an effortless, fast and efficient problem solving of particular letter characters relationships in direct-inverse alphabetical and/or randomized alphabetical sequences. Still, the herein non- pharmacological technology, consist of novel exercising of open-bigrams and open proto- bigrams to promote: a) a strong grounding of lexical-phonological cognitive information in spoken language and of lexical orthographic unit components in writing language, b) a language neuro-prophylactic shielding against language production processing deficits in normal aging population, c) a language neuro-prophylactic shielding against language production processing deficits in MCI people, and d) a language neuro-prophylactic shielding against language production processing deficits capable of slowing down (or reversing) early mild neural degeneration cognitive adversities in Alzheimer's and dementia individuals.

Orthographic Sequential Encoded Regulated by Inputs to Oscillations within Letter units CSERIOL') Processing Model:

According to the SERIOL processing model, orthographic processing occurs at two levels-the neuronal level, and the abstract level. At the neuronal level, orthographic processing occurs progressively beginning from retinal coding (e.g., string position of letters within a string), followed by feature coding (e.g., lines, angles, curves), and finally letter coding (coding for letter nodes according to temporal neuronal firing.) At the abstract level, the coding hierarchy is (open) bigram coding (i.e., sequential ordered pairs of letters- correlated to neuronal firings according to letter nodes) followed by word coding (coding by: context units - words represented by visual factors - serial proximity of constituent letters). ((Whitney, C. (2001a), How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 221- 243).

Some statistical aspects of sequential order of letters and letter strings:

In the English language, in a college graduate vocabulary of about 20,000 letter strings (words), there are about only 50-60 words which obey a direct A-Z or indirect Z-A sequential incomplete alphabetical different letters serial order (e.g., direct A-Z "below" and inverse Z-A "the"). More so, about 40% of everything said, read or written in the English language consists of frequent repetitions of open proto-bigrams (e.g., is, no, if, or etc.) words in between words in written sentences or uttered words in between uttered words in a conversation. In the English language, letter trigrams frequent repetitions (e.g. "the", 'can', 'his' , 'her' , 'its', etc. ) constitute more than 10% of everything said, read or written. Methods

The definition given to the terms below is in the context of their meaning when used in the body of this application and in its claims.

The below definitions, even if explicitly referring to letters sequences, should be considered to extend into a more general form of these definitions to include numerical and alphanumerical sequences, based on predefined complete numerical and alphanumerical set arrays and a formulated meaning for pairs of non-equal and non-consecutive numbers in the predefined set array, as well as for pairs of alphanumeric characters of the predefined set array.

A "series" is defined as an orderly sequence of terms

"Serial terms" are defined as the individual components of a series.

A "serial order" is defined as a sequence of terms characterized by: (a) the relative ordinal spatial position of each term and the relative ordinal spatial positions of those terms following and/or preceding it; (b) its sequential structure: an "indefinite serial order," is defined as a serial order where no first neither last term are predefined; an "open serial order." is defined as a serial order where only the first term is predefined; a "closed serial order," is defined as a serial order where only the first and last terms are predefined; and (c) its number of terms, as only predefined in 'a closed serial order'.

"Terms" are represented by one or more symbols or letters, or numbers or alphanumeric symbols.

"Arrays" are defined as the indefinite serial order of terms. By default, the total number and kind of terms are undefined.

"Terms arrays" are defined as open serial orders of terms. By default, the total number and kind of terms are undefined.

"Set arrays" are defined as closed serial orders of terms, wherein each term is intrinsically a different member of the set and where the kinds of terms, if not specified in advance, are undefined. If, by default, the total number of terms is not predefined by the method(s) herein, the total number of terms is undefined.

"Letter set arrays" are defined as closed serial orders of letters, wherein same letters may be repeated.

An "alphabetic set array" is a closed serial order of letters, wherein all the letters are predefined to be different (not repeated). Still, each letter member of an alphabetic set array has a predefined different ordinal position in the alphabetic set array. An alphabetic set array is herein considered to be a Complete Non-Randomized alphabetical letters sequence. Letter symbol members are herein only graphically represented with capital letters. For single letter symbol members, the following complete 3 direct and 3 inverse alphabetic set arrays are herein defined:

Direct alphabetic set array: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Inverse alphabetic set array: Z, Y, X, W, V, U, T, S, R, Q, P, O, N, M, L, K, J, I, H,

G, F, E, D, C, B, A.

Direct type alphabetic set array: A, Z, B, Y, C, X, D, W, E, V, F, U ,G, T, H, S, I, R, J, Q, K, P, L, O, M, N.

Inverse type alphabetic set array: Z, A, Y, B, X, C, W, D, V, E, U, F, T, G, S, H, R, I, Q, J, P, K, O, L, N, M.

Central type alphabetic set array: A, N, B, O, C, P, D, Q, E, R, F, S, G, T, H, U, I, V, J, W, K, X, L, Y, M, Z.

Inverse central type alphabetic set array: N, A, O, B, P, C, Q, D, R, E, S, F, T, G, U,

H, V, I, W, J, X, K, Y, L, Z, M.

An "open bigram," if not specified otherwise, is herein defined as a closed serial order formed by any two contiguous or non-contiguous letters of the above alphabetic set arrays. Under the provisions set forth above, an "open bigram" may also refer to pairs of numerical or alpha-numerical symbols.

For alphabetic set arrays where the members are defined as open bigrams, the following 3 direct and 3 inverse alphabetic open bigrams set arrays are herein defined

Direct alphabetic open bigram set array: AB, CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL, MN, OP, QR, ST, UV, WX, YZ.

Inverse alphabetic open bigram set array: ZY, XW, VU, TS, RQ, PO, NM, LK, JI, HG, FE, DC, BA.

Direct alphabetic type open bigram set array: AZ, BY, CX, DW, EV, FU, GT, HS, IR, JQ, KP, LO, MN.

Inverse alphabetic type open bigram set array: ZA, YB, XC, WD, VE, UF, TG, SH, RI, QJ, PK, OL, NM.

Central alphabetic type open bigram set array: AN, BO, CP, DQ, ER, FS, GT, HU, IV, JW, KX, LY, MZ. Inverse alphabetic central type open bigram set array: NA, OB, PC, QD, RE, SF, TG, UH, VI, WJ, XK, YL, ZM.

An "open bigram term" is a lexical orthographic unit characterized by a pair of letters (n-gram) depicting a minimal sequential order consisting of two letters. The open bigram class to which an open bigram term belongs may or may not convey an automatic direct access to semantic meaning in an alphabetic language to a reader.

An "open bigram term sequence" is a letters symbol sequence, where two letter symbols are presented as letter pairs representing a term in the sequence, instead of an individual letter symbol representing a term in the sequence.

There are 4 classes of Open Bigram terms, there being a total of 676 different open bigram terms in the English alphabetical language

Class I - Within the context of the present subject matter, Class I always refers to "open proto-bigram terms". Specifically, there are 24 open proto-bigram terms in the English alphabetical language.

Class II - Within the context of the present subject matter, Class II consists of open bigram terms entailed in alphabetic open bigram set arrays (6 of these alphabetic open bigram set arrays are herein defined for the English alphabetical language). Specifically, Class II comprises a total of 78 different open bigram terms wherein 2 open bigram terms are also open bigram terms members of Class I.

Class III - Within the context of the present subject matter, Class III entails the vast majority of open bigram terms in the English alphabetical language except for all open bigram terms members of Classes I, II, and IV. Specifically, Class III comprises a total of 550 open bigram terms.

Class IV- Within the context of the present subject matter, Class IV consists of open bigram terms entailing repeated single letters symbols. For the English alphabetical language, Class IV comprises a total of 26 open bigram terms.

An alphabetic "open proto-bigram term" (see Class I above) is defined as a lexical orthographic unit characterized by a pair of letters (n-gram) depicting the smallest sequential order of contiguous and non-contiguous different letters that convey an automatic direct access to semantic meaning in an alphabetical language (e.g., English alphabetical language: an, to, so etc.).

An "open proto-bigram sequence type" is herein defined as a complete alphabetic open proto-bigram sequence characterized by the pairs of letters comprising each open proto- bigram term in a way that the serial distribution of such open proto-bigram terms establishes a sequence of open proto-bigram terms type that follows a direct or an inverse alphabetic set array order. In summary, there are two complete alphabetic open proto-bigram sequence types.

Types of Open Proto-Bigram Sequences:

Direct type open proto-bigram sequence: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, NO, OR

Inverse type open proto-bigram sequence: WE, US, UP, TO, SO, ON, OF, ME, IF,

HE.

"Complete alphabetic open proto-bigram sequence groups" within the context of the present subject matter, Class I open-proto bigram terms, are further grouped in three sequence groups:

Open Proto-Bigram Sequence Groups:

Left Group: AM, BE, HE, IF, ME

Central Group: AN, AS, AT, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, OF, WE

Right Group: NO, ON, OR, SO, TO, UP, US

The term "collective critical space" is defined as the alphabetic space in between two non-contiguous ordinal positions of a direct or inverse alphabetic set array. A "collective critical space" further corresponds to any two non-contiguous letters which form an open proto-bigram term. The postulation of a "collective critical space" is herein contingent to any pair of non-contiguous letter symbols in a direct or inverse alphabetic set array, where their orthographic form directly and automatically conveys a semantic meaning to the subject.

The term "virtual sequential state" is herein defined as an implicit incomplete alphabetic sequence made-up of the letters corresponding to the ordinal positions entailed in a "collective critical space". There is at least one implicit incomplete alphabetic sequence entailed per each open proto-bigram term. These implicit incomplete alphabetic sequences are herein conceptualized to exist in a virtual perceptual-cognitive mental state of the subject. Every time that this virtual perceptual-cognitive mental state is grounded by means of a programmed goal oriented sensory-motor activity in the subject, his/her reasoning and mental cognitive ability is enhanced.

From the above definitions, it follows that a letters sequence, which at least entails two non-contiguous letters forming an open proto-bigram term, will possess a "collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute" as a direct consequence of the implicit perceptual condition of the at least one incomplete alphabetic sequence arising from the "virtual sequential state" in correspondence with the open proto-bigram term This virtual/abstract serial state becomes concrete every time a subject is required to reason and perform goal oriented sensory motor action to problem solve a particular kind of serial order involving relationships among alphabetic symbols in a sequence of symbols. One way of promoting this novel reasoning ability is achieved through a predefined goal oriented sensory motor activity of the subject by performing a data "compression" of a selected letters sequence or by performing a data "expansion" of a selected letters sequence in accordance with the definitions of the terms given below.

Moreover, as already indicated above for a general form of these definitions, for a predefined Complete Numerical Set Array and a predefined Complete Alphanumeric Set Array, the "collective critical space", "virtual sequential state" and "collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute" for alphabetic series can also be extended to include numerical and alphanumerical series.

An "ordinal position" is defined as the relative position of a term in a series, in relation to the first term of this series, which will have an ordinal position defined by the first integer number (#1), and each of the following terms in the sequence with the following integer numbers (#2, #3, #4, ). Therefore, the 26 different letter terms of the English alphabet will have 26 different ordinal positions which, in the case of the direct alphabetic set array (see above), ordinal position #1 will correspond to the letter "A", and ordinal position #26 will correspond to the letter "Z".

An "alphabetic letter sequence," unless otherwise specified, is herein one or more complete alphabetic letter sequences from the group comprising: Direct alphabetic set array, Inverse alphabetic set array, Direct open bigram set array, Inverse open bigram set array, Direct open proto-bigram sequence, and Inverse open proto-bigram sequence.

The term "incomplete" serial order refers herein only in relation to a serial order which has been previously defined as "complete."

As used herein, the term "relative incompleteness" is used in relation to any previously selected serial order which, for the sake of the intended task herein required performing by a subject, the said selected serial order could be considered to be complete.

As used herein, the term "absolute incompleteness" is used only in relation to alphabetic set arrays, because they are defined as complete closed serial orders of terms (see above). For example, in relation to an alphabetic set array, incompleteness is absolute, involving at the same time: number of missing letters, type of missing letters and ordinal positions of missing letters.

A "non- alphabetic letter sequence" is defined as any letter series that does not follow the sequence and/or ordinal positions of letters in any of the alphabetic set arrays.

A "symbol" is defined as a mental abstract graphical sign/representation, which includes letters and numbers.

A "letter term" is defined as a mental abstract graphical sign/representation, which is generally, characterized by not representing a concrete: thing/item/form/shape in the physical world. Different languages may use the same graphical sign/representation depicting a particular letter term, which it is also phonologically uttered with the same sound (like "s").

A "letter symbol" is defined as a graphical sign/representation depicting in a language a letter term with a specific phonological uttered sound. In the same language, different graphical sign/representation depicting a particular letter term, are phonologically uttered with the same sound(s) (like "a" and "A").

An "attribute" of a term (alphanumeric symbol, letter, or number) is defined as a spatial distinctive related perceptual feature and/or time distinctive related perceptual feature. An attribute of a term can also be understood as a related on-line perceptual representation carried through a mental simulation that effects the off-line conception of what it's been perceived. (Louise Connell, Dermot Lynott. Principles of Representation: Why You Can't Represent the Same Concept Twice. Topics in Cognitive Science (2014) 1-17)

A "spatial related perceptual attribute" is defined as a characteristically spatial related perceptual feature of a term, which can be discriminated by sensorial perception. There are two kinds of spatial related perceptual attributes.

An "individual spatial related attribute" is defined as a spatial related perceptual attribute that pertains to a particular term. Individual spatial related perceptual attributes include, e.g., symbol case; symbol size; symbol font; symbol boldness; symbol tilted angle in relation to a horizontal line; symbol vertical line of symmetry; symbol horizontal line of symmetry; symbol vertical and horizontal lines of symmetry; symbol infinite lines of symmetry; symbol no line of symmetry; and symbol reflection (mirror) symmetry.

A "collective spatial related attribute" is defined as a spatial related perceptual attribute that pertains to the relative location of a particular term in relation to the other terms in a letter set array, an alphabetic set array, or an alphabetic letter symbol sequence. Collective spatial related attributes (e.g. in a set array) include a symbol ordinal position, the physical space occupied by a symbol font, the distance between the physical spaces occupied by the fonts of two consecutive symbols/terms when represented in orthographical form, and left or right relative edge position of a term/symbol font in a set array. Even if triggering a sensorial perceptual relation with the reasoning subject, a "collective spatial related perceptual attribute" is not related to the semantic meaning of the one or more letter symbols possessing this spatial perceptual related attribute. In contrast, the "collective critical space" is contingent on the generation of a semantic meaning in a subject by the pair of noncontiguous letter symbols implicitly entailing this collective critical space.

A "time related perceptual attribute" is defined as a characteristically temporal related perceptual feature of a term (symbol, letter or number), which can be discriminated by sensorial perception such as: a) any color of the RGB full color range of the symbols term; b) frequency range for the intermittent display of a symbol, of a letter or of a number, from a very low frequency rate, up till a high frequency (flickering) rate. Frequency is quantified as: 1/t, where t is in the order of seconds of time; c) particular sound frequencies by which a letter or a number is recognized by the auditory perception of a subject; and d) any herein particular constant motion represented by a constant velocity/constant speed (V) at which symbols, letters, and/or numbers move across the visual or auditory field of a subject. In the case of Doppler auditory field effect, where sounds representing the names of alphanumeric symbols, letters, and/or numbers are approximating or moving away in relation to a predefined point in the perceptual space of a subject, constant motion is herein represented by the speed of sound. By default, this constant motion of symbols, letters, and/or numbers is herein considered to take place along a horizontal axis, in a spatial direction to be predefined. If the visual perception of constant motion is implemented on a computer screen, the value of V to be assigned is given in pixels per second at a predefined screen resolution.

It has been empirically observed that when the first and last letter symbols of a word are maintained, the reader's semantic meaning of the word may not be altered or lost by removing one or more letters in between them. This orthographic transformation is named data "compression". Consistent with this empirical observation, the notion of data "compression" is herein extended into the following definitions:

If a "symbols sequence is subject to compression" which is characterized by the removal of one or more contiguous symbols located in between two predefined symbols in the sequence of symbols, the two predefined symbols may, at the end of the compression process, become contiguous symbols in the symbols sequence, or remain non-contiguous if the omission or removal of symbols is done on non-contiguous symbols located between the two predefined symbols in the sequence.

Due to the intrinsic semantic meaning carried by an open proto-bigram term, when the two predefined symbols in a sequence of symbols are the two letters symbols forming an open proto-bigram term, the compression of a letter sequence is considered to take place at two sequential levels, "local" and "non-local", and the non-local sequential level comprises an "extraordinary sequential compression case."

A "local open proto-bigram term compression" is characterized by the omission or removal of one or two contiguous letters in a sequence of letters lying in between the two letters that form/assemble an open proto-bigram term, by which the two letters of the open proto-bigram term become contiguous letters in the letters sequence.

A "non-local open proto-bigram compression" is characterized by the omission or removal of more than two contiguous letters in a sequence of letters, lying in between two letters at any ordinal serial position in the sequence that form an open proto-bigram term, by which the two letters of the open proto-bigram term become contiguous letters in the letters sequence.

An "extraordinary non-local open proto-bigram compression" is a particular case of a non-local open proto-bigram term compression, which occurs in a letters sequence comprising N letters when the first and last letters in the letters sequence are the two selected letters forming/assembling an open proto-bigram term, and the N-2 letters lying in between are omitted or removed, by which the remaining two letters forming/assembling the open proto-bigram term become contiguous letters.

An "alphabetic expansion" of an open proto-bigram term is defined as the orthographic separation of its two (alphabetical non-contiguous letters) letters by the serial sensory motor insertion of the corresponding incomplete alphabetic sequence directly related to its collective critical space according to predefined timings. This sensory motor 'alphabetic expansion' will explicitly make the particular related virtual sequential state entailed in the collective critical space of this open proto-bigram term concrete.

"Orthographic letters contiguity" is defined as the contiguity of letters symbols in a written form by which words are represented in most written alphabetical languages.

For "alphabetic contiguity," a visual recognition facilitation effect occurs for a pair of letters forming any open bigram term, even when 1 or 2 letters in orthographic contiguity lying in between these two (now) edge letters form the open bigram term. It has been empirically confirmed that up to 2 letters located contiguously in between the open bigram term do not interfere with the visual identity and resulting perceptual recognition process of the pair of letters making-up the open bigram term. In other words, the visual perceptual identity of an open bigram term (letter pair) remains intact even in the case of up two letters held in between these two edge letters forming the open bigram term.

However, in the particular case where open bigram terms orthographically directly convey/communicate a semantic meaning in a language (e.g., open proto-bigrams), it is herein considered that the visual perceptual identity of open proto-bigram terms remains intact even when more than 2 letters are held in between the now edge letters forming the open proto-bigram term. This particular visual perceptual recognition effect is considered as an expression of: 1) a Local Alphabetic Contiguity effect - empirically manifested when up to two letters are held in between (LAC) for open bigrams and open proto-bigrams terms and 2) a Non-Local Alphabetic Contiguity (NLAC) effect - empirically manifested when more than two letters are held in between, an effect which only take place in open proto-bigrams terms.

Both LAC and NLAC are part of a herein novel methodology aiming to advance a flexible orthographic decoding and processing view concerning sensory motor grounding of perceptual-cognitive alphabetical, numerical, and alphanumeric information/knowledge. LAC correlates to the already known priming transposition of letters phenomena, and NLAC is a new proposition concerning the visual perceptual recognition property particularly possessed only by open proto-bigrams terms which is enhanced by the performance of the herein proposed methods. For the 24 open proto-bigram terms found in the English language alphabet, 7 open proto-bigram terms are of a default LAC consisting of 0 to 2 in between ordinal positions of letters in the alphabetic direct-inverse set array because of their unique respective intrinsic serial order position in the alphabet. The remaining 17 open proto- bigrams terms are of a default NLAC consisting of an average of more than 10 letters held in between ordinal positions in the alphabetic direct-inverse set array.

The present subject matter considers the phenomena of 'alphabetic contiguity' being a particular top-down cognitive-perceptual mechanism that effortlessly and autonomously causes arousal inhibition in the visual perception process for detecting, processing, and encoding the N letters held in between the 2 edge letters forming an open proto-bigram term, thus resulting in maximal data compression of the letters sequence. As a consequence of the alphabetic contiguity orthographic phenomena, the space held in between any 2 noncontiguous letters forming an open proto-bigram term in the alphabet is of a critical perceptual related nature, herein designated as a 'Collective Critical Space Perceptual Related Attribute' (CCSPRA) of the open proto-bigram term, wherein the letters sequence which is attentionally ignored-inhibited, should be conceptualized as if existing in a virtual mental kind of state. This virtual mental kind of state will remain effective even if the 2 letters making-up the open proto-bigram term will be in orthographic contiguity (maximal serial data compression).

When the 2 letters forming an open proto-bigram term hold in between a number of N letters and when the serial ordinal position of these two letters are the serial position of the edge letters of a letters sequence (meaning that there are no additional letters on either side of these two edge letters), the alphabetic contiguity property will only pertain to these 2 edge letters forming the open proto-bigram term. In brief, this particular case discloses the strongest manifestation of the alphabetic contiguity property, where one of the letters making up an open proto-bigram term is the head and the other letter is the tail of a letters sequence. This particular case is herein designated as Extraordinary NLAC.

An "arrangement of terms" (symbols, letters and/or numbers) is defined as one of two classes of term arrangements, i.e., an arrangement of terms along a line, or an arrangement of terms in a matrix form. In an "arrangement along a line," terms will be arranged along a horizontal line by default. If for example, the arrangement of terms is meant to be along a vertical or diagonal or curvilinear line, it will be indicated. In an "arrangement in a matrix form," terms are arranged along a number of parallel horizontal lines (like letters arrangement in a text book format), displayed in a two dimensional format.

The terms "generation of terms," "number of terms generated" (symbols, letters and/or numbers) is defined as terms generally generated by two kinds of term generation methods- one method wherein the number of terms is generated in a predefined quantity; and another method wherein the number of terms is generated by a quasi-random method.

Fig. 1 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non- limiting exercises put forth in Examples 1 -6 below.

As can be seen in Fig. 1, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject comprises selecting at least one serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete open-bigrams sequences and providing the subject with one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms obtained from the previously selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms. The subject is then prompted, within an exercise, to manipulate open-bigram terms within one or more incomplete open-bigram sequences, or to discriminate differences or sameness between two or more of the incomplete serial orders within a first predefined time interval. After manipulating the open-bigram terms or discriminating differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete open- bigram sequences, an evaluation is performed to determine whether the subject correctly manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete open-bigram sequences.

If the subject made an incorrect manipulation or discrimination, then the exercise is started again and the subject is prompted, within the exercise, to again manipulate open- bigram terms within the one or more incomplete open-bigram sequences or to discriminate differences or sameness between two or more incomplete open-bigram sequences, within the first predefined time interval. If, however, the subject correctly manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more of the incomplete open-bigram sequences, then the correct manipulations as well as correct discrimination of differences or sameness, are displayed with at least one different attribute to highlight or remark the manipulation and the discriminated difference or sameness.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by second predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a proficient reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non- limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

It is important to point out/consider that, in the above method of promoting reasoning abilities and in the following exercises and examples implementing the method, the subject is performing the discrimination of open bigrams or open proto-bigram terms in an array/series of open bigrams and/or open proto-bigram sequences without invoking explicit conscious awareness concerning underlying implicit governing rules or abstract concepts/interrelationships, characterized by relations or correlations or cross-correlations among the searched, discriminated and sensory motor manipulated open bigrams and open proto-bigrams terms by the subject. In other words, the subject is performing the search and discrimination without overtly thinking or strategizing about the necessary actions to effectively accomplish the sensory motor manipulation of the open bigrams and open proto- bigram terms.

As mentioned in connection with the general form of the above definitions, the herein presented suite of exercises can make use of not only letters but also numbers and alphanumeric symbols relationships. These relationships include correlations and cross- correlations among open bigrams and/or open proto-bigram terms such that the mental ability of the exercising subject is able to promote novel reasoning strategies that improve fluid intelligence abilities. The improved fluid intelligence abilities will be manifested in at least effective and rapid mental simulation, novel problem solving, drawing inductive-deductive inferences, pattern and irregularities recognition, identifying relations, correlations and cross- correlations among sequential orders of symbols comprehending implications, extrapolating, transforming information and abstract concept thinking.

As mentioned earlier, it is also important to consider that the methods described herein are not limited to only alphabetic symbols. It is also contemplated that the methods of the present subject can involve numeric serial orders and/or alpha-numeric serial orders to be used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ serial orders of letter symbols, alphabetic open bigram terms and alphabetic open proto-bigram terms, it is contemplated that serial orders comprising numbers and/or alpha-numeric symbols can be used.

A library of open-bigram sequences comprises those obtained with letter symbols from alphabetic set arrays, which may include open-bigram sequences derived from other set arrays (of numerical or alphanumerical symbols). Alphabetic set arrays are characterized by comprising a predefined number of different letter terms, each letter term having a predefined unique ordinal position in the closed set array, and none of said different letter terms are repeated within this predefined unique serial order of letter terms. A non-limiting example of a unique letter set array is the English alphabet, in which there are 13 predefined different open-bigram terms where each open-bigram term has a predefined consecutive ordinal position of a unique closed serial order among 13 different members of an open-bigram set array only comprising 13 members.

In one aspect of the present subject matter, a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigrams sequences is herein considered. The English alphabet is herein considered as a direct alphabetic set array, from which only one unique serial order of open-bigram terms is obtained. There are at least five other different unique alphabetic set arrays herein considered. As mentioned above, the English alphabet is a particular alphabetic set array herein denominated as a direct alphabetic set array. There are other five different alphabetic set arrays contemplated from which another five unique alphabetic open-bigram set arrays are obtained, denominated herein as: inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of open-bigram terms sequences may contain fewer open-bigram terms sequences than those listed above or that it may comprise more different open-bigram sequences.

In an aspect of the present methods, the at least one unique serial order comprises a sequence of open-bigram terms. In this aspect of the present subject matter, the predefined library of open-bigram sequences may comprise the following sequential orders of open- bigrams terms, where each open-bigram term is a different member of a set array having a predefined unique ordinal position within the set: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open- bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of open-bigram sequences may contain additional or fewer open-bigram sequences than those listed above.

In each of the non-limiting Examples below, the subject is presented with various exercises and prompted to make selections based upon the particular features of the exercises. It is contemplated that, within the non-limiting Examples 1 -6, the choice method presented to the subject could be any one of three particular non-limiting choice methods: multiple choice, force choice, and/or go-no-go choice.

When the subject is provided with multiple choices when performing the exercise, the subject is presented multiple choices as to what the possible answer is. The subject must discern the correct answer/selection and select the correct answer from the given multiple choices.

When the force choice method is employed within the exercises, the subject is presented with two alternatives for the correct answer and, as is implicit in the name, the subject is forced to make that choice. In other words, the subject is forced to select the correct answer from the two possible answers presented to the subject.

Likewise, a choice method presented to the subject is a go-no-go choice method. In this method, the subject is prompted to answer every time the subject is exposed to the possible correct answer. In a non-limiting example, the subject may be requested to click or not on a particular button each time a certain open-bigram term is shown to the subject. Alternatively, the subject may be requested to click on one of two different buttons each time another certain open-bigram term is displayed. Thus, the subject clicks on one of the two buttons when his/her reasoning indicates that the correct open-bigram term appears and does not click on the other button if his/her reasoning indicates that the correct open-bigram term is not there.

In another aspect of the each of the non-limiting examples described herein, the change in attributes is done according to predefined correlations between spatial and time perceptual related attributes and the ordinal position of the open-bigram terms. As a non- limiting example, for the particular case of a complete direct alphabetic set array of the English language falling inside the perceptual visual field of the subject, the first ordinal position (occupied by the letter "A"), will generally appear towards the left side of his/her fields of vision, whereas the last ordinal position (occupied by the letter "Z") will appear towards his/her right visual field of vision. Further, if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term for which an attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision, the change in attribute may be different than if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term for which the attribute will be changed falls in the right field of vision.

In this non-limiting example, if the attribute to be changed is the color of the open- bigram term, and if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term for which the attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision, then the color will be changed to a first different color, while if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term falls in the right field of vision, then the color will be changed to a second color different from the first color. Likewise, if the attribute to be changed is the size of the open-bigram term being displayed, then those open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the left field of vision will be changed to a first different size, while the open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the right field of vision will be changed to a second different size that is also different than the first different size.

The present subject matter is further described in the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLE 1 - Inductively inferring the next open-bigram term of an alphabetical open-bigram terms sequence

A goal of the exercise presented in Example 1 is to exercise elemental fluid intelligence ability namely, "inductive reasoning". Specifically, the presented Example 1 exercises a subject ability to inductively infer the next open-bigram term in a provided direct alphabetical open-bigram terms sequence or inverse alphabetical open-bigram terms sequence. Fig. 2 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by inductively inferring the next open- bigram term.

As can be seen in Fig. 2, the method of promoting inductive reasoning ability in the subject comprises selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences, and further selecting an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected complete alphabetic serial order of open- bigram terms. All of the open-bigram terms in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the correct open-bigram term corresponding to the next ordinal position in the sequence of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, from a given list of open-bigram terms as potential answers shown to the subject. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term is displayed with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to sensory motor select the correct open-bigram term corresponding to the next ordinal position in the sequence of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with each iteration results. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a satisfactory reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non-limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, like 1 to 23. In another aspect of Example 1 , the method of promoting inductive reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter in Example 1 includes a computer program product for promoting inductive reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open- bigram sequences, and further selecting an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected complete alphabetic open-bigram sequence. All of the selected symbols in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the correct open-bigram term corresponding to the next ordinal position in the sequence of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, from a given list of open- bigram terms as potential answers shown to the subject. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term is displayed with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to sensory motor select the correct open-bigram term corresponding to the next ordinal position in the sequence of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with each iteration results.

In a further aspect of Example 1 , the method of promoting inductive reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting inductive reasoning ability in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences, and further selecting an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected complete alphabetic open-bigram sequence, wherein all open-bigram terms in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes; prompting the subject on the GUI to correctly sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the open-bigram term corresponding to the next ordinal position in the sequence of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, from a given list of open-bigram terms as potential answers shown to the subject; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then displaying the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term on the GUI with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then returning to the step of prompting the subject; repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all iterations.

For this non-limiting Example 1, the Example includes 4 block exercises. Each block exercise comprises 8 sequential trial exercises. In each trial exercise, a sequence of open- bigram terms is presented to the subject for a brief period of time. Without delay, upon seeing this open-bigram terms sequence, the subject is required to inductively infer what would be the next open-bigram term following the last open-bigram term presented in the open-bigram term sequence. When the open-bigram terms sequences are selected from direct or inverse alphabetic sequences, the open-bigram term members of the selected alphabetical sequences are pairs of consecutive letters in the alphabetic sequences. More so, the present task has been designed to reduce cognitive workload by minimizing the dependency of the subject's reasoning or inferring skills on real-time manipulation of symbolic sequential information by the subject's working memory; therefore for each trial exercise, four open-bigram term option answers are also displayed, from which the subject is requested to choose each time a single correct next open-bigram term answer.

The subject is given a first predefined time interval within which the subject must validly perform the exercises. If the subject does not perform a given exercise within the first predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period", then after a delay, which could be about 2 seconds, the next in-line open-bigram term sequence type for the subject to perform is displayed. In one embodiment, the first predefined time interval or maximal valid performance time period allowed for a subject's lack of response is defined to be 10-20 seconds, in particular 15-20 seconds, and further specifically 17 seconds.

In the present Example, there are second predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between.

In an aspect of the exercises of Example 1 , the selection of the alphabetic serial order of open-bigram terms is done at random, from predefined complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences in a library. Selection of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is done also at random, from predefined number of open-bigram terms and predefined ordinal positions of these open-bigram terms, in the previously selected complete alphabetic open- bigram sequence. While this aspect of the exercises is easier to implement through the use of a computer program, it is also understood that the random selection of the serial order of open-bigram terms is also achievable manually.

In the exercises of Example 1 , when alphabetic serial orders are utilized, incomplete serial orders made up by alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences are provided according to two types of predefined sequences: 1) a direct alphabetical sequence and 2) an inverse alphabetical sequence. Still, each direct alphabetical or inverse alphabetical sequence type initially displays, as a default, three open-bigram terms of the alphabetic letter sequences. It is understood that the incompleteness of a direct alphabetic open-bigram term sequence is in relation to the direct alphabetic set array of the English alphabetical sequence consisting of A-Z individual letter symbols, while the incompleteness of an inverse alphabetic open-bigram term sequence is in relation to the inverse alphabetic set array of the English alphabetical sequence consisting of Z-A individual letter symbols. Furthermore, for the exercises of Example 1 , the open-bigram terms are generally provided in their upper case (or capital) font form, for example open-bigram terms AB, CD, etc.

The alphabetical serial orders are provided to the subject in a way such that each member of the direct alphabetical serial order or inverse alphabetical serial order is provided as an open-bigram term of two-consecutive letter symbols. In embodiments, the open-bigram terms can be provided as two consecutive letter symbols, or as two non-consecutive letter symbols.

The direct alphabetical serial order of letter symbols or inverse alphabetical serial order of letter symbols comprising each open-bigram term can be made of consecutive letter symbols. In an alternative aspect, the direct alphabetical letter serial order of symbols or inverse alphabetical letter serial order of symbols of each open-bigram term, can be made comprising non-consecutive letter symbols. For each block exercise of Example 1, a total of eight incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are provided to the subject. In an embodiment, from the eight incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms provided to the subject, four of the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are from a direct alphabetic sequence and four of the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are from an inverse alphabetic sequence. In another non- limiting case, the direct alphabetical serial orders of open-bigram terms and inverse alphabetical serial orders of open-bigram terms are not presented in a predefined order, meaning that the subject is provided randomly with either a direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms or an inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms.

In providing the exercises in Example 1, a length of the original incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is 2-6 open-bigram terms prior to the sensory motor selecting of the next correct open-bigram term by the subject. In another aspect of the present exercises, the length of the original incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is 3 open-bigram terms prior to the sensory motor selecting of the next correct open-bigram term by the subject.

As discussed above, upon sensory motor selection of the correct answer by the subject, the correct serial order of open-bigram terms is then displayed with the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term being displayed with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. The changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the 2 symbols comprising the correct sensory motor selected open-bigram term answer is selected from the group of spatial or time related perceptual attributes, which includes symbol font color, symbol sound, symbol font size, symbol font style, symbol font critical spacing, symbol font case, symbol font boldness, symbol font angle of rotation, symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the correctly sensory motor selected symbols of the open-bigram term may be displayed with a time related perceptual attribute "flickering" behavior in order to further highlight the differences in spatial or time perceptual related attributes.

As previously indicated above with respect to the general methods for implementing the present subject matter, the exercises in Example 1 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by enabling the grounding of cognitive behavior through the joint interactions of the sensorial-motor and perceptual domains when the subject performs the given exercise. That is, mental inductive reasoning behavior on the fly coupled with sensorial visual perceptual serial discrimination of open-bigram terms by the subject engages goal oriented body movements to execute the correct sensory motor selecting of the next open-bigram term in an incomplete sequence of open-bigram terms and combinations thereof. The goal oriented motor activity engaged within the subject may be any goal oriented motor activity jointly involved in the sensorial perception of the sequential complete and incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. While any body movements can be considered goal oriented motor activity implemented by the subject, the present subject matter is mainly concerned with implemented goal oriented body movements selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

By requesting that the subject engage in specific degrees of goal oriented body sensory motor activity, the exercises of Example 1 are requiring the subject to bodily-ground cognitive fluid intelligence abilities. The exercises of Example 1 cause the subject to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she accidentally acted/experienced enactment of fluid cognitive abilities when performing serial pattern recognition of non-concrete terms/symbols meshing with their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. The established sequential relationships between these non-concrete terms/symbols and their salient spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes heavily promote symbolic knowhow in a subject. By doing this, the exercises of Example 1 strengthen the ability to infer the next open-bigram term in an incomplete series of open-bigram terms through inductive reasoning within the subject. It is important that the exercises of Example 1 accomplish this downplaying or mitigating as much as possible the subject need to recall-retrieve and use verbal semantic or episodic memory knowledge in order to support or assist his/her inductive reasoning strategies to problem solving of the exercises in Example 1. The exercises of Example 1 are mainly within promoting fluid intelligence in general and inductive reasoning ability in particular in the subject, but do not rise to a learning operational level where crystalized intelligence is promoted mainly via the subject engaging in explicit associative learning corroborated by declarative semantic knowledge. As such, the specific letters sequence and unique serial orders of open-bigram terms are herein selected to purposely downplay or mitigate the subject's need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing inductive-deductive inferences necessitating the generation of verbal knowledge and/or recall-retrieval of information from declarative-semantic and/or episodic kinds of past consolidated memories. In a further aspect of the exercises of present Example 1, the library of complete sequences may also include the following complete sequences: direct alphabetic set array, inverse alphabetic set array, direct type of alphabetic set array, inverse type of alphabetic set array, central type of alphabetic set array, and inverse central type of alphabetic set array. It is understood that the above library of complete sequences may contain additional set arrays sequences or fewer set arrays sequences than those listed above.

In the main aspect of the exercises present in Example 1, the library of complete sequences comprises open-bigram terms sequences. An open-bigram term sequence is a sequence of terms wherein the single letter symbols are presented as pairs. In this main aspect of the present subject matter, the library of complete sequences comprises the following complete alphabetic sequential orders of open-bigram terms: direct open-bigram set array; inverse open-bigram set array; direct type open-bigram set array; inverse type open- bigram set array; central type open-bigram set array; inverse central type open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above library of complete sequences may contain additional open-bigram set arrays sequences or fewer open-bigram set array sequences than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 1 are not limited to alphabetic symbols in the serial orders of open-bigram terms. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric serial orders and/or alphanumeric serial orders are used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ serial orders of open-bigram terms (comprised of a pair of letters), it is also contemplated that serial orders of open-bigram terms comprising numbers and/or alpha-numeric symbols can be used.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 1 include providing a graphical representation of an open-bigram set array, in a ruler shown to the subject, when providing the subject with an incomplete direct alphabetic open-bigram terms sequence or an incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram terms sequence. The visual presence of the ruler helps the subject to perform the exercise, by facilitating a fast visual spatial recognition of the presented open-bigram terms sequence, in order to efficiently assist the subject to sensorially discriminate and inductively correctly infer the next open-bigram term. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of sequences in the above disclosed library of complete sequences, namely direct alphabetic set array; inverse alphabetic set array; direct type of alphabetic set array; inverse type of alphabetic set array; central type of alphabetic set array; inverse central type of alphabetic set array; direct open- bigram set array; inverse open-bigram set array; direct type open-bigram set array; inverse type open-bigram set array; central type open-bigram set array; and inverse central type open- bigram set array.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 1 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor click- selecting (the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on the valid or invalid next open-bigram term choice displayed (among 4 next open-bigram term choices), within a valid performance time period, then after a delay, which could be of about 2 seconds, the next in-line open- bigram term sequence type trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. In some embodiments, this valid performance time period is defined to be specifically 17 seconds.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by sensory motor selecting consecutively twice on the wrong next-term open-bigram term choice displayed. More so, as an operational rule applicable for any failed trial exercise of the present task, failure to perform results in the automatic displaying of the next in-line require to perform open-bigram terms sequence type trial exercise, for the subject to correctly infer the next open-bigram term. However, in the event the subject fails to correctly infer the next open-bigram term answer choice for any herein required to perform incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in excess of 2 non-consecutive trial exercises (in a single block exercise), then one of the following two options will occur: 1) if the failure to perform is for more than 2 non-consecutive trial exercises (in a single block exercise of Example 1), then the subject's current block-exercise performance is immediately halted and after a time interval of about 2 seconds, the next in-line herein require to perform open-bigram term sequence type in its respective trial exercise will immediately be displayed (for the subject to perform) in the next in-line block exercise; or 2) (which is only relevant for the last block exercise of Example 1) the subject will be immediately exited from the remainder of the fourth block exercise and returned back to the main menu of the computer program.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 1 , as well as the time it took to implement each of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group related performance score. Records of all wrong inferred next open-bigram term choice answers for all of the types of open-bigram sequences displayed and required to be performed are also generated and displayed. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

Figs. 3A-3D depicts a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for inductively inferring the next open-bigram term in an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. Fig. 3A shows a direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms comprising three open-bigram terms and prompts the subject to correctly sensory motor select the fourth open-bigram term. In this case, the subject is provided with AB, CD, and EF open-bigram terms and given the open-bigram terms MN, QR, ST, and GH as possible answer choices for sensory motor selecting the next open-bigram term. Fig. 3B shows that the correct sensory motor selection is the open-bigram term GH. As can be seen, the open-bigram term GH replaces the question mark in the original incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms and is highlighted by changing the time perceptual related attribute of font color. The correct sensory motor selection in the given possible answers is also highlighted by changing the time perceptual related attribute of font color. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct sensory motor selected answer.

As is explained above, the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms can be either direct alphabetical or inverse alphabetical. Likewise, the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms can comprise consecutive letter symbols or non-consecutive letter symbols.

Fig. 3C shows an inverse alphabetical serial order of symbols comprising open- bigram terms. In this case, the subject is provided with open-bigram terms NM, JI, and FE, and given the open-bigram terms RQ, LK, DC, and BA as possible answer choices for sensory motor selecting the next open-bigram term. Fig. 3D shows that the correct sensory motor selection is the open-bigram term BA. As can be seen, the open-bigram term BA replaces the question mark in the original open-bigram term sequence and is highlighted by changing the time perceptual related attribute font color. The correct sensory motor selection in the given possible answers is also highlighted by changing the time perceptual related attribute font color. It is further understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct sensory motor selected answer. As is shown in this exercise, the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms provided to the subject is a consecutive direct alphabetical letter sequence in Figs. 3A-3B and a non-consecutive inverse alphabetical letter sequence in Figs. 3C-3D. It is understood that the provided incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms could also be either of a non- consecutive direct alphabetical letter sequence and a consecutive inverse alphabetical letter sequence.

EXAMPLE 2 - Fluid intelligence ability to efficiently sensorially discriminate sameness versus differentness between sequences of open-bigram terms

The goal of the present exercises of Example 2 is to efficiently exercise a fundamental root based cognitive fluid intelligence skill related to the ability of quickly and accurately sensorially discriminating commonness versus non-commonness between two pattern sequences of open-bigram terms displayed simultaneously. Specifically, the aim of the present exercises is to steer the subject's reasoning ability to focus on efficiently grasping sameness versus differentness concerning sequential pattern properties of two sequences of open-bigram terms and the specific spatial or time perceptual related attributes of their open- bigram term symbols. The present task also exercises the subject's reasoning/grasping ability to pick-up in the blink of an eye, if existing, common (implicit) rules that characterize both open-bigram term sequences. Accordingly, the goal is mainly concerned with finding out if the presented open-bigram terms sequences are: 1) identical or 2) different. To that effect, in a non-limiting aspect of Example 2, the subject is presented with an incomplete alphabetic sequence of open-bigram terms with a various number of open-bigram terms from a direct alphabetic open-bigram set array consisting of A-Z letters symbols and/or from an incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array consisting of Z-A letters symbols.

In the context of the present exercises, it is important to clarify the definition of sameness or differentness of open-bigram terms making up the alphabetical direct or inverse open-bigram term sequences. Both same and different incomplete open-bigram terms sequences from direct alphabetic and inverse alphabetic open-bigram set arrays displayed in any trial exercise herein comprise a set of same open-bigram terms and same number of open-bigram terms. Therefore, in the specific context of the present exercises, the mental conceptualization and sensory motor implementation of being 'different' does not only or simply mean that an incomplete open-bigram terms sequence from a direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array possesses: 1) at least one altered open-bigram term in the open-bigram term sequence, as for example AB≠ AT; or 2) at least one open-bigram term in excess or lacking in the open-bigram sequence, as for example AB≠ AB, CD or AB, CD≠ AB.

Still, in the specific context of the present exercises, the mental conceptualization and required sensory motor implementation of open-bigram terms being 'identical' does not only or simply mean two open-bigram term sequences that entail, for example, same repeated open-bigram terms. Rather, sameness or differentness of open-bigram term sequences are linked to open-bigram terms' sequential relationships manifesting related, correlated, or cross-correlated properties of their letter symbols' spatial or time perceptual related salient attributes amongst the open-bigram terms of the two open-bigram term sequences, and require the following considerations: 1) at least one open-bigram term of the two open- bigram terms sequences could have a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute, 2) when reasoning to try to problem solve sameness or difference between two open-bigram terms sequences, same open-bigram (letter) terms and the number of same open-bigram terms should be considered; 3) according to 1 and 2 above, when the subject is required to reason and sensorially discriminate differentness among two open-bigram term sequences, one open-bigram term must have at least one salient altered spatial or time perceptual related attribute in relation to the open-bigram terms in the other open-bigram terms sequence; and 4) according to 1 and 2 above, when the subject is required to reason and sensorially discriminate sameness among two open-bigram terms sequences, all letter symbols in their respective open-bigram terms sequences must not differ in a single spatial or time perceptual related attribute.

Fig. 4 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject. In the present exercise the subject reasons about the similarity or disparity in open-bigram terms sequences. As can be seen in Fig. 4, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in the subject comprises selecting a pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences and providing the subject with these two sequences of symbols, one from each of the pair of selected serial order of open-bigram terms. A predefined number of open-bigram terms and the selected ordinal positions of these open- bigram terms are the same in the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are the same, or different in at least one of their spatial or time perceptual related attributes, and the selection is displayed. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then the subject is returned to the step of selecting a pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two sequences of open-bigram terms are the same, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two sequences of symbols are the same by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute in both sequences of open-bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are different, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are different by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute of only one sequence of open-bigram terms, to highlight the salient difference between the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms.

The above steps of the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with each iteration results. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a satisfactory reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non-limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, like 1 to 23.

In another aspect of Example 2, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter of Example 2 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program product on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences and providing the subject with two sequences of open-bigram terms, one from each of the pair of selected serial order of open- bigram terms. A predefined number of open-bigram terms and selected ordinal positions of these open-bigram terms are the same in the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are the same, or different in at least one of their spatial or time perceptual related attributes, and the selection is displayed.

If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then the subject is returned to the step of selecting a pair of serial orders of open- bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two provided sequences of open- bigram terms are the same, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are the same by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute in both sequences of open-bigram terms. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are different, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are different by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute of only one sequence of open-bigram terms, to highlight the difference between the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms. The above steps of the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with each iteration results.

In a further aspect of Example 2, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences and providing the subject on the GUI with two sequences of open-bigram terms, one from each of the pair of selected serial orders of open-bigram terms, wherein a predefined number of open-bigram terms and selected ordinal positions of these open-bigram terms are the same in the two sequences of open-bigram terms; prompting the subject on the GUI to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are the same, or different in at least one of their spatial or time perceptual related attributes, and displaying the selection; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then returning to the step of selecting a pair of serial orders of open- bigram terms; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two provided sequences of open- bigram terms are the same, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection on the GUI and indicating that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are the same by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute in both sequences of open- bigram terms; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection and the correct sensory motor selection is that the two provided sequences of open- bigram terms are different, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection on the GUI and indicating that the two provided sequences of open-bigram terms are different by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute of only one sequence of open-bigram terms, to highlight the difference between the two provided sequences of open- bigram terms; repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with each iteration results .

In an aspect of the exercises of Example 2, the selection of the pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms is done at random, from a predefined library of complete alphabetic serial orders of open-bigram terms, and selection of the two incomplete open-bigram sequences is done also at random, from a predefined number of open-bigram terms and predefined ordinal positions of these open-bigram terms, in the previously selected pair of complete alphabetic serial orders of open-bigram terms. While this aspect of the exercises is easier to implement through the use of a computer program, it is also understood that the random selection of the serial order of open-bigram terms is also achievable manually.

The subject is given a predefined time interval within which the subject must validly perform the exercises. If the subject remains passive, and for whatever reason does not perform the exercise within the predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period", then after a delay, which could be of about 4 seconds, the next inline open-bigram terms sequence type for the subject to perform is displayed. In an embodiment, this predefined time interval or maximal valid performance time period for lack of response, is defined to be 10-60 seconds, in particular 30-50 seconds, and further specifically 45 seconds.

In the present Example, there are also predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals between block exercises are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between.

In a non-limiting embodiment, Example 2 includes four block exercises. Each block exercise comprises six trial exercises that are displayed sequentially. In block exercises #1- #4, each trial exercise displays, for a brief period of time, incomplete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences in the following manner: 1) two from A-Z letter symbols sequences, meaning from direct alphabetic set arrays ; or 2) two from inverse alphabetic Z-A set arrays. Consequently, upon seeing and reasoning about these two incomplete direct alphabetic or two incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences from set arrays, and being displayed during a predefined time window, the subject is required, without delay, to quickly sensory motor select if the pattern of the open-bigrams terms sequences and the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the two presented open-bigram terms sequences are: 1) identical (according to criteria and rules explained above) or 2) different (according to criteria and rules explained above). Subsequently, for case 1) above, the subject reasons and sensory motor selects as fast as possible the option that the two displayed open-bigram term sequences are the "same", thus immediately ending the current exercise; or, if case 2) above was presented, the subject reasons and sensory motor selects as fast as possible that the two displayed open-bigram term sequences are "different", thus immediately ending the current exercise. All exercises in all block exercises #1 - #4 follow the same operational procedure as explained above.

The incomplete open-bigram terms sequence from a direct alphabetic open-bigram set array or the incomplete open-bigram terms sequence from an inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array can be made of consecutive ordinal positions of open-bigram terms members of the arrays or, in an alternative aspect, can be made of non-consecutive ordinal positions of the open-bigram terms members of the set arrays.

As discussed above, if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the sequences are the same, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the sequences are the same by changing at least one same spatial or time perceptual related attribute in both sequences of open-bigram terms. The changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the correct sensory motor selected answer is selected from the group of spatial or time perceptual related attributes, or combinations thereof. In a particular aspect, the changed spatial or time perceptual related attributes are selected from the group consisting of symbol font color, symbol sound, symbol font size, symbol font style, symbol font critical spacing, symbol font case, symbol font boldness, symbol font angle of rotation, symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the correct sensory motor selection revealing that the two patterns of open- bigram term sequences are the same may be further displayed with time perceptual related attribute font flickering behavior to further highlight the sameness of the open-bigram term sequences in their spatial and time perceptual related attributes.

Similarly, if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the displayed sequences are different in at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute, then the correct sensory motor selection is displayed with an indication that the two patterns of open-bigram terms sequences are different by changing at least one spatial or time perceptual related attribute of only one pattern of open-bigram terms in one of the sequences to highlight the difference between the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the displayed sequences. The changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the symbols in the correct sensory motor selected answer is selected from the group consisting of spatial or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof. In particular, the changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute is selected from the group consisting of symbol font color, symbol sound, symbol font size, symbol font style, letter symbol font spacing, letter symbol font case, letter symbol font boldness, letter symbol font angle of rotation, letter symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram terms answer may be displayed with a time perceptual related attribute flickering behavior in order to further highlight the differences in spatial and time perceptual related attributes.

For those exercises in which the two patterns of open-bigram terms sequences are different, the difference between the two patterns of open-bigram terms can be at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute amongst their respective letter symbols. The at least one different spatial perceptual related attribute amongst the two open-bigram terms sequences can be any spatial perceptual related attribute previously discussed herein, namely an attribute selected from the group consisting of symbol font size, symbol font style, letter symbol font spacing, letter symbol font case, letter symbol font boldness, letter symbol font angle rotation, letter symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof. These attributes are considered spatial perceptual related attributes of the letter symbols making up the open- bigram term. The at least one attribute different among the two patterns of open-bigram term sequences can be any attribute previously discussed herein, namely an attribute selected from the time perceptual related attributes of the letter symbols consisting of symbol font color, symbol sound, and symbol font flickering. Other spatial perceptual related attributes of letter symbols that may be used to sensorially discern sameness and/or differentness between two patterns of open-bigram term sequences include, without limitation, letter symbol font vertical line of symmetry, letter symbol font horizontal line of symmetry, letter symbol font vertical and horizontal lines of symmetry, letter symbol font infinite lines of symmetry, and letter symbol font with no line of symmetry.

A further difference that can be a basis for the subject to see, reason, and sensory motor select that the two patterns of open-bigram terms are different is the change in the alphabetic serial order of the open-bigram terms between the two open-bigram terms patterns. In other words, if the subject sees that the open-bigram terms within the two patterns of open- bigram term sequences are not positioned in the same serial order, then the subject should reason and sensory motor select that the two patterns of open-bigram terms are different.

In each one of block exercises #1 - #4, there are six trial exercises, where each trial exercise displays two incomplete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences, for a total of 12 incomplete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences are displayed in each block exercise. In embodiments where open-bigram term sequences are not randomly selected, within the 12 incomplete alphabetic open-bigram term sequences, six incomplete alphabetic open-bigram term sequences are from direct alphabetic set arrays, and six incomplete alphabetic open- bigram term sequences are from inverse alphabetic set arrays. In general, the total number of incomplete alphabetic open-bigram term sequences from direct and inverse alphabetic set arrays to be displayed to the subject is 48, and the subject is requested to perform the exercises accordingly. Furthermore, each of the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the incomplete alphabetic open-bigram terms sequences for each trial exercise comprise 2-7 open-bigram terms. Particularly, each of the two patterns of open-bigram terms in the incomplete alphabetic open-bigram term sequences comprise 3-5 open-bigram terms.

As is the case with respect to the exercises in Example 1 , the exercises in Example 2 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by grounding the most basic fluid cognitive reasoning faculties in selective goal oriented sensory motor activity that occur when the subject performs in order to problem solve the given open-bigram term sequences exercises. That is, reasoning by the subject in order to sensory motor manipulate or sensorially discriminate same or different sequential orders of open-bigram terms engages goal oriented sensory motor activity within the subject's body. The sensory motor activity engaged within the subject may be any sensory motor activity jointly involved in the sensorial perception of the selected complete and further selected incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, goal oriented body movements to correctly execute sensory motor selecting differentness or sameness among open-bigram term sequences based on serial pattern recognition/identification of at least one salient spatial or time perceptual related attribute, and combinations thereof. While any body movements can be considered sensory motor activity within the subject, the present subject matter is particularly concerned with goal oriented body movements selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

In the exercises present in Example 2, the library of complete open-bigram term sequences comprises set arrays where each member therein is an open-bigram term. An open-bigram sequence is a sequence where the letter symbols that make up an open-bigram term are presented as letter pairs instead of as an individual letter symbol representing each term. In this aspect of the present subject matter, the library of complete open-bigram term sequences comprises the following sequential orders of open-bigrams terms: direct open- bigram set array; inverse open-bigram set array; direct type open-bigram set array; inverse type open-bigram set array; central type open-bigram set array; and inverse central type open- bigram set array. It is understood that the above library of complete open-bigram terms sequences may contain additional set arrays sequences or fewer set arrays sequences than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 2 are not limited to serial orders of alphabetic open-bigram terms. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric serial orders and/or alpha-numeric serial orders of open-bigram terms are used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ alphabetic serial orders of open-bigram terms, it is also contemplated that serial orders of open-bigram terms comprising numbers and/or alpha-numeric symbols can be used.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 2 include providing a graphical representation of an open-bigram set array sequence in a ruler shown to the subject. The ruler provided to the subject is the selected from a complete alphabetic open- bigram terms sequence from a direct alphabetic set array or inverse alphabetic set array. The presence of the ruler on the screen helps the subject to perform the exercise by facilitating fast and effortless visual spatial recognition of the presented pattern of open-bigram term sequences in order to assist the subject to reason on the fly about the similarity or disparity between the two presented open-bigram term sequences. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of open-bigram term sequences from the above disclosed predefined library of set arrays sequences, comprising direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 2 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria for the present exercises. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform for whatever reason by not sensory motor selecting a valid choice of "same" or "different", within a valid performance time period, then after a delay, which could be of about 4 seconds, the next in-line serial orders of open-bigram terms for the subject to perform is displayed. In some embodiments, this valid performance time period for lack of response is defined to be 10-50 seconds, in particular 15-40 seconds, and further specifically 45 seconds. Failure to perform for lack of a sensory motor response prompts the display of up to three new additional trial exercises to the subject, unless the failure to sensory motor select an answer occurs in the last block exercise, in which case the exercises are terminated and the subject is returned to the main menu of examples.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by sensory motor selecting the wrong choice of "same" or "different". More so, as an operational rule applicable for any failed trial exercise of the present task, failure to perform results in the automatic displaying of the next in-line require to perform serial order of open- bigram terms in its respective trial exercise for the subject to correctly reason whether the two patterns of open-bigram terms sequences are the same or different. However, in the event the subject fails to correctly reason about symbol spatial or time perceptual related attribute sameness or differentness in excess of 2 non-consecutive trial exercises (in a single block exercise), then one of the following two options will occur: 1) if the failure to perform persists for more than 2 non-consecutive trial exercises (in a single block exercise of Example 2), then the subject's current block exercise performance is immediately halted, and after a time interval of about 4 seconds the next in-line required to perform two patterns of open- bigram term sequences type of the respective trial exercise will immediately be displayed (for the subject to reason-discriminate and perform) in the next in-line block exercise; or 2) (which is only relevant for the last block exercise of Example 2) the subject will be immediately exited from the remainder of the fourth block exercise and returned back to the main menu of the computer program.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 2, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises in their respective block exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group related performance score. Records of all wrong answers for all types of serial orders of same or different patterns of open-bigram sequences that are displayed are also generated and displayed. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

Figs. 5A-5B depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the sameness and differentness in two incomplete open-bigram sequences. Fig. 5A shows two incomplete open-bigram sequences, each comprising three open-bigram terms and prompts the subject to correctly sensory motor select whether the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are the same or different. In this case, the subject is provided with two patterns of incomplete open-bigram sequences comprising open-bigrams terms AB, CD, and EF in the same serial order but containing different spatial or time perceptual related attributes (the letter symbols AB are of a different time perceptual related attribute font color in each of the two patterns of incomplete open-bigram sequences).

In this exercise, the subject should sensory motor select that the two patterns of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are different, as is shown in Fig. 5B. While the exercise depicted in Figs. 5 A and 5B shows one of the open-bigram terms having a changed time perceptual related attribute in the form of a font color change, it is understood that any previously discussed spatial or time perceptual related attribute could be changed in lieu of, or in addition to, the changed time perceptual related attribute font color. The subject matter of Example 2 contemplates that up to 7 different spatial or time perceptual related attributes could be changed among the two incomplete open-bigram sequences, where the subject is required to reason in order to sensorially discriminate sameness or differentness and subsequently sensory motor select the correct incomplete serial order pattern of open- bigram terms answer. Furthermore, the exercise in Figs. 5A and 5B uses a portion (incomplete direct alphabetic set array) of a direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, and it should be understood that a portion (incomplete inverse alphabetic set array) of an inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms are also used in the various exercises. It should also be understood that, while the exercise in Figs. 5A and 5B depict two incomplete serial orders comprising three open-bigram terms each, any number of open- bigram terms may be used in the incomplete open-bigram sequences, with preferably 2-7 open-bigram terms per incomplete sequence.

Furthermore, it is noted that the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms in each of the two open-bigram term sequences are of consecutive open-bigram terms from a direct alphabetic set array of open-bigram terms. It is contemplated that the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of the two open-bigram terms sequences provided to the subject could also be non-consecutive open-bigram terms from a direct alphabetic set array of open-bigram terms, as well as consecutive open-bigram terms from an inverse alphabetic set array of open- bigram terms, or non-consecutive open-bigram terms from an inverse alphabetic set array of open-bigram terms.

EXAMPLE 3 - Completing an incomplete open-bigram sequence by serial order sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion of missing different open-bigram terms

The goal of the present exercises of Example 3 is to exercise the accurate sensorial discrimination and fast sensory motor insertion of a number of missing different open-bigram terms into their correct ordinal positions within an incomplete serial order of different open- bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes to form a complete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. In a non-limiting embodiment of the present exercises, a number of missing different open-bigram terms are required to be inserted into their correct direct alphabetical or inverse alphabetical serial order positions in an incomplete direct alphabetical (A-Z) or incomplete inverse alphabetical (Z-A) open-bigrams sequence. At the end of a successful different open-bigram terms sensorial discriminations and sensory motor insertions exercise, the subject ends up with a complete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, particularly a complete direct alphabetical or complete inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, defined as direct alphabetic or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set arrays. In a particular non-limiting embodiment of the present exercises, the subject is required to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert a number of uppercase missing different open-bigram terms in their correct alphabetical ordinal positions in an incomplete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array or in an incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array. Specifically, the exercises comprise the display of three sequential block exercises, each comprising two trial exercises. For example, each block exercise first trial exercise could display an incomplete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array followed immediately by a second trial exercise displaying an incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array (this exercise contemplates the completion of six incomplete alphabetic open-bigram set arrays). Accordingly, in each block exercise, both types of incomplete alphabetic open- bigram set arrays, namely, an incomplete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array type and an incomplete inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array type are generated and provided to the subject.

Fig. 6 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by the reasoning strategies the subject utilizes in order to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert missing different open- bigram terms (one at a time) into an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. As can be seen in Fig. 6, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in the subject comprises selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete different open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms. This selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is graphically provided as a ruler to the subject. The subject is then prompted to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert, within a first predefined time interval, missing different open-bigram terms from the given complete array of different open-bigrams terms displayed in the ruler to complete the incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms and form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. If at least one different open-bigram term sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion made by the subject is an incorrect different open-bigram term sensory motor insertion, then the subject is returned to the step of selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigrams terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. If the different open-bigram term sensorial discriminations and sensory motor insertions made by the subject are all correct different open-bigram term sensory motor insertions, then all of the correctly sensory motor inserted different open- bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the rest of the different open-bigram terms in the alphabetical complete different open-bigrams sequence.

The above steps of the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a satisfactory reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non- limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, like 1 to 23.

In another aspect of Example 3, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter in Example 3 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of complete different open-bigrams sequences, and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms. The selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is graphically provided as a ruler to the subject. The subject is then prompted to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert, within a first predefined time interval, missing different open-bigram terms from the given array of different open-bigram terms shown in the ruler to complete the given incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms and form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

If at least one different open-bigram term sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion made by the subject is an incorrect different open-bigram term sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion, then the subject is returned to the step of selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. If the different open-bigram term sensorial discriminations and sensory motor insertions made by the subject are all correct open-bigram term sensory motor insertions, then all of the correctly sensory motor inserted different open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the rest of the different open-bigram terms in the completed different open-bigrams sequence. The above steps of the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by second predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration.

In a further aspect of Example 3, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: providing the subject with an incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open- bigram sequence on the GUI, obtained from a previously selected complete set array of a predefined library of complete different open-bigram sequences; the selected complete open- bigram set array provided graphically as a ruler to the subject; prompting the subject on the GUI to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert missing different open-bigram terms (one at a time) from the given array of different open-bigram terms shown in the ruler to complete the incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram sequence; if at least one different open-bigram term sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion made by the subject is an incorrect different open-bigram term sensory motor insertion, then returning to the step of providing the subject with an incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram sequence on the GUI; if the different open-bigram term sensorial discriminations and sensory motor insertions made by the subject are all correct open-bigram term sensory motor insertions, then displaying on the GUI the complete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array with all of the the correctly sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms being displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the rest of the different open-bigram terms in the completed different open-bigrams sequence; repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations; and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

In general, the exercises of Example 3 require the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert a number of missing different open-bigram terms in an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms to form a complete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. The first step in the method of the present example is to provide the subject with an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms. In an embodiment, the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and direct central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, where the number of different open- bigram terms missing in the derived incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms comprises 2-7 different open-bigram terms.

Likewise, if the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, the number of different open-bigram terms missing in the derived incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms comprises 2-5 different open-bigram terms.

In a particular non-limiting embodiment, in order to successfully complete an incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram sequence, the subject is required to visually serially search, click-select and drag (when using a computer) one different open- bigram term at a time with the hand-held mouse device from a complete alphabetic open- bigram set array displayed as a ruler underneath the incomplete different open-bigrams sequence and sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert the correct different open- bigram term, as fast as possible, in its correct alphabetical ordinal position in the displayed incomplete different open-bigrams sequence.

The subject is given a predefined time interval within which the subject must validly perform the trial exercises. If the subject for whatever reason does not perform the trial exercise within this predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period", then after a delay, which could be of about 4 seconds, the next in-line incomplete different open-bigrams sequence type trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. In embodiments, this predefined time interval or valid performance time period, herein representing the maximal allowed time for a subject's lack of sensory motor response, is defined to be 10-60 seconds, in particular 20-40 seconds, and further specifically 22 seconds.

In the present Example 3, there are predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between.

As previously discussed, upon sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion of the correct missing different open-bigram terms by the subject, the completed direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array is then displayed with the correct sensory motor inserted different open-bigram terms being displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the spatial or time perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms in the originally provided incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open- bigram sequence.

The changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the correct different open- bigram term answer is selected from the group consisting of spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof. In particular, the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute is selected from the group including open-bigram term font color, open-bigram term font size, open-bigram term font style, open-bigram term font spacing, open-bigram term font case, open-bigram term font boldness, open-bigram term font angle rotation, open-bigram term font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram terms may also be displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font flickering behavior in order to further highlight the differences in open-bigram term spatial or time perceptual related attributes.

In a particular aspect of the present example, the change in spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes is made according to predefined correlations between spatial and time perceptual related attributes and the ordinal position of those different open-bigram terms in the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms in the first step of the method. For the case of a subject's visual perception of a complete direct alphabetic open- bigram set array of the English alphabetical language, the first ordinal position (occupied by the different open-bigram term "AB"), will generally appear towards the left side of his/her field of vision, whereas the last ordinal position (occupied by the different open-bigram term "YZ") will appear towards his/her right field of vision. For a non-limiting example of these predefined correlations, if the ordinal position of the different open-bigram term for which a spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision, the change in spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute may be different than if the ordinal position of the different open-bigram term for which the spatial or time perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the right field of vision. In this non-limiting example, if the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the different open-bigram term to be changed is the font color, and if the ordinal position of that different open-bigram term falls in the left field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a first different color, while if the ordinal position of the different open-bigram term falls in the right field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a second font color different from the first font color. Likewise, if the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the different open-bigram term to be changed is the font size, then the different open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the left field of vision will be changed to a first different font size, while the different open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the right field of vision will be changed to a second different font size that is also different than the first different font size.

Further, the exercises in Example 3 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by grounding root core fluid inductive-deductive cognitive abilities in selective goal oriented motor activity that occurs when the subject reasons in order to problem solve and perform the given serial orders of different open-bigram terms exercises. That is, the subject's reasoning in order to sensorially discriminate and/or sensory motor manipulate serial orders of different open-bigrams terms (also numerical and alphanumeric different open-bigrams serial orders) engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body. The goal oriented motor activity engaged within the subject may be any goal oriented motor activity involved in the group consisting of: sensorial perception of the selected complete and incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, goal oriented body movements executed when sensory motor selecting and dragging the missing different open-bigram terms from the ruler, and combinations thereof. While any goal oriented body movements can be considered body sensory motor activity within the subject, the present subject matter is concerned with goal oriented body movements selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers, and combinations thereof.

By requesting that the subject engage in various degrees of goal oriented body motor activity, the exercises of Example 3 are requiring the subject to bodily-ground root core cognitive fluid intelligence abilities as discussed above. The exercises of Example 3 bring the subject back to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she implicitly experienced an efficient enactment of root core fluid cognitive abilities, principally inductive reasoning abilities when specifically performing serial pattern recognition of non-concrete open-bigram terms and unitary letter symbols meshing with their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. The developmental established relationships between these non-concrete terms/symbols and their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes heavily promote symbolic knowhow in a subject. By doing this, the exercises of Example 3 strengthen the ability to sensorially serially search, identify and sensory motor insert the correct missing different open-bigram terms in relevant incomplete different open-bigram sequences via novel reasoning strategies set forward by the subject in order to quickly and efficiently problem solve the exercises of Example 3. It is important that the exercises of Example 3 accomplish novel reasoning strategies for problem solving selective serial orders of different open-bigram terms by downplaying or mitigating the subject's need to recall-retrieve and use verbal semantic or episodic memory knowledge in order to support and/or assist his/her novel reasoning strategies as much as possible.

The exercises of Example 3 are mainly within promoting fluid intelligence abilities in general and novel inductive reasoning strategies in particular in a subject, but these exercises do not operationally rise to a learning level capable of promoting crystalized intelligence narrow abilities mainly via explicit associative learning supported by declarative semantic knowledge. As such, in predefined libraries of complete different open-bigram sequences, a specific alphabetical open-bigram type sequence and complete serial orders of different open- bigram terms are selected, to specifically downplay or mitigate the subject's need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing inductive-deductive inferences necessitating verbal knowledge and/or recall-retrieval of information from declarative- semantic and/or episodic kinds of memories.

In an aspect of the exercises presented in Example 3, the library of complete different open-bigram sequences includes the following alphabetic open-bigram sequences as defined above: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; and, inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above library of complete alphabetic open- bigram sequences may contain additional open-bigram set array sequences or fewer open- bigram set array sequences than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 3 are not limited to serial orders of alphabetic open-bigram sequences. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric serial orders and/or alpha-numeric serial orders are used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ serial orders of different open-bigram terms, it is also contemplated that serial orders comprising numbers and/or alpha-numeric different open-bigram terms can be used.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 3 include providing a graphical representation of a complete open-bigrams sequence, in a ruler shown to the subject, when providing the subject with an incomplete direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigrams sequence. In a subject, the visual presence of the ruler facilitates a less demanding visual spatial attentional performance of the exercise. Accordingly, the presence of the ruler enables a faster and accurate visual recognition of the missing and non-missing different open-bigram terms in the incomplete open-bigrams sequence, and consequentially a faster sensory motor insertion of a number of missing different open-bigram terms into their correct direct alphabetical or inverse alphabetical serial order positions in an incomplete direct alphabetic (A-Z) or incomplete inverse alphabetic (Z-A) open-bigram sequence is to be expected. In summary, it is to be expected that the graphical representation and display of a complete direct or inverse alphabetic set array of open-bigram terms in a ruler facilitates the subject's efficiency in completing the required to perform open-bigram sequences. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of open-bigram sequences in the above disclosed library of complete open-bigram sequences, namely direct alphabetic open- bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open- bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 3 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform for whatever reason. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor click-selecting (that is, the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on the valid or not valid next open-bigram term answer choice displayed (among 4 open-bigram term answer choices), within a predefined valid performance time period, then after a delay, which could be of about 4 seconds, the next in-line open-bigram sequence type trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by the sensory motor insertion of an incorrect different open-bigram term. More so, as an operational rule applicable for any failed trial exercise of the present task, failure to perform results in the automatic displaying of the next in-line required to perform open-bigram sequence type in its respective trial exercise for the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert the missing different open-bigram terms into the incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram sequence. However, in the event the subject fails to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert the proper missing different open-bigram term inside the required to perform open-bigram sequence in excess of 2 consecutive wrong different open-bigram terms answers (in a single trial exercise in a single block exercise), then one of the following two options will occur: 1) if the failure to perform is for more than 2 consecutive wrong different open-bigram term answers (in a single trial exercise of Example 3), then the subject's current trial exercise performance is immediately halted and after a time interval of about 4 seconds, the next in-line required to perform incomplete open- bigram sequence type in its respective trial exercise will immediately be displayed (for the subject to perform) or in the next in-line block exercise; or 2) (which is only relevant for the last block exercise of Example 3) if the subject is failing to perform trial exercise #2 in block exercise #3, it will be immediately exited from the remainder of the third block exercise, and returned back to the main menu of the computer program.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 3, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender related performance score. Performance records of all missing different open-bigram term answers for all types open-bigram sequences displayed are also generated. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

Figs. 7A-7D depict a number of non- limiting examples of the exercises for sensorially discriminating and sensory motor inserting missing different open-bigram terms in an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms. Fig. 7A shows an incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, along with the complete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array of different bigram terms underneath the incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms. The subject is then prompted to complete the incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms by sensorially discriminating and sensory motor inserting the missing different open-bigram terms one at a time. Fig. 7B shows the completed direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms with the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms being displayed with a single changed time perceptual related attribute. In this exercise, the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms (CD, KL, ST and YZ) have a changed time perceptual related attribute font color.

While the exercise depicted in Figs. 7 A and 7B shows the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms having a changed time perceptual related attribute in the form of a font color change, it is understood that any previously discussed spatial or time perceptual related attribute could be changed in lieu of, or in addition to, the changed time perceptual related attribute font color. The subject matter of Example 3 contemplates that up to 7 different spatial-time perceptual related attributes could be changed among the various correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms. Furthermore, it should also be understood that, while the exercise in Figs. 7 A and 7B depict an exercise in which 4 different open-bigram terms were missing from the incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, any number from 2-7 of different open-bigram terms could have been missing.

Likewise, Fig. 7C shows an incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms along with the complete inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array there under. In some embodiments, all of the different open-bigram terms from an incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms can be displayed with a single changed spatial perceptual related attribute. In this exercise, all of the different open- bigram terms of the displayed incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms have a change spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. The subject is then prompted to complete the inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms by sensorially discriminating and sensory motor inserting the correct missing different open- bigram terms one at a time.

Fig. 7D shows the completed inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms with the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms being displayed with a single changed spatial perceptual related attribute. In this exercise, the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms (VU, PO, and HG) have changed spatial perceptual related attribute open-bigram font boldness. While the exercise depicted in Figs. 7C and 7D shows the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms having only changed spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness, it is understood that any previously discussed spatial or time perceptual related attribute could be changed in lieu of, or in addition to, the changed spatial perceptual related attribute different open-bigram term font boldness. The subject matter of Example 3 contemplates that up to 7 different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes could be changed among the various correctly sensorially discriminated and sensory motor inserted missing different open-bigram terms. Furthermore, it should also be understood that, while the exercise in Figs. 7C and 7D depict an exercise in which 3 different open-bigram terms were missing from the incomplete inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms any number from 2-5 different open- bigram terms could have been missing.

EXAMPLE 4 - Completing a direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigram sequence with two or more alphabetically contiguous incomplete open-bigram sequences

In a particular embodiment of the present exercises, the subject is required to exercise his/her ability to quickly visually recognize a selected incomplete alphabetical open-bigram sequence that can become a complete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, if in a number of steps it is completed by one or two contiguous incomplete open-bigram sequences, wherein all of the open-bigram terms in the completed direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. Specifically, a plurality of incomplete direct alphabetical open-bigram sequences (A-Z) or incomplete inverse alphabetical open-bigram sequences (Z-A) are selected and provided to the subject. In this context, none of these incomplete open-bigram sequences will comprise all of the possible 13 different open-bigram terms of the direct or inverse alphabetic open- bigram set arrays of the English alphabetical language.

The goal of the present exercises is for the subject to rapidly visually serially search and effectively sensorially recognize the ordinal positions corresponding to the different open-bigram terms entailing these incomplete direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigram sequences. In relation to one provided incomplete alphabetic letter open-bigram sequence, the subject should quickly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select two or more alphabetically contiguous incomplete direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigram sequences, from a given pull comprising the selected incomplete open-bigram sequences, to complete the provided incomplete alphabetic open-bigram sequence, and in a number of steps, attain a complete direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigram sequence (a direct alphabetic or an inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array).

Fig. 8 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by completing an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open- bigrams sequence (e.g., alphabetic or numeric or alphanumeric symbols). As can be seen in Fig. 8, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject comprises first selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, where the first selected serial order of different open-bigram terms entails N different open-bigrams terms having the same spatial or time perceptual related attributes, and from this selection further selecting a plurality of incomplete open-bigram sequences entailing serial orders of different open-bigram terms with less than N consecutive different open-bigram terms.

In a non-limiting example (e.g., English alphabetical language and integer numbers 1 to 9) N could be an integer between 9 and 22. The subject is then provided with one open- bigram sequence entailing an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms. The subject is prompted to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms among the remaining incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms of the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, in order to gradually complete in a contiguous alphabetical manner the incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms provided in the previous step, to form a completed direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having the N different open-bigram terms of the complete open- bigrams sequence.

If at least one sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select the one or more incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms. If the two or more sensorial discriminations and sensory motor selections made by the subject are all correct sensorial discriminations and sensory motor selections of incomplete serial orders of different open- bigram terms, the completed serial order of different open-bigrams sequences is displayed, wherein the two or more correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes in the provided incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms.

Another aspect of Example 4 is directed to the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject on which this method is being implemented, through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter in Example 4 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete open-bigrams sequences with N different open-bigram terms having the same spatial or time perceptual related attributes, and further selecting a plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms with less than N different consecutive open-bigram terms from the selected serial order of different open-bigram terms.

In a non-limiting example, N could be an integer between 9 and 22. The subject is then provided with one incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms. The subject is prompted to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms among the remaining incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms of the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, in order to gradually alphabetically complete in a contiguous manner the provided incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms in the previous step, to form a completed direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having N different open-bigram terms in the completed open-bigrams sequence.

If at least one sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of an alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select the two or more alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial orders of different open- bigram terms. If the two or more sensorial discriminations and sensory motor selections made by the subject are all correct sensorial discriminations and sensory motor selections of alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is displayed, wherein the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected two or more alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time related attribute than the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes in the provided open-bigrams sequence entailing an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms. The above steps of the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration.

In a further aspect of Example 4, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences with N different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, and further selecting a plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms with less than N different open-bigram terms, following the same serial order as the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms, wherein N could be in a non-limiting example an integer between 9 and 22; providing the subject on the GUI with one incomplete open- bigrams sequence from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open- bigram terms; prompting the subject on the GUI to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms among the remaining plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, to gradually complete in a contiguous alphabetical manner the provided incomplete open-bigrams sequence, in order to form a completed direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having N different open-bigram terms; if at least one sensory motor selection made by the subject incorrect, then returning to the step of prompting the subject on the GUI to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms; if the two or more sensorial discriminations and sensory motor selections made by the subject are all correct, then displaying the completed direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms on the GUI, wherein the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the originally provided to the subject incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms; repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

In an aspect of the exercises of Example 4, the first selection of one complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is done at random, from the predefined serial orders of complete open-bigram terms in the library, followed by a second selection of a plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, also done at random, from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, by randomizing predefined ordinal positions of the open-bigram terms in the selected complete serial order of open- bigram terms. While this aspect of the exercises is easier to implement through the use of a computer program, it is also understood that the above first and second random selection of the serial order of different open-bigram terms, is also achievable manually.

The second selection step in the method of the present Example 4 is to provide the subject with a plurality of incomplete open-bigram sequences from the first selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms, wherein the serial order of different open-bigrams is conserved. In some embodiments, when the serial order of open-bigram terms in the first selection step is chosen from the group consisting of direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, the number of different open-bigram terms in the provided incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms from the plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram sequences comprises 2-7 different open-bigram terms. In particular, the number of different open-bigram terms in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms in these non-limiting example exercises is between three and five open-bigram terms.

Likewise, when the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms in the first step is selected from the group consisting of inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, the number of different open-bigram terms in the provided one incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms comprises 2-5 open-bigram terms. In one particular embodiment, the number of open- bigram terms in the provided incomplete inverse serial order of open-bigram terms is between three and four different open-bigrams terms.

Furthermore, the above mentioned plurality of incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms is displayed for their possible use in alphabetically contiguously completing the one provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. The number of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms provided to the subject for possible use in alphabetically contiguously completing the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is 8-16 incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms. In some embodiments, the number of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in the selected pool of incomplete open-bigram sequences for the subject's further sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection is 10-12 incomplete different open-bigram sequences.

The pool of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms displayed to the subject is the plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms from where the subject sensorially discriminates and sensory motor selects in order to alphabetically contiguously complete the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms that the subject sensorially discriminates and sensory motor selects to alphabetically contiguously complete the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms comprises 4-12 incomplete different open-bigram sequences. In particular, the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms comprises 6-10 different open-bigrams sequences.

When the methods of Example 4 are implemented by a computer product program or a computer system, the computer product program can generate the one original complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, including both direct alphabetic and inverse alphabetic open-bigram set arrays, as well as the pool of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms that will be displayed to the subject in order to correctly sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms to alphabetically contiguously complete the provided incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms. In the alternative, the computer product program can be programmed to select the one serial order of different open-bigram terms, which is required to be alphabetically contiguously complete, from a library module. This library may also contain the plurality of incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms displayed to the subject in the exercises. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the library module storing various serial orders of different open-bigram terms can also store a multi-alphabetical-language library module, in which various serial orders of open-bigram terms represent alphabets of different spoken-written languages, which are stored and available for the computer product program to provide to the subject.

The subject is given a predefined time interval within which the subject must validly perform the exercises. If, for whatever reason, the subject does not perform the instant trial exercise within the predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period," then after a delay, which could be about 4 seconds, the next in-line incomplete different open-bigrams sequence type for the subject to perform is displayed. The maximal allowed time interval or valid performance time period for the subject's lack of sensory motor response is defined to be 10-60 seconds, in particular 20-40 seconds, and further specifically 22 seconds.

In the present Example 4, there is one or more predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals between block exercises are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between.

As previously discussed, upon sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of the correct incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms by the subject, the alphabetically contiguous completed serial order of different open-bigram terms is then displayed with the alphabetically complementary contiguous serial orders of different open- bigram terms being displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the originally provided incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms. The changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected two or more incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group of spatial or time perceptual related attributes, or combinations thereof.

In a particular aspect, the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute is selected from the group consisting of open-bigram term font color, open-bigram term sound, open-bigram term font size, open-bigram term font style, open-bigram term font spacing, open-bigram term case, open-bigram term font boldness, open-bigram term font rotation, open-bigram term font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, all of the correct sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected open-bigram terms may be displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font flickering behavior in order to further highlight differences in open-bigram term spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes.

In a particular aspect of the present Example 4, the change in spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes is done according to predefined correlations between space and time perceptual related attributes and the ordinal position of those open-bigram terms in the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms in the first step of the method. For the case of a subject's visual perception of a complete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array of the English alphabetical language, the first ordinal position (occupied by the open- bigram term "AZ"), will generally appear towards the left side of his/her field of vision, whereas the last ordinal position (occupied by the open-bigram term "YZ"), will appear towards his/her right field of vision.

For a non-limiting example of these predefined correlations, if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term for which a spatial or time perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision, the changed attribute may be different than if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term falls in the right field of vision. In this non-limiting example, if the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute to be changed is the font color of the open-bigram term, and if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term falls in the left field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a first different font color (different from the default font color), whereas if the open-bigram term falls in the right field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a second font color different from the first font color. Likewise, if the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute to be changed is the font size of the open-bigram term being displayed, then those open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the left field of vision will be changed to a first different font size (different from the default font size), while the open-bigram terms with an ordinal position falling in the right field of vision will be changed to a second different font size that is yet different than the first different font size.

Further, the exercises in Example 4 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by grounding its basic fluid cognitive abilities in selective goal oriented motor activity that occurs when the subject performs the given exercise. That is, the sensorial discriminating and sensory motor manipulating of the open-bigram terms by the subject engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body. The goal oriented motor activity engaged within the subject may be any goal oriented motor activity involved in the group consisting of: sensorial perception (e.g., visual, auditory, haptic, etc) of the selected incomplete different open-bigram sequences from a library of complete serial orders of different open-bigram terms, as well as in the further sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of the alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial orders of different open- bigram terms to form a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, body goal oriented movements executed when sensory motor selecting and dragging the incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms with the finger/hand (touch screen) or hand held mouse device, the serial pattern recognition/awareness of spatial-time perceptual related attribute changes of the different open-bigram terms, and combinations thereof. While any body movements can be considered motor activity within the subject, the present subject matter is particularly concerned with body goal oriented movements selected from the sensory-motor group which includes goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

By requesting that the subject engage in specific degrees of goal oriented motor activity, the exercises of Example 4 are requiring the subject to bodily-ground root core cognitive fluid intelligence abilities such as inductive reasoning as discussed above. The exercises of Example 4 cause the subject to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she implicitly experienced efficient enactment of root core fluid cognitive abilities when specifically performing problem solving involving serial pattern recognition of non-concrete terms/symbols meshing (at the same time) with their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. The established symbolic-motoric -perceptual-cognitive relationships between these non-concrete terms/symbols and their salient spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes heavily promote symbolic sequential related knowhow in a subject. By doing this, the exercises of Example 4 strengthen the subject's ability to rapidly and accurately serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select and perform goal oriented body movements in order to successfully manipulate the correct alphabetically contiguous incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms from the pull of incomplete different open-bigram sequences to complete and obtain a complete direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array.

In general, the method of Example 4 encourages the subject to reason in novel ways in order to efficiently problem solve the exercises of Example 4. It is important that the exercises of Example 4 accomplish this by downplaying or mitigating the subject's need to recall-retrieve and use verbal semantic or episodic memory knowledge, as much as possible, in order to support or assist his/her novel reasoning ability to problem solve the exercises in Example 4. The exercises of Example 4 are mainly within promoting fluid intelligence abilities in general and novel inductive reasoning strategies concerning sensorial serial pattern recognition and alphabetical contiguous assembling of incomplete open-bigram sequences to obtain a complete direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, but the exercises of Example 4 do not operationally rise to a learning level of promoting crystalized intelligence narrow abilities mainly via an explicit learning strategy that generates deductions of the associative learning kind supported by declarative semantic knowledge. As such, the specific selected serial orders of different open-bigram terms as well as the sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of the alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial orders of open-bigram sequences to form the completed serial order of different open-bigram terms are selected to specifically downplay or mitigate the subject's need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing deductive-inductive inferences necessitating recall-retrieval of information from declarative- semantic and/or episodic kinds of memories.

In an aspect of the exercises presented in Example 4, the library of complete open- bigram sequences includes the following complete different open-bigram sequences as defined above: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; and, inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above library of complete different open-bigram sequences may contain additional different open-bigram set array sequences or fewer different open-bigram set array sequences than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 4 are not limited to serial orders with alphabetic open-bigram sequences. It is also contemplated that the exercises of Example 4 are also useful when numeric serial orders and/or alpha-numeric serial orders are used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ serial orders of different open-bigrams terms, it is also contemplated that serial orders comprising different numerical and/or alpha-numeric open-bigram terms can also be used.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 4 include providing a graphical representation of the first selected direct or inverse alphabetical open- bigram set array in a ruler shown to the subject. The visual presence of the ruler facilitates the subject's visual attentional performance of the exercise. Accordingly, the presence of the ruler enables a more accurate visual recognition of the required direct alphabetic or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, and therefore, a faster completion of the first selected direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigram set array is to be expected. In summary, the ruler facilitates an efficient and faster sensorial discrimination and sensory motor completion of the required to perform direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set arrays by the subject.

In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of complete different open-bigram sequences in the above disclosed predefined library of complete different open- bigram sequences, which comprises direct alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array;

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 4 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to sensory motor perform for whatever reason. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to sensory motor perform by not click- selecting and/or dragging (the subject remains sensory motor inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on a valid or invalid complementary alphabetical contiguous incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms answer choice displayed. If there is no sensory motor response within a predefined valid performance time period, the subject is returned to the beginning of the trial exercise to start over. In an embodiment, the valid performance time period for lack of response is defined to be 20-60 seconds, in particular 25- 40 seconds, and further specifically 22 seconds. In the case of lack of sensory motor response, the subject will be provided with up to 3 additional new trial exercises. If failure to sensory motor perform within the valid performance time period take place consecutively within the 3 additional new trial exercises, the method provides that the subject will be transitioned to the next in-line second block exercise (if the failure to sensory motor perform occurred in the first block exercise), or the subject is returned to the main menu and the exercise is aborted if the failure to sensory motor perform occurs in the last block exercise, meaning during the subject sensory motor performance in the third block exercise.

The second kind of "failure to perform" criteria, is applicable in the event the subject fails to sensory motor perform by attempting to combine incorrect complementary alphabetically contiguous incomplete open-bigram sequences. In the event that the subject fails in any trial exercise of the present Example 4 because of selecting a wrong complementary alphabetical contiguous incomplete open-bigram sequence answer, the subject's wrong answer is immediately undone. The subject's incorrect complementary alphabetically contiguous open-bigram sequences answers are continuously and immediately undone until he/she correctly succeeds in sensorially discriminating and sensory motor selecting all of the required complementary alphabetically contiguous open-bigram sequences answers. Nevertheless, in the event the subject executes three consecutive wrong complementary alphabetically contiguous open-bigram sequences answers, the subject's performance of the current exercise ends and the next in-line exercise will commence after a time interval. If the three consecutive wrong complementary alphabetically contiguous open- bigram sequences answers are selected during the subject performance in the third block exercise, the block exercise is aborted and the subject is returned to the main menu.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 4, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is recorded in order to help generate an individual or age-gender related performance score. Performance records of all wrong complementary alphabetically contiguous incomplete different open-bigram sequences answers for all types of complementary alphabetical contiguous different open-bigram sequences to be performed are also generated and displayed. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

Figs. 9A-9C depict a non-limiting example of the exercises completing an incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms. Fig. 9A shows an originally selected incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, along with a number of other incomplete serial orders of different open-bigram terms provided there under. The original incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms provided in Fig. 9A is IJ KL MN OP and QR. The subject is then prompted to complete the original incomplete direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms by serially sensorially identifying and sensory motor selecting two or more of the complementary alphabetically contiguous serial orders of open-bigram terms. Fig. 9B shows that the subject has correctly sensorially identified one complementary alphabetically contiguous incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, AB CD EF GH.

Fig. 9C shows the completed direct alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, with the subject having correctly sensorially identified the second complementary alphabetically contiguous serial order of open-bigram terms, ST UV WX YZ. In this exercise, although not shown in Figs. 9B and 9C, the correct sensorially identified and sensory motor selected complementary alphabetically contiguous serial orders of open- bigram terms would be sensorially identified as being correct by having a changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute. The subject matter of Example 4 contemplates that up to a total of 7 different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes could be changed among the various correctly sensorially identified and sensory motor inserted different open- bigram sequences, including any of the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes previously discussed.

EXAMPLE 5 - Reorganizing ordinal positions of different open-bigram terms in a randomized open-bigrams sequence in order to obtain a predefined non-random complete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms

In the present exercises of Example 5, the subject is required to gradually change the serial order position of a number of different open-bigram terms in a provided randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. To that effect, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and gradually reorganize the serial order positions of at least three different open-bigram terms in a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms within a predetermined time frame. The gradual ordinal repositioning of the serially sensorially discriminated and sensory motor selected different open-bigram terms into the correct serial order places in order to obtain a complete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms represents the main operational goal of Example 5. Still, the present exercises require a gradual serial order sensory motor repositioning of different open- bigram terms appearing in a randomized sequence. In a particular embodiment of Example 5, the subject's goal is to attain a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical (A-Z) or complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical (Z-A) open-bigrams sequence.

Example 5 entails three consecutive block exercises comprising 2 trial exercises to be performed in each block exercise. In one embodiment for each of the two trial exercises of each block exercise, a serial order comprising 13 different open-bigram terms, where each open-bigram term is formed by 2 consecutive letter symbols of an alphabetic set array (comprising the 26 letter symbols of the English alphabet), is randomized into an open- bigrams sequence. In one aspect of Example 5, these 13 different open-bigram terms can be generated, out of an alphabetical serial order, via a quasi-random algorithm by using computer software.

In the first block exercise, the subject is prompted to successfully serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize a number of different open-bigram terms in a presented quasi-randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms to obtain a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical (A-Z) or a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical (Z-A) open-bigrams sequence. A complete serial order of different open-bigram terms possessing a non-randomized direct alphabetical (A-Z) or a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical (Z-A) sequential order is presented to the subject in the form of a ruler with the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. This particular complete direct or inverse alphabetical different open-bigrams sequence aids the subject to effectively serially visually search and rapidly sensorially recognize misplaced different open-bigram terms in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. This allows the subject to rapidly sensory motor select and reorganize the misplaced different open-bigram terms in the randomized sequence into their correct ordinal positions to form a complete direct or inverse alphabetical open-bigrams sequence.

However, in a non-limiting variation of this example, in the second and third block exercises, a number of strategies are implemented that, in some degree, will momentarily hold the subject back from attaining the goal of Example 5. For example, a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms entailing the 26 letter symbols of the English alphabet may be provided in a ruler displayed together with the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms which the subject is required to serially sensory motor reorganize. Since the ordinal positions of the different open-bigrams terms also in both sequences have been randomized in this particular strategy, it should not be expected that the randomized different open-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler will be of much help to the subject. Additional strategies that employ different constraints to make the implementation of Example 5 more challenging to the subject are described below.

In the present Example 5, the subject is required to visually search and sensorially identify in a serial manner one or more different open-bigram terms that are serially misplaced in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms, correctly sensory motor select the misplaced open-bigram terms, and sensory motor reorganize the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms into a completed non-random serial order of different open-bigram terms as fast as possible. In one aspect of Example 5, the completed non-random serial order of different open-bigram terms corresponds to a direct or an inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

Fig. 10 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject through reasoning strategies directed towards problem solving by the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and gradual reorganization of different open-bigram terms into a completed non-randomized open-bigrams sequence that entails a complete direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. As can be seen in Fig. 10, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject comprises selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete alphabetic non-randomized open-bigram terms sequences. The subject is provided with a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete non-randomized different open-bigrams sequence. A plurality of different open- bigram terms are in wrong ordinal positions in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. The selected complete non-randomized different open-bigrams sequence is also provided graphically as a ruler to the subject. The subject is then prompted, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and gradually reorganize the plurality of different open-bigram terms which are out of serial order, one at a time, in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. The result is a completed non-random alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms which directly matches (corresponds to) the selected complete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram term is returned to its initial position in the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms prior to the proposed sensory motor selection and reorganization made by the subject, and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is correct, but further serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is needed to form the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, then the subject is again returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open- bigram term is correct and the completed non-randomized serial order of different open- bigram terms is attained, then the correct sensory motor reorganized different open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish a satisfactory reasoning performance ability concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non-limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, like 1 to 23.

In another aspect of Example 5, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter in Example 5 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform the method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete alphabetic non-random different open-bigrams sequences. The subject is provided with a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete non-random serial order of different open-bigram terms wherein a plurality of different open-bigram terms are out of serial order in comparison to the selected complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. The selected complete alphabetical non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms is also graphically provided to the subject as a ruler. The subject is then prompted, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time, in the provided randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, thereby forming a completed non-randomized alphabetical direct or inverse serial order of different open- bigram terms corresponding to the selected complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms.

If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram terms is automatically returned to its initial position in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms, and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is correct, but further serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization is needed to form the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, then the subject is again returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the provided randomized sequence of different open- bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is correct and the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then each correctly sensory motor reorganized different open-bigram term is displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration.

In a further aspect of Example 5, the method of promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid intelligence reasoning ability in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete alphabetic non-randomized different open-bigrams sequences, and providing the subject on the GUI with a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms from the selected complete nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, wherein a plurality of different open- bigram terms are in the wrong ordinal positions as compared to the selected complete nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, and wherein the selected complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms is provided as a ruler to the subject; prompting the subject on the GUI, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the open-bigram terms which are in wrong ordinal positions, one at a time, to form a completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms which corresponds to the selected complete nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms; if the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to its initial ordinal position in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms, and returning to the step of prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the open- bigram terms in the wrong ordinal positions; if the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is correct, but further serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is needed to form the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, then returning to the step of prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the open-bigram terms which are in the wrong ordinal positions; if the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of a different open-bigram term is correct and the completed non-randomized serial order of different open- bigram terms is successfully formed, then displaying each of the correctly sensory motor reorganized different open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms; repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

In an aspect of the present exercises, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms into a complete alphabetic non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. For example, if the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is obtained from a complete non-randomized direct alphabetic set array, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the different open-bigram terms starting with the first open-bigram term, AB, of the direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. Likewise, for a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetic set array, the subject is prompted to start the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization from the open-bigram term ZY.

Within the method being implemented in the exercises of Example 5, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize a plurality of different open-bigram terms in the provided randomized sequence of different open- bigram terms to form a completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. The completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms that is formed can directly match (correspond to) a direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. In particular, when the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is obtained from a non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, 3-7 different open-bigram terms may need to be sensory motor selected and reorganized in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. Examples of non-randomized direct alphabetical serial orders of different open-bigram terms include, without limitation, direct open-bigram set array, direct type open- bigram set array, and central type open-bigram set array.

Furthermore, when the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is obtained from an inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, 3- 5 different open-bigram terms may need to be sensory motor selected and reorganized in the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. Examples of non-randomized inverse alphabetical serial orders of different open-bigram terms include, without limitation, inverse open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array. In the exercises of Example 5, the subject has a given time to perform the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the different open- bigram terms to complete a non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. The given time period is dependent on the type of randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms provided to the subject, as well as the number of different open-bigram terms requiring sensory motor selection and reorganization.

In general, when the subject is provided with a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms from a direct or inverse alphabetic set array, the subject is given an operational time consisting of 15-45 seconds per open-bigram term needing sensory motor selection and reorganization. For example, if the subject is provided with a randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms from a selected non-randomized direct alphabetic set array, and five different open-bigram terms, which are each allotted an operational time of 30 seconds, are required to be serially sensorially discriminated, sensory motor selected, and reorganized, then the subject is given an operational time of 150 seconds to complete the exercise (5 different open-bigram terms x 30 seconds per different open-bigram term). In another example, if the subject is provided with a randomized sequence of different open- bigram terms from a non-randomized inverse alphabetic set array, and three different open- bigram terms, which are each allotted an operational time of 40 seconds, are required to be serially sensorially discriminated, sensory motor selected, and reorganized, then the subject has an operational time of 120 seconds to complete the exercise (3 different open-bigram terms x 40 seconds per individual different open-bigram term).

In an aspect of the exercises of Example 5, the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is provided to the subject such that it is, at all times, perceptually visible to the subject. In an alternative embodiment, a single different open-bigram term within the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is momentarily blocked from the sight of the subject during a given exercise. The time that the single different open- bigram term is momentarily blocked from the sight of the subject is not limited to any particular length of time. In one non-limiting example, the single different open-bigram term is randomly blocked from the sight of the subject for 1-3 seconds. It is understood that the random blocking of different open-bigram terms within the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is not intended to be performed sequentially for all of the different open-bigram terms. Instead, the random blocking function is set to skip a number of different open-bigram terms at a time when engaged. In a further alternative embodiment of this aspect of the exercises, the entire randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms shown in the ruler is caused to flicker so as to intermittently disappear from the sight of the subject. In this embodiment, the disappearance and reappearance of the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms in the ruler is done via a duty cycle in which the randomized sequence of different open- bigram terms is displayed to the subject for a period of time and then disappears for another period of time. In a particular non- limiting example, the period of time when the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is displayed to the subject is longer than the period of time when it disappears. Accordingly, the implemented duty-cycle may include a period of 15-30 seconds where the randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms is shown in the ruler, and a period of 5-10 seconds when the randomized sequence is removed from the subject's sight and not shown in the ruler. It is understood that other duty-cycles times can be selected and implemented for the execution of Example 5.

As discussed above, upon the sensory motor formation of the completed nonrandomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, the correct sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram terms are displayed with a different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the remaining different open-bigram terms in the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. The changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the correct sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram terms is selected from the group of spatial and time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof. In a particular aspect, the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes are selected from the group including: open-bigram term font size, open- bigram term font style, open-bigram term font spacing, open-bigram term font case, open- bigram term font boldness, open-bigram term font angle of rotation, open-bigram term font mirroring, or combinations thereof.

Other spatial perceptual related attributes of an open-bigram term that could be used to emphasize a change of the correct sensory motor selected and reorganized different open- bigram terms may be selected from the group including: open-bigram term font vertical line of symmetry, open-bigram term font horizontal line of symmetry, open-bigram term font vertical and horizontal lines of symmetry, open-bigram term font infinite lines of symmetry, and open-bigram term font with no line of symmetry. In a particular aspect, the changed time perceptual related attributes of the different open-bigram terms may be selected from the group consisting of open-bigram term font color, open-bigram term font blinking and open- bigram term sound, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, each correctly sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram term may be displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font flickering behavior to further highlight differences in the spatial and time perceptual related attributes of the different open-bigram terms

It is also understood that the correct sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram terms could have different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes among themselves. In other words, one sensory motor selected and reorganized open-bigram term could be highlighted by a different open-bigram term font color, while another sensory motor selected and reorganized open-bigram term could be highlighted by a different open- bigram term font size. Alternatively, one sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram term could have a changed spatial perceptual related attribute, while another sensory motor selected and reorganized different open-bigram term could have a changed time perceptual related attribute.

As previously indicated above with respect to the general methods for implementing the present subject matter, the exercises in Example 5 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by grounding root core fluid cognitive abilities through selective goal oriented motor activity that occurs when the subject performs the given exercise. That is, the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the different open-bigram terms by the subject engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body. The goal oriented motor activity engaged within the subject body may be any goal oriented motor activity involved in the group including: sensorial perception of the provided randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms, body movements to execute the serial sensorial search, discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the different open-bigram terms when either all of the displayed different open-bigram terms are visible or not all of the different open-bigram terms are visible, body movements to attentionally ignore perceptual random blocking of different open-bigram terms, and combinations thereof. While any body movements can be considered goal oriented motor activity within the subject, the present subject matter is concerned with body movements selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

Requesting the subject to engage in specific degrees of goal oriented sensory motor activity in the exercises of Example 5 requires him/her to bodily-ground cognitive fluid intelligence abilities such as inductive reasoning as discussed above. The exercises of Example 5 cause the subject to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she implicitly performed fluid cognitive abilities specifically when problem solving the serial search and sensorial pattern recognition of non-concrete different open-bigrams terms meshing with their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. The established relationships between these non-concrete different open-bigram terms and their (salient) spatial and/or time related perceptual attributes heavily promote symbolic, numeric, and alphanumeric knowhow in a subject. Accordingly, the exercises of Example 5 strengthen fluid intelligence abilities by particularly promoting inductive-deductive reasoning strategies in a subject that result in the attainment of novel and more efficient ways to problem solve the sequential orders of single letter symbols, open-bigram term symbols, numbers and alphanumeric symbols in the mentioned exercises.

It is important that the exercises of Example 5 accomplish promoting novel symbolic relationships between different open-bigram term symbols, numbers, and alphanumeric symbols and their spatial and time perceptual related attributes by enabling problem solving strategies that downplay or mitigate the subject's need to recall retrieve information from long term memory and use verbal semantic or episodic information as part of his/her novel reasoning strategy. The exercises of Example 5 are mainly, in general, about promoting fluid intelligence abilities and, in particular, about promoting novel inductive-deductive reasoning strategies in a subject.

The exercises of Example 5 are not primarily designed to engage the subject's sensorial-perceptual sensory motor performances with sequences of different open-bigram terms and their spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes in order to stimulate the more cognoscenti formal operational stage where crystalized intelligence abilities are also promoted in the specific trained domain; crystallized intelligence abilities are brought into play by cognitive establishment of a multi-dimensional mesh of relationships between concrete items/things themselves, concrete items/things with their spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes and by substitution of concrete items/things with non-concrete terms/symbols. Crystalized intelligence narrow abilities are mainly promoted by sequential, descriptive, and associative forms of explicit learning, which is a kind of learning deeply rooted in declarative semantic knowledge. As such, the specific group of complete nonrandomized serial orders of different open-bigram terms in the library (e.g., pairs of consecutive letters, numbers, alphanumeric symbols) and the extent of the quasi- randomization of selected different open-bigrams sequences in the library (e.g., pairs of consecutive letters, numbers, alphanumeric symbols) are herein selected and presented together to the subject in ways to principally downplay or mitigate the subject's need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing abstract relationships necessitating verbal knowledge and/or recall-retrieval of information from declarative- semantic and/or episodic kinds of memories.

The randomized different open-bigrams sequence provided to the subject can be derived from one of a plurality of non-randomized sequences in a predefined library. While the randomized different open-bigrams sequences provided to the subject are deemed "random," the herein randomized sequences nevertheless adhere to a number of rules/constraints and thus cannot be considered as truly randomized. The random nature of the provided randomized different open-bigram sequences means that the different open- bigram terms used in the various exercises are associated with a particular kind of serial order of different open-bigram terms in which each different open-bigram term is not only different, but it also has a unique intrinsic ordinal position within the serial order of different open-bigram terms. In other words, there is no repetition of the open-bigram terms within the serial order of different open-bigram terms, and each open-bigram term occupies a unique intrinsic position within the serial order.

A non-limiting example of a unique non-randomized serial order of different open- bigram terms is formed from the English alphabet, wherein there are 13 different pairs of consecutive letter symbols occupying 13 unique intrinsic ordinal positions in the alphabetical sequence. Within the present subject matter, the at least one unique serial order of different open-bigram terms comprises a set array with a predefined number of open-bigram terms, where each open-bigram term has a predefined unique intrinsic ordinal position and none of the open-bigram terms are repeated or are located at a different ordinal position.

In the exercises of present Example 5, the library of non-randomized sequences comprises different open-bigram sequences. A different open-bigrams sequence is a kind of sequence where each open-bigram term is made-up of a pair of letter symbols, as opposed to a sequence of terms made-up of a single letter symbol. In this aspect, the predefined library of non-randomized sequences comprises the following sequential orders of different open- bigrams terms: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open- bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array. However, it is understood that the library of non- randomized sequences may contain additional or fewer open-bigram set arrays than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 5 are not limited to serial orders of alphabetic different open-bigram terms. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric and/or alphanumeric serial orders are used. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ alphabetic serial orders of different open-bigram terms, under the provisions indicated in the method, serial orders of different open-bigram terms could also be obtained from pairs of numbers and/or alphanumeric symbols.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 5 include providing a graphical representation of a complete non-randomized different open-bigram set array in a ruler shown to the subject when providing the subject with a randomized different open-bigrams sequence (derived from the complete non-randomized alphabetic open-bigram set array). The visual presence of the ruler helps the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time, within the provided randomized different open-bigrams sequence, to sensory motor form a completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. In essence, the presence of the ruler accelerates the subject's visual serial search and spatial sensorial recognition of the open-bigram terms' unique ordinal positions in the different open-bigram set array. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of nonrandomized sequences from the above disclosed library comprising: direct alphabetic set array; inverse alphabetic set array; direct type of alphabetic set array; inverse type of alphabetic set array; central type of alphabetic set array; inverse central type alphabetic set array; direct open-bigram set array; inverse open-bigram set array; direct type open-bigram set array; inverse type open-bigram set array; central type open-bigram set array; and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

The subject is given a first predefined time period within which the subject must validly perform the exercises. If the subject does not perform the exercise within the first predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period", then after a delay, which could be about 4 seconds, the next in-line different open-bigrams sequence for the trial exercise to be performed by the subject is displayed. As a non-limiting example the first predefined time interval or valid performance time period is defined to be 10-20 seconds, in particular 15-20 seconds, and further specifically 17 seconds, as the maximal allowed time period for the relocation of one different open-bigram term to its correct ordinal position.

In Example 5, there are one or more predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between performances of the block exercises of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 5 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given exercise. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of Example 5 in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor selecting any open-bigram term in an attempt to sensory motor reorganize the provided randomized different open-bigrams sequence within a valid performance time period. In such a case, the subject will automatically be presented with 3 new trial exercises in which the subject must gradually serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize a new provided randomized different open-bigrams sequence. The valid performance time period can be any set period of time, for instance 30 seconds.

If the subject fails to perform in this manner for any of the 3 new trial exercises consecutively within the first or second block exercise, then the subject ends that particular exercise and moves on to the next in-line exercise within the next in-line block exercise (e.g., from block exercise 1 to block exercise 2 or from block exercise 2 to block exercise 3). Specifically, if the subject fails to perform for any of the 3 new trial exercises consecutively within the third block exercise, then the subject is automatically stopped within the exercises of Example 5 and returned to the main menu.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by sensory motor selecting a wrong open-bigram answer. When the subject sensory motor selects and reorganizes a wrong different open-bigram term, the incorrect sensory motor selection and reorganization is ignored and the wrong open-bigram term is returned to its initial position in the randomized open-bigrams sequence. In other words, the open-bigram term that the subject attempted to relocate is put back in the serial position that it occupied before the subject attempted to sensory motor move it. If the subject answers wrongly for three consecutive attempts, then the subject is transitioned on to the next in-line trial exercise within the next block exercise, unless the subject is performing the third block exercise, in which case the subject is automatically stopped within the exercises of Example 5 and returned to the main menu.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 5, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is recorded in order to help generate an individual and age-gender related performance score. Performance records of all of the wrong answers for all serial orders required to be performed are also generated and displayed. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

In another aspect, implementing an ordinal sensory motor repositioning of different open-bigram terms in a randomized sequence which is not truly random into their respective alphabetical positions can be carried out by the method of executing a sensory motor reposition affecting the ordinal positions of at least two different open-bigram terms simultaneously. In a non-limiting embodiment, the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and reorganization of the different open-bigram terms is done by sensory motor reallocating pairs of different open-bigram terms at once, meaning that correctly serially sensorially discriminating, sensory motor selecting, and reorganizing one of a pair of different open-bigram terms into its unique ordinal position in the alphabetical sequence also causes the other open-bigram term to be correctly sensory motor reallocated into its unique ordinal position in the alphabetical sequence.

Figs. 11A-11C depict this aspect of the present subject matter. In Fig. 11 A, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize a randomized open-bigrams sequence. In Fig. 11B, the subject has correctly serially sensorially discriminated, sensory motor selected, and reorganized the pair of different open- bigram terms AB and IJ by sensory motor swapping them into their respective unique alphabetical ordinal positions in the randomized open-bigrams sequence. The correct sensory motor reorganization of open-bigram terms AB and IJ in the randomized different open- bigrams sequence is highlighted by AB and IJ changing their time perceptual related attribute font color. In Fig. 11C, open-bigram terms CD and EF have been correctly serially sensorially discriminated, sensory motor selected, and reorganized by sensory motor swapping them into their respective unique alphabetical ordinal positions. Again, the fact that the sensory motor reorganization of CD and EF is correct is highlighted by CD and EF changing their time perceptual related attribute font color. The subject continues to perform the sensory motor reorganization until the completed non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed.

A complete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms can be seen in the ruler at the bottom of each of Figs. 1 lA-11C. Although Figs. 11A- 11 C specifically depict a randomized open-bigrams sequence derived from a complete nonrandomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, randomized open- bigram sequences derived from other unique complete non-randomized serial orders of different open-bigram terms may be used as discussed above.

EXAMPLE 6 - Serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, reorganization, and insertion of same and different open-bigram terms from a randomized open-bigrams sequence to obtain a non-randomized complete direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigrams terms

The present exercises of Example 6 require the subject to sequentially perform a number of basic operations concerning open-bigram sequences. To that end, the present non- limiting exercises challenge the subject to quickly reason which few sequential steps are needed in order to successfully attain a complete non-randomized different open-bigrams sequence.

In a non-limiting embodiment, the subject is prompted to attain a complete nonrandomized direct alphabetical (A-Z) or a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical (Z- A) different open-bigram set array. Specifically, in a sequential performance manner, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, remove, reorganize, and insert a number of open-bigram terms in a provided randomized or quasi- randomized open-bigrams sequence derived from a non-randomized complete serial order of different open-bigrams terms. To that effect, the provided randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigrams sequence entails: 1) a number of serially repeated open-bigram terms, 2) a number of serially misplaced open-bigram terms and, 3) a number of missing open-bigram terms. In short, the main goal of the present Example 6 is for the subject to accurately and quickly perform a sequential step by step serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, reorganization, and insertion of a number of open-bigram terms in a provided randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigrams sequence in order to successfully attain a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical (A-Z) different open-bigram set array or a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical (Z-A) different open-bigram set array at the end of the task.

In Example 6, the subject is required to perform 3 block exercises, each comprising 2 trial exercises, in a sequential manner. Accordingly, for each trial exercise a randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigrams sequence is generated from a previously selected complete non-randomized sequence of different open-bigram terms. In a non-limiting embodiment, each complete non-randomized sequence of different open-bigrams terms has 13 open- bigram terms (of the English language alphabet) with unique ordinal positions, displayed in uppercase font as a default condition. Overall, a total of six complete non-randomized different open-bigrams sequences can be practiced in Example 6. In an embodiment, the randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigram sequences are derived from complete nonrandomized direct or inverse alphabetic different open-bigram set arrays.

Figs. 12A-12C comprise a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject through novel reasoning strategies directed towards problem solving by the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, ordinal reorganization, and insertion of open-bigram terms in a provided randomized open-bigrams sequence to attain a complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms.

As can be seen in Figs. 12A-12C, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject comprises (Fig. 12A) first selecting a complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete alphabetic different open-bigrams sequences and then providing the subject with a randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigrams sequence derived therefrom. The randomized or quasi-randomized open-bigrams sequence has a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order, and a plurality of missing open-bigram terms. The non-randomized complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is provided as a ruler to the subject.

The subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove, within a first predefined time interval, the repeated open-bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and removal of a repeated open-bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram term is returned to its initial position in the randomized open-bigrams sequence. The subject is then returned to the step of being prompted to serial sensorial discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove the repeated open-bigram terms. If the proposed serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and removal of a repeated open-bigram term is correct, but more repeated open-bigram terms remain in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence, then the subject is again returned to the step of being prompted to serial sensorial discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove the repeated open-bigram terms.

If no repeated open-bigram terms remain in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence, the subject is prompted (Fig. 12B) to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize, within a second predefined time interval, the out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time. If the proposed sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram term is returned to its initial serial order position in the randomized open-bigrams sequence and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to sensory motor reorganize the out of serial order different open- bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct, but further sensory motor reorganization of the provided randomized different open- bigrams sequence is needed, then the subject is also returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and reorganize the out of serial order different open-bigram terms.

If the sensory motor ordinal reorganization results in an incomplete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, the subject is prompted (Fig. 12B) to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert, within a third predefined time interval, missing different open-bigram terms into the incomplete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms to sensory motor form a complete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. The completed non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms will correspond to the selected nonrandomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. The subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and gradually insert missing different open-bigram terms one at a time.

If the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is incorrect, then the incorrect term is removed and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert missing open- bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is correct, but more open-bigram terms are still missing from the non-randomized incomplete open-bigrams sequence, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert missing open-bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor insertion of a different missing open-bigram term is correct and the completed non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terns are displayed (Fig. 12C) with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed non-randomized alphabetic different open-bigrams sequence.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by fourth predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish a satisfactory reasoning performance ability concerning the particular task at hand which is being promoted within the subject. Non- limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, such as 1 to 23.

In another non-limiting aspect of Example 6, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. In particular, the subject matter in Example 6 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform the method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of non-randomized complete alphabetic different open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject with a randomized open-bigrams sequence derived therefrom. The provided randomized open- bigrams sequence has a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order, and a plurality of missing open- bigram terms. The selected non-randomized complete alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms is also provided as a ruler to the subject.

The subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove, within a first predefined time interval, repeated open-bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram term is returned to its initial serial order position prior to the proposed sensory motor removal made by the subject. The subject is then returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove the repeated open-bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is correct, but more repeated open-bigram terms remain in the randomized open-bigrams sequence, then the subject is again returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove the repeated open-bigram terms.

If no repeated open-bigram terms remain in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize, within a second predefined time interval, the out of serial order different open-bigram terms, the sensory motor ordinal reorganizing accomplished one open- bigram term at a time. If the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization of an open- bigram term is incorrect, then the open-bigram term is returned to its initial serial order position prior to the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization made by the subject and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize the out of serial order different open-bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct, but further sensory motor ordinal reorganization of the provided randomized different open-bigrams sequence is needed, then the subject is also returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize the out of serial order different open-bigram terms.

If the sensory motor ordinal reorganization of the open-bigram terms results in an incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert, within a third predefined time interval, missing different open-bigram terms in order to sensory motor form a complete non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open- bigram terms corresponding to the selected non-randomized complete alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms. To that end, the subject is prompted to sensory motor insert missing different open-bigram terms one at a time.

If the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is incorrect, then the incorrect term is removed, and the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert missing different open-bigram terms. If the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is correct, but at least one open-bigram term is still missing from the incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of open-bigrams sequence, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert the missing different open-bigram terms.

If the proposed sensory motor insertion of the missing different open-bigram term is correct and the completed non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms are displayed with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open- bigram terms in the completed non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open- bigram terms. The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by fourth predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration.

In a further non-limiting aspect of Example 6, the method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid intelligence in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: a) selecting a complete non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of nonrandomized complete alphabetic different open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject on the GUI with a randomized open-bigrams sequence from the selected complete alphabetic non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, the randomized open-bigrams sequence having a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order, and a plurality of missing open-bigram terms.

The selected complete alphabetic non-randomized serial order of different open- bigram terms is also provided as a ruler to the subject; b) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove, within a first predefined time interval, the repeated open-bigram terms within the randomized open- bigrams sequence; c) if the proposed sensory motor removal of a repeated open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to its initial serial order position in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step b); d) if the proposed sensory motor removal of the repeated open-bigram term is correct, but further repeated open-bigram terms still remain in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence, then returning to step b); e) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize, within a second predefined time interval, the out of serial order different open-bigram terms, the sensory motor ordinal reorganizing accomplished one open-bigram term at a time; f) if the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the incorrect term to its initial serial order position prior to the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization made by the subject and returning to step e); g) if the proposed sensory motor ordinal reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct, but further sensory motor ordinal reorganization of the remaining randomized different open-bigrams sequence is needed, then returning to step e); h) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert, within a third predefined time interval, missing different open-bigram terms into the obtained incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms in order to sensory motor form a complete non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms corresponding to the selected complete non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms, and prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert missing different open-bigram terms one at a time; i) if the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is incorrect, then removing the incorrect term from the incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms and returning to step h); j) if the proposed sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term is correct, but at least one open- bigram term is still missing from the obtained incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, then returning to step h); k) if the proposed sensory motor insertion of the missing different open-bigram terms is correct and the completed nonrandomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigrams is formed, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted different open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed non-randomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms on the GUI; 1) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by a fourth predefined time interval; and m) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

In a non-limiting aspect of the present exercises of Example 6, the subject is prompted to sequentially complete the above described three steps employing the complete nonrandomized alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms graphically provided to him/her in a ruler. As previously discussed, the complete non-randomized alphabetic serial order may be a non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array. For example, if the subject is required to perform a randomized open-bigrams sequence derived from a complete non-randomized direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, then the subject is prompted in a first step to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove repeated open-bigram terms such that at the end of the exercise, a direct alphabetic serial order of open-bigram terms is maintained. Particularly, the subject is prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove repeated open-bigram terms beginning with the open-bigram term occupying the first serial order position of the direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence. For example, if the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence has 2 repeated (AB) open-bigram terms, 3 repeated (CD) open-bigram terms, and 4 repeated (EF) open-bigram terms, the subject would be prompted to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and remove the excess repeated (AB) open-bigram term first followed by the excess repeated (CD) open-bigram terms, and finally the excess repeated (EF) open-bigram terms. Likewise, the sensory motor ordinal reorganization of the different open-bigram terms will be performed in direct or inverse alphabetical order, as will be the required performance of the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and insertion of the missing different open-bigram terms.

The first step of the present non-limiting method requires the subject to quickly visually serially search, sensorial identify, sensory motor select, and remove repeated open- bigram terms from the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence. As is indicated above, the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence is derived from a complete non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array. In a particular non-limiting aspect, the number of repeated open-bigram terms and the number of times each of those open-bigram terms are repeated, depend on whether the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence is derived from a complete non-randomized direct alphabetic or from a complete nonrandomized inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array.

When the randomized open-bigrams sequence is derived from a complete nonrandomized direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, the number of repeated open-bigram terms in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence is of 2-5. Further, these different open-bigram terms are repeated within the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence 2-4 times each. Examples of complete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial orders of different open-bigram terms include, without limitation, non-randomized direct alphabetic open-bigram set array and non-randomized direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array. The randomized open-bigrams sequence can also be derived from a non-randomized central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array that requires the subject to perform open-bigram terms in a similar serial order as is required for a randomized open-bigrams sequence derived from a non-randomized direct alphabetic open-bigram set array.

Likewise, in a further non-limiting aspect, the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence can be derived from a non-randomized inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array. In this case, 2-4 open-bigram terms are allowed repeated within the provided randomized open- bigrams sequence. Also, the repeated different open-bigram terms are repeated within the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence 1-3 times each. Examples of non-randomized inverse alphabetical serial orders of different open-bigram terms include, without limitation, non-randomized inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array and non-randomized inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array. The provided randomized open-bigrams sequence can be derived from the non-randomized inverse central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, which will require the subject to perform open-bigram terms in a similar serial order manner as is required for a non-randomized inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array.

In the second step of the non- limiting exercises of Example 6, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and ordinally reorganize a plurality of different open-bigram terms in order to sensory motor insert, in a third step, the required different open-bigram terms into their proper alphabetical serial order, to gradually sensory motor form a complete non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms. In a particular non-limiting aspect, when the obtained incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms is derived from a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, 2-5 open-bigram terms are needed to complete the direct alphabetical serial order. Likewise, when the obtained incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms is derived from a complete non-randomized inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, 2-4 open-bigram terms are needed to complete the inverse alphabetical serial order.

As mentioned earlier, the subject is provided with a second predefined time interval to perform the sensory motor ordinal reorganization of the different open-bigram terms in a randomized incomplete serial order of different open-bigram terms in order to obtain an incomplete non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms. The given sensory motor ordinal reorganization time period is dependent on the type of randomized open-bigrams sequence provided to the subject as well as the number of different open-bigram terms needing sensory motor ordinal reorganization therein. In general, when the subject is provided with a randomized open-bigrams sequence that becomes an incomplete direct alphabetical sequence after sensory motor reorganization, the subject is given 15-45 seconds per term to be reorganized. For example, if the subject is provided with a randomized open-bigrams sequence which, after sensory motor reorganization, becomes an incomplete direct alphabetical sequence, if there are five different open-bigram terms required to be sensory motor ordinal reorganized, and the subject is given 30 seconds per term, then the subject will have 150 seconds to complete the sensory motor ordinal reorganization (5 open-bigram terms x 30 seconds per term).

Likewise, when the subject is provided with a randomized open-bigrams sequence that after sensory motor reorganization becomes an incomplete inverse alphabetical sequence, the subject is given 15-45 seconds per open-bigram term needing ordinal reorganization. In one example, for a randomized open-bigrams sequence, which after sensory motor reorganization becomes an incomplete inverse alphabetical sequence, having three different open-bigram terms to be sensory motor reorganized, the subject is given 40 seconds to reorganize each open-bigram term. Accordingly, the subject will have 120 seconds to sensory motor reorganize the different open-bigram terms (3 open-bigram terms x 40 seconds per term) and complete this particular step of the exercise.

In the third step of the non-limiting exercises of Example 6, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert a number of missing different open-bigram terms into the obtained non-randomized incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms in order to sensory motor form a complete nonrandomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigrams terms. When the subject is provided with a randomized open-bigrams sequence that after sensory motor reorganization becomes an incomplete direct alphabetical sequence in nature, 2-5 open- bigram terms can be missing. In some embodiments, the number of missing different open- bigram terms is 3-5 terms.

Likewise, when the subject is provided with a randomized open-bigrams sequence that after sensory motor reorganization becomes an incomplete inverse alphabetical sequence, 2-5 different open-bigram terms can be missing. In some embodiments, the number of missing different open-bigram terms is 3 or 4 terms.

In order to successfully complete the incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms after the sensory motor removal and reorganization of open-bigram terms, the subject is required to visually search, sensory motor click-select and drag (when using a computer) one open-bigram term at a time with the hand-held mouse device from the complete non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms shown in a ruler, and sensory motor insert the selected open- bigram term, as fast as possible, in its correct serial order position in the incomplete nonrandomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

In the third step, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, and sensory motor select a number of different open-bigram terms and subsequently sensory motor insert them in what is now an incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms in order to attain a completed direct or inverse alphabetic serial order of different open-bigram terms. In some embodiments, if the sensory motor insertions of open-bigram terms in their corresponding ordinal positions in the completed alphabetical different open-bigrams sequence are correct, the correctly inserted terms immediately change their default spatial perceptual related attribute font size and their default spatial perceptual related attributes to become spatial perceptual related attribute font bold. In other words, the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms immediately have two of their default spatial perceptual related attributes changed.

In another non-limiting embodiment, when the subject is performing the above described third step in block exercises #2 and #3 only, the subject is required to serially sensorially discriminate, and sensory motor select a number of different open-bigram terms and subsequently sensory motor insert them in an obtained incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms to attain a completed nonrandomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigrams terms. Further, in these cases, the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms will change their time perceptual related attribute of font color. Accordingly, all of the correctly inserted open-bigram terms become time perceptual related attribute font color active in the completed non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms.

As a non-limiting example, the change in the time perceptual related attribute of font color for the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms occurs in the following manner: 1) for a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms, the serial order positions occupied by open-bigram terms AB to MN will become time perceptual related attribute font color active according to the established spatial correlation of these open-bigram terms' unique ordinal positioning in the direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence with the spatial-perceptual Left Visual Field (LVF) of the subject; and 2) for a complete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms, the serial order positions occupied by open-bigram terms OP to YZ will become time perceptual related attribute font color active according to the herein established spatial correlation of these different open-bigram terms' unique ordinal positioning in the direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence with the spatial-perceptual Right Visual Field (RVF) of the subject. Further, all of the correctly inserted open-bigram terms in the obtained incomplete non-randomized direct alphabetical sequence for the AB - MN group will have a first time perceptual related attribute font color change, and all of the correctly inserted open- bigram terms for the OP - YZ group, will have a second time perceptual related attribute font color change .

Likewise, in a further non-limiting embodiment, all of the open-bigram terms correctly inserted by the subject become time perceptual related attribute font color active relative to the completed non-randomized inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms in the following manner: 1) the ordinal positions occupied by open-bigram terms ZY to PO will become time perceptual related attribute font color active according to the established spatial correlation of these open-bigram terms' unique ordinal positioning in the inverse alphabetical open-bigrams sequence with the spatial-perceptual Left Visual Field (LVF) of the subject; and 2) the ordinal positions occupied by open-bigram terms NM to BA will become time perceptual related attribute font color active according to the established spatial correlation of these different open-bigram terms' unique ordinal positioning in the inverse alphabetical different open-bigrams sequence with the spatial-perceptual Right Visual Field (RVF) of the subject. Further, all of the correctly inserted open-bigram terms in the obtained incomplete non-randomized inverse alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms for the ZY - PO group will have a first time perceptual related attribute font color change, and all of the correctly inserted open-bigram terms for the NM - BA group will have a second time perceptual related attribute font color change.

It is also contemplated that the correct sensory motor inserted different open-bigram terms, in addition to changing their time perceptual related attribute font color, change another time perceptual related attribute by becoming font flashing active. In other words, the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms will also change the frequency time period of their visual perceptual appearance by font flashing in order to further highlight their correct ordinal positions in the completed non-randomized alphabetical direct or inverse different open-bigrams sequence.

As discussed above, upon the correct sensory motor formation of the completed nonrandomized direct or inverse alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms are displayed with a different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the spatial and time perceptual related attributes of the remaining open-bigram terms in the completed non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. The above non-limiting embodiments briefly discuss different open- bigram term font size and font color as spatial and time perceptual related attributes, respectively, that can change. In general, the changed perceptual related attribute of correctly sensory motor reorganized different open-bigram terms is selected from the group of spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof.

In a particular aspect, the changed perceptual related attributes of the open bigrams terms are selected from the group including: open-bigram term font size, open-bigram term font style, open-bigram term font spacing, open-bigram term font case, open-bigram term font boldness, open-bigram font rotation angle, open-bigram term font mirroring, or combinations thereof. These perceptual related attributes are considered spatial perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms. Other spatial perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms that could be used include, without limitation, open-bigram term font vertical line of symmetry, open-bigram term font horizontal line of symmetry, open-bigram term font vertical and horizontal lines of symmetry, open-bigram term font infinite lines of symmetry, and open-bigram term font with no line of symmetry. In another aspect, the changed perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms are selected from the group including font color, font flickering, and sound. These perceptual related attributes are considered time perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram term. Furthermore, each correctly sensory motor reorganized different open-bigram term may be displayed with a time perceptual related attribute font flickering behavior to further highlight the correct serial order sensory motor ordinal reorganization.

In a particular aspect of the present Example 6, the change in spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes is done according to predefined correlations between space and time perceptual related attributes with the ordinal position of the different open-bigram terms in the selected complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms. For the case of a subject's visual perception of a complete direct alphabetic open-bigram set array of the English alphabetical language, the first ordinal position (occupied by "AB") will generally appear toward the left side of his/her field of vision, whereas the last ordinal position (occupied by "YZ") will appear towards his/her right field of vision.

In one non-limiting example for an alphabetic direct or inverse set array, if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term for which a perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision, the change in the perceptual related attribute may be different than if the ordinal position of the open-bigram term falls in the right field of vision. Accordingly, if the perceptual related attribute to be changed is the time perceptual related attribute font color, and the ordinal position of the open-bigram term falls in the left field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a first different font color, whereas if the ordinal position of the open-bigram terms falls in the right field of vision, then the font color will be changed to a second font color different from the first font color. Similarly, if the perceptual related attribute to be changed is the spatial perceptual related attribute font size, then those open- bigram terms having an ordinal position falling in the left field of vision will be changed to a first different font size, while the different open-bigram terms having an ordinal position falling in the right field of vision will be changed to a second different font size that is also different than the first different font size.

It is also understood that the correctly sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms may have different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes among themselves. In other words, one correctly sensory motor reorganized open-bigram term could be highlighted by having a different time perceptual related attribute font color, while another correctly reorganized open-bigram term could be highlighted by having a different spatial perceptual related attribute font term size. Alternatively, one correctly sensory motor reorganized open- bigram term could have a changed spatial perceptual related attribute, while another correctly reorganized open-bigram term could be changed by means of a time perceptual related attribute.

As with the exercises in Example 5, the exercises in Example 6 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject by grounding its root-core fluid intelligence abilities in selective goal oriented motor activity that takes place when the subject performs a given exercise. That is, the serial visual search, sensorial identification, sensory motor selection, removal, reorganization, and insertion of open-bigram terms by the subject engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body. The goal oriented motor activity engaged within the subject may be any goal oriented motor activity involved in the group including: sensorial perception of the complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms shown in the ruler and in the given randomized open-bigrams sequence, goal oriented body movements to execute sensory motor selecting the next repeated open-bigram term to be removed, sensory motor ordinal reorganizing the open- bigram terms in the randomized open-bigrams sequence, sensory motor insertion of open- bigram terms to obtain a complete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms, and combinations thereof. While any body movements can be considered goal oriented motor activity within the subject, body movements may be selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

Requesting the subject to engage in various degrees of goal oriented motor activity in the exercises of Example 6, require him/her to bodily-ground cognitive fluid intelligence abilities, in general and in particular, problem solving concerning particular sequential orders of open-bigram terms through inductive reasoning, as discussed above. The exercises of Example 6 cause the subject to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she implicitly performed fluid cognitive abilities specifically when problem solving the serial search and sensorial pattern recognition of non-concrete terms/symbols/numbers/alphanumeric symbols meshing with their salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. An inductive-deductive reasoning problem solving that successfully established sequential relationships between non- concrete terms/symbols and their (salient) spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes, heavily promotes symbolic, numeric and alphanumeric knowhow in a subject. Accordingly, the exercises of Example 6 strengthen fluid intelligence abilities by promoting novel inductive-deductive reasoning strategies in a subject that result in the attainment of more efficient ways to solve the mentioned exercises. It is important that the exercises of Example 6 accomplish the promotion of symbolic relationships between open-bigram terms/symbols/ numbers/ alphanumeric symbols and their spatial and time perceptual related attributes by succeeding in downplaying or mitigating the subject's need to recall/retrieve from long term memory and use verbal semantic or episodic information as part of his/her novel reasoning strategy, as much as possible.

The exercises of Example 6 are mainly in general, about promoting fluid intelligence abilities, and in particular, about promoting novel inductive-deductive reasoning strategies in a subject. The exercises of Example 6 are not intended to raise the subject's sensorial- perceptual goal oriented body motor performances (with different open-bigram terms and their spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes) to the more cognoscenti formal learning operational stage where crystalized intelligence abilities are also promoted as a direct consequence of engaging in mental problem solving in the specific trained domain; crystallized intelligence abilities are brought into play by cognitive establishment of a multidimensional mesh of relationships between concrete items/things themselves, concrete items/things with their spatial and/or time related attributes, and by substitution of concrete items/things with non-concrete terms/symbols. Still, crystalized intelligence narrow abilities are mainly promoted by sequential, descriptive and associative forms of explicit learning, which is a kind of learning deeply rooted in declarative semantic knowledge. As such, specific non-randomized sequences of terms/symbols (e.g., letter, number, alphanumeric), randomized sequences of terms/symbols (e.g., letter, number, alphanumeric), randomized incomplete sequences, and non-randomized complete direct or inverse alphabetic (unique) serial orders of different open-bigram terms are herein selected and displayed together in an exercise, to principally downplay or mitigate the subject' s need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing abstract mental relationships (e.g., associations, relations, correlations) necessitating and heavily supported by verbal knowledge and/or overtaxing recall-retrieval of information from declarative- semantic and/or episodic kinds of memories.

The randomized open-bigram sequences provided to the subject are derived from a selected complete non-randomized direct or inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array selected from a plurality of complete open-bigrams sequences in a library of complete open-bigrams sequences. While the randomized open-bigram terms in the open-bigram sequences provided to the subject are deemed as "randomized," they adhere to a number of rules and constraints and thus cannot be considered as truly randomized. In this context, the quasi-randomization of the provided randomized open-bigram sequences means that the sequences of open-bigram terms used in the various exercises are directly generated from a herein non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms where each different open-bigram term is not only intrinsically different but also occupies a specific unique ordinal position within the nonrandomized open-bigrams sequence. Thus, there is no repeating of open-bigram terms in the non-randomized serial order of open-bigram terms.

A specific example of this unique kind of non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms is the English alphabet, in which there are 13 intrinsically different open- bigram terms occupying 13 intrinsically unique different and consecutive ordinal positions. In particular, within the present subject matter, the at least one unique serial order of different open-bigram terms comprises an open-bigram set array with a predefined number of unique intrinsically different open-bigram terms, where each open-bigram term has a predefined unique ordinal position and none of the open-bigram terms are repeated or are located at a different ordinal non-intrinsic (non-alphabetical) position.

In an aspect of the exercises presented in Example 6, the library of complete different open-bigram sequences includes the following non-randomized open-bigram sequences as defined above: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; and, inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the library of complete open-bigram sequences may contain additional or fewer set arrays of different open-bigram sequences than those listed above.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 6 are not limited to serial orders of alphabetic open-bigram sequences. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric and/or alphanumeric serial orders of open-bigram terms are used. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ serial orders of letter symbol open-bigram sequences, it is contemplated that in accordance with the provisions set forth in the method, serial orders comprising numbers and/or alphanumeric open-bigram sequences can also be used.

In an aspect of the present subject matter, the exercises of Example 6 include providing a complete non-randomized open-bigram set array in a ruler shown to the subject in addition to providing the subject with the randomized open-bigrams sequence. The visual presence of the ruler helps the subject to perform the exercise by promoting accurate and fast visual spatial recognition of the provided open-bigram set array. Thus, the ruler assists the subject to perform a step by step serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, removal, reorganization, and insertion of a number of different open-bigram terms in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence to successfully attain, for example, a nonrandomized complete direct alphabetic (A-Z) or a non-randomized complete inverse alphabetic (Z-A) open-bigram set array. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of non-randomized open-bigram sequences from the library of complete open- bigrams sequences, namely direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open- bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

The subject is given a predefined time period to validly perform the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and removal of the repeated open-bigram terms from the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence in the exercises. If, for whatever reason, the subject does not perform the sensory motor removal of a repeated open-bigram term within this predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period," then after a delay, which could be about 12 seconds, the next in-line randomized open- bigrams sequence type trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. In a non-limiting embodiment, this predefined time interval for a valid performance within the maximal time period for lack of response is defined to be 10-50 seconds, in particular 20-40 seconds, and further specifically 30 seconds.

The subject is also given another predefined time period to validly perform the serial sensorial discrimination, sensory motor selection, and ordinal reorganization of different open-bigram terms to obtain an incomplete non-randomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms in the exercises. If, for whatever reason, the subject does not perform the sensory motor reorganization of a different open-bigram term within this additional predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period," then after a delay, which could be about 12 seconds, the next in-line randomized open- bigrams sequence trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. In a non- limiting embodiment, the additional predefined time interval or valid performance time period is defined to be 10-50 seconds, in particular 20-40 seconds, and further specifically 30 seconds.

The subject is given yet another predefined time period to validly serially sensorially discriminate, sensory motor select, and insert the missing different open-bigram terms in the exercises. If, for whatever reason, the subject does not perform the correct sensory motor insertion of a missing different open-bigram term within this additional predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period," then after a delay, which could be about 12 seconds, the next in-line randomized open-bigrams sequence trial exercise for the subject to perform is displayed. In a non-limiting embodiment, this additional predefined time interval or valid performance time period is defined to be 10-50 seconds, in particular 20-40 seconds, and further specifically 30 seconds.

In the present Example 6, there is still another predefined time interval between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. However, other time intervals are also contemplated, including without limitation, 10-30 seconds and the integral times there between.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 6 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given exercise. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of Example 6 in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to sensory motor perform any of the three steps (remove, reorganize and insert) by not performing that step within a valid performance time period. In such a case, the subject will automatically be prompted to start a new trial exercise in which the subject must start the complete exercise again from the first step (sensory motor remove), even if the subject had already completed the first step or the first and second steps (sensory motor remove and reorganize). The valid performance time period can be any set period of time as indicated above.

If the subject fails to sensory motor perform in this manner for up to 3 new trial exercises consecutively presented within the first or second block exercise, then the subject ends that particular trial exercise and moves on to the next in-line trial exercise within that block exercise or the subject ends that particular trial exercise and after Δ1 moves on to the next in-line trial exercise in the next in-line block exercise (e.g., from the first block exercise to the second block exercise or from the second block exercise to the third block exercise). If the subject fails to perform for up to 3 new trial exercises within the third block exercise, then the subject is automatically stopped within the exercises of Example 6 and returned to the main menu.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to sensory motor perform by selecting a wrong open-bigram term answer at any of the 3 steps (sensory motor removal, reorganization and insertion) in any trial exercise. In the case where the subject in step 1 tries to sensory motor remove a non-repeated open-bigram term within the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence, the incorrect sensory motor removal of the non-repeated open-bigram term is immediately undone and the subject is again prompted to sensory motor remove all of the repeated open-bigram terms. Likewise, if the subject in step 2 attempts to sensory motor reorganize a wrong open-bigram term within the randomized open-bigrams sequence, then at the incorrect sensory motor reorganized open-bigram term is ignored and the randomized open-bigrams sequence is returned to its initial status prior to the subject's incorrect sensory motor reorganization. In other words, the open-bigram term that the subject wrongly attempted to relocate is immediately put back in the serial order position it occupied before the subject attempted to sensory motor move it.

Further, if the subject in step 3 attempts to sensory motor insert a wrong different open-bigram term, the incorrect sensory motor insertion is reversed at once and the incomplete non-randomized serial order of different open-bigram terms is returned to its status prior to the subject's incorrect sensory motor insertion. If the subject sensory motor performs incorrectly for three consecutive attempts at any step of the three steps (sensory motor removal, reorganization and insertion) required herein to perform in any trial exercise in block exercises 1 or 2, then the subject is transitioned on to the next in-line trial exercise in the next in-line block exercise, unless the subject is performing the third block exercise, in which case the subject is automatically stopped within the exercises of Example 6 and returned to the main menu.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 6, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is recorded in order to help generate an individual or age-gender related performance score. Performance records of all wrong sensory motor performances concerning same open-bigram term removals, different open- bigram term ordinal reorganizations and insertions for all trial exercises in all block exercises are also generated and displayed. In general, the subject will perform this task about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program.

Figs. 13A-13F depict a non- limiting example of the exercises of Example 6. In particular, Fig. 13 A shows a randomized open-bigrams sequence with repeated open-bigram terms, different open-bigram terms out of serial order relative to a complete non-randomized direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, and missing different open-bigram terms. In Fig. 13 A, the subject is prompted to perform the first step of the present exercise by sensory motor removing all of the repeated open-bigram terms from the randomized open-bigrams sequence and in a second step sensory motor reorganize the remaining different open-bigram terms in an incomplete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms in the given box. Fig. 13B shows the results of the subject successfully completing this first step.

Fig. 13C then shows all of the remaining different open-bigram terms in the provided randomized open-bigrams sequence and prompts the subject to sensory motor organize them into an incomplete non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms in the given box. Fig. 13D shows the open-bigram terms in a non-randomized direct alphabetical serial order in the box; thus, the subject successfully attained an incomplete nonrandomized alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms in the second step. The third step is depicted in Fig. 13E and Fig. 13F. In Fig. 13E, the subject is prompted to complete the incomplete direct alphabetical open-bigrams sequence by correctly sensory motor inserting the missing different open-bigram terms provided in the box. The final result is shown in Fig. 13F, where the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms are shown with changed spatial and time perceptual related attributes, specifically with spatial perceptual related attributes larger open-bigram term font size and font boldness and with time perceptual related attribute open-bigram term font color.

It is understood that the exercise depicted in Figs. 13A-13F is non-limiting and that other open-bigram sequences, including non-randomized direct alphabetical or inverse alphabetical different open-bigram sequences, may be provided to the subject, as well as numeric and/or alphanumeric open-bigram sequences, including non-randomized direct or inverse numeric and/or alphanumeric different open-bigram sequences.

The disclosed subject matter being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be modified or varied in many ways. Such modifications and variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosed subject matter and all such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

EXAMPLE 7 - Reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling direct or inverse type open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence

A goal of the presented Example 7 is to exercise a subject's ability to quickly visually search, recognize, sensory motor select, and assemble as many possible open proto-bigram terms from a provided direct or inverse alphabetic letters sequence or non-alphabetical serially ordered letters sequence. Fig. 14 is a flow chart setting forth the method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by reasoning about forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a provided letters sequence.

As can be seen in Fig. 14, the method of promoting fluid reasoning abilities in a subject comprises selecting a letters sequence having a predefined number of letters from a predefined library of letters sequences to provide to a subject along with a ruler displaying a complete open proto-bigrams sequence selected from a predefined library of open proto- bigrams sequences. All of the letters in the letters sequence have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, and likewise, all of the open proto-bigrams terms shown in the ruler have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. The subject is asked to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise, according to a predefined set of instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence and judging whether any two letters can either form or not form one or more of the open proto-bigram terms in the ruler if selected in a predefined order (direct or inverse). The subject is then prompted to select two letters recognized from the reasoning step, one letter at a time in sequential order with predefined means according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time period for sensory motor selecting all of the open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized.

If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then the correct sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term is displayed with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and a perceptual stimulus is provided to the subject. If the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then the subject is returned to the step of being prompted to sensory motor select two recognized letters within a first predefined time period for sensory motor selecting all of the open proto-bigram terms to be recognized.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a satisfactory reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non- limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. However, any number of iterations can be performed, like 1 to 23.

In another aspect of Example 7, the method of promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. Particularly, the subject matter in Example 7 includes a computer program product for promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a letters sequence from a predefined library of letters sequences to provide to a subject along with a ruler displaying a complete open proto-bigrams sequence. All of the letters in the letters sequence have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, and likewise, all of the open proto- bigrams terms shown in the ruler have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. The subject is asked to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise, according to a predefined set of instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence and judging whether any two letters either can or cannot form an open proto-bigram term. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select two letters recognized from the reasoning step, one letter at a time in sequential order with predefined means according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time period for sensory motor selecting all of the open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals, and upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, the subject is provided with the results of each iteration.

In a further aspect of Example 7, the method of promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a letters sequence from a predefined library of letters sequences, and further selecting a complete open proto- bigrams sequence from a predefined library of open proto-bigrams sequences, wherein all of the letters in the letter sequence have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes and all of the open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams sequence have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes; asking the subject on the GUI to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise according to a predefined set of instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence and judging whether any two letters either can or cannot form an open proto-bigram term; prompting the subject on the GUI to sensory motor select the two letters recognized from the reasoning step, one letter at a time in sequential order with predefined means according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time interval; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then displaying the correct sensory motor selected open proto- bigram term on the GUI with a spatial or time perceptual related attribute different than attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and providing a perceptual stimulus to the subject; if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then returning to the step of prompting the subject; repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all of the iterations.

This non-limiting Example 7 includes 4 block exercises. Each block exercise comprises 2 sequential trial exercises. In each trial exercise, a letters sequence is presented to the subject for a brief period of time. For example, in block exercises 1 and 2, the letters sequence displayed to the subject will be depicted as a direct alphabetical letters sequence (A→Z) or an inverse alphabetical letters sequence (Z→A). In block exercises 3 and 4, the letters sequences displayed to the subject will be depicted as non-alphabetical serially ordered different letters sequences. These non-alphabetical serially ordered different letters sequences comprise all 26 letters of the English alphabet, just like the direct and inverse alphabetical letters sequences, but will not be serially ordered in the same constrained manner as the letters comprising the direct and inverse alphabetical letters sequences. Without delay upon seeing the provided sequence, the subject is required to visually scan and recognize possible pairs of letters forming correct open proto-bigram terms that can or cannot be assembled from the provided letters sequence depending on the predefined instructions provided with each trial exercise. The subject is then prompted to sensory motor select with predefined means the two letters of the particular open proto-bigram terms from the ruler shown at the bottom of the exercise that according to his/her best judgment can or cannot be assembled from the provided letters sequence.

In an aspect of the exercises of Example 7, the subject is provided with predefined instructions in order to facilitate completion of the exercises. In one embodiment, the predefined instructions comprise requiring the subject to judge possible combinations of two letters within the provided letters sequence, and to recognize and sensory motor select one or more open proto-bigram terms according to one preselected requirement from the group consisting of:

1) sensory motor selecting all direct open proto-bigram terms which

can be formed;

2) sensory motor selecting all direct open proto-bigram terms which

cannot be formed;

3) sensory motor selecting all inverse open proto-bigram terms which

can be formed; or

4) sensory motor selecting all inverse open proto-bigram terms which

cannot be formed;

The predefined instructions prompt the subject to sensory motor select one letter at a time from left to right in the provided letters sequence with predefined means to form all possible open proto-bigram terms from the provided letters sequence according to the preselected requirement.

The subject is given a first predefined time interval within which the subject must validly perform the exercises. If the subject does not perform a given exercise within the first predefined time interval, also referred to as "a valid performance time period", then after a delay, which could be of about 2 seconds, the next in-line letters sequence type for the subject to perform is displayed. In an embodiment, the first predefined time interval or maximal valid performance time period for lack of response is defined to be 10-45 seconds, in particular 15- 20 seconds, and further specifically 17 seconds.

One of the main goals of the exercises of block exercise 1 of Example 7 is for the subject to learn through firsthand experience that there will always been some open proto- bigram terms that cannot be assembled from the direct and inverse alphabetical letters sequence given the unique serial order constraint of letters in the given direct or inverse alphabetical sequence. Similarly, one of the main goals of the exercises of block exercise 2 of Example 7 is for the subject to learn through firsthand experience that there will always be some open proto-bigram terms that can be assembled from the direct and inverse alphabetical letters sequence as a result of the intrinsic unique alphabetical serial order positioning of each one of the letters in the provided letters sequence. Additionally, the subject performing block exercises 3 and 4 will learn through firsthand experience that there will always be some open proto-bigram terms that can or cannot be assembled from the non-alphabetical serially ordered different letters sequences, given the non-alphabetical sequential nature of the letters provided therein.

As indicated above, the subject is prompted to sensory motor select the two letters recognized from the reasoning step, one letter at a time in sequential order with predefined means according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time period for sensory motor selecting all of the open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized. In the case where the open proto-bigram terms can be formed, the first predefined time period is equal to the product of the number of open proto-bigram terms to be recognized and correctly sensory motor selected in accordance with one of preselected requirements for open proto- bigram terms which can be formed and a period of six seconds. In other words, the time period is the number of open proto-bigrams terms which can be sensory motor selected, times 6 seconds. In the case where the open proto-bigram terms cannot be formed, the first predefined time period is equal to a product of the number of open proto-bigram terms to be recognized and correctly sensory motor selected in accordance with one of the preselected requirements for open proto-bigram terms which cannot be formed, and a period of eight seconds.

The library of complete open proto-bigram sequences comprises a predefined number of set arrays (closed serial orders of terms: symbols/letters/numbers). Nevertheless, this library may also include alphabetic open-bigram set arrays. Alphabetic open-bigram set arrays are characterized by comprising a predefined number of different open-bigram terms, each open-bigram term having a predefined unique ordinal position in the closed set array, and none of said different open-bigram terms are repeated within this predefined unique serial order of open-bigram terms. A non-limiting example of a unique open-bigram set array is obtained from the English alphabet, in which there are 13 predefined different open-bigram terms where each open-bigram term has a predefined consecutive ordinal position of a unique closed serial order among 13 different open-bigram members of a set array having only these 13 members.

In one aspect of the present subject matter, a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences is considered, which may comprise various set arrays. From the English alphabet, which is herein considered as a direct alphabetic set array, only one unique serial order of open-bigram terms can be obtained, as one among the at least six different unique serial orders of different open-bigram terms. The one derived from the English alphabet is herein denominated "direct alphabetic open-bigram set array", as set forth in the method defined above. The other five different orders of different open-bigram terms are also unique alphabetic open-bigram set arrays, which are herein denominated: inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of open-bigram terms sequences, which may be included together with the library of open proto-bigrams, may contain fewer open-bigram terms sequences than those listed above or comprise more different set arrays.

In some cases of the present exercises, the predefined library of open proto-bigram sequences comprises unique serial orders of open proto-bigram terms. In this aspect of the present subject matter, the predefined library of open proto-bigrams may comprise the following sequential orders of open proto-bigram terms wherein each sequence comprises different serial orders and number of terms of the 24 English alphabet open proto-bigrams: complete sequence of open proto-bigrams (24 terms), direct type open proto-bigram sequence (14 terms), inverse type open proto-bigram sequence (10 terms), left group of open proto- bigrams (5 terms), central type of open proto-bigrams (12 terms), and right type of open proto-bigrams (7 terms). It is understood that the above predefined library of set arrays sequences may contain additional or fewer set arrays sequences than those listed above.

In an aspect of Example 7, open proto-bigram term sequences/arrays displayed in the ruler are selected from a library of open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays. Particularly, in a non-limiting example, open proto-bigram term sequences/arrays are selected from three types of open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays:

Type 1) a complete open proto-bigram terms sequence/array comprising open proto-bigram terms: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, NO, OR, WE, US, UP, TO, SO, ON, OF, ME, IF, and HE;

Type 2) a direct open proto-bigram terms sequence/array comprising open proto-bigram terms: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, NO, and OR; and

Type 3) an inverse open proto-bigram terms sequence/array comprising open proto-bigram terms: WE, US, UP, TO, SO, ON, OF, ME, IF, and HE.

It is important to note that both direct and inverse open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays entail a single letter symbol from the pair of letter symbols making-up the open proto-bigram term that is repeated. For example, in the direct open proto-bigram terms sequence/array, the following letter symbols are repeated: 1) AM, AN, AS, AT; 2) BE, BY; 3) IN, IS, IT; 4) BY, MY; 5) DO, NO, OR, GO; 6) AN, IN, NO; 7) AT, IT; and 8) AM, MY. Similarly, the following letter symbols are repeated in the inverse open proto-bigram terms sequence/array: 1) WE, ME, HE; 2) US, UP; 3) TO, SO, ON, OF; 4) US, SO; and 5) OF, IF. The same letter symbols are repeated in the complete open proto-bigram terms sequence/array. Therefore, it should be clear that these open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays are different from a "term" or "pair" perspective. Furthermore, when viewing these open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays with an individual letters symbol perspective, the open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays include repetitive single letters symbols. This distinction is important because in the present exercises the subject is asked to assemble and sensory motor select one or more open proto-bigram terms from an alphabetical or non-alphabetical serial order letters sequence wherein all of the letter symbols are different.

In some embodiments of Example 7, the correct assembling of open proto-bigram terms requires the assembling and sensory motor selection of same single letter symbols in order to obtain a different open proto-bigram term as shown in the ruler. The end result intended to be obtained herein is a sequence/array of open proto-bigram terms, which are different from each other at the term level. However, when the subject is required to mentally simulate the assembling of such an open proto-bigram term from a letters sequence comprised of single different unitary letters, he/she does so at the single letters level, one letter symbol at a time. Thus, many single letters needing assembling into open proto-bigram terms will be used repeatedly.

The exercises in Example 7 are useful in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in the subject through the sensorial-motor and perceptual domains that engage and interact with each other when the subject cognitively reasons in order to perform the given exercise. That is, the serial manipulating of letter symbols to form open proto-bigram terms by the subject engages body movements to execute sensory motor selecting the next open proto-bigram term, and combinations thereof.

The sensory motor activity engaged within the subject may be any sensory motor activity jointly involved in the sensorial perception of the letter sequence and open proto- bigram terms. Non- limiting examples of sensory motor activities include touching a screen where the selected letter is located, clicking on the selected letter with a mouse, voicing sounds the selected letter represents, and touching each selected letter from the letters sequence with a pointer or stick. While any body movements can be considered motor activity implemented by the subject body, the present subject matter is mainly concerned with implemented body movements selected from the group consisting of body movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers, tongue, lips and combinations thereof.

By requesting that the subject engage in specific degrees of body motor activity, the exercises of Example 7 are requiring the subject to bodily-ground cognitive fluid intelligence abilities. The exercises of Example 7 cause the subject to revisit an early developmental realm where he/she implicitly acted/experienced fast and efficient enactment of fluid cognitive abilities when specifically implementing serial pattern recognition of non-concrete terms/symbols meshing with a variety of salient spatial-time perceptual related attributes. The established relationships between these non-concrete terms/symbols and a number of salient spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes heavily promote symbolic knowhow in a subject. By doing this, the exercises of Example 7 strengthen inductive reasoning ability in a subject to correctly infer, on the fly, the next letter forming an open proto-bigram term.

It is important that the exercises of Example 7 accomplish this open proto-bigram pattern recognition formation process by downplaying or mitigating as much as possible the subject need to recall-retrieve and use verbal semantic or episodic memory knowledge in order to support or assist his/her inductive reasoning strategies to problem solving of the exercises in Example 7. The exercises of Example 7 are mainly within promoting fluid intelligence in general and inductive reasoning in particular in the subject, but do not rise to the operational level of promoting crystalized intelligence via explicit associative learning based on declarative semantic knowledge. As such, the serial orders in the selected letters sequences to form one or more open proto-bigram terms are herein selected to specifically downplay or mitigate the subject's need for developing problem solving strategies and/or drawing inductive-deductive inferences necessitating verbal knowledge and/or recall-retrieval of information from declarative-semantic and/or episodic kinds of memories.

In the present Example 7, there are second predefined time intervals between block exercises. Let Δ1 herein represent a time interval between block exercises' performances of the present task, where Δ1 is herein defined to be of 8 seconds. There are also third predefined time intervals between the trial exercises in each block exercise. Let Δ2 herein represent a time interval between trial exercises' performances in each block exercise of the present task, where Δ2 is herein defined to be of 4 seconds. However, other time intervals are also contemplated, including without limitation, 5-15 seconds and the integral times there between. The present exercises of Example 7 include providing the subject with a ruler depicting a direct or inverse open proto-bigrams array. In effect, the visual presence of the ruler facilitates the subject's ability to expedite his/her serial discovery and recognition- assembly of one or more correct open proto-bigram terms embedded within an alphabetical or non-alphabetical serial order letters sequence. The ruler's presence provides the subject with information about the embedded kind and number of open proto-bigram terms he/she is asked to correctly assemble. Further, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of open proto- bigram terms sequences/arrays from a library of open proto-bigram terms sequences/arrays including at least: a complete open proto-bigram sequence/array, a direct open proto-bigram sequence/array, and an inverse open proto-bigram sequence/array.

In a further non-limiting aspect, the subject is required to reason which two letters of one or more open proto-bigram terms can be correctly assembled when sensory motor selecting them with predefined means in a predefined direction from a predefined direct alphabetical, inverse alphabetical, or non-alphabetical serial order of letters where all of the letters in the sequence are different. Alternatively, the subject may be instructed to reason which two letters of one or more open proto-bigram terms cannot be correctly assembled, when sensory motor selected with predefined means in a selected direction. For all of the exercises discussed herein, the predefined means comprise one or more sensory activities. Without restriction, the predefined means may include touching the screen of the display where the selected letters are located, clicking on the selected letter with a mouse, voicing the sounds the selected letters represent, and touching each selected letter from the letters sequence with a pointer or stick.

Further, the subject will be given a first predefined time period to correctly sensory motor select the two letters of an open proto-bigram term, one letter after the other. The open proto-bigram terms that can or cannot be correctly assembled by the subject, according to the provided instructions, within the provided letters sequence will become time perceptual related attribute colored, will light up and will become time perceptual related attribute flicker in their respective serial positions in the open proto-bigram array displayed in the ruler. When all of the required open proto-bigram terms have been sensory motor selected according to the provided instructions, all of the correctly identified open proto-bigram terms will again change their spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute(s) during a second predefined time period. In a non-limiting case, the second predefined time period is 7 seconds. In one aspect of Example 7, the perceptual stimulus of each correctly selected open proto-bigram term is provided to the subject as one or more pre-selected stimuli forms including visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. In other words, the conveyance of a correct answer to the subject is done through the use of a visual stimulus as further detailed below, through the use of an auditory stimulus such as a particular sound or sound modulation (e.g., amplitude or frequency), or through the use of a tactile stimulus, such as for example, a vibrator attached to the subject's body.

In an alternative aspect of Example 7, the open proto-bigram terms correctly assembled by the subject will change spatial or time perceptual related attributes (thus providing a visual stimulus to the subject), of which the above-described time perceptual related attribute color change is one example. In this alternative aspect, the correctly assembled open proto-bigram term is then displayed with a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute. The changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the 2 symbols forming the correct open proto-bigram term answer is selected from the group of spatial or time related perceptual attributes, which includes symbol font color, symbol sound, symbol font size, symbol font style, symbol font spacing, symbol font case, symbol font boldness, symbol font angle of rotation, symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the correctly sensory motor selected symbols of the open proto-bigram term may be displayed with a time related perceptual attribute "flickering" behavior in order to further highlight the differences in spatial or time perceptual related attributes, as indicated above.

In a particular aspect of Example 7, the change in spatial or time perceptual related attributes is either done according to predefined correlations between space and time perceptual related attributes and the ordinal serial position of those open proto-bigram terms in one preselected sequence of the 6 open proto-bigram sequences/arrays defined in the method or by other kinds of correlation. In a non-limiting case, an example of a correlation between an ordinal serial position and the respective spatial or time perceptual related attribute to be changed is based on the subject's visual perceptual field view of a complete direct alphabetic set array of the English language. In this example, the first ordinal serial position (occupied by the letter "A") will generally appear towards the left side of his/her field of vision, whereas the last ordinal serial position (occupied by the letter "Z") will appear towards his/her right visual field of vision. For a non-limiting example of these predefined ordinal serial position field of view correlations, if the ordinal serial position of the open proto-bigram term for which a spatial or time perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the left field of vision of the subject, the desired change in the spatial or time perceptual related attribute may be different than if the ordinal serial position of the open proto-bigram term for which the spatial or time perceptual related attribute will be changed falls in the right field of vision of the subject.

In this non-limiting example, if the perceptual related attribute to be changed is the time perceptual related attribute symbol font color of the open proto-bigram term and the ordinal serial position of the open proto-bigram term falls in the left field of vision of the subject, then the time perceptual related attribute symbol font color will be changed to a first different symbol font color. However, if the ordinal serial position of the open proto-bigram term falls in the right field of vision of the subject, then the time perceptual related attribute symbol font color will be changed to a second symbol font color different from the first symbol font color. Likewise, if the perceptual related attribute to be changed is the spatial perceptual related attribute symbol font size of the open proto-bigram term being displayed, then those open proto-bigram terms with an ordinal serial position falling in the left field of vision of the subject will be changed to a first different symbol font size, while the open proto-bigram terms with an ordinal serial position falling in the right field of vision of the subject will be changed to a second different symbol font size that is also different than the first different symbol font size.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 7 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to sensory motor select any of the letters that form or do not form the required open proto-bigram term by not sensory motor click-selecting (that is, the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse or any other means, a letter of a correct open proto-bigram term within a valid performance time period, such as 60 seconds; a new trial exercise is then executed immediately thereafter wherein the subject will be required to perform from scratch. In the event that more than 120 seconds have elapsed since the subject started a block exercise and failed to sensory motor select the two letters of at least one (1) correct open proto-bigram term answer from the provided letters sequence in a trial exercise, then the letters sequence is terminated and the next in-line block exercise is displayed.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by not correctly selecting two (2) open proto-bigram term answers from the array of open proto- bigram terms shown in the ruler for a provided letters sequence. However, selection of at least two (2) correct open proto-bigram term answers may automatically allow the subject to proceed to the next in-line trial exercise in the current block exercise or the next in line block exercise. Additionally and irrespective of the valid performance time period, when the subject sensory motor selects incorrect open proto-bigram term answers during three consecutive times for any provided letters sequence, the current direct, inverse, or non-alphabetical different letters sequence trial exercise performance in the current block exercise is terminated and the next in- line block exercise will be displayed.

Furthermore, it is also important to consider that the exercises of Example 7 are not limited to alphabetic symbols in the exercises. It is also contemplated that the exercises are also useful when numeric serial orders and/or alpha-numeric serial orders are used within the exercises. In other words, while the specific examples set forth employ alphabetic open proto-bigram terms, it is also contemplated that numbers and/or alpha-numeric symbols can be used.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 7, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group performance score. Incorrect sensory motor selections of open proto-bigram term answers are also recorded and counted as part of the subject's performance score. In general, the subject will perform the exercises of Example 7 about 6 times during his/her language based neuroperformance training program.

Figs. 15A-15K depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence according to a predefined set of instructions. In general, the alphabetical unique serial positioning of the letters in the displayed letters sequence determine de facto how many terms can or cannot be assembled therefrom. Fig. 15A shows a direct alphabetic letters sequence which the subject must visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms either can or cannot be assembled based on the predefined set of instructions. In this case, the subject is prompted to recognize the open proto-bigram terms which cannot be assembled from the provided direct alphabetic letter sequence. The subject then sensory motor selects, using predefined means, the particular open proto-bigram term from the array of open proto-bigrams terms shown in the ruler which he/she determines cannot be formed from the provided letters sequence. Fig. 15B shows that "WE" is a correct open proto-bigram term selection. A correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term will immediately become time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and light up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler.

Figs. 15-15J show the same direct alphabetic letters sequence from which the subject may still reason in order to assemble and sensory motor select more open proto-bigram terms. It is important to note that previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 15K shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition to correctly sensory motor selected open proto- bigrams terms becoming time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active, they will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

It is noted that the provided open proto-bigram terms array displayed in the ruler of Figs. 15A-15K is provided in a non-randomized alphabetical order. The herein presented serial order configuration of the complete open proto-bigram terms array shown in the ruler will only be implemented the very first time the subject will be required to perform the exercises in block exercises #1 and #2 of present Example 7.

Figs. 16A-160 depict a number of non- limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence according to a predefined set of instructions. Fig. 16A shows an inverse alphabetic letters sequence which the subject must visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled based on the predefined set of instructions. The subject then, using predefined means, sensory motor selects the particular open proto-bigram term from the array of open proto-bigrams terms shown in the ruler which he/she determines cannot be formed from the provided letters sequence. Fig. 16B shows that "AM" is a correct open proto-bigram term sensory motor selection. The correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler. Figs. 16C-16N show the same inverse alphabetic letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram term time perceptual related attribute symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 160 shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre- as signed time period.

Figs. 17A-170 depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence much like those previously discussed with respect to Figs. 15A-15K. However, the difference in the examples of Figs. 17A-170 is that the predefined set of instructions requires the subject to determine which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled. Fig. 17 A shows a direct alphabetical letters sequence which the subject must visually scan and recognize all of the open proto-bigram terms which can be assembled therefrom. As previously mentioned, the unique alphabetical serial positioning of the letters in the provided letters sequence will determine de facto which and the number of open proto- bigram terms that can be assembled.

Fig. 17B shows the correctly assembled open proto-bigram term "AM". In Figs. 17C- 17N, the direct alphabetic letters sequence is displayed along with the open proto-bigram terms array shown in the ruler below. This time, however, previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are shown having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram term time perceptual related attribute symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. Fig. 170 shows all of the correctly assembled open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period

Similarly, Figs. 18A-18K depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 18A shows an inverse alphabetic letters sequence which the subject must visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled based on the predefined set of instructions. The subject then using predefined means sensory motor selects the particular open proto-bigram term from the array of open proto-bigrams terms shown in the ruler which he/she determines can be formed from the provided letters sequence. Fig. 18B shows that "WE" is a correct open proto-bigram term sensory motor selection. The correctly assembled open proto-bigram term immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler.

Figs. 18C-18J show the same inverse alphabetic letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 18K shows all of the correctly assembled open proto-bigram terms. Correctly selected open proto- bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

In Figs. 19A-19F, non- limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence are provided. Different from the previously discussed non-limiting examples, Fig. 19A shows a non-alphabetical different letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. A ruler containing an array of open proto-bigram terms is also provided therewith. It is important to note that the unique serial positioning of the letters in the displayed non-alphabetical letters sequence is what determines de facto which and how many open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled from the provided letters sequence. In this case, the subject is required to recognize and sensory motor select, with predefined means, the open proto-bigram terms that cannot be assembled from the provided non-alphabetical different letters sequence based on a direct alphabetical letters sequence.

Fig. 19B shows a correctly assembled open proto-bigram term "BY." The correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "BY" immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler. Figs. 19C-19E show the same non- alphabetic different letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram term time perceptual related attribute symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 19F shows all of the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto- bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

Figs. 20A-20G also depict non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 20A shows a non-alphabetical different letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms cannot be assembled therefrom. In this case, the subject is required to recognize and sensory motor select, using predefined means, the open proto-bigram terms that cannot be assembled from the provided non-alphabetical different letters sequence based on an inverse alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 20A also shows all of the open proto-bigram term answers that can be assembled from an inverse alphabetic set array shown in the ruler. Fig. 20B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "WE". The correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "WE" immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler.

Figs. 20C-20F show the same non-alphabetic different letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram term symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 20G shows all of the correctly selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

Figs. 21A-21J depict a number of non-limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence much like those previously discussed with respect to Figs. 19A-19F. However, the difference in the examples of Figs. 21A-21J is that the predefined set of instructions requires the subject to determine which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled. Fig. 21A shows a non-alphabetical different letters sequence which the subject must visually scan and recognize all of the open proto-bigram terms which can be assembled therefrom. A ruler containing an array of open proto-bigram terms is also provided therewith. As previously mentioned, the serial alphabetical unique positioning of the letters in the provided letters sequence will determine de facto which and the number of open proto- bigram terms that can be assembled.

Fig. 21B shows the correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "AM". The correctly selected open proto-bigram term "AM" immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler. Figs. 21C-21I show the same non-alphabetic different letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram term symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 21 J shows all of the correctly selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

Likewise, Figs. 22A-22E show non- limiting examples of the exercises for reasoning about the possibility of forming or assembling open proto-bigram terms from a letters sequence. Fig. 22A shows a non-alphabetical different letters sequence for the subject to visually scan and recognize which open proto-bigram terms can be assembled therefrom. In this case, the subject is required to recognize and sensory motor select, with predefined means, the open proto-bigram terms that can be assembled from the provided non- alphabetical different letters sequence based on an inverse alphabetical letters sequence. Fig. 22A also shows all of the open proto-bigram term answers that can be assembled from an inverse alphabetic set array shown in the ruler. Fig. 22B shows a correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term "SO". The correctly sensory motor selected open proto- bigram term "SO" immediately becomes time perceptual related attribute symbol font color active and lights up in the open proto-bigrams array shown in the ruler.

Figs. 22C and 22D show the same non-alphabetic different letters sequence from which the subject may still assemble more open proto-bigram terms, and the previously correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler having a different time perceptual related attribute, such as a change in open proto-bigram symbol font color, than the other open proto-bigram terms of the array. It is understood that other spatial or time perceptual related attributes could also be changed to highlight the correct answer. Fig. 22E shows all of the correctly selected open proto-bigram terms. In addition, correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram terms will also become time perceptual related attribute symbol font flicker active for a pre-assigned time period.

EXAMPLE 8 - Pre-attentive parallel visual search, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of one or more target terms within a crowd of distractor terms in an open-bigrams matrix

A goal of the presented Example 8 is to promote a subject's ability to visually search, perform an efficient and fast pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of one or more target terms embedded in a crowd of distractor terms in a provided open-bigrams matrix. The subject matter of Example 8 is generally related to promoting reasoning abilities in a subject through the use and manipulation of open-bigrams and/or open proto-bigrams. Fig. 23 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts of method that the present exercises use in promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject by promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of target terms.

As can be seen in Fig. 23, the method of promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject comprises selecting a first number of open- bigram terms and a second number of open-bigram terms of any class from a library of open- bigram terms of a selected language, arranging the second number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays in a predefined matrix, and selecting one or more sectors in the matrix where the selected first number of open-bigram terms replace an equal number of the selected second number of open-bigram terms, wherein the first number of open-bigram terms are target terms and the second number of open-bigram terms are distractor terms. All of the open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. In addition to the arranged open-bigrams matrix, the subject is also provided with a ruler displaying an alphabetic letters sequence from the selected language.

The subject is then prompted to search, recognize, and select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix within a first predefined time period. Correctly selected target terms are displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler. However, if the selection made by the subject is incorrect, then the subject is returned to the prior step of being prompted to search, recognize, and select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix. When the last correct target term is selected from the open-bigrams matrix, all of the correctly selected target terms are again displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler.

In another aspect of Example 8, the method of promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject is implemented through a computer program product. Particularly, the subject matter in Example 8 includes a computer program product for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a first number of open-bigram terms and a second number of open-bigram terms of any class from a library of open-bigram terms of a selected language, arranging the second number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays in a predefined open-bigrams matrix, and selecting one or more sectors in the open-bigrams matrix where the selected first number of open- bigram terms replace an equal number of the second number of open-bigram terms, wherein the first number of open-bigram terms are target terms and the second number of open- bigram terms are distractor terms. All of the open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes. In addition to the arranged open-bigrams matrix, the subject is also provided with a ruler displaying a predefined alphabetic letters sequence from the selected language.

The subject is then prompted to search, recognize, and sensory motor select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix within a first predefined time period. Correctly selected target terms are displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler. However, if the selection made by the subject is incorrect, then the subject is returned to the prior step of being prompted to search, recognize, and sensory motor select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix. When the last correct target term is selected from the open- bigrams matrix, all of the correctly selected target terms are again displayed with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler.

In a further aspect of Example 8, the method of promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject is implemented through a system. The system for promoting pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a first number of open-bigram terms and a second number of open-bigram terms from a library of open-bigram terms of a selected language, arranging the second number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays in a predefined open-bigrams matrix, and selecting one or more sectors in the open-bigrams matrix where the selected first number of open-bigram terms replace an equal number of the second number of open-bigram terms, wherein the first number of open-bigram terms are target terms and the second number of open-bigram terms are distractor terms, and wherein all of the open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, and providing the arranged open-bigrams matrix and a ruler displaying a predefined alphabetic letters sequence from the selected language to the subject on the GUI; prompting the subject on the GUI to search, recognize, and sensory motor select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix within a first predefined time period; determining if the subject correctly selected a target term; if the selection made by the subject is a correct selection, then displaying the correctly selected target term on the GUI with a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler; if the selection made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to the step of prompting the subject to search, recognize, and sensory motor select all of the target terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix; if the selection made by the subject is of the last correct target term from the arranged open-bigrams matrix, then again displaying all of the correctly selected target terms on the GUI with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged open-bigrams matrix and the ruler; repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all of the iterations.

In the present Example 8, the subject is required to exercise on the fly, an efficient visual search and fast pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of one or more target terms while inhibiting his/her visual attention and perceptual orienting from focusing on a crowd of open-bigrams or open proto-bigrams distractor terms. It is contemplated that the selected target terms may be open-bigram terms or open proto-bigram terms, and likewise, the selected distractor terms may be either open-bigram or open proto-bigram terms. In general, this task is accomplished by a predetermined configuration of open-bigram or open proto-bigram distractor terms that automatically steer the subject's pre-attentive visual spatial attention to effortlessly conduct an efficient pre-attentive visual search. The uniqueness of the herein visual search is manifested by the visual attention mechanism committed in parallel to fast and efficient recognition of salient spatial or time perceptual related attributes possessed by one or more target terms which differ in kind from those spatial or time perceptual related attributes possessed by the crowd of open-bigram or open proto-bigram distractor terms in the arranged open-bigrams matrix. Particularly, the target terms are embedded within a crowd of open-bigram or open proto-bigram distractor terms arranged in a predefined open-bigrams matrix format.

In a non-limiting aspect of Example 8, the spatial structure concerning the distribution of the herein presented open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms comprise an "open proto-bigrams terms matrix". The open proto-bigrams terms matrix is composed of open proto-bigrams terms displayed serially, forming open proto-bigrams terms sequences which may include arrays of the same open proto-bigram term. In Example 8, all open proto- bigrams terms are serially joined together horizontally to form open proto-bigrams terms sequences of the same terms. When these open proto-bigrams sequences are stacked vertically, they depict an open proto-bigrams terms matrix. In essence, an open proto-bigrams terms matrix includes a kind of "pair of symbols matrix" that displays two kinds of open proto-bigrams terms in a sequential manner. The first kind of open proto-bigram terms is herein denominated open proto-bigrams "targets" and the second kind of open proto-bigrams terms is herein denominated open proto-bigrams "distractors." Fig. 24 shows non-limiting exemplary possible open proto-bigrams matrix configurations. In another non-limiting aspect of Example 8, the open proto-bigrams terms matrix may also be composed of open-bigrams which are not of the open proto-bigrams class. In other words, it is contemplated that the open proto-bigrams terms matrix can also be considered as an open-bigram terms matrix in which open-bigram terms make up the bulk of the matrix, and wherein open proto-bigrams to be searched and identified as target terms will replace an equal number of open-bigram terms within the matrix. In this aspect, it is understood that whenever the open proto-bigrams terms matrix is described above and below, the description applies equally to a non-proto-bigram terms matrix that may consist mainly of open-bigram terms.

The library of complete open proto-bigram sequences comprises a predefined number of set arrays (closed serial orders of terms: alphanumeric symbols/letters/numbers), which may include alphabetic set arrays. Alphabetic set arrays are characterized by a predefined number of different letter terms, each letter term having a predefined unique ordinal position in the closed set array, and none of said different letter terms are repeated within this predefined unique serial order of letter terms. A non-limiting example of a unique set array is the English alphabet, in which there are 13 predefined different open-bigram terms where each open-bigram term has a predefined consecutive ordinal position of a unique closed serial order among 13 different members of a set array only comprising 13 open-bigram term members.

In one aspect of the present subject matter, a predefined library of complete open- bigrams sequences is considered, which may comprise set arrays. A unique serial order of open-bigram terms can be obtained from the English alphabet, as one among the at least six other different unique serial orders of open-bigram terms. In particular, an alphabetic set array can be obtained from the English alphabet, which is herein denominated: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array. The other five different orders of the same open-bigram terms are also unique alphabetic open-bigram set arrays, which are herein denominated: inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of open-bigram terms sequences may contain fewer open-bigram terms sequences than those listed above or may comprise more different open-bigram set arrays. In an aspect of the present methods, the at least one unique serial order comprises a sequence of open-bigram terms. In this aspect, the predefined library of set arrays may comprise the following set arrays of sequential orders of open-bigrams terms, where each open-bigram term is a different member of the set array having a predefined unique ordinal position within the set: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of set arrays may contain additional or fewer set arrays sequences than those listed above.

In an embodiment of Example 8, the open-bigram terms are selected from a library of English language open-bigram terms. Further, any class of open-bigram terms may comprise three open-bigram terms classes including: 1) open proto-bigram terms; 2) alphabetic open- bigram set arrays; and 3) all open-bigram terms of non-repeated letters not of classes 1) or 2). Still, the alphabetic open-bigram set arrays may include: direct open-bigram set arrays, inverse open-bigram set arrays, direct type open-bigram set arrays, inverse type open-bigram set arrays, central type open-bigram set arrays, and inverse central type open-bigram set arrays.

In one non- limiting example, each open proto-bigrams terms matrix comprises 1440 single letter symbols or 720 open proto-bigram terms namely, target(s) and distractors open proto-bigrams terms. These 720 open proto-bigram targets and distractors terms are spatially horizontally distributed inside the open proto-bigram terms matrix forming open proto- bigrams terms sequences in a selected number of horizontal arrays. In one embodiment, the number of horizontal arrays is between 30 and 50. More so, each open proto-bigrams terms sequence entails 18 open proto-bigrams terms in the array (making-up an open proto-bigrams sequence of 36 single letters symbols). Yet, each horizontal array of open proto-bigrams terms sequence is configured such that 40 other same terms length open proto-bigrams sequences are stacked upon each other vertically, thus generating a 720 open proto-bigrams terms matrix over a spatial surface. It is also contemplated that the predefined matrix format may be configured such that the left and right borders of the predefined matrix format do not line up to form a straight vertical line in accordance with a predefined number of horizontal arrays with different numbers of open proto-bigram terms.

Open-bigram terms may be arranged in the open-bigram terms matrix by a previously selected direct alphabetic or inverse alphabetic serial order. Alternatively, the open-bigram terms may be arranged in the open-bigram terms matrix at random. In some embodiments, the selected number of open proto-bigram target terms may range from 1 to 9 terms while the combined number of target terms and distractor terms may range from 360 to 1200 terms for a given arranged open-bigram terms matrix. Further still, the total number of open-bigram and open proto-bigram terms in each horizontal array of the arranged matrix may be between 12 and 24.

In another non-limiting example, the open proto-bigrams terms matrix spatial coordinates are divided into 3 distinctive visual fields regions. Accordingly, the spatial coordinates of each open proto-bigram target and distractor term inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix are derived and correlated to the specific visual field region serially occupied by each of the single letters forming an alphabetical serial order sequence (e.g., the English alphabet). Example 8 presents the selected open proto-bigram targets (from the 24 English language open proto-bigrams terms) as located inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix in direct correlation to their respective visual field region affiliation in the alphabetical serial order sequence of relevance (e.g., English language) in the following manner: the Left Visual Field (LVF) region contains the left group open proto-bigrams terms: AM, BE, IF, HE and ME; the Central Visual Field (CVF) region contains the central group open proto- bigrams terms: IN, GO, OF, IS, DO, IT, MY, AN, AS, WE, AT, and BY; and the Right Visual Field (RVF) region contains the right group open proto-bigrams terms: NO, ON, US, OR, SO, TO and UP. The LVF region, CVF region, and RVF region may also be interchangeably referred to as the left sector, the central sector, and the right sector, respectively, of the predefined open proto-bigram terms matrix.

Still, within the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, each visual field region comprises a different number of cells, wherein each open proto-bigram term or each open-bigram is considered as a "cell." In the following non-limiting example, an open proto-bigram terms matrix having three visual field regions is made up of 40 horizontal rows, one row above another in a vertical arrangement, and with each row comprising 18 open proto-bigram terms. The LVF region extends horizontally and vertically, starting from the first upper left inside open proto-bigram terms sequence horizontally until cell position #4, and vertically until cell position #40 thus occupying a total surface made of 4 x 40 = 160 cell positions constituting the left sector. Selected LVF open proto-bigrams target(s) terms options will be exclusively displayed within these 160 cells positions of the left sector inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Left group open proto-bigram terms will also be displayed on a left side of the ruler for the subject's reference in some embodiments. Selected LVF open proto-bigrams terms options are herein operationally predefined to be treated as 'targets' or 'distractor' terms. However, RVF open proto-bigrams terms cannot be selected to be open proto-bigrams terms distractors to any selected open proto-bigrams target(s) in the LVF region.

In the same non-limiting example, CVF open proto-bigram terms options will be displayed in the CVF region, which extends horizontally and vertically, starting from the upper left horizontal open proto-bigram terms sequence that is horizontal from cell position #5 to cell position #13 and vertical until cell position #40, occupying a total surface of 9 x 40 = 360 cell positions constituting the central sector of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Central group open proto-bigram terms will also be displayed in a central part of the ruler for the subject's reference in some embodiments. All CVF region open proto-bigrams terms are herein operationally predefined to be treated as 'targets' and 'distractor' open proto-bigrams terms. CVF region open proto-bigrams terms may also be open proto-bigrams distractor terms to open proto-bigrams target(s) terms selected from the LVF and RVF regions. However, LVF and RVF open proto-bigrams terms cannot be distractors terms to any open proto-bigrams target(s) terms selected from the CVF region. Further, when a particular CVF open proto-bigram term option is selected to be an open proto-bigram 'target' term, this option will be displayed exclusively in the particular assigned 360 cells within the CVF region inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix.

In still the same non-limiting example, the RVF region extends horizontally and vertically, starting from the upper most left open proto-bigrams terms sequence, horizontal from cell position #14 to cell position #18 and vertical until cell position # 40, occupying a total surface of 5 x 40 = 200 cell positions constituting the right sector of the open proto- bigrams terms matrix. Right group open proto-bigram terms will also be displayed on a right side of the ruler for the subject's reference in some embodiments. Selected RVF open proto- bigrams terms are herein operationally predefined to be treated as 'targets' or 'distractors.' Nevertheless, LVF region open proto-bigrams terms cannot be selected to be open proto- bigrams distractor terms to any selected open proto-bigram target(s) terms in the RVF region. Further, the selected RVF open proto-bigrams target(s) terms option will be displayed exclusively within the 200 cells positions assigned to the RVF region inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix.

Given that the predefined open proto-bigram terms matrix is only made up of "cells" of targets and distractors, the following open proto-bigrams proportions are defined as a default arrangement of the open proto-bigram terms matrix in some embodiments. The left sector has the closest integer number to 20% of all of the "cells" in the open proto-bigram terms matrix, the central sector has the closest integer number to 50% of all of the "cells", and the right sector has the closest integer number to 30% of all of the "cells". However, other percentage distributions by sector of open proto-bigram terms for an arranged open proto-bigram matrix are also contemplated. In other words, the predefined open proto-bigram terms matrix may be arranged with any other predefined open proto-bigram terms proportion of the selected open proto-bigram terms between the left, central, and right sectors.

In another aspect of Example 8, different time perceptual related attribute colors may be assigned to open proto-bigrams terms options in correlation to their specific target operational roles inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. In one non-limiting example, an open proto-bigram target-distractor pair of terms from the same spatial visual field region will be displayed in a first time perceptual related attribute color inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix.

As shown in Fig. 25A, in the LVF region, the open proto-bigram target term "IF" and the open proto-bigram distractor term "ME" are both displayed in the time perceptual related attribute red color inside the open proto-bigram terms matrix. Yet, when open proto-bigrams targets terms options are to be displayed inside a second spatial visual field region inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms will be displayed in a second time perceptual related attribute color. As shown in Fig. 28A, in the CVF region, the open proto-bigram target(s) and distractor terms are both displayed in the time perceptual related attribute green color. Still, when one or more selected open proto- bigrams targets terms options are to be displayed inside a third spatial visual field region inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, open proto-bigram target(s) and distractors terms will be displayed in a third time perceptual related attribute color. As shown in Fig. 26A, in the RVF region, the open proto-bigram target(s) and distractor terms are displayed in the time perceptual related attribute blue color.

For the particular case where the time perceptual related attribute velocity V is selected for any open proto-bigrams target(s) terms at any visual field region inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix for any open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise of the present task, the initial assigned time perceptual related attribute color of the selected open proto-bigram target(s) term(s) will remain active until the completion of the trial exercise, regardless of the selected open proto-bigrams target(s) terms potential to move across multiple visual field regions inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix.

In a general aspect of Example 8, for each block exercise and in each trial exercise, the type and amount of open proto-bigram and/or open-bigram terms will be selected in a randomly or pre-assigned manner from a library featuring different open proto-bigrams and open-bigram choices. Particularly, the open proto-bigrams or the open-bigram terms matrix may be configured based on at least the following options: 1) a single open-bigram or open proto-bigram term that will play a dual operational role, as the target term(s) and the distractor terms, inside the matrix; and 2) two distinct open-bigram or open proto-bigram terms, where one term is selected to be the target(s) and a second different term choice is selected to be the distractor terms. Alternatively, it is contemplated that the subset of open- bigram terms (distractor terms) selected to be replaced by the target open proto-bigram terms are not replaced and instead become target terms in the arranged open bigram term matrix.

The target terms and all of the distractor terms may be perceptually differentiated at the outset of an exercise for an arranged open bigram or open proto-bigram terms matrix by having preselected different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes. It is further noted that the visual spatial field regions may impact the number of open proto-bigram target(s) terms options displayed therein. Particularly, only a single (1) open proto-bigram target term is allowed to be displayed for the LVF region, no more than two (2) open proto- bigram target terms can be displayed for the RVF region, and no fewer than three (3) but no more than six (6) open proto-bigrams target terms are allowed to be displayed for the CVF region.

In a further aspect of Example 8, certain spatial and time perceptual related attributes may be changed for the open proto-bigram terms. In general, open proto-bigram target(s) and distractor terms are visually perceptually distinct by a single salient spatial or time perceptual related attribute. However, in some embodiments, all of the open proto-bigram target(s) and all of the open proto-bigrams distractor terms are almost visually perceptually alike/the same.

In one non-limiting example, all of the open proto-bigrams distractors terms are displayed inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a first spatial perceptual related attribute font while the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms are displayed with a second spatial perceptual related attribute font. Otherwise, all of the other spatial and time perceptual related attributes of the open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms are strictly displayed as the same. Thus, this single pre-assigned salient spatial or time perceptual related attribute difference between open proto-bigram target(s) and distractor terms should be effortlessly and rapidly picked-up by the subject's peripheral attentional system, such that it is expected that the subject's brain will successfully inhibit focusing his/her attention to the crowd of open proto-bigrams distractor terms. Further, it is also expected that the user will immediately recognize (isolate from the open proto-bigrams distractors crowd) the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms and immediately proceed to correctly sensory motor select the target(t) terms according to the specific requirements of the given exercise.

Additionally, the open proto-bigrams target(s) and/or distractor terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix may have the following spatial or spatial collective or time perceptual related attributes changes: A) different open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms configurations - distinctive open proto-bigram target-distractor terms derive from different ordinal positions occupied by these open proto-bigrams terms in a pre-assigned open proto-bigrams direct or inverse sequence (from a library of open-bigrams sequences); B) font size change; C) font type change; D) font boldness change; E) font color change; F) font spatial angular rotation change; G) font intermittency/flickering change; H) open proto- bigrams term(s) cells location changes (cell repositioning of open proto-bigrams target(s) terms within their respective assigned visual field regions inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix); and I) velocity/direction of movement (constant [smooth] displacement) change of all of the target open proto-bigrams terms.

In an embodiment having an arranged open-bigram term matrix of open-bigram terms, the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute change for the open proto-bigram terms in the arranged open-bigram term matrix may be a font color change and/or a font flickering change. Even more so, the spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute change may be different for each of the left, central, and right group open proto-bigram terms. Specifically, the font color change for left group open proto-bigram terms may be a red font color, the font color change for central group open proto-bigram terms may be a green font color, and the font color change for right group open proto-bigram terms may be a blue font color.

In another non-limiting example, for those open proto-bigram target terms that have cell location changes and a spatial or time perceptual related attribute change, the open proto- bigram target terms may remain in the same cell location within their respective sectors for a third predefined period of time Δ5, herein defined as 9 seconds. Thereafter, they may then change cell position according to a predefined or randomly selected new cell location within their respective sectors, and remain in the new cell location for the third predefined period of time as before. The open proto-bigram target terms may repeat this changing of cell location in a periodic manner during an exercise. However, open proto-bigram target terms that have been correctly selected by the subject will be excluded from changing cell locations once identified.

For some embodiments of Example 8 where the spatial or time perceptual related attribute change involves the velocity/direction of movement in the open proto-bigram terms, the horizontal arrays of open-bigram terms for an arranged open-bigram terms matrix may simultaneously move toward a predefined left or right direction in a visual field of the subject at a predefined or randomly selected speed.

In a non-limiting example, for an exercise scenario having two different open proto- bigrams terms, one selected as an open proto-bigram target(s) term and the other selected as the open proto-bigram distractors, both selected different open proto-bigrams terms will be displayed inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix with same spatial and time perceptual related attributes but NOT with same spatial collective perceptual related attributes. Specifically, the goal of this particular open proto-bigrams terms matrix configuration trial exercise will be to search, recognize, and sensory motor select one or more open proto- bigrams target(s) terms that are specifically visually perceptually different in their respective symbols shape representations given that the selected open proto-bigrams terms occupy different unique serial ordinal positions (each open proto-bigram term serial position in relation to the other) in a particular selected direct or inverse open proto-bigram sequence.

As discussed above, the subject is required to sensory-motor select target terms from a provided open-bigram terms matrix in Example 8. For all of the exercises discussed herein, the subject may execute the sensory-motor selection by performing one or more sensory activities. Without restriction, the one or more sensory activities may include touching the screen of the display where the target term(s) are located, clicking on the selected target term with a mouse, voicing the sounds the selected target terms represent, and touching each selected target term from the arranged matrix with a pointer or stick.

This non-limiting Example 8 includes 5 block exercises. Each block exercise comprises 2 sequential open proto-bigram terms matrices trial exercises wherein the subject is required to visually search, recognize, and sensory motor select the open proto-bigram target terms in a given open proto-bigram terms matrix as quickly as possible. In each trial exercise, an open proto-bigrams term matrix is presented to the subject for a maximal time period T. Let T herein represent the maximal time period a user is given to complete the performance of any open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise of the present task, where maximal time period T is herein defined to be 45 seconds.

In a block exercise, once the subject has successfully performed the first open proto- bigrams terms matrix trial exercise, the next in-line open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise will be displayed after a Δο time period, where Δο time period is herein defined to be 7 seconds. In the event the subject has successfully completed performing an open proto- bigrams terms matrix trial exercise before the maximal time period T has expired, performance of the current open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise is promptly ended and the performance of the next in-line open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise within the current block exercise begins after the termination of Δο time period. In all block exercises of the present task, the sequential display of a new open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise #2 begins after the termination of Δ₀ time period. Still, in some embodiments when block exercise #1 ends, every new block exercise thereafter will begin after a Δι time period, where Δι time period is defined to be 17 seconds.

In block exercise 1, the subject is required to visually search, recognize and sensory motor select as quickly as possible the location(s) occupied by one or more open proto- bigram target(s) terms. During trial exercise #1, one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms will be displayed at their respective visual field region for the maximal time period T. Specifically, the subject will be required to quickly select (e.g., mouse clicking) on each of the cell location(s) occupied by open proto-bigrams target(s) terms displayed among a crowd of open proto-bigrams distractors terms. The visual search, recognition, and correct sensory motor selection of one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms is herein enabled and facilitated because of a single spatial or time perceptual related attribute salient distinction (e.g., font size, font type, font boldness, font angular rotation, etc.) pre-assigned to open proto-bigrams target(s) terms but not to open proto-bigrams distractors terms. The salient spatial or time perceptual related attribute difference stands-out in the subject's visual field view, making the allocation of open proto-bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix relatively effortless and fast, even among a crowd of open proto- bigrams distractors terms. Once all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms have been successfully sensory motor selected and thereafter Δο time period takes place, trial exercise #2 will begin. Fig. 25A represents a non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting visual search, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigrams terms for an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix having two different open proto-bigrams terms. In this particular case, one open proto-bigram term ("IF") is selected as the target term while the other open proto-bigram term ("ME") is selected as the distractor term. The correctly selected open proto-bigram target term "IF" is shown in Fig. 25B.

Figs. 26A and 26B represent another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting visual search, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of open proto- bigram terms. Fig. 26A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix having a single open proto-bigram term that represents both the target and distractor terms. However, since only a single open proto-bigram term is utilized, the target and distractor terms are distinguished by spatial perceptual related attribute font size. Fig. 26B shows the correctly selected smaller spatial perceptual related attribute font size open proto-bigram target term "NO."

Similarly, Figs. 27A and 27B depict another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting visual search, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of open proto- bigram terms. In this example, Fig. 27 A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix having two different open proto-bigram terms each represent either the target term or the distractor term. Additionally, the open proto-bigram terms of Fig. 27A are also distinguished from one another by the spatial perceptual related attribute of font size. The correctly identified open proto-bigram target term "NO" is shown in Fig. 27B.

Figs. 28A-28D show another non-limiting example of the exercises for promoting visual search, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram terms. Fig. 28A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix with a single open proto- bigram as the target and distractor terms. Since the target and the distractor terms are a single open proto-bigram, they are distinguished by spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Fig. 28B shows the correctly identified open proto-bigram targets. Similarly, Figs. 28C and 28D depict another version of an arranged open proto-bigram terms matrix having a single open proto-bigram as the target and distractor terms. In this case, the target and distractor terms are differentiated by spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Correctly identified open proto-bigrams target terms are displayed in Fig. 28D.

Fig. 29A shows an arranged open proto-bigrams matrix with two different open proto- bigram target and distractor terms, where both of the selected open proto-bigram terms are from the left visual field region (left sector). The open proto-bigram target terms are further distinguished from the open proto-bigram distractors by a different spatial perceptual related attribute font angular rotation. Likewise, Fig. 29B shows another arranged open proto- bigrams terms matrix with two different open proto-bigram target and distractor terms that are also distinguished by the open proto-bigram target term having a different spatial perceptual related attribute font angular rotation. However, in this case, the open proto- bigram target term "HE" is selected from the left visual field region (left sector) while the open proto-bigram distractor term "IT" is selected from the central visual field region (central sector).

In block exercise #2, the subject is again required to visually search, recognize, and sensory motor select as quickly as possible, the one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix like that shown in Fig. 30A. However, in these set of exercises, a time perceptual related attribute distinction is made on all open proto- bigrams target(s) but not on the distracting crowd of open proto-bigrams distractors terms. The differential implementation of this particular exclusively pre-assigned time perceptual related attribute affecting only open proto-bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix, succeeds in generating a degree of visual perceptual 'difficulty' and 'confusion' in the user, challenging him/her to spot the one or more required open proto- bigrams target(s) terms. Specifically, this differential time perceptual related attribute affecting only open proto-bigrams target(s) terms causes them to disappear intermittently inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix as shown in Fig. 30B.

In this particular example, when one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms are not perceptually visible, they change their open proto-bigram "target" term identity to momentarily become open proto-bigram "distractors" term(s) inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix as shown in Fig. 30C. In effect, the subject does not see empty target(s) cells but rather an open proto-bigrams terms matrix composed only of open proto-bigrams distractors terms (thus, a perceptual confusion is momentarily in place). To that effect, open proto- bigrams target(s) terms will be displayed intermittently during a time interval Δ₃, where time interval Δ₃ is herein defined to be of 10 seconds. Namely Δ₃ is the time interval where open proto-bigrams target(s) terms are visible inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. The number of time intervals Δ₃ allowed to take place in each open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercises in block exercise #2 is herein defined to be 3. Additionally, let time interval Δ4 represent the time interval where all open proto-bigrams target(s) terms suddenly change their open proto-bigram term identity (thus, momentarily not visible) and become open proto- bigrams distractors terms, and where time interval Δ₄ is herein defined to be of 5 seconds. The number of time intervals Δ₄ allowed to take place in each open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercises in block exercise #2 is herein defined to be 3. Therefore, it can be easily concluded that the total time available for the subject to correctly sensory motor select all target(s) terms in each open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise in block exercise #2 is of: 3 x (Δ₃ + Δ₄) = 45secs.

In summary, there is a time interval Δ₃ (10 seconds) during which one or more target(s) open proto-bigrams terms are perceptually visible to the subject's scrutiny and therefore, he/she can visually search, recognize and sensory motor select them. Immediately thereafter there is a time interval Δ_4ι (5 seconds) during which the yet non-selected open proto-bigrams target(s) terms suddenly become open proto-bigrams distractors terms and thus the subject is momentarily prevented from visually searching, recognizing and sensory motor selecting any further open proto-bigrams target(s) terms. Once all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms have been successfully correctly sensory motor selected, as shown in Fig. 30D, and Δ₀ time period thereafter takes place, a new open proto-bigram terms matrix for trial exercise #2 will begin.

In block exercise #3 the subject is required to visually search, recognize and sensory motor select, as quickly as possible, one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms occupying various cell locations in their respective visual field regions inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix. Fig. 31 A shows an initial state of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix with the single open proto-bigram term "NO" representing both the target and distractor terms. A pre-assigned or random cell relocation procedure is applied to all of the open proto- bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, which causes all of the target(s) terms to randomly or in a pre-assigned manner change their cells position within their respective visual field regions, multiple times, during a trial exercise. Specifically, all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms will suddenly change their cell(s) locations every time interval Δ5 herein defined to be 9 seconds. The open proto-bigram target term "NO" is shown as having changed positions in the open proto-bigram terms matrix in Figs. 31B and 31C. Target terms become exempt from the cell relocation procedure once they are correctly selected by the subject. The number of time intervals Δ5 allowed to take place in each trial exercise of block exercise #3 is herein defined to be 5. All of the open proto-bigram target(s) terms will retain their 'open proto-bigram term identity' with their pre-assigned spatial or time perceptual related attribute, despite changing cell locations multiple times in their respective visual field regions inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix during the performance of block exercise #3. Once all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms have been successfully sensory motor selected, as shown in Fig. 3 ID, and Δο time period thereafter takes place, the open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise #2 will begin.

In block exercise #4 the subject is required to visually search, recognize and sensory motor select, as fast as possible, one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms occupying various cells positions in their respective visual field region inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Fig. 32A shows an initial state of the open proto-bigram terms matrix with the single open proto-bigram term "NO" representing both the target and distractor terms. A random or pre-assigned cell relocation, as is the case of block exercise #3, is applied to all of the open proto-bigrams target terms as well as a spatial or time perceptual related attribute change to all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms every time the target(s) terms change their cells positions in their respective visual field region of the open proto- bigrams terms matrix. Specifically, every time during an open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise that a random or pre-assigned cell relocation of open proto-bigrams target(s) terms comes to effect, the entire set of open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms is displayed at once with a changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute, as shown in Fig. 32B. It is important to emphasize that the changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute can never be the same for open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms.

All of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms suddenly change their cell positions either randomly or in a pre-assigned fashion in a time interval Δ₅. Each time that open proto- bigrams target(s) terms change their cells positions all of the open proto-bigram target(s) and distractors terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix are randomly changed to a single new different spatial or time perceptual related attribute (from a library featuring open proto-bigrams terms spatial, spatial collective and time perceptual related attributes), as shown in Figs. 32C and 32D. The present task implements changes in the distribution of open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractor terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix together with a random change of their spatial or time perceptual related attributes, thereby completely reconfiguring time and time again, the spatial or time perceptual related attribute identity and spatial distribution of all of the open proto-bigrams targets and distractor terms displayed inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix.

The multiple alteration of open proto-bigrams terms cells positions and spatial or time perceptual related attributes, triggers a strong attentional orienting effect in the user (e.g., the next in-line open proto-bigrams terms configuration that the user is expecting to see gets confirmed or violated) that may efficiently succeed in rapidly steering his/her focus of visual attention, expediting the search, recognition and sensory motor selection of one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms in the next in-line open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractor terms configuration. This way open proto-bigrams term configurations are extended in time and therefore, are correlated with each other. Still, this temporal correlation among multiple open proto-bigrams targets and distractors configurations prompts a subject's peripheral attentional deployment to asymmetrically facilitate the parallel search, recognition and sensory motor selection of open proto-bigram target(s) terms while at the same time visually perceptually attentionally ignoring/downplaying the open proto-bigram distractor terms. Once all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms have been successfully correctly sensory motor selected, as shown in Fig. 32D, and Δ₀ time period takes place, open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise #2 begins.

In block exercise #5 the subject is required to visually search, recognize and sensory motor select, as quickly as possible, one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms in their respective visual field regions inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Fig. 33A depicts an arranged open proto-bigrams terms matrix containing two different open proto-bigram target and distractor terms both selected from the same visual field region. A time perceptual related attribute change for all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) and distractors terms is applied causing them to linearly displace inside of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, which gives the subject the visual perception of an "open proto-bigram terms motion flow." Specifically, this particular time perceptual related attribute change simultaneously shared by all of the open proto-bigrams targets and distractor terms displayed in the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, generates in the user, a visual effect manifesting in a perceptual 2D laminar motion constant flow-like displacement of all of the open proto-bigrams targets and distractor terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Accordingly, this motion flow displacement takes place from the left-inside boundary of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix towards the right-inside boundary of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, but it may also occur in the opposite direction. All of the open proto-bigram terms in the open proto-bigrams terms matrix move (e.g., displace from left to right) simultaneously with a time perceptual related attribute velocity, such that all of the displayed open proto-bigrams terms visually-perceptually smoothly disappear from view from the far right-inside edge-boundary of the open proto- bigrams terms matrix and re-emerge continuously from the left-inside edge-boundary of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix, and as shown in Figs. 33B and 33C. Let time perceptual related attribute V herein represent velocity (V representing the temporal rate of spatial displacement), where time perceptual related attribute velocity V values are randomly obtained from a library featuring open proto-bigrams terms spatial, spatial collective and time perceptual related attributes.

In block exercise #5, all performance requirements remain identical to those in block exercise #1 above, with the exception of the newly introduced time perceptual related attribute velocity V, causing all of the open proto-bigrams terms inside the open proto- bigrams terms matrix to linearly smoothly move towards one of the boundaries of the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Once the user has successfully correctly completed the sensory motor selection of all of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix in open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise #2 as shown in Fig. 33D, the present task ends and the subject is promptly directed back to the main menu.

As one non-limiting example, in all of the block exercises, the subject is provided with a graphical representation of a complete open proto-bigrams terms sequence in a ruler displayed underneath the open proto-bigrams terms matrix display surface. The visual presence of the ruler facilitates the subject's ability to rapidly visually search and recognize the location of one or more open proto-bigrams target(s) terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Particularly, the subject sensory motor selects one open proto-bigram target term at a time, within the crowd of open proto-bigrams distractors terms inside the open proto-bigrams terms matrix. Once the subject has successfully correctly completed to sensory motor select all the of the open proto-bigrams target(s) terms in any trial exercise, the particular sensory motor selected open proto-bigram target(s) terms will immediately become highlighted with time perceptual related attribute color or flicker with time perceptual related attribute flickering frequency in the ruler as well as in its respective open proto-bigrams terms matrix cells and will remain highlighted or in flickering mode for a time interval t₂, where time interval t₂ is herein defined to be of 12 seconds. Within the same block exercise, after Δο time period has expired, the next in-line open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise will be displayed and after Δι time period has expired, the next in-line open proto-bigrams terms matrix trial exercise in a new block exercise will be displayed.

The ruler display effortlessly accelerates visual spatial search (spotting) and recognition of the embedded open proto-bigrams target(s) terms within the crowd of open proto-bigrams distractor terms. In the present exercises, the ruler contains an alphabetic letters sequence selected from a plurality of alphabetic letters sequences including: direct open proto-bigram sequence, inverse open proto-bigram sequence, complete open proto- bigram sequence, direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array. The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 8 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not click- selecting (the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on any open proto-bigram target term from the open proto-bigram terms matrix within a valid performance time period, such as 15 seconds; a new open proto-bigrams terms trial exercise is then executed immediately thereafter.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by incorrectly selecting a number of open proto-bigram target terms from the open proto-bigram terms matrix Additionally and irrespective of the valid performance time period, when the subject selects three (3) incorrect open proto-bigram term answers for a given open proto- bigram terms matrix, the current trial exercise performance in the current block exercise is terminated and the next in line block exercise will be displayed.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 8, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual open proto-bigrams terms trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group performance score. Incorrect sensory motor selections of open proto-bigram target terms and open proto-bigram target terms serial pattern sensory motor selection are also recorded and counted as part of the subject's performance score. In general, the subject will perform the exercises of Example 8 about 6 times during his/her language based brain neuroperformance-fitness training program. EXAMPLE 9 - Reasoning to perform a compression of a given letters sequence, wherein the removed letters are those contained in between two non-consecutive letters, which are recognized as the letters pair of a shown open proto-bigram

A goal of the presented Example 9 is to promote a subject's cognitive fluid reasoning ability to problem solve a serial order of letters by visually searching, recognizing, and performing a local or non-local compression of a selected letter sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a recognized pair of letters of an open proto- bigram in the selected letters sequence. This specific cognitive reasoning problem solving activity brings forth a mental simulation process centered in perceptual inhibition that results in attentional ignoring of one or more contiguous letters held in between a recognized pair of letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term. Example 9 promotes fluid reasoning ability for the problem solving of a selected serial orders of letters, by exercising the sensory-motor competencies of a subject to explicitly expose one or more assigned open proto-bigrams terms embedded in the provided letter sequences.

This method aiming to enhance fluid reasoning ability requires the subject to problem solve particular serial orders of designed letters sequence exercises. The subject is required to mentally simulate the removal (aided by attentional ignoring) of one or more contiguous letters located in between a pair of letters of an assigned open proto-bigram which he/she has previously visually recognized inside the selected letters sequence. The subject's cognitive fluid reasoning performance of compressing the letters sequence is immediately followed by the subject's sensory motor selection-recognition (e.g. mouse-clicking) on each single letter (one letter at a time) of the pair of letters in the assigned visually recognized open proto- bigram term. The sensory motor mouse clicking of the second letter from the pair of letters specifically causes a predefined process of compression, which can vary among exercises, to expose a specifically assigned or a visually recognized open proto-bigram term among a number of presented open proto-bigram term options.

Fig. 34 is a flow chart setting forth the broad concepts covered by the specific non- limiting exercises put forth in Examples 9 and 10 below. As can be seen in Fig. 34, the method of promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a recognized pair of letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term comprises selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto- bigram terms from a second predefined library of open proto-bigram terms sequences, and providing the selected letters sequence along with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject; and promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject indicative of there being at least two non-consecutive letters in the provided letters sequence, which form one of the selected open proto-bigram terms displayed in the ruler. The subject is then prompted to perform a pre-selected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious explicit recognition of the two non-consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term from the provided letters sequence within a first predefined time period.

If the subject made a correct conscious explicit recognition, then removing all of the letters in the selected letters sequence between the two non-consecutive letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term thereby creating two remaining letters sections, compressing the two remaining letters sections together such that the two non-consecutive letters are serially contiguous with each other thus transforming the letters sequence to obtain a shorter length letters sequence. The subject is then prompted to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation. However, if the conscious explicit visual recognition made by the subject is incorrect, then the subject is returned to the prior step of being prompted to perform a pre-selected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious explicit visual recognition of the two non-consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of times for each letters sequence selected from the first predefined library where each repetition is separated by a second predefined time period. The method steps are also repeated for a predetermined number of iterations and each iteration is separated by a third predefined time period, and upon completion of the predefined number of iterations, the results of each iteration are provided to the subject. The predetermined number of iterations can be any number needed to establish that a proficient reasoning performance concerning the particular task at hand is being promoted within the subject. Non-limiting examples of number of iterations include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

In another aspect of Example 9, the method of promoting reasoning ability in a subject in order to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a visually recognized pair of letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term is implemented through a computer program product. Particularly, there is included a computer program product for promoting reasoning ability in a subject in order to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a visually recognized pair of letters of an open proto- bigram term, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method. The method executed by the computer program on the non-transitory computer readable medium comprises selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto- bigram terms from a second predefined library of open proto-bigram terms sequences. In addition to the selected letters sequence, the subject is provided with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms. A perceptual awareness is promoted in the subject indicative of the presence of at least two non-consecutive letters in the letters sequence, which form one of the selected open proto-bigram terms displayed in the ruler.

The subject is then prompted to perform a pre-selected sensory-motor activity (e.g., mouse clicking) indicative of a conscious explicit visual recognition of the two non- consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term within a first predefined time period. An incorrect visual recognition of the two non-consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term returns the subject to the prior step of being prompted to perform a pre-selected sensory-motor activity (e.g., mouse clicking) indicative of a conscious explicit recognition of the two non-consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term. For a correct explicit visual recognition, all of the letters in the selected letters sequence located in between the two non-consecutive letters forming the one open proto-bigram term are then erased or removed to create two remaining letters sections, the two remaining letters sections are compressed together such that the two non-consecutive letters are serially contiguous with each other, and then the subject is prompted to be perceptually explicitly aware of the letters sequence transformation, namely that a shorter letters sequence has been obtained.

The above steps in the method are repeated for a predetermined number of times for each letters sequence selected from the first predefined library where each repetition is separated by a second predefined time period. The method steps are also repeated for a predetermined number of iterations, each iteration being separated by a third predefined time period, and upon completion of the predefined number of iterations, the results of each iteration are provided to the subject.

In a further aspect of Example 9, the method of promoting reasoning ability in a subject in order to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a visually recognized pair of letters of an open proto-bigram term is implemented through a system. The system for promoting reasoning ability in a subject in order to perform a compression of a provided letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a visually recognized pair of letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term comprises: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for: selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of open proto-bigram terms sequences and providing the selected letters sequence along with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject on the GUI; promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject indicative of there being at least two non- consecutive letters in the provided letters sequence, which form one of the selected open proto-bigram terms displayed in the ruler; prompting the subject on the GUI to perform a preselected sensory-motor activity (e.g., mouse clicking) indicative of a conscious explicit visual recognition of the at least two non-consecutive letters forming the one open proto-bigram term from the provided letters sequence within a first predefined time period; determining if the subject correctly consciously explicitly visually recognized the two non-consecutive letters; if the conscious explicit visual recognition performed by the subject is an incorrect visual recognition, then returning to the step of prompting the subject to perform a preselected sensory-motor activity (e.g., mouse clicking) indicative of a conscious explicit visual recognition of the two non-consecutive letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term; if the conscious explicit visual recognition performed by the subject is a correct visual recognition of the two letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term, then removing all of the letters in the selected letters sequence located in between the two non-consecutive letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term to create two remaining letters sections, compressing the two remaining letters sections together such that the two non-consecutive letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term are serially contiguous with each other to transform the length of the letters sequence, and prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation on the GUI; repeating the above steps for each letters sequence selected from the first predefined library, each repetition separated by a second predefined time period; repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, each separated by a third predefined time period; and presenting the subject with results from each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations on the GUI. In one aspect of the present Example 9, a single letters sequence is selected from the following types of letters sequences: 1) a direct alphabetic set array; 2) an inverse alphabetic set array; 3) non- alphabetic array; 4) incomplete alphabetic set array; 5) a complete non- alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence; or 6) an incomplete non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence. Further, the number of iterations may have a predefined order for the subject to perform the selected letters sequences in a given exercise.

In another aspect of the present Example 9, the selected letters sequences (e.g., a non- alphabetic letters sequence) may be provided to the subject in the form of a letters matrix. For any given letters matrix, the letters may be arranged in a predefined number of rows each having a predefined number of letters per row. There is no particular limitation as to how the number of rows can be organized in the letters matrix.

In an aspect of the methods of Example 9, a perceptual awareness is promoted in the subject. Particularly, this promotion of perceptual awareness in a subject may be achieved by providing the subject with one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli to facilitate the subject's discrimination of the two single letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term. Kinds of perceptual stimuli may include one or more of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. In a non- limiting example, visual stimuli may be provided to the subject in the form of a ruler which distinctively displays an assigned open proto-bigram term to be consciously explicitly visually recognized by the subject in a selected letters sequence. Furthermore, the ruler may be considered to distinctively show an assigned open proto-bigram term through one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the assigned open proto-bigram term, which differ from the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms in the ruler and/or the letters in the selected letters sequence.

In a further aspect of the present Example 9, the sensory-motor activity required to be performed by the subject to indicate conscious explicit recognition of the two letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term for a selected letters sequence may include: mouse clicking on each letter; pointing at a single letter at a time with a finger while touching a screen where the selected letters sequence is displayed at the specific serial location where each letter is found; and spelling the name of each letter aloud, one at a time.

In the context of the present Example 9, the subject uses fluid reasoning ability to problem solve and perform a selected serial order of symbols in a presented letters sequence, by first being required to mentally simulate (aid by attentional inhibition-ignoring) the removal one or more letters located in between two non-contiguous letters of the presented letters sequence that he/she was asked to visually explicitly recognize. This fluid reasoning aptitude refers specifically to a method of reasoning that focuses on sequential fractions of letters sequences embedded in a larger selected letters sequence. Specifically, the subject will further reason in order to successfully compress the two remaining fractions of letters sequences to obtain the assigned pair of letters that were originally asked to be visually recognized, thus becoming two contiguous letters and forming/assembling the assigned open proto-bigram term aimed to be explicitly exposed.

For example, in a presented complete direct alphabetical letters sequence 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', the subject is asked to visually recognize the two letters of the assigned open proto-bigram term "BE". After visually recognizing the location of the two letters in the presented sequence, removing the in between and contiguous letters 'C and 'D', and compressing the two remaining letters sequences, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' will be formed. Similarly, the incomplete direct letters sequence 'OPQRS' yields the open proto-bigram term 'OR' after removing the 'P' and 'Q' letters and then compressing the remaining letters. From the complete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA', the obtained incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'UTS' yields the open proto-bigram term 'US' by removing the contiguous single letter 'T' and compressing the remaining letters. Likewise, for the incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'IHGF', by removing the 'Η' and 'G' single letters, the user can form the open proto-bigram term 'IF.'

An open proto-bigram 'identity' will still be herein considered valid/true even if the two single letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram are separated from each other by one, two or more contiguous letters in a given letters sequence. In contrast, the identity of an open-bigram is conserved if the separation between the two letters forming the open-bigram does not exceed more than two letters located in between these two letters.

In another example, for the presented direct alphabetical letters sequence 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', a direct incomplete letters sequence 'AMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' is obtained by first removing the contiguous located in between single letters 'B','C', 'D', 'Ε', 'F', 'G', 'Η', Ί', 'J', 'K' and 'L', and then compressing the remaining two letters sequences 'A' and 'MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' to form the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM'. Likewise, for the inverse complete alphabetical letters' sequence 'ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA', another incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'SRQPO' yields the open proto-bigram term 'SO' after removing the contiguous single letters 'R', 'Q', and 'P.', and then compressing the remaining two letters sequences.

Compression after the removal of up until two contiguous letters is herein denominated a "local compression", and after removal of more than two contiguous letters is herein denominated "non-local compression. Nevertheless, it should be understood that the removed letters are those lying in between the two explicitly visually recognized letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term. In all open bigrams which are not of the open proto-bigram class, only a local compression is possible.

In the present Example 9, there are 4 consecutive block exercises for a subject to perform. Block exercises #1 and #2 each have 2 trial exercises that display either a single direct or inverse selected alphabetic letters sequence. In block exercises #3 and #4, only a single trial exercise is provided per block exercise, each displaying only one selected non- alphabetical serial order of different or same letters sequence. The letters sequences displayed in each trial exercise are selected from two libraries of letters sequences: one comprising alphabetical and non-alphabetical serial order letters sequences and the other comprising open proto-bigrams sequences. Further, there are time periods between performing each block exercise. Let Δι herein represent a time period between the performances of each block exercise, where Δι is herein defined to be 8 seconds. There are also a time periods between performing each trial exercise. Let Δ₂ herein represent a time period between the performances of each trial exercise, where Δ₂ is herein defined to be 4 seconds.

For all trial exercises of Example 9, let time interval t_c herein represent a time interval where all open proto-bigram terms displayed in any alphabetical or non-alphabetical serial order letters sequence and in any open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler appear in their respective default spatial or time perceptual related attribute condition. Time interval t₀ is herein 3 seconds. Still, let time intervals T_re(j and T_bi_ue herein respectively represent a time interval at the end of each trial exercise, where the obtained incomplete direct or inverse alphabetical and different or same non-alphabetical serial order letters sequences will reveal all or some of the assigned open proto-bigram terms to be displayed in time perceptual related attribute red color or blue color. Time intervals T_red and T_bi_ue are herein 6 seconds each.

For block exercises #3 and #4, let time intervals T_Si_ze, T_typ& and T _oi_d (it is also possible to implement time perceptual related attribute Tig_ering) each respectively represent, a time interval at the end of a trial exercise, where all obtained incomplete different and same non- alphabetical serial order letters sequences, explicitly display all or some of the exposed assigned open proto-bigram terms in a spatial perceptual related attribute such as: font size, font type, and/or font boldness. Time intervals Τ₈;_Ζ6, Τ^_ρ6 and T oid are herein 6 seconds each.

The exercises of present Example 9 provide the subject with a complete direct or inverse open proto-bigrams sequence graphically shown as a ruler. The visual presence of the ruler has a dual perceptual role: 1) perceptually indicates/signals the subject to the assigned open proto-bigram term via effecting changes in its spatial or time perceptual related attribute, and 2) displays a number of letter pairs all forming open proto-bigram terms, to facilitate the ability of the subject to concentrate and visually recognize the assigned open proto-bigram term(s) from a direct or inverse alphabetical or non-alphabetical serial order of letters sequence. The presence of a ruler also informs the subject of the kind and amount of open proto-bigram terms potentially available to be exposed. Further, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of open proto-bigrams sequences from a library of open proto-bigrams sequences including at least: complete open proto-bigrams sequence, direct open proto- bigrams sequences, and inverse open proto-bigrams sequences.

In an aspect of the present exercises, each open proto-bigram term aimed to be exposed from a provided letters sequence observes a change in one of its default spatial or time perceptual related attributes of its two letters, immediately after being revealed from the letters sequence. The spatial or time perceptual related attributes that may change include: 1) font type, 2) font size 3) font boldness, and 4) font flickering. In a non-limiting example, 'font color' of an open proto-bigram term may be selected from 1) font red color and 2) font blue color.

As a general rule influencing the behavior of the entire block exercises in the presented Example 9, as the user continues to remove letters and then compresses the remaining letters sequences, the length of each obtained new incomplete letters sequence will necessarily keep shortening. It should be also obvious that the sequence shortening taking place will reach a letters sequence length limit where it will no longer be possible to continue exposing additional open proto-bigram terms. It is further noted that the removal of all of the letters from any letters sequence may be performed at once or after a predefined time interval. In the particular case where letters are removed individually, one at time, each letter removal time span may be implemented by a first predefined time interval. Thereafter, the compression of the entire letters sequence is then executed during a second predefined time interval. In a particular embodiment, the subject is given a first predefined time period perform a sensory motor activity indicative of a conscious recognition of the presence of the at least two non-consecutive letters forming the one selected open proto-bigram. The first predefined time period may be within a range of 10 to 20 seconds. The subject is then required to remove all of the letters between a selected open proto-bigram that has been consciously recognized during a second predefined time period that ranges between 1 and 5 seconds for each letter to be removed. Further, a third predefined time interval between the removal of each individual letter in between the recognized open proto-bigram term may be between 1 and 3 seconds per letter. Thereafter, the fourth predefined time interval during which the two remaining letters sequences are compressed may range from 1 to 3 seconds.

In block exercise 1, the subject is required to reason in order to mentally simulate the removal of one or more contiguous letters (aided by attentional inhibition-ignoring) located in between the two visually recognized letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term which the subject must subsequently sensory motor select (mouse click). As shown in Fig. 35A, the subject is provided with a direct alphabetical letters sequence to rapidly visually search, and expose an assigned open proto-bigram. In Fig. 35B, the assigned open proto- bigram term 'AM' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to reason and visually recognize the designated pair of letters 'A' and 'M'. To remove the one or more contiguous letters located in between letters 'A' and 'M', the subject should sensory motor click with the mouse-device on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term and without delay proceed to sensory motor select (e.g., mouse click) on the second valid letter of the pair. In Figs. 35C and 35D, the selected letters 'A' and 'M' of the assigned open proto-bigram term are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. In Fig. 35E, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' is displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the new obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In another example, the subject is provided with an inverse alphabetical letters sequence, like that shown in Fig. 36A, to rapidly visually search and explicitly recognize the letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term. In Fig. 36B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to reason, visually recognize and sensory motor select the designated pair of letters 'Η' and Έ'. In Figs. 36C and 36D, the selected letters Ή' and Έ' of the assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute blue font color. Fig. 36E shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the new obtained incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler. The remaining letters sequences 'ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJF and 'DCBA' are displayed with the revealed open proto- bigram term 'HE'.

In block exercise 2, the subject is again required to reason, visually explicitly recognize, and sensory motor select (e.g., mouse clicking) one or more assigned open proto- bigram terms. For each trial exercise, a number of assigned open proto-bigrams for the subject to expose will be selected. In a non-limiting example, the number of assigned open proto-bigram terms is 2 or 3.

As shown in Fig. 37A, the subject is presented with a direct alphabetical letters sequence to rapidly visually search, explicitly recognize, and sensory-motor select the letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram. In Fig. 37B, assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute (smaller) font size in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to sensory motor select the designated pair of letters 'B' and 'Ε'. To that end, the subject should sensory motor click, with the mouse-device or other preselected means, on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term and without delay proceed to click with the mouse-device on the second valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto- bigram term. In Figs. 37C and 37D, the sensory motor selected letters 'B' and 'E' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Next, Fig. 37E shows the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' displayed with time perceptual related attribute red font color in the new obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 37F, the new obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence from Fig. 37E is presented to the subject along with a second assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct open proto- bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is again required to reason, visually explicitly recognize, and sensory motor select the designated pair of letters 'O' and 'R'. In Figs. 37G and 37H, the selected letters 'O' and 'R' of the second assigned open proto-bigram are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. As shown in Fig. 371, the revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the new obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler. It is noted that the previously revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' is also displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. When the last assigned open proto-bigram term is selected, all of the exposed assigned open proto-bigram terms are displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color for time interval T_red in the final obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence, as shown in Fig. 37J.

Similarly, the subject is provided with an inverse alphabetical letters sequence, like that shown in Fig. 38 A, to rapidly visually search, explicitly recognize, and sensory motor select (e.g., mouse clicking) an assigned open proto-bigram of another example. In Fig. 38B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 38C and 38D, the selected letters 'S' and 'O' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Fig. 38E shows revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' displayed in time perceptual related attribute blue font color in the new obtained incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 38F, a second assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 38G and 38H show the selected letters T and 'F' of the assigned open proto- bigram term 'IF' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Revealed open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the new obtained incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler in Fig. 381. Once all of the assigned open proto-bigram terms have been revealed, as shown in Fig. 38J, they are displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color for time interval T_bi_ue in the final obtained incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence.

In block exercise 3, the subject is required to reason, visually explicitly recognize, and sensory motor select (e.g., mouse clicking) a number of letters from a selected complete non- alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence in order to expose one or more assigned open proto-bigram terms. To that effect, a number of assigned open proto-bigram terms for the subject to expose are selected for the single trial exercise of block exercise 3. In a non- limiting example, the number of assigned open proto-bigram terms is 2 or 3.

As shown in Fig. 39 A, the spatial and time perceptual related attributes are set to default values for the selected complete non- alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence and the complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. In Fig. 39B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to reason, visually explicitly recognize, and sensory motor select the designated pair of letters 'A' and 'M'. Accordingly, the subject is required to sensory motor click, with the mouse-device or with other predefined means, on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term and without delay proceed to sensory motor click on the second valid letter of the pair. In Figs. 39C and 39D, the selected letters 'A' and 'M' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font boldness. Fig. 39E shows revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'AM' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font boldness in the first new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 39F, assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to follow the same procedure as before. Figs. 39G and 39H show the selected letters 'O' and 'N' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. As shown in Fig. 391, revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the second new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 39J, a third assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed with time perceptual related attribute red color in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler along with the second new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence displaying the previously identified assigned open proto-bigram terms 'AM' and 'ON'. In Figs. 39K and 39L, the selected letters 'A' and 'T' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. As shown in Fig. 39M, revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the third new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler. Once the last assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' has been exposed, it is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color for time interval T,^ in the final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence, as shown in Fig. 39N.

In block exercise 4, the subject is required to reason in order to mentally simulate the removal (aided by attentional inhibition-ignoring) of one or more serially ordered contiguous letters from a selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence to explicitly expose one or more assigned open proto-bigram terms. The selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence comprises 26 letters, but some of the letters included therein are duplicates. Stated another way, there are a number of letters that appear in the sequence repetitively. Therefore, when considering the English alphabet, some of the letters will be missing from a given non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence.

A number of assigned open proto-bigram terms for the subject to expose are selected for the single trial exercise of block exercise 3. In this case, the number of assigned open proto-bigram terms to be exposed is from 1 to 4. Further, a number of single letters are selected to be repeated within a selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence. Here, the number of single letters to be repeated is from 2 or 3. The kind of single letters that are allowed to be repeated in a selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence may be initially chosen by a predefined method or at random. Additionally, each chosen single letter is also repeated within a selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence a number of times. Here, the number of times each single letter is repeated for a given same letters sequence is from 1 to 3 times per letter.

Each selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence will include by default, as a minimum, a complete set of vowels: A, E, I, O and U. However, not all of the vowels will be located at their respective alphabetical serial order positioning in the selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence. In fact, the serial order positioning for most of the vowels in the selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence will be non-alphabetical.

As shown in Fig. 40A, the spatial and time perceptual related attributes of the letters are set to default values for the selected non-alphabetical serial order of same letters sequence and the complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. In Fig. 40B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is required to follow the same procedure as in previous block exercises. In Figs. 40C and 40D, the selected letters Ό' and 'N' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. Fig. 40E shows revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the first new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 40F, a second assigned open proto-bigram term 'AS' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 40G and 40H, the selected letters 'A' and 'S' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. As shown in Fig. 401, revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'AS' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the second new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler. The previously revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'ON' is also displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the second new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence.

In Fig. 40J, a third assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 40K and 40L show each of the selected letters 'S' and 'O' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font blue color. As shown in Fig. 40M, revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'SO' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the third new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler.

In Fig. 40N, a fourth assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 40O and 40P, the selected letters 'A' and 'T' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. As shown in Fig. 40Q, revealed assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the fourth new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence in the ruler. Once the last assigned open proto- bigram term 'AT' has been exposed, it is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color for time interval Tred in the fourth and final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical same letters sequence.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 9 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor click- selecting (the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on any single letter from a pair of letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term within a valid performance time period, such as 30 seconds; a new same kind of trial exercise is then executed immediately thereafter for the subject to begin performing from scratch.

The second "failure to perform" criteria is in the event the subject fails to perform by sensory motor selecting (e.g., mouse clicking) an incorrect single letter from a pair of letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term in its respective initial selected or subsequently new obtained incomplete alphabetical or non-alphabetical serial order of letters sequence. An incorrect sensory motor selection is immediately undone by the computer program allowing the subject to make another sensory motor selection. However, if the subject makes an incorrect single letter sensory motor selection three (3) consecutive times, then the trial exercise at hand is immediately terminated and a new same kind of trial exercise is then executed to be performed from scratch. Still, if the subject's performance exceeds 2 attempts of the same type of trial exercises in any block exercise of Example 9, performance of the current block exercise is immediately ended and the next in-line block exercise begins. Further, if the subject exceeds 2 attempts of the same type of trial exercises in more than 2 block exercises of Example 9, performance of the present Example 9 is immediately terminated and the subject is automatically returned to the main menu.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 9, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group performance score. Incorrect sensory motor selections of letters are also recorded and counted as part of the subject's performance score. In general, the subject will perform the exercises of Example 9 about 6 times during his/her language based neuroperformance training program. EXAMPLE 10 - Reasoning to perform a mental simulation concerning the serial local or non-local extraordinary compression of a given letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between a target pair of letters in a letters sequence to form/assemble and explicitly expose an assigned open proto-bigram term

A goal of the presented Example 10 is to promote a subject's cognitive fluid reasoning ability to problem solve a local or non-local compression of a given letters sequence. To that effect, a subject is required to visually search and recognize the particular location of the assigned pair of letters in the given letters sequence, followed by performing a local or non-local compression of the given letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters located in between the visually recognized pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram. This particular cognitive reasoning activity is implemented by the subject in order to problem solve a letters sequence task that requires a process of mental simulation centered in tearing down-omitting (attentional inhibiting sort of removing- ignoring) one or more contiguous letters located in between a target pair of letters to assemble and explicitly expose an assigned open proto-bigram term.

In the context of present Example 10, the subject uses fluid reasoning ability in order to perform a problem solving that requires a mental simulation of serially removing (aided by attentional inhibition/ignoring) one or more contiguous letters. This fluid reasoning aptitude herein refers specifically to a method of reasoning that focuses on a sequential fraction of letters in a letters sequence such that the user mentally simulates the serial removal (aided by attentional inhibition/ignoring) of one or more contiguous letters located in between a designated pair of letters as previously discussed in Example 9. This fluid reasoning problem solving ability manifesting a subject's ability to mentally simulate the serial removal of a number of contiguous letters held in between an assigned pair of non-contiguous letters from a letters sequence is followed by the subject's sensory-motor selection of the recognized pair of letters in the letters sequence, which is then immediately followed by the removal of one or more contiguous letters located in between this recognized pair of letters. The removal of one or more contiguous letters located in between the assigned open proto-bigram term triggers the implementation of a local compression or a non-local compression in case where more than two contiguous letters were removed from in between the assigned open proto- bigram term.

In another aspect of the present Example 10, the selected letters sequences (e.g., a non-alphabetic letters sequence) may be provided to the subject in the form of a letters matrix. For any given letters matrix, the letters may be arranged in a predefined number of rows where each row has a predefined number of letters per row. There is no particular limitation as to how the number of rows can be organized in the letters matrix.

In an aspect of the methods of Example 10, a perceptual awareness of the serial order of an alphabetic letter sequence is promoted in the subject. Particularly, this promotion of perceptual awareness in a subject may be achieved by providing the subject with one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli to facilitate the subject's discrimination of the two single letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram in the presented letters sequence. Kinds of perceptual stimuli may include one or more of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. In a non-limiting example, visual stimuli may be provided to the subject in the form of a ruler which distinctively displays an assigned open proto-bigram term to be consciously recognized by the subject in a selected letters sequence. Furthermore, the ruler may be considered to distinctively show an assigned open proto-bigram term through one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the assigned open proto-bigram term, which differ from the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and/or in the letters of the selected letters sequence.

In a further aspect of the present Example 10, sensory-motor selection activity is required to be performed by the subject to indicate conscious explicit recognition of the two letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term in the selected letters sequence. This sensory-motor selection activity may include: mouse clicking on each letter; pointing at a single letter at a time with a finger while touching a screen where the selected letters sequence is displayed at the serial location where each letter is found; and spelling the name of each letter aloud, one at a time.

In present Example 10, some of the selected non-alphabetical letters sequences entail a particular serial order of letters where the first letter (head of the letters sequence) and last letter (tail of the letters sequence) form/assemble the assigned open proto-bigram term. In this case, the subject reasons to mentally simulate the serial removal (aided by a strong attentional inhibition-ignoring) of all of the contiguous letters located in between the first and last letters of the selected letters sequence. In the trial exercises of Example 10, some of the non- alphabetical serial orders of letters sequences are performed by the subject according to a method in which the head-tail pair of the letters sequence is explicitly exposed to form a single assigned open proto-bigram term. In this particular case, if there are more than two contiguous letters located in between the head and tail of the selected letters sequence which need to be removed, then an extraordinary non-local compression will take place. This particular kind of compression is in addition to the local and non-local compression already discussed in Example 9.

In the present Example 10, there are 2 consecutive block exercises, each having a single trial exercise, for a subject to perform. A number of complete non- alphabetical serial orders with different or some same letters in their letter sequences are selected from a library of non-alphabetical serial order letters sequences. The number of selected letters sequences may be 3. The exercises also permit a number of assigned open proto-bigram terms to be formed and explicitly exposed by a subject for any letters sequence. In a non-limiting example, the number of assigned open proto-bigram terms is from 1 to 7. Once a subject explicitly exposes an assigned open proto-bigram term, the correctly identified open proto- bigram term is displayed in the newly obtained incomplete non-alphabetical serial order of different or some same letters sequence. Thus, the number of newly obtained incomplete non- alphabetical serial order of different or some same letters sequences formed per trial exercise will necessarily depend on the number of assigned open proto-bigram terms in that particular exercise. Furthermore, the letters sequences displayed in each trial exercise are selected from two libraries of letters sequences: one comprising non-alphabetical serial order letters sequences and the other comprising open proto-bigrams sequences.

The exercises of present Example 10 provide the subject with a complete open proto- bigrams sequence graphically shown as a ruler. The visual presence of the ruler has a number of perceptual purposes: 1) perceptually indicates/signals the subject to a change in spatial or time perceptual related attribute of an assigned open proto-bigram term; 2) provides the subject visual orthographic information in order to better focus on the particular pairs of letters that form open proto-bigram terms thus facilitating the subject to reason in order to mentally simulate the serial removal (aided by attentional inhibition-ignoring) of one or more contiguous letters located in between the pairs of letters that form the assigned open proto- bigram term in the letters sequence; in essence, the ruler facilitates visual attentional pinpointing of each single letter of a pair of letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term, thus enabling a subject to visually attentionally ignore the one or more contiguous letters located in between the assigned pairs of letters; and 3) the ruler informs the subject of the kind and quantity of open proto-bigram terms potentially available to be formed and explicitly exposed in the particular selected letters sequence. In the present exercises, the ruler comprises one of a plurality of open proto-bigrams sequences from a library of open proto-bigrams sequences including at least: complete open proto-bigrams sequences, direct open proto-bigrams sequences, and inverse open proto-bigrams sequences.

In an aspect of the present exercises, each open proto-bigram term that is explicitly exposed from a provided letters sequence observes a change in one of its default spatial or time perceptual related attributes immediately after being revealed from the letters sequence. The spatial or time perceptual related attributes that may change include: 1) font type, 2) font size 3) font boldness 4) font color, and 5) font flickering. In one non-limiting example, 'font color' of an open proto-bigram term may be selected from 1) font red color and 2) font blue color.

For the exercises of present Example 10, there are time intervals between performances of block exercises. Let Δι herein represent a time interval between the performances of block exercises, where Δι is herein defined to be 8 seconds. Further, there are time intervals between the selected non-alphabetical serial order of different or some same letters in the letters sequences displayed in trial exercise #1 for block exercises #1 and #2. Let Δ₂ herein represent a time interval between the selected non-alphabetical serial order of different or some same letters sequences displayed in trial exercise #1 of block exercises #1 and #2, where Δ₂ is herein defined to be 2.5 seconds.

In an aspect of present Example 10, an explicitly exposed assigned open proto-bigram term will continue to display its respective spatial or time perceptual related attribute, in the selected letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler, for a period of ti, where ti is herein defined to be 2 seconds. When a subject has explicitly exposed the very last assigned open proto-bigram term from the last obtained incomplete letters sequence in any of the present exercises, the last assigned open proto- bigram term will be displayed in its respective spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the selected letters sequence for a period of t , where t2 is herein defined to be 3.5 seconds.

In the exercises presented in Example 10, the subject is required to reason in order to perform, on the fly, a mental simulation (aided by attentional inhibition-ignoring) of serially removing one or more contiguous letters to form/assemble and explicitly expose an assigned open proto-bigram term. The serial removal of one or more contiguous letters is done from the left to the right direction in the selected letters sequence. A complete non-alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence comprising 26 different letters (for the English language alphabet) is selected from a library comprising letters sequences. In trial exercise #1 of block exercise 1, the subject is presented with 3 selected complete non-alphabetical serial orders of different letters sequences in a sequential manner. As shown in Fig. 41A, the subject is provided with one complete non-alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence. In Fig. 41B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color in the complete open proto- bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject is then required to reason and visually localize the designated pair of letters 'B' and Έ' in the provided letters sequence. To achieve that end, the subject is prompted to search and recognize the assigned letter pair by sensory motor selecting (e.g. mouse click with the mouse-device) on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term, and without delay proceed to mouse click on the second valid letter of the pair. This is shown in Figs. 41 C and 4 ID, wherein the selected letters 'B' and Έ' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. In Fig. 4 IE, a single letter located in between this pair of letters is removed, explicitly revealing the open proto-bigram term 'BE', which is displayed in time perceptual related attribute red font color, for time interval ti, in the first new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Fig. 4 IF, a second assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 41G and 41H, the correctly selected letters T and F' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. As shown in Fig. 411, explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness, for time interval ti, in the second new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Fig. 41 J, a third assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 41K and 41L, the correctly identified letters 'O' and 'R' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. As shown in Fig. 41M, revealed open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the third new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Once the last assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' has been explicitly exposed, all of the assigned open proto-bigram terms, 'BE', 'IF', and 'OR' are displayed in their respective spatial or time perceptual related attributes, for time interval t₂, in the third and final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical different letters sequence, as shown in Fig. 41N.

At the end of time interval t₂, the next in-line selected non-alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence is displayed. Once the subject has successfully explicitly exposed the last assigned open proto-bigram term in the third selected non-alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence and after time interval t₂ has ended, the first selected non- alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence in trial exercise #1 of block exercise 2 begins.

In another example and as shown in Fig. 42 A, the subject is provided with a single non-alphabetical serial order of different letters sequence and a complete open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Both sequences have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes In Fig. 42B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed in a time perceptual related attribute font red color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject must quickly visually search, recognize, and sensory motor select within the provided letter sequence each single letter of this pair of letters with the end goal of forming/assembling the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE'. Following the same method explained earlier, the subject should sensory motor select by clicking with the mouse- device on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term, and without delay, proceed to sensory motor select by clicking with the mouse-device on the second valid letter of the pair. In Fig. 42C and 42D, the correct sensory motor selected letters 'B' and Έ' are displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Further, in Fig. 42E, the open proto-bigram term 'BE', explicitly revealed by an extraordinary nonlocal compression, is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the obtained non- alphabetical different letters sequence for time interval ti as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Finally, the open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color only in the obtained non-alphabetical different letters sequence as shown in Fig. 42F.

In trial exercise #1 of block exercise 2, the subject is presented with 3 selected non- alphabetical serial orders of some same letters sequences in a sequential manner. The selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence comprises the 26 letters of the English alphabet, but some of the letters included in this sequence are duplicates. Stated another way, there are a number of letters that appear repetitively in the letters sequence. Therefore, some letters of the English alphabet will be missing. A number of single letters are selected to be repeated within a selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence. The kind of single letters that are herein allowed to be repeated in a selected letters sequence may be initially chosen by a predefined method or at random. The number of single consonant letters to be repeated may be 1 or 2 per letters sequence and the number of single vowel letters to be repeated may be 2 or 3 per letters sequence. Each single letter is also repeated within a selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence a number of times. Each single consonant letter may be repeated 1 or 2 times per letter while each single vowel letter may be repeated 2 or 3 times per letter. Each selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence will always include by default a complete set of vowels: A, E, I, O and U. The respective serial order positioning for the vowels in the selected letters sequence will be randomized.

In order to explicitly reveal the assigned open proto-bigram by a local or a non-local compression, the subject will need to follow the same operational procedure as discussed in Example 9 above.

As shown in Fig. 43A, the subject is provided with a non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence. In Fig. 43B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'AT' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the complete open proto- bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In Figs. 43C and 43D, the correct sensory motor selected letters 'A' and 'T' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. In Fig. 43E, the explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'AT' is then displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type, for time interval ti, in the new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical some same letters sequence and in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Fig. 43F, a second assigned open proto-bigram term 'ME' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute smaller font size in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Correct sensory motor selected letters 'M' and 'E' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute smaller font size in Figs. 43G and 43H. As shown in Fig. 431, explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'ME' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute smaller font size, for time interval ti, in the second new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical some same letters sequence and in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 43J-43M, show a third compression of the selected letters sequence for the assigned open proto-bigram term 'IN' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Correct sensory motor selected letters T and 'N' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in Figs. 43K and 43L, while the explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'IN' is displayed with time perceptual related attribute font boldness in the third new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical some same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler as shown in Fig. 43M.

In Fig. 43N, fourth assigned open proto-bigram term 'NO' is displayed in a time perceptual related attribute font blue color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 430 and 43P displayed the correct sensory motor selected letters 'N' and 'O' with time perceptual related attribute font blue color. As shown in Fig. 43Q, the explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'NO' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font blue color, for time interval ti, in the fourth new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical some same letters sequence and in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Fig. 43R, a fifth assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in a time perceptual related attribute font red color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 43S and 43T show the correctly identified letters 'O' and 'F' displayed with time perceptual related attribute font red color. As shown in Fig. 43U, explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the fifth new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical some same letters sequence, as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Figs. 43V-43Y, a sixth assigned open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Correct sensory motor selected letters T and 'F' are shown with spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in Figs. 43 W and 43X. As shown in Fig. 43Y, explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'IF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size, for time interval ti, in the sixth new obtained incomplete non- alphabetical some same letters sequence and in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In Fig. 43Z, the seventh assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute font red color in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 43AA and 43BB displayed correct sensory motor selected letters Ή' and E' with spatial perceptual related attribute font red color. As shown in Fig. 43CC, explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'HE' is displayed in time perceptual related attribute font red color in the seventh new obtained incomplete non-alphabetical some same letters sequence as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

Once the last assigned open proto-bigram term 'HE' has been explicitly exposed, all of the previously explicitly exposed assigned open proto-bigram terms, 'AT', 'HE', and 'IF' are displayed in their respective spatial or time perceptual related attributes, for time interval t₂, in the seventh and final obtained incomplete non-alphabetical some same letters sequence, as shown in Fig. 43DD.

At the end of time interval t₂, the next in-line selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence is displayed. Once the subject has successfully exposed the last assigned open proto-bigram term in the third selected non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence and after time interval t₂ has ended, the current trial exercise is exited and the subject is returned to the main menu.

In another example and as shown in Fig. 44A, the subject is provided with a single non-alphabetical serial order of some same letters sequence and a complete open proto- bigrams sequence displayed in the ruler. Both sequences have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes In Fig. 44B, the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in a spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the complete open proto- bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. The subject must follow the same procedure as in the previous examples, which requires sensory motor selection such as clicking with the mouse- device (or other preselected means) on the first valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term, and without delay, proceeding to click with the mouse- device (or other preselected means) on the second valid letter of the pair of letters forming the assigned open proto-bigram term. In Figs. 44C and 44D, the correct sensory motor selected letters 'O' and 'F' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. Fig. 44E shows how the explicitly revealed open proto-bigram term 'OF' was obtained by an extraordinary non-local compression. Once explicitly exposed, open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness, for time interval ti, as well as in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Finally, open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness only in the obtained non-alphabetical some same letters sequence as shown in Fig. 44F.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 10 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. Specifically, for the present exercises, there are two kinds of "failure to perform" criteria. The first kind of "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor selecting (the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on any assigned open proto-bigram term answer within a valid performance time period, such as 20 seconds. After a valid performance time period has elapsed, a new same kind of trial exercise is then executed for the subject to begin performing from scratch.

For any trial exercise where the subject fails to respond to more than 3 selected letters sequences, either the current trial exercise ends and the next in-line trial exercise for the next block exercise immediately begins or the current trial exercise is terminated and the subject is returned to the main menu. Further, if the subject sensory motor selects the wrong pair of letters in any valid performance period, the sensory motor selected non-assigned open proto- bigram term will not be explicitly exposed from the provided letters sequence. Instead, the incorrect selection will immediately be undone and the subject will again be able to select a new pair of letters.

The second "failure to perform" criteria takes place in the event the subject fails to successfully complete the three (3) or more selected letters sequences for each trial exercise within time interval 1 , where 1 is 180 seconds. If the subject fails to complete the selected letters sequence for trial exercise #1 of block exercise 1 within 1 , the trial exercise is terminated and trial exercise #1 of block exercise 2 begins thereafter. If the subject fails to complete the selected letters sequences for trial exercise #1 of block exercise 2 within 1 , the trial exercise is exited and the subject is returned to the main menu.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 10, as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group performance score. Incorrect selections of pairs of letters are also recorded and counted as part of the subject's performance score. In general, the subject will perform the exercises of Example 10 about 6 times during his/her language based brain fitness training program. EXAMPLE 11 - Promoting reasoning ability by performing an alphabetic expansion of one or more contiguous letters located in between a pre-selected open proto-bigram term and obtaining the formation of an incomplete alphabetic letters sequence

A goal of the present Example 11 is to promote the fluid reasoning ability of a subject, which involves explicitly visually recognizing the two individual letters forming a pre-selected open proto-bigram term in a first step. Accordingly, the subject is required to use cognitive fluid reasoning ability in order to problem solve a particular serial order of letters exercise. To that effect, the subject needs to first visually recognize a pre-selected open proto- bigram term and then alphabetically expand this pre-selected open proto-bigram term. Thus, this method of promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject is based in the visual recognition and sensory-motor selection activity involved in the gradual serial insertion of the letters of an alphabetic set array in between the two letters forming a pre-selected open proto-bigram term. This serial sensory motor insertion of one or more letters brings about the expansion of the selected open proto-bigram term and the formation of a particular incomplete alphabetic letter sequence in direct correlation with the selected open proto-bigram term.

When the pre-selected open proto-bigram term is shown the subject must mentally simulate, on the fly, the serial expansion of one or more contiguous letters implicitly located: 1) in between the pre-selected open proto-bigram term or; 2) in between a target pair of letters forming/assembling a pre-selected open proto-bigram term from a selected alphabetical letters sequence. The problem solving involved in the present exercise promotes cognitive fluid reasoning ability by a subject performing an on the fly mental simulation followed by sensory-motor serial insertion of a number of contiguous letters of an alphabetic letter sequence inside a pre-selected open proto-bigram term, which brings about its alphabetic expansion. The sensory motor activity may consist of selecting by mouse-clicking and dragging each of the required letters held in a selected alphabetic letters sequence.

The present task demands a novel problem solving strategy involving promoting an on the fly cognitive reasoning ability bringing forth a process of mentally simulating the alphabetical expansion of one or more contiguous letters held in between a pre-selected open proto-bigram term by which a correlated incomplete alphabetic letters sequence becomes explicitly exposed. For example, for the open proto-bigram term 'WE', the direct correlated implicit derived incomplete alphabetic letters sequence now exposed is: ' VUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF' . The collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute is virtually contained in each open proto-bigram term and is herein considered to virtually comprise a corresponding incomplete alphabetic letters sequence directly derived from the above-mentioned alphabetic expansion.

In one aspect of the present Example 11 , a single letters sequence is selected from the following types of letters sequences: 1) a direct alphabetic set arrays; 2) an inverse alphabetic set arrays; 3) randomized serial orders of alphabetic set arrays; and 4) randomized serial orders of incomplete alphabetical sequences.

The library of complete open proto-bigram sequences comprises a predefined number of set arrays (closed serial orders of terms: symbols/letters/numbers), which may include alphabetic set arrays. Alphabetic set arrays are characterized by comprising a predefined number of different letter terms, each letter term having a predefined unique ordinal position in the closed set array, and none of said different letter terms are repeated within this predefined unique serial order of letter terms. A non-limiting example of a unique set array is the English alphabet, in which there are 13 predefined different open bigram terms where each open bigram term has a predefined consecutive ordinal position of a unique closed serial order among 13 different members of a set array only comprising 13 members.

In one aspect of the present subject matter, a predefined library of complete open- bigrams sequences is considered, which may comprise set arrays. The English alphabet is herein considered as only one unique serial order of open-bigram terms among the at least six different unique serial orders of the same open-bigram terms. The English alphabet is a particular alphabetic set array herein denominated: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array. The other five different orders of the same open-bigram terms are also unique alphabetic open-bigram set arrays, which are herein denominated: inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of open-bigram terms sequences may contain fewer open-bigram terms sequences than those listed above or comprise more different set arrays.

In an aspect of the present methods, the at least one unique serial order comprises a sequence of open-bigram terms. In this aspect of the present subject matter, the predefined library of set arrays may comprise the following set arrays sequential orders of open-bigrams terms, where each open-bigram term is a different member of the set array having a predefined unique ordinal position within the set: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open- bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type set array. It is understood that the above predefined library of set arrays sequences may contain additional or fewer set arrays sequences than those listed above.

In another aspect of the methods of Example 11 , a perceptual awareness is promoted in the subject. Particularly, this promotion of perceptual awareness in a subject may be achieved by providing the subject with one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli to facilitate the subject to effectively discriminate the two letters forming an assigned open proto-bigram term, where in between these two letters a collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute implicitly exists. Kinds of perceptual stimuli may include one or more of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. In a non-limiting example, visual stimuli may be provided to the subject in the form of a ruler which distinctively displays a selected open proto-bigram term to be consciously recognized by the subject inside of a selected letters sequence. In this particular example, the ruler may distinctively show the incomplete alphabetic sequence corresponding to the collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute of the selected open proto-bigram term in addition to the open proto-bigrams, and this letters sequence may be selected from a first predefined library. Furthermore, the ruler may also distinctively show a selected open proto-bigram term through one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the selected open proto-bigram term implemented differently than the one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the letters of the incomplete alphabetic sequence and selected changes of the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and/or in the remaining letters of the selected letters sequence.

In a further aspect of the present Example 11, the sensory-motor selection activity required to be performed by the subject to indicate conscious explicit recognition of the two letters forming a selected open proto-bigram term may include one or more of: mouse clicking on each letter; mouse dragging of a letter; pointing at a single letter at a time with a finger while touching a screen where the selected letters sequence is displayed at the particular serial location where each letter is found; and spelling the name of each letter aloud, one letter at a time.

In the present Example 11, there are 2 consecutive block exercises for a subject to perform. Block exercise 1 consists of three (3) trial exercises. A direct or inverse alphabetical letters sequence is displayed in a ruler for two of the trial exercises of block 1. A complete non-alphabetical (randomized) letters sequence is displayed in the third trial exercise. In some embodiments, a direct or inverse alphabetic set array is also provided in a ruler for the subject's reference in the third trial exercise. Block exercise 2 consists of two (2) trial exercises, each trial exercise having one selected direct or inverse alphabetical letters sequence and a direct open proto-bigrams sequence displayed in a ruler.

For the exercises of present Example 11, there are time period intervals between performances of block exercises. Let Δι herein represent a time period interval between the performances of block exercises, where Δι is herein defined to be 8 seconds. Further, there are time period intervals between the performances of the trial exercises in each block exercise. Let Δ₂ herein represent a time period interval between the trial exercises performance in each block exercise, where Δ₂ is herein defined to be 4 seconds.

In trial exercise #1 of block exercise 1, the subject is presented with a direct open proto-bigram term from a second predefined library along with a ruler displaying a direct alphabetic set array from the first predefined library. After the presentation of the selected open proto-bigram term, the subject is required to reason, visually recognize, and sensory- motor select (e.g., mouse-click) the individual letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term, as quickly as possible.

Fig. 46A shows this example exercise for when the subject has already visually recognized and sensory-motor selected the two letters. The subject is provided a direct alphabetical letters sequence to reason, visually recognize, and rapidly bring about an alphabetic expansion of the selected open proto-bigram term. In a non-limiting aspect of the present exercises, the subject will sensory motor select (mouse click and drag) each contiguous letter between the two recognized letters of a selected open proto-bigram term from the letters sequence shown in the ruler, one letter at a time from left to right, to the critical space in between the highlighted two letters of the selected open proto-bigram term. The maximal action time for sensory motor selecting (mouse clicking and dragging) each selected letter is 30 seconds. If the subject sensory-motor mouse clicking-dragging action is correct, the inserted letter will expand the implicit-collective perceptual related critical space between the two letters of the selected open proto-bigram term, and the space or time perceptual related attribute of the inserted letter will be changed.

As shown in Fig. 46B, the subject is provided with selected open proto-bigram term 'GO.' In Fig. 46C the correct sensory motor selected letters Ή' and T are shown in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size in between the 'G' and the Ό' letters of the selected open proto-bigram term. The same spatial or time perceptual related attribute change will apply for all future correct and successfully dragged letters inserted in between the selected open proto-bigram term. Similarly, Figs. 46D-46H each depict the next correctly inserted letters 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', and 'N' in spatial perceptual related attribute larger font size. In Fig. 46H, final letter 'N' is dragged and inserted in between the selected open proto- bigram term.

After the last letter in between the selected open proto-bigram term has been successfully selected (clicked-dragged) into its respective serial order position inside the implicit collective critical space in between the selected direct open proto-bigram term, all of the correct inserted letters form an incomplete alphabetic sequence that is highlighted inside the selected open proto-bigram term and in the ruler by a different space or time perceptual related attribute for a time interval of 20 seconds.

Further, in a particular embodiment of the exercises of Example 11, the subject is required to insert the letters forming an incomplete alphabetic letters sequence, in between the two letters forming a selected open proto-bigram that have been consciously recognized, during a second predefined time period which may range from 3 to 6 seconds for each letter to be inserted.

Trial exercise #2 of block exercise 1 is structured and performed in the same manner as trial exercise #1, however, the difference is that the subject is presented with an inverse open proto-bigram term from the second predefined library and a ruler displaying an inverse alphabetic set array from the first predefined library. The presentation of the selected inverse open proto-bigram term requires the user to reason, visually recognize, and rapidly bring about an alphabetic expansion of the selected inverse open proto-bigram term. The subject needs to, as quickly as possible, correctly click on each of the individual letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term to explicitly expose an incomplete inverse alphabetic letters sequence.

As shown in Fig. 47A, the subject is provided with an inverse alphabetical letters sequence and in Fig. 47B the selected open proto-bigram term 'TO' is displayed with a different spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. The subject will mouse click and drag each contiguous letter held in between the two letters of the selected inverse open proto- bigram term, from an inverse letters sequence shown in the ruler, one letter at a time from left to right, to the implicit critical space between the highlighted letters of the selected inverse open proto-bigram term. The maximal action time available to sensory-motor select (mouse click-drag) each correctly selected letter from the inverse alphabetical letters sequence is of 30 seconds. If the subject's click-drag sensory-motor action is correct, the inserted letter will expand the implicit-collective perceptual related critical space between the two letters of the selected inverse open proto-bigram term, and the space or time perceptual related attribute of the correctly inserted letter will change.

As shown in Fig. 47C, the correctly selected letter 'S' is shown in time perceptual related attribute font blue color between the ' and the Ό' letters of the selected inverse open proto-bigram term. The same space or time perceptual related attribute change will apply for all of the future correct successfully dragged and inserted letters in between the selected inverse open proto-bigram term. Similarly, Figs. 47D and 47E each depict the next correctly dragged and inserted letters 'R' and 'Q' in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. In Fig. 47F, final correct letter 'P' is dragged and inserted in between the selected inverse open proto-bigram term.

After the last letter in between the selected inverse open proto-bigram term has been successfully selected and clicked-dragged into its respective serial order position inside the implicit collective critical space between the selected inverse open proto-bigram term, all of the correctly inserted letters form an incomplete inverse alphabetic sequence that will be highlighted inside the selected inverse open proto-bigram term and in the ruler by a different space or time perceptual related attribute for a time interval of 20 seconds.

Trial exercise #3 of block exercise 1 is structured and performed in the same manner as trial exercises #1 and #2, where the subject is presented with a direct or inverse open proto-bigram term from the second predefined library. However, in this trial exercise, the subject is presented with a randomized serial order of an alphabetic set array from which the subject will have to select the next in-line one or more contiguous letters actualizing and forming the critical space implicitly held in between the selected direct or inverse open proto- bigram term. The presentation of the selected direct or inverse open proto-bigram term requires the user to reason, mentally simulate, and visually recognize in order to bring about an alphabetic expansion by dragging and inserting one or more contiguous letters in a direct or inverse alphabetical serial order from the provided randomized serial order letters sequence inside the critical space of the selected direct or inverse open proto-bigram term, as quickly as possible, in order to explicitly expose an implicitly held incomplete direct or inverse alphabetic letters sequence. As shown in Fig. 48 A, the subject is provided with a randomized serial order of an alphabetic set array and a ruler displaying a direct alphabetic set array. In Fig. 48B, selected direct open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed to the subject. The subject will have to sensory motor mouse click and drag each contiguous letter in between the two letters of the selected direct open proto-bigram term from the ruler, one letter at a time from left to right, to the implicit critical space held in between the highlighted letters of the selected direct open proto-bigram term. The maximum action time for the sensory-motor mouse clicking and dragging each of the correctly selected letters is of 30 seconds. If the subject's sensory-motor action is correct, the inserted letter will expand the collective perceptual related critical space laying implicitly in between the two letters of the selected open proto-bigram term, and the spatial or time perceptual related attribute of the correctly inserted letter will be changed.

As shown in Fig. 48C, the correctly selected letter 'C is shown in time perceptual related attribute font red color between the 'B' and the Έ' letters of the selected direct open proto-bigram term. The same space or time perceptual related attribute change will apply for all of the future correctly inserted letters in between the selected direct open proto-bigram term and the selected letters in the ruler successfully dragged in between the selected open proto-bigram term. Similarly, in Fig. 48D, final letter 'D' is inserted between the selected open proto-bigram.

After the last letter in between the selected open proto-bigram term has been successfully selected and clicked-dragged into its respective serial order position inside the collective critical space implicitly held in between the letters of the selected direct open proto-bigram term, all of the correctly inserted letters form an incomplete alphabetic sequence that will be highlighted in the selected direct open proto-bigram term and in the ruler by a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute for a time interval of 20 seconds.

In an alternative embodiment of trial exercise #3, the subject is not provided with a ruler displaying a direct alphabetic set array. Otherwise, both embodiments of trial exercise #3 are performed in exactly the same manner.

In trial exercise #1 of block exercise 2, the subject is presented with a direct alphabetic set array and a ruler displaying a direct open proto-bigrams sequence. The presentation of a selected open proto-bigram term requires the user to reason, visually recognize and bring about an alphabetic expansion by sensory motor inserting one or more contiguous letters in between the two individual letters forming the selected direct open proto-bigram term, as quickly as possible, in order to expose its corresponding incomplete alphabetic letters sequence. As shown in Fig. 49A, the subject is provided with a direct alphabetical letters sequence and a ruler displaying a direct open proto-bigrams sequence. Both the direct alphabetical letters sequence and the open proto-bigrams sequence are displayed in default spatial and time perceptual related attributes. In Fig. 49B, assigned direct open proto-bigram term 'AM' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

In a non-limiting aspect of the present exercises, the subject will sensory motor mouse click on the two letters (one letter at a time) of the selected direct open proto-bigram term from left to right in the direct alphabetic set array. If this sensory-motor action is done correctly, the two mouse clicked letters of the direct alphabetic set array will change their spatial perceptual related attribute, similar to the spatial perceptual related attributes possessed by the selected direct open proto-bigram term shown in the ruler. All of the selected contiguous letters of the incomplete direct alphabetic sequence embedded in the collective critical space extending in between the two letters forming the selected direct open proto-bigram term will change their time perceptual related attribute font color simultaneously. The maximal allowed time for this action to take place is 20 seconds. Still, the perceptual related attribute changes of font color will remain active for an additional 10 seconds before the next selected open proto-bigram term is displayed.

In Figs. 49C and 49D the correctly sensory motor selected letters 'A' and 'M' are displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 49E, the subject is prompted to sensory motor select each letter held in between the two selected letters of the assigned direct open proto-bigram term in order to reveal the corresponding derived incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence implicitly held there between. Figs. 49F-49P show the revealed incomplete direct letters sequence for each correct single letter sensory motor selection between the selected letters of the direct open proto-bigram term 'AM' with time perceptual related attribute font red color. Direct open proto-bigram term 'AM' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct alphabetic set array and in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

The same step is repeated for a newly selected direct open proto-bigram term. In this case, the newly assigned direct open proto-bigram term is highlighted in the ruler with the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes changes as the previously selected direct open proto-bigram term. In Fig. 49Q, newly assigned direct open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 49R and 49S show the selected letters Ό' and 'R' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 49T, the subject is prompted to sensory motor select each letter located in between the letters Ό' and the 'R' of the selected direct open proto-bigram term in order to reveal the corresponding derived incomplete direct alphabetic letters sequence implicitly held therein. Figs. 49U and 49V show the revealed incomplete direct letters sequence for each correct single letter sensory motor selection between the selected letters of the direct open proto-bigram term 'OR' with time perceptual related attribute font red color. In Fig. 49V, selected direct open proto-bigram term 'OR' is expanded to explicitly reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence 'PQ' showing in time perceptual related attribute font red color. Direct open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness in the direct alphabetic set array and in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

After changing the time perceptual related attribute font color for an additional time period of 20 seconds for all of the letters of the explicitly exposed incomplete direct alphabetic sequences implicitly embedded in the critical space of the selected direct open proto-bigram terms displayed in the provided alphabetic set array and changing the spatial perceptual related attribute of the pre-selected direct open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler to their respective initial default condition, transition is made to the next trial exercise.

Figs. 50A-50U depict another set of non-limiting examples of trial exercise #1 of block exercise #2. In this particular example, there is a total of three selected open proto- bigram terms for the subject to expand. As shown in Fig. 50A, the subject is provided with a direct alphabetical letters sequence and a ruler displaying a direct open proto-bigrams sequence. Both the letters sequence and the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler are displayed in default spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes. In Fig. 50B, assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 50C and 50D show the selected letters 'B' and 'E' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font boldness. In Fig. 50E, the subject is prompted to sensory motor select each letter from the displayed direct alphabetic set array that serially fits in between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram 'BE' term. Figs. 50F and 50G show the sensory motor selected letters in between the assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE.' Still, Fig. 50G shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'BE' expanded to reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence 'CD' in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (smaller). Open proto-bigram term 'BE' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the direct alphabetic set array and in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

Likewise, in Fig. 50H, newly assigned open proto-bigram term 'IN' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 501 and 50J show the selected letters T and 'N' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger). In Fig. 50K, the subject is prompted to select each letter placed in between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram 'IN' term from the displayed direct alphabetic set. Figs. 50L-50O show selected open proto- bigram term 'IN' expanded to explicitly reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence 'JLKM' in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (smaller). Open proto- bigram term 'IN' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the direct alphabetic set array and in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

As shown in Fig. 50P, the third assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 50Q and 50R show the selected letters 'O' and 'R' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger). In Fig. 50S, the subject is prompted to sensory motor select each letter in between the two selected letters of the assigned open proto-bigram 'OR' term. Figs. 50T and 50U show the sensory motor selected letters in between the assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR'. Further, Fig. 50U shows assigned open proto-bigram term 'OR' expanded to reveal the incomplete direct alphabetical letters sequence 'PQ' in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (smaller). Open proto-bigram term 'OR' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font size (bigger) in the direct alphabetic set array and in the open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. In the same manner as the previously described examples, after changing the spatial perceptual related attribute font size for an additional time period of 20 seconds for all of the letters of the explicitly exposed incomplete alphabetic sequences embedded in the assigned open proto- bigram terms displayed in the alphabetic set array and changing the spatial perceptual related attribute of the pre- selected open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler to their respective default spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes, transition is made to the next trial exercise.

Trial exercise #2 of block exercise 2 is structured and performed in essentially the same manner as trial exercise #1 as previously discussed. However, the difference is that the subject is presented with an inverse open proto-bigram term to perform along with an inverse alphabetic set array from the first predefined library and a ruler displaying an inverse open proto-bigrams sequence from the second predefined library. As shown in Fig. 51 A, the subject is provided with an inverse alphabetic set array and a ruler displaying an inverse open proto-bigrams sequence. Both the inverse alphabetic set array and the inverse open proto- bigrams sequence shown in the ruler are displayed in default spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes. In Fig. 51B, assigned inverse open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

Figs. 51C and 51D show the selected letters Ό' and 'F' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. In Fig. 5 IE, the subject is prompted to select each letter placed in between the two selected letters of the assigned inverse open proto-bigram term 'OF.' Figs. 51F-51M show the sensory motor selected letters in between the inverse open proto-bigram term 'OF' expanded to explicitly reveal the incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'NMLKJIHG' shown in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Inverse open proto-bigram term 'OF' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the inverse alphabetic set array and in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler.

The same procedure is repeated for a new selected inverse open proto-bigram term. The newly assigned inverse open proto-bigram term is highlighted in the ruler with the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes changes as the previously assigned inverse open proto-bigram term. In Fig.5 IN, newly assigned inverse open proto-bigram term 'UP' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. Figs. 510 and 5 IP show the selected letters 'U' and 'P' displayed with spatial perceptual related attribute font type. In Fig. 51Q, the subject is prompted to select each letter in between the two selected letters of the assigned inverse open proto-bigram 'UP' term. Figs. 51R-51U show the sensory motor selected letters in between the assigned inverse open proto-bigram term 'UP' expanded to reveal the incomplete inverse alphabetical letters sequence 'TSRQ' in time perceptual related attribute font blue color. Inverse open proto-bigram term 'UP' is displayed in spatial perceptual related attribute font type in the inverse alphabetic set array and in the inverse open proto-bigrams sequence shown in the ruler. After changing the time perceptual related attribute font color for an additional time period of 20 seconds for all of the letters of the explicitly exposed incomplete inverse alphabetic sequences embedded in the assigned inverse open proto-bigram terms displayed in the inverse alphabetic set array and changing the spatial perceptual related attribute of the pre-selected inverse open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler, the trial exercise ends.

The methods implemented by the exercises of Example 11 also contemplate those situations in which the subject fails to perform the given task. The following failing to perform criteria is applicable to any trial exercise in any block exercise of the present task in which the subject fails to perform. The "failure to perform" criteria occurs in the event the subject fails to perform by not sensory motor click- selecting (the subject remains inactive/passive) with the hand-held mouse device on any assigned open proto-bigram term answer within a valid performance time period. After a valid performance time period has elapsed, a new same kind of trial exercise is then executed for the subject to begin performing from scratch.

For any trial exercise where the subject fails to respond for 3 consecutive times, the current trial exercise ends and the next in-line block exercise is presented to the subject. If the lack of response occurs for 3 consecutive times during the last block exercise, the current trial exercise ends and the subject is returned to the main menu. Further, any time the subject sensory motor selects the wrong pair of letters in any valid performance period, the incorrect sensory motor selection will immediately be undone and the subject will again be able to make a new sensory motor selection.

The total duration to complete the exercises of Example 11 , as well as the time it took to implement each one of the individual trial exercises, is registered in order to help generate an individual and age-gender group performance score. Incorrect sensory motor selections of letters are also recorded and counted as part of the subject's performance score. In general, the subject will perform the exercises of Example 11 about 6 times during his/her language based neuroperformance training program.

Claims

What is claimed:

1. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting one or more serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library including complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; from this selection, providing the subject with one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms; and selecting from the predefined library at least one complete alphabetic letter sequence which is provided to the subject in a ruler;

b) prompting the subject, within an exercise, to reason in order to sensory motor manipulate open-bigram terms within the one or more incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms or to reason in order to sensorially discriminate differences or sameness between two or more of the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, within a first predefined time interval;

c) determining whether the subject correctly sensory motor manipulated the open- bigram terms or correctly sensorially discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms;

d) if the subject made an incorrect open-bigram term sensory motor manipulation or sensorial discrimination, then returning to step b);

e) if the subject correctly sensory motor manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly sensorially discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more of the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, then displaying the correct sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute to highlight the open-bigram terms sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness;

f) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

g) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensory motor manipulation or sensorial discrimination of the open-bigram terms of the provided one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms are accomplished without invoking explicit awareness by the subject.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the selection of serial orders of open-bigram terms from the predefined library and the selection of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms from the selected serial orders are done at random.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more serial orders of open-bigram terms in the predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences comprise set arrays with a predefined number of different open-bigram term members, each open-bigram term member of each set array having a predefined unique ordinal position, wherein none of the different open-bigram term members are repeated within the set arrays or each different open-bigram term member is located at a different ordinal position within the set arrays.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the predefined library includes alphabetic set arrays where each member term is an open-bigram term, comprising: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms contain at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute between each of the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms is selected from the group including symbol font color, symbol font size, symbol font style, symbol font spacing, symbol font case, symbol font boldness, symbol font angle of rotation, symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the two or more incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms contain a plurality of different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes between each of the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein each different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms is selected from the group including symbol font color, symbol font size, symbol font style, symbol font spacing, symbol font case, symbol font boldness, symbol font angle of rotation, symbol font mirroring, or combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject's reasoning in order to sensory motor manipulate or sensorially discriminate engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, the goal oriented motor activity selected from the sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the selected one or more serial orders of open-bigram terms and the selected one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, goal oriented body movements to execute the sensory motor manipulations or sensorial discriminations, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented movements relating to a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one alphabetic letter sequence provided in the ruler is selected from the predefined library, which includes two or more serial orders of terms from the group containing: direct alphabetic set array, inverse alphabetic set array, direct type of alphabetic set array, inverse type of alphabetic set array, central type of alphabetic set array, inverse central type alphabetic set array, direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1 to 23 iterations.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensory motor manipulation of open-bigram terms is done by the subject by implementing a force choice selection method.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step e) is selected according to a predefined relationship between the spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the open- bigram terms in a sequence.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

17. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

e) if the subject correctly sensory motor manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly sensorially discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, then displaying the correct sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute to highlight the open-bigram terms sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness; f) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

18. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for:

a) selecting one or more serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library including open-bigram sequences; from this selection, providing the subject with one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms on the GUI; and selecting at least one complete alphabetic letter sequence from the predefined library, which is provided to the subject in a ruler;

b) prompting the subject, within an exercise, to reason in order to sensory motor manipulate open-bigram terms within the one or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms or to reason in order to sensorially discriminate differences or sameness between two or more of the incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms on the GUI, within a first predefined time interval;

c) determining whether the subject correctly sensory motor manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly sensorially discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms;

e) if the subject correctly sensory motor manipulated the open-bigram terms or correctly sensorially discriminated differences or sameness between the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, then displaying the correct sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness on the GUI with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute to highlight the open-bigrams terms sensory motor manipulations or sensorially discriminated differences or sameness;

f) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and g) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

19. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; further selecting and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected serial order of open- bigram terms, wherein all open-bigram terms in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes; and selecting a complete alphabetic letter sequence from the predefined library to provide to the subject in a ruler; b) prompting the subject to reason in order to sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the open-bigram term corresponding to a next ordinal position in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from a list of possible open-bigram term answer choices shown to the subject;

c) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then displaying the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term with a different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms in step a);

d) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then returning to step b);

e) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

f) upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all iterations.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the selection of the complete serial order of open- bigram terms is done at random, and the further selection of the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is also done at random from a predefined number of and predefined ordinal positions of the open-bigram terms in the selected complete serial order of open- bigram terms.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the predefined library of complete alphabetic open- bigram sequences comprises alphabetic set arrays where each member is an open-bigram term, comprising: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open- bigram set array.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein the different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step c) is selected from the group of spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein the different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step c) is selected according to a predefined relationship between the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the open-bigram terms in a sequence.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

25. The method of claim 19, wherein the further selected incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms comprises consecutive open-bigram member terms.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein the further selected incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms comprises non-consecutive open-bigram member terms.

27. The method of claim 19, wherein the further selected incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms comprises 2-6 open-bigram terms of the selected complete serial order of open- bigram terms.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the further selected incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms contains 3 open-bigram terms of the selected complete serial order of open- bigram terms.

29. The method of claim 19, wherein the subject's reasoning in order to sensory motor select the open-bigram term having the next ordinal position according to step b) engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, the goal oriented motor activity selected from the sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the further selected incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, goal oriented body movements involved in prompting the subject according to step b), and combinations thereof.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented movements relating to a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

31. The method of claim 19, wherein the complete alphabetic letter sequence in the ruler is selected from the group including: direct alphabetic set array, inverse alphabetic set array, direct type of alphabetic set array, inverse type of alphabetic set array, central type of alphabetic set array, inverse central type alphabetic set array, direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

32. The method of claim 19, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

33. The method of claim 19 wherein the sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms is done by the subject by implementing a predefined selection choice method selected from the group including multiple-choice selection method, force choice selection method, and go-no go selection method.

34. The method of claim 19, wherein the first predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 20 seconds.

35. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising: a) selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; further selecting and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected serial order of open-bigram terms, wherein all open-bigram terms in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes; and selecting a complete alphabetic letter sequence to provide to the subject in a ruler;

b) prompting the subject to reason in order to sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the open-bigram term corresponding to a next ordinal position in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from a list of possible open-bigram terms answer choices shown to the subject;

36. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a serial order of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; further selecting and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from the selected serial order of open-bigram terms, wherein all open-bigram terms in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms have the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes; and providing a complete alphabetic letter sequence to the subject in a ruler; b) prompting the subject on the GUI to reason in order to sensory motor select, in a first predefined time interval, the open-bigram term corresponding to a next ordinal position in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from a list of possible open-bigram terms answer choices shown to the subject;

c) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection, then displaying the correctly sensory motor selected open-bigram term on the GUI with a different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the same spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the open-bigram terms in step a);

f) upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all iterations on the GUI.

37. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a pair of complete serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; further selecting and providing the subject with two incomplete open-bigram sequences, one from each of the pair of selected complete serial orders of open-bigram terms, wherein a predefined number of open-bigram terms and selected ordinal positions of the open-bigram terms are the same in the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences; and providing a complete alphabetic open- bigram sequence to the subject in a ruler;

b) prompting the subject to reason in order to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same or different for at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute and displaying the selection;

c) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor selection, then returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection and indicating that the two incomplete open- bigram sequences are the same by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute in both incomplete open-bigram sequences;

e) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are different, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection and indicating that the two incomplete open- bigram sequences are different by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of only one of the incomplete open-bigram sequences to highlight the difference between the two incomplete open-bigram sequences;

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the selection of the pair of complete serial orders of open-bigram terms is done at random, and the further selection of the two incomplete open- bigram sequences provided to the subject is also done at random.

39. The method of claim 37, wherein the predefined library of complete alphabetic open- bigram sequences comprises alphabetic set arrays where each member is an open-bigram term, comprising: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences comprise consecutive open-bigram member terms.

41. The method of claim 37, wherein the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences comprise non-consecutive open-bigram member terms.

42. The method of claim 37, wherein the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are different, and the difference comprises at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute selected from the group of spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof.

43. The method of claim 37, wherein each of the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences comprises 2-7 open-bigram terms.

44. The method of claim 37, where the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the correct sensory motor selection in steps d) and e) is selected from the group of spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes or combinations thereof.

45. The method of claim 37, wherein the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of steps d) and e) is selected according to a predefined relationship between the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the open-bigram terms.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the changed spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of a correct sensory motor selection having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the changed spatial or time perceptual related attribute of a correct sensory motor selection having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

47. The method of claim 37, wherein the subject's reasoning in order to sensory motor select in step b) engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, the goal oriented motor activity selected from the sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the selected pair of serial orders and the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences, goal oriented body movements involved in prompting the subject according to step b), and combinations thereof.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented movements relating to a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

49. The method of claim 37, wherein the complete alphabetic open-bigram sequence shown in the ruler is selected from the group including: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

50. The method of claim 37, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

51. The method of claim 37, wherein the sensory motor selection is done by the subject by implementing a force choice selection method.

52. The method of claim 37, wherein the first predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 20 seconds.

53. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

b) prompting the subject to reason in order to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same or different for at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute, and displaying the selection;

d) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection and indicating that the two incomplete open- bigram sequences are the same by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute in both incomplete open-bigram sequences; e) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are different, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection and indicating that the two incomplete open- bigram sequences are different by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of only one of the incomplete open-bigram sequences to highlight the difference between the two incomplete open-bigram sequences;

54. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a pair of serial orders of open-bigram terms from a predefined library of complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; further selecting and providing the subject with two incomplete open-bigram sequences, one from each of the pair of selected serial orders of open-bigram terms, wherein a predefined number of open- bigram terms and selected ordinal positions of the open-bigram terms are the same in the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences; and providing a complete alphabetic open-bigram sequence to the subject in a ruler;

b) prompting the subject on the GUI to reason in order to sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, whether the two provided incomplete open- bigram sequences are the same or different for at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute, and displaying the selection;

d) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection on the GUI and indicating that the two incomplete open-bigram sequences are the same by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute in both incomplete open-bigram sequences;

e) if the sensory motor selection made by the subject is a correct sensory motor selection where the two provided incomplete open-bigram sequences are different, then displaying the correct sensory motor selection on the GUI and indicating that the two incomplete open-bigram sequences are different by changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of only one of the incomplete open-bigram sequences to highlight the difference between the two incomplete open-bigram sequences;

g) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

55. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms derived from the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms, and wherein the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms is provided as a ruler to the subject; b) prompting the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, missing open-bigram terms obtained from the ruler, within a first predefined time interval, to form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms;

c) if at least one sensory motor insertion of a missing open-bigram term from the ruler made by the subject is an incorrect sensory motor insertion, then returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor insertions of all missing open-bigram terms from the ruler made by the subject are all correct sensory motor insertions, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted missing open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms;

e) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and f) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein all of the open-bigram terms of the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms are different open-bigram terms.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the library of complete open-bigram sequences comprises alphabetic open-bigram set arrays wherein each member is a single different open- bigram term, comprising: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse alphabetic open- bigram set array; direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array; and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the complete serial order of open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and where 2-7 open-bigram terms are missing in the provided incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the number of missing open-bigram terms in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is between 3 and 5.

60. The method of claim 57, wherein the complete serial order of open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and 2-5 open-bigram terms are missing in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the number of missing open-bigram terms in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms is 3 or 4.

62. The method of claim 55, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step d) is selected from the group of spatial or time perceptual related attributes and combinations thereof.

63. The method of claim 55, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step d) is selected according to a predefined relationship between the spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the open- bigram terms.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step d) depends on whether the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram term falls in a right or a left visual field of the subject in accordance with the ordinal position of the inserted open-bigram term in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms.

65. The method of claim 55, wherein the sensorial discriminations and sensory motor insertions of missing open-bigram terms from the ruler by the subject engage goal oriented motor activity within a body of the subject, the goal oriented motor activity selected from the sensory-motor group including: sensorial perception of the complete and incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, goal oriented body movements to execute the sensorial discrimination and sensory motor insertion of the open-bigram terms, and combinations thereof.

66. The method of claim 64, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented movements relating to a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

67. The method of claim 55, wherein the complete serial order of open-bigram terms in the ruler is selected from the group including: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

68. The method of claim 55, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

69. The method of claim 55, wherein the sensory motor insertion of open-bigram terms is done by the subject by implementing a predefined selection choice method selected from the group including multiple-choice selection method, force choice selection method and go-no go selection method.

70. The method of claim 55, wherein the first predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 60 seconds and the one or more predefined time intervals of step e) are any time interval between 5 and 15 seconds.

71. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms derived from the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms, and wherein the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms is provided as a ruler to the subject; b) within a first predefined time interval, prompting the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert missing open-bigram terms from the ruler in the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms to form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms;

c) if at least one open-bigram term sensory motor insertion made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor insertions of all missing open-bigram terms made by the subject from the ruler are correct, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted open- bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms; e) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and f) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration.

72. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, and providing the subject with an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms derived from the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms on the GUI, and wherein the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms is provided as a ruler to the subject;

b) prompting the subject on the GUI to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert missing open-bigram terms from the ruler in the incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms, within a first predefined time interval, to form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms;

d) if the sensory motor insertions of all missing open-bigram terms made by the subject are correct sensory motor insertions, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms on the GUI with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms;

e) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

f) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

73. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order with a predefined number of N different open- bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences and, further selecting from the selected complete serial order, a plurality of serial orders of open-bigram terms, each having less terms than the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms and following the serial order of the selected complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms;

b) providing the subject with one of the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms and displaying the selected complete serial order of N different open- bigram terms in a ruler;

c) prompting the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms remaining from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms, in order to contiguously complete the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b) and form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms;

d) if at least one sensory motor selection of an incomplete serial order of open- bigrams terms made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to step c);

e) if the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigrams terms sensory motor selections made by the subject are all correct, then displaying the correct sensory motor selected incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b);

74 The method of claim 73, wherein the selection of the complete serial order of N different open-bigrams terms is done at random from the predefined library, and the further selection of the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms is also done at random from a predefined number of open-bigram terms with predefined ordinal positions in the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms.

75. The method of claim 73, wherein the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms is an integer between 9 and 22.

76. The method of claim 73, wherein the predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences comprises alphabetic open-bigram set arrays wherein each member is a single different open-bigram term comprising: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and central type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and the one provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b) comprises 2-7 open-bigram terms.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the one provided incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms of step b) has between 3 and 5 open-bigram terms.

79. The method of claim 76, wherein the complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, and inverse central type of alphabetic open- bigram set array, and the one provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b) comprises 2-5 open-bigram terms.

80. The method of claim 79, wherein the one provided incomplete serial order of open- bigram terms of step b) has 3 or 4 open-bigram terms.

81. The method of claim 73, wherein the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms comprises 4-12 open-bigram sequences comprising different open-bigram terms.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms comprises 6-10 open-bigram sequences comprising different open-bigram terms.

83. The method of claim 73, wherein the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms comprises 8-16 open-bigram sequences comprising different open-bigram terms.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the plurality of incomplete serial orders of open- bigram terms comprises 10-12 open-bigram sequences comprising different open-bigram terms.

85. The method of claim 73, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step e) is selected from the group of spatial and time perceptual related attributes and combinations thereof.

86. The method of claim 73, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of step e) is selected according to a predefined relationship between the spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the open- bigram terms.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

88. The method of claim 73, wherein the sensorial discriminating and sensory motor selecting by the subject engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, the goal oriented motor activity selected from the sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms from step b); the sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in step c), goal oriented body movements involved in prompting the subject in step c), and combinations thereof.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented body movements of a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

90. The method of claim 73, wherein the complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms shown in the ruler is selected from the group including: direct alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse alphabetic open-bigram set array, direct type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, inverse type of alphabetic open-bigram set array, central type of alphabetic open- bigram set array, and inverse central type alphabetic open-bigram set array.

91. The method of claim 73, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

92. The method of claim 73, wherein the formation of the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms is accomplished by the subject by implementing a predefined sensory motor selection choice method selected from the group including: multiple-choice selection method, force choice selection method and go-no go selection method.

93. The method of claim 73, wherein the first predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 60 seconds and the one or more predefined time intervals of step f) are any time interval between 5 and 15 seconds.

94. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order with a predefined number of N different open- bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, and further selecting from the selected complete serial order, a plurality of serial orders of open-bigram terms, each having less terms than the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms and following the serial order of the selected complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms; b) providing the subject with one of the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms and displaying the selected complete serial order of N different open- bigram terms in a ruler;

c) prompting the subject to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms remaining from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in order to contiguously complete the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b) and form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms;

d) if at least one sensory motor selection of an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to step c);

e) if the two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms sensory motor selections made by the subject are all correct, then displaying the correct sensory motor selected incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute than the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b);

95. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order with a predefined number of N different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete open-bigram sequences, and further selecting from the selected complete serial order, a plurality of serial orders of open-bigram terms, each having less terms than the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms and following the serial order of the selected complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms; b) providing the subject on the GUI with one of the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms and displaying the selected complete serial order of N different open-bigram terms in a ruler;

c) prompting the subject on the GUI to sensorially discriminate and sensory motor select, within a first predefined time interval, two or more incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms remaining from the selected plurality of incomplete serial orders of open-bigram terms in order to contiguously complete the provided incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms of step b) and form a completed alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms having the predefined number of N different open-bigram terms;

d) if at least one sensory motor of an incomplete serial order of open-bigram terms made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to step c);

96. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete different open-bigram sequences; providing the subject with a randomized open-bigrams sequence derived from the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, wherein a plurality of open-bigram terms are out of serial order relative to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms; and providing the complete serial order of different open- bigram terms to the subject as a ruler;

b) prompting the subject, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor reorganize the plurality of open-bigram terms, one at a time, in the randomized open-bigrams sequence to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms corresponding to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms;

c) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to the randomized open-bigrams sequence, and returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct but further sensory motor reorganization of the randomized open-bigrams sequence is needed to form the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, then returning to step b); e) if the sensory motor reorganization of all required open-bigram terms is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying the correct sensory motor reorganized open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms;

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the predefined library comprises alphabetic set arrays, where each member of the set is a different open-bigram, including: direct open- bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open- bigram set array.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of: direct open-bigram set array, direct type open- bigram set array, and central type open-bigram set array, and 3-7 open-bigram terms need sensory motor reorganization in the randomized open-bigrams sequence.

99. The method of claim 97, wherein the subject is provided with a given amount of time to perform the sensory motor reorganization of the plurality of open-bigram terms, and the given amount of time is between 15 and 45 seconds for each open-bigram term needing reorganization.

100. The method of claim 97, wherein the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group consisting of: inverse open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array, and where 3-5 open- bigram terms need sensory motor reorganization in the randomized open-bigrams sequence.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the subject is provided with a given amount of time to perform the sensory motor reorganization of the plurality of open-bigram terms, and the given amount of time is between 15 and 45 seconds for each open-bigram term needing reorganization.

102. The method of claim 96, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of step e) is selected from the group of spatial and time perceptual related attributes and combinations thereof.

103. The method of claim 96, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of step e) is selected according to a predefined relationship between spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the correct sensory motor reorganized open-bigram terms.

104. The method of claim 103, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the at least one different spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of an open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

105. The method of claim 96, further comprising in step b) randomly blocking any open- bigram term in the randomized open-bigrams sequence from the subject's view for a blocking time, as the subject is attempting to sensory motor reorganize the required open-bigram terms to form the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

106. The method of claim 105, wherein the blocking occurs for a period of 1-3 seconds, and is done intermittently at a predefined duty cycle.

107. The method of claim 96, wherein the sensory motor reorganizing of the plurality of open-bigram terms by the subject engages goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, wherein the goal oriented motor activity is selected from a sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms and the randomized open-bigrams sequence; goal oriented body movements to execute the serial sensorial discrimination and sensory motor selection of the plurality of open-bigram terms to be reorganized according to step b); and combinations thereof.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein the goal oriented body movements are from the group consisting of goal oriented movements of a subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

109. The method of claim 96, wherein the ruler is selected from the group including: direct alphabetic set array, inverse alphabetic set array, direct type of alphabetic set array, inverse type of alphabetic set array, central type of alphabetic set array, inverse central type alphabetic set array, direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type open-bigram set array, inverse type open-bigram set array, central type open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

110. The method of claim 96, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

111. The method of claim 96, wherein the sensory motor reorganization of the plurality of open-bigram terms is done by the subject by implementing a predefined selection choice method selected from the group including: multiple-choice selection method, force choice selection method and go-no go selection method.

112. The method of claim 96, wherein the first predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 20 seconds and the one or more predefined time intervals of step f) are any time interval between 5 and 15 seconds.

113. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete different open-bigram sequences; providing the subject with a randomized serial order of open-bigram terms derived from the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, wherein a plurality of open-bigram terms are out of serial order relative to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms; and providing the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms to the subject as a ruler;

b) prompting the subject, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor reorganize the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time, in the randomized serial order of open-bigram terms to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms which corresponds to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms;

c) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the an open-bigram term to its original serial position in the randomized serial order of open-bigram terms, and returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct but further sensory motor reorganization of the randomized serial order of open-bigram terms is needed to form the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, then returning to step b);

e) if the sensory motor reorganization of all required open-bigram terms is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying the correct sensory motor reorganized open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms;

114. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of complete different open-bigram sequences; providing the subject on the GUI with a randomized serial order of open-bigram terms derived from the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, wherein a plurality of open-bigram terms are out of serial order relative to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms; and providing the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms to the subject as a ruler;

b) prompting the subject on the GUI, within a first predefined time interval, to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor reorganize the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time, in the randomized serial order of open- bigram terms to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms which corresponds to the selected complete serial order of different open- bigram terms;

c) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to its original serial position the randomized serial order of open-bigram terms, and returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct but further sensory motor reorganization of the randomized serial order of open-bigram terms is needed to form the completed alphabetical serial order of different open- bigram terms, then returning to step b);

e) if the sensory motor reorganization of all required open-bigram term is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying on the GUI the correct sensory motor reorganized open- bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms;

115. A method of promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of non-randomized complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; providing the subject with a randomized open- bigrams sequence, derived from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, having a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order relative to the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, and a plurality of missing open-bigram terms; and providing the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms to the subject as a ruler;

b) prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor remove, within a first predefined time interval, the plurality of repeated open-bigram terms from the randomized open-bigrams sequence;

c) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to the randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step b); d) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is correct but at least one of the plurality of repeated open-bigram terms remains in the randomized open-bigrams sequence, then returning to step b);

e) prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor reorganize, within a second predefined time interval, the out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time to form an incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms; f) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to its original serial position in the randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step e);

g) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is correct but further sensory motor reorganization of the randomized open-bigrams sequence is needed, then returning to step e);

h) prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert, within a third predefined time interval, the plurality of missing open-bigram terms, one at a time in the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, which corresponds to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms;

i) if the sensory motor insertion of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then removing the open-bigram term, and returning to step h);

j) if the sensory motor insertion of an open-bigram term is correct but at least one of the plurality of missing open-bigram terms has not been inserted in the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, then returning to step h);

k) if the sensory motor insertion of all required open-bigram terms is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms;

1) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

m) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration.

116. The method of claim 115, wherein the predefined library comprises open-bigram set arrays including: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type of open-bigram set array, inverse type of open-bigram set array, central type of open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

117. The method of claim 116, wherein the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group including direct open-bigram set array, direct type of open- bigram set array, and central type of open-bigram set array, and 2-5 open-bigram terms are repeated within the randomized open-bigrams sequence.

118. The method of claim 117, wherein the repeated open-bigram terms are each repeated 2-4 times.

119. The method of claim 117, wherein the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms comprises 3-5 different open-bigram terms.

120. The method of claim 119, wherein the second predefined time interval to perform the sensory motor reorganization of the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms is between 15 and 45 seconds for each of the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms.

121. The method of claim 115, wherein the plurality of missing open-bigram terms of step h) to be sensory motor inserted is obtained from the ruler.

122. The method of claim 117, wherein the plurality of missing open-bigram terms comprises 2-7 different open-bigram terms.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein the plurality of missing open-bigram terms is between 3 and 5 different open-bigram terms.

124. The method of claim 116, wherein the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms is selected from the group including inverse open-bigram set array, inverse type of open-bigram set array, and inverse central type of open-bigram set array, and 2-4 open- bigram terms are repeated in the randomized open-bigrams sequence.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein the repeated open-bigram terms are each repeated 1-3 times.

126. The method of claim 124, wherein the plurality of out of serial order open-bigram terms comprises 3-5 different open-bigram terms.

127. The method of claim 115, wherein the first predefined time interval is between 15 and 45 seconds, and the third predefined time interval is between 15 and 45 seconds.

128. The method of claim 124, wherein the plurality of missing open-bigram terms comprises 2-5 different open-bigram terms.

129. The method of claim 128, wherein the plurality of missing open-bigram terms is 3 or 4 different open-bigram terms.

130. The method of claim 115, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of step k) is selected from the group of spatial or time perceptual related attributes and combinations thereof.

131. The method of claim 115, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of step k) is selected according to a predefined relationship between spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position of the different open-bigram terms.

132. The method of claim 131, wherein the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of a correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute of a correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram term having an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

133. The method of claim 115, further comprising in step e) randomly blocking any open- bigram term in the randomized open-bigrams sequence from the subject's view for a blocking time, as the subject is attempting to sensory motor reorganize the open-bigram terms to form an incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein the blocking time occurs for a period of 1-3 seconds, and the random blocking is done intermittently at a predefined duty cycle.

135. The method of claim 115, wherein the sensory motor removal, sensory motor reorganization, and the sensory motor insertion of open-bigram terms by the subject each engage goal oriented motor activity within the subject's body, wherein the goal oriented motor activity is selected from a sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms and the randomized open-bigrams sequence; sensorial perception of an obtained incomplete alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms; goal oriented body movements to execute the sensory motor removal, reorganization, and insertion of open-bigram terms; and combinations thereof.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein the goal oriented body movements are selected from the group consisting of goal oriented movements of the subject's eyes, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

137. The method of claim 115, wherein the ruler is selected from the group including: direct open-bigram set array, inverse open-bigram set array, direct type of open-bigram set array, inverse type of open-bigram set array, central type of open-bigram set array, and inverse central type open-bigram set array.

138. The method of claim 115, wherein the predetermined number of iterations ranges from 1-23 iterations.

139. The method of claim 115, wherein the sensory motor removal, reorganization, and insertion of open-bigram terms is done by the subject by implementing a predefined selection choice method selected from the group including multiple-choice selection method, force choice selection method and go-no go selection method.

140. The method of claim 115, wherein the third predefined time interval is any time interval between 10 and 50 seconds and the one or more predefined time intervals of step 1) are any time interval between 10 and 30 seconds.

141. A computer program product for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of non-randomized complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; providing the subject with a randomized open- bigrams sequence, derived from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, having a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order relative to the selected complete serial order of open-bigram terms, and a plurality of missing open-bigram terms; and providing the complete serial order of different open-bigram terms to the subject as a ruler; b) prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor remove, within a first predefined time interval, the plurality of repeated open-bigram terms from the randomized open-bigrams sequence;

c) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to the randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step b); d) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is correct but at least one of the repeated open-bigram terms remains in the randomized open-bigrams sequence, then returning to step b);

h) prompting the subject to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert, within a third predefined time interval, the plurality of missing open-bigram terms, one at a time, in the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms which corresponds to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms;

i) if the sensory motor insertion of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then removing the open-bigram term from the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms and returning to step h);

k) if the sensory motor insertion of all required open-bigram terms is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open-bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms; 1) repeating the above steps for a predetermined number of iterations separated by one or more predefined time intervals; and

142. A system for promoting fluid intelligence abilities in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a complete serial order of different open-bigram terms with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a predefined library of nonrandomized complete alphabetic open-bigram sequences; providing the subject on the GUI with a randomized open-bigrams sequence, derived from the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, having a plurality of open-bigram terms repeated a predefined number of times, a plurality of open-bigram terms out of serial order relative to the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms, and a plurality of missing open-bigram terms; and providing the selected complete serial order of different open-bigram terms to the subject as a ruler;

b) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor remove, within a first predefined time interval, the plurality of repeated open-bigram terms from the randomized open-bigrams sequence;

c) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to the randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step b);

d) if the sensory motor removal of an open-bigram term is correct but at least one of the repeated open-bigram terms remains in the randomized open-bigrams sequence, then returning to step b);

e) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor reorganize, within a second predefined time interval, the out of serial order open-bigram terms, one at a time, to form an incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms; f) if the sensory motor reorganization of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then returning the open-bigram term to its original serial position in the randomized open-bigrams sequence and returning to step e);

h) prompting the subject on the GUI to serially sensorially discriminate and sensory motor insert, within a third predefined time interval, the plurality of missing open-bigram terms, one at a time in the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open- bigram terms, to form a completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms, which corresponds to the selected complete serial order of different open- bigram terms;

i) if the sensory motor insertion of an open-bigram term is incorrect, then removing the open-bigram term from the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open- bigrams terms and returning to step h);

j) if the sensory motor insertion of an open-bigram term is correct but at least one of the plurality of missing open-bigram terms has not been inserted in the incomplete alphabetical serial order of open-bigram terms, then returning to step h); k) if the sensory motor insertion of all required open-bigram terms is correct and the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms is formed, then displaying on the GUI the correct sensory motor inserted open-bigram terms with at least one different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open- bigram terms in the completed alphabetical serial order of different open-bigram terms;

m) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

143. A method to promote reasoning ability in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a letters sequence, having a predefined number of letters with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of letters sequences, and providing the selected letters sequence to the subject with a ruler displaying a complete open proto-bigrams sequence selected from a library of open proto-bigrams sequences with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes;

b) asking the subject to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise, according to predefined instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence to judge if any two letters in the provided letters sequence can or cannot form either a direct or an inverse type open proto-bigram term;

c) prompting the subject to sensory motor select, with predefined means, two letters that were recognized during step b), one letter at a time in sequential order according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time period allowed for sensory motor selecting all open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized according to the predefined instructions;

d) if the sensory motor selected letters are incorrect, then returning to step b);

e) if the sensory motor selected letters are correct, then highlighting the open proto- bigram term in the ruler which can or cannot be formed by the sensory motor selected letters with a different spatial or time related perceptual related attribute than the other open proto- bigram terms shown in the ruler and providing a perceptual stimulus to the subject indicating the correct sensory motor selection of the open proto-bigram term;

f) if all of the open proto-bigram terms required by the predefined instructions of step b) have been recognized and correctly sensory motor selected within the first predefined time period, then all of the highlighted open proto-bigram terms will again change to a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute during a second predefined time period;

g) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by a third predefined time interval starting at the end of the second predefined time period of step f); and

h) presenting the subject with results from each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations.

144. The method of claim 143, wherein the library of letters sequences comprises arrays of different letters, repeated letters, alphabetic set arrays comprising: direct alphabetic set arrays, inverse alphabetic set arrays, direct type alphabetic set arrays, inverse type alphabetic set arrays, central type alphabetic set arrays, inverse central type alphabetic set arrays; and randomized forms of the letters sequences.

145. The method of claim 143, wherein the displayed open proto-bigram terms in the ruler are selected from English language alphabet complete open proto-bigram terms sequences comprising at least one of the following sequences:

direct type open proto-bigram terms including: AM, AN, AS, AT, BE, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, NO, OR, and

inverse type open proto-bigram terms including: WE, US, UP, TO, SO, ON, OF, ME,

IF, HE.

146. The method of claim 143, wherein the predefined instructions in step b) comprise requiring the subject to judge possible combinations of two letters within the provided letters sequence, to recognize and then sensory motor select one or more open proto-bigram terms within the first predefined time period, according to one preselected requirement from the group consisting of:

1) sensory motor selecting all direct open proto-bigram terms which can be formed;

2) sensory motor selecting all direct open proto-bigram terms which cannot be formed;

3) sensory motor selecting all inverse open proto-bigram terms which can be formed; or

4) sensory motor selecting all inverse open proto-bigram terms which cannot be formed;

wherein the subject sensory motor selects one letter at a time from left to right in the provided letters sequence to form all possible open proto-bigram terms from the provided letters sequence according to the preselected requirement.

147. The method of claim 143, wherein the predefined means comprise one or more sensory motor activities including touching a screen where the selected letter is located, clicking on the selected letter with a mouse, voicing sounds the selected letter represents, and touching each selected letter from the letters sequence with a pointer or stick.

148. The method of claim 146, wherein the first predefined time period is equal to a product of the number of open proto-bigram terms to be recognized and correctly sensory motor selected in accordance with one of preselected requirements for open proto-bigram terms which can be formed and six seconds or a product of the number of open proto-bigram terms to be recognized and correctly sensory motor selected in accordance with one of the preselected requirements for open proto-bigram terms which cannot be formed and eight seconds.

149. The method of claim 143, wherein the perceptual stimulus of each correctly sensory motor selected open proto-bigram term of step e) is provided to the subject as one or more pre-selected stimuli forms including visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.

150. The method of claim 149, wherein the visual stimulus comprises a change in attribute of the open proto-bigram term, and the change in attribute is selected from the group of spatial and time perceptual related attributes, or combinations thereof.

151. The method of claim 150, wherein the change in attribute of the displayed open proto- bigram term is made according to a predefined correlation between the spatial and time perceptual related attributes and an ordinal position occupied by the displayed open proto- bigram term in the selected letters sequence.

152. The method of claim 151, wherein the change in attribute of an open proto-bigram term occupying an ordinal position falling in a left field of vision of the subject is different from the change in attribute of an open proto-bigram term occupying an ordinal position falling in a right field of vision of the subject.

153. The method of claim 143, wherein the searching by the subject according to step b) and the selecting of step c), engage motor activity within the subject's body, the motor activity selected from a sensory motor group including: sensorial perception of the selected serial orders, body movements involved in prompting the subject according to step b), sensory-motor activity involved in implementing the predefined means of step c), and combinations thereof.

154. The method of claim 153, wherein the body movements comprise movements selected from the group consisting of movements of the subject's eyes, tongue, lips, mouth, head, neck, arms, hands, fingers and combinations thereof.

155. The method of claim 143, wherein the second predefined time period is any preselected time between 5 and 15 seconds.

156. The method of claim 143, wherein the complete open proto-bigrams sequence is displayed in the ruler according to a predefined serial order of the open proto-bigram terms comprising: a direct alphabetic serial order wherein direct type open proto-bigram terms are displayed serially before inverse type open proto-bigram terms, an inverse alphabetic serial order wherein inverse type open proto-bigram terms are displayed serially before direct type open proto-bigram terms, a randomized serial order of the open proto-bigram terms in the complete open proto-bigrams sequence, and any other selected serial order.

157. The method of claim 143, wherein the predefined number of iterations is from 1 to 23 iterations.

158. The method of claim 143, wherein the third predefined time interval is any preselected time interval between 4 and 8 seconds.

159. The method of claim 143, wherein the first predefined time period has a maximal completion time between 60 and 120 seconds.

160. A computer program product for promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

b) asking the subject, within an exercise, to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise, according to predefined instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence to judge if any two letters in the provided letters sequence can or cannot form either a direct or an inverse type open proto-bigram term; c) prompting the subject to sensory motor select, with predefined means, two letters that were recognized during step b), one letter at a time in sequential order according to the predefined instructions, within a first predefined time period allowed for sensory motor selecting all open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized according to the predefined instructions;

e) if the sensory motor selected letters are correct, the highlighting the open proto- bigram term in the ruler, which can or cannot be formed by the sensory motor selected letters, with at different spatial or time perceptual related attribute than the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and providing a perceptual stimulus to the subject indicating the correct sensory motor selection of the open proto-bigram term;

f) if all of the open proto-bigram terms according to the predefined instructions of step b) have been recognized and correctly sensory motor selected within the first predefined time period, then all of the highlighted open proto-bigrams terms will again change to a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute during a second predefined time period;

g) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations separated by a third predefined time interval starting at the end of the second predefined time period of step f) ; and

h) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration.

161. A system for promoting fluid reasoning ability in a subject, the system comprising: a computer system comprising a processor, memory, and a graphical user interface (GUI), the processor containing instructions for:

a) selecting a letters sequence, having a predefined number of letters with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a predefined library of letters sequences, and providing the selected letters sequence to the subject with a ruler displaying a complete open proto-bigrams sequence selected from a library of open proto-bigrams sequences with the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes on the GUI;

b) asking the subject, within an exercise, to reason in order to solve a selected serial order of letters exercise, according to predefined instructions, by searching within the provided letters sequence to judge if any two letters in the provided letters sequence can or cannot form either a direct or an inverse type open proto-bigram term on the GUI;

c) prompting the subject, within an exercise, to sensory motor select, with predefined means, two letters that were recognized during step b), one letter at a time in sequential order according to the predefined instructions on the GUI, within a first predefined time period allowed for sensory motor selecting all open proto-bigram terms required to be recognized according to the predefined instructions;

d) if the sensory motor selected letters are incorrect, then returning to step b); e) if the sensory motor selected letters are correct, then highlighting the open proto-bigram term in the ruler which can or cannot be formed by the sensory motor selected letters on the GUI with a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute that the other open proto-bigram terms shown in the ruler and providing a perceptual stimulus to the subject indicating the correct sensory motor selection of the open proto-bigram term;

f) if all of the open proto-bigram terms according to the predefined instructions of step b) have been recognized and correctly sensory motor selected within the first predefined time period, then all of the highlighted open proto-bigram terms will again change to a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute on the GUI during a second predefined time period;

h) upon completion of the predetermined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of each iteration on the GUI.

162. A method to promote searching, pattern recognition, and sensory motor selection of open-bigrams and/or open proto-bigram terms in a subject comprising:

a) selecting a first predefined number of open-bigram terms and a second predefined number of open-bigram terms from any class, all having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, from a library of open-bigram terms of a selected language; arranging the second predefined number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays distributed in a predefined matrix format; selecting one or more sectors of the predefined matrix wherein the first predefined number of open-bigram terms will replace an equal number of the second predefined number of open-bigram terms; and, providing the subject with an arranged matrix, wherein the second predefined number of open-bigram terms are distractor terms and the first predefined number of open-bigram terms are target terms, along with a ruler displaying a predefined alphabetic letters sequence of the selected language;

b) prompting the subject to search, recognize, and further select by a predefined sensory-motor activity, all of the target terms in the arranged matrix within a first predefined period of time;

c) if the selected target term is incorrect, then returning to step b);

d) if the selected target term is correct, then changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the target term in the arranged matrix and the ruler;

e) if all of the target terms are correctly selected according to step b), then when the last target term is selected from the arranged matrix, changing at least one space and/or time perceptual related attribute of all of the correctly selected target terms in the arranged matrix and the ruler again;

f) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, each separated by a second predefined period of time; and

g) presenting the subject with results from each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations.

163. The method of claim 162, wherein the library of open-bigram terms is obtained from the English language.

164. The method of claim 162, wherein any class of open-bigram terms comprises three open-bigrams terms classes including: 1) open proto-bigram terms; 2) alphabetic open- bigram set arrays; and 3) all open-bigram terms of non-repeated letters not of classes 1) or 2).

165. The method of claim 164, wherein the alphabetic open-bigram set arrays comprise: direct open-bigram set arrays, inverse open-bigram set arrays, direct type open-bigram set arrays, inverse type open-bigram set arrays, central type open-bigram set arrays, and inverse central type open-bigram set arrays.

166. The method of claim 162, wherein the arranging of the second predefined number of open-bigram terms is done in a previously selected direct alphabetic or inverse alphabetic serial order.

167. The method of claim 162, wherein the arranging of the second predefined number of open-bigram terms is done at random.

168. The method of claim 162, wherein a total number of distractor and target terms in each array is between 12 and 24.

169. The method of claim 162, wherein the predefined matrix format is obtained by a selected number of horizontal arrays arranged together.

170. The method of claim 169, wherein the selected number of horizontal arrays is between 30 and 50.

171. The method of claim 162, wherein left and right border limits of the predefined matrix format do not line up to form a straight vertical line in accordance with a predefined number of horizontal arrays with different numbers of open-bigram terms.

172. The method of claim 162, wherein the predefined matrix is arranged with a left sector having the closest integer number to 20% of all of the open-bigram terms, a central sector having the closest integer number to 50% of all of the open-bigram terms, and a right sector having the closest integer number to 30% of all of the open-bigram terms, or any other predefined proportion of the open-bigram terms between the left, central and right sectors.

173. The method of claim 162, wherein the target and distractor terms are selected from a class of open proto-bigrams.

174. The method of claim 162, wherein the equal number of the second predefined number of open-bigram terms selected to be replaced by the first predefined number of open-bigram terms are not replaced and become target terms in the arranged matrix.

175. The method of claim 163, wherein the English language comprises 24 open proto- bigram terms, which are each classified in one of three groups defined as:

Left Group: AM, BE, HE, IF, ME;

Central Group: AN, AS, AT, BY, DO, GO, IN, IS, IT, MY, OF, WE; and

Right Group: NO, ON, OR, SO, TO, UP, US.

176. The method of claim 175, wherein open proto-bigram target terms selected from the left group are only present in a left sector of the predefined matrix, open proto-bigram target terms selected from the central group are only present in a central sector of the predefined matrix, and open proto-bigram target terms selected from the right group are only present in a right sector of the predefined matrix, and wherein open proto-bigram terms are displayed in the ruler.

177. The method of claim 176, wherein if the open proto-bigram target terms are from the left group, no open proto-bigrams distractors selected from the right group will be present in the predefined matrix; if the open proto-bigram target terms are from the right group, no open proto-bigrams distractors selected from the left group will be present in the predefined matrix; and if the open proto-bigram target terms are from the central group, only distractors selected from the central group will be present in the predefined matrix.

178. The method of claim 162, wherein the changed at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the target terms in step d) is a font color change and/or a font flickering change.

179. The method of claim 175, wherein the changed at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the target terms in step d) is a font color change that is a red font color for the left group of open proto-bigram terms, a green font color for the central group of open proto-bigram terms, and a blue font color for the right group of open proto- bigram terms.

180. The method of claim 162, wherein the selected predefined number of target terms ranges from 1 to 9, and a total number of distractor and target terms ranges from 360 to 1200.

181. The method of claim 176, wherein only one target term is allowed to be present in the left sector, up to two target terms are allowed to be present in the right sector, and three to six target terms are allowed to be present in the central sector.

182. The method of claim 162, wherein prior to step b) the target terms and all of the distractor terms are perceptually differentiated by having preselected different spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes.

183. The method of claim 176, wherein the target terms remain in the same location within their respective sectors inside the predefined matrix for a third predefined period of time, then change position according to a predefined or randomly selected new location within their respective sectors, and remain in the new location for the third predefined period of time, repeating the change of position periodically, and where target terms already selected in step b) are excluded from the target terms that continue to change location.

184. The method of claim 183, wherein the third predefined period of time ranges from 4 to 9 seconds.

185. The method of claim 169, wherein the subject executes step b) while the horizontal arrays are simultaneously moving towards a predefined right or left direction in a visual field of the subject at a speed value that is previously defined or selected at random from a library of predefined speed values for the horizontal arrays in the predefined matrix.

186. The method of claim 162, wherein the predetermined iterations ranges from 1 to 7 iterations.

187. The method of claim 162, wherein the first predefined period of time is 45 seconds and the second predefined period of time is 7 seconds.

188. The method of claim 162, wherein the predefined sensory-motor activity includes one or more sensory motor activities selected from the group consisting of: touching a screen where the selected target term is located, clicking on the selected target term with a mouse, voicing sounds the selected target term represents, and touching each selected target term from the arranged matrix with a pointer or stick.

189. The method of claim 176, wherein the target terms are selected to periodically vanish from the predefined matrix or to change location within one of the left, central, or right sectors, according to predefined timings, until recognized and selected according to step b).

190. A computer program product for promoting searching, pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

a) selecting a first predefined number of open-bigram terms and a second predefined number of open-bigram terms from any class all having the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes from a library of open-bigram terms of a selected language; arranging the second predefined number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays distributed in a predefined matrix format; selecting one or more sectors of the predefined matrix wherein the selected first predefined number of open-bigram terms replace an equal number of the selected second predefined number of open-bigram terms; and, providing the subject with an arranged matrix wherein the second predefined number of open-bigram terms are distractor terms and the first predefined number of open-bigram terms are target terms, along with a ruler displaying a predefined alphabetic letters sequence of the selected language;

c) if the selection made by the subject is an incorrect selection, then returning to step b);

d) if the selection made by the subject is a correct selection, then changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of the target term in the arranged matrix and the ruler;

e) if all of the target terms are correctly selected according to step b), then when the last target term is selected from the arranged matrix, changing at least one spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute of all of the correctly selected target terms in the arranged matrix and the ruler again; f) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, each separated by a second predefined period of time; and

191. A system for promoting searching, pattern recognition and sensory motor selection of open-bigram terms in a subject, the system comprising:

a) selecting a first predefined number of open-bigram terms and a second predefined number of open-bigram terms from any class from a library of open- bigram terms of a selected language; arranging the selected second predefined number of open-bigram terms in a number of arrays distributed in a predefined matrix, and selecting one or more sectors of the predefined matrix wherein the selected first predefined number of open-bigram terms replace an equal number of the selected second predefined number of open-bigram terms, wherein all of the open-bigram terms have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes, and providing the arranged matrix wherein the second predefined number of open-bigram terms are distractor terms and the first predefined number of open-bigram terms are target terms, and displaying a ruler to the subject having a predefined alphabetic letters sequence of the selected language on the GUI;

b) prompting the subject on the GUI to search, recognize, and further select by a predefined sensory-motor activity, all of the target terms in the arranged matrix within a first predefined period of time; determining if the subject correctly selected a target term;

c) if the selection made by the subject is incorrect, then returning to the step of prompting the subject to search, recognize, and select all of the target terms in the arranged matrix;

d) if the selection made by the subject is a correct selection, then displaying the correctly selected target term on the GUI with a different spatial or time perceptual related attribute in the arranged matrix and the ruler; e) if the selection made by the subject is of the last correct target term from the arranged matrix, then again displaying all of the correctly selected target terms on the GUI with a different attribute in the arranged matrix and the ruler;

g) upon completion of a predefined number of iterations, providing the subject with the results of all of the iterations.

192. A method for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing a local or a nonlocal compression of a letters sequence, by removal of one or more contiguous letters in between the letters of an open proto-bigram term which has been previously recognized inside of the letters sequence, comprising:

a) selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of open proto-bigram terms sequences, and showing the selected letters sequence along with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject;

b) promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject about the presence of at least two non-consecutive letters in the provided letters sequence, which form one of the selected open proto-bigram terms displayed in the ruler of step a);

c) prompting the subject to perform, within a first predefined time period, a preselected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious recognition of the presence of the at least two non-consecutive letters forming the one selected open proto-bigram term of step b) within the provided letters sequence;

d) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject is incorrect, returning to step c) ;

e) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject in step c) is correct, then within a second predefined period of time and by a predefined sensory-motor activity, removing all of the letters in the selected letters sequence between the two non-consecutive letters forming the one recognized open proto-bigram term, creating two remaining letters sections; collapsing the two remaining letters sections together to perform the local or the non-local compression of the selected letters sequence, such that the two non-consecutive letters forming the one recognized open proto-bigram term become contiguous with each other thereby transforming the letters sequence, and prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation;

f) repeating steps b) - e), for each letters sequence selected from the first predefined library in step a), for a predefined number of times, where each repetition is separated by a first predefined time interval;

g) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, where each iteration is separated by a second predefined time interval; and

h) showing the subject results of each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations.

193. The method of claim 192, wherein the open proto-bigram terms sequences of the second predefined library comprise direct open proto-bigram terms sequences and inverse open proto-bigram terms sequences.

194. The method of claim 192, wherein the letters in the selected letters sequence from the first predefined library and the selected open proto-bigram terms of the second predefined library of step a) all have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes.

195. The method of claim 192, wherein the selected letters sequence from the first predefined library in step a) is selected from a group of English alphabet letter sequences including:

direct alphabetic set array, inverse alphabetic set array, non- alphabetic array, non- alphabetic array having a subset of missing letters replaced by repeated letters from among the remaining letters of the non- alphabetic array, incomplete alphabetic set array, and non- alphabetic letters sequences with a predefined number of different letters and repeated letters.

196. The method of claim 192, wherein the predefined number of iterations of step g) comprise a predefined order from which the subject will perform the selected letters sequences from the first predefined library.

197. The method of claim 192, wherein the selected letters sequence from the first predefined library is provided to the subject in a letters matrix, wherein the letters are arranged in a predefined number of rows, each row having a predefined number of letters, and where the predefined number of rows are configured to be organized in the letters matrix in a number of ways.

198. The method of claim 197, wherein the selected letters sequence is a non- alphabetic letters sequence.

199. The method of claim 192, wherein the step of promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject is achieved by providing one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli in order for the subject to efficiently discriminate the two non-consecutive letters forming the one open proto-bigram term in step b), where the one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli are selected from the group including: visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.

200. The method of claim 199, wherein the visual stimuli is provided to the subject from a ruler, distinctively showing an assigned open proto-bigram term to be consciously recognized by the subject inside of the selected letters sequence.

201. The method of claim 200, wherein distinctively showing an assigned open proto- bigram term to the subject comprises one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the assigned open proto-bigram term, which differ from the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms in the ruler and/or the letters in the selected letters sequence.

202. The method of claim 192, wherein the pre-selected sensory-motor activity of the subject in step c) and the predefined sensory-motor activity in step e) include one or more of: mouse clicking on each letter; pointing at a single letter at a time with a finger while touching a screen where the selected letters sequence is displayed in a serial location where each letter is found; and spelling the name of each letter aloud, one at a time.

203. The method of claim 192, wherein the removal of all of the letters in step e) is done simultaneously or each letter removal is separated by a third predefined time interval, and the collapsing is concluded after a fourth predefined time interval following the removal of the last letter.

204. The method of claim 192, wherein the prompting of the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation in step e) includes changing one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the one recognized open proto-bigram term, during and after the local or non-local compression of the selected letters sequence in step e).

205. The method of claim 192, wherein there are only one or two consecutive letters in between the two non-consecutive letters of step b).

206. The method of claim 192, wherein there are more than two consecutive letters between the two non-consecutive letters of step b).

207. The method of claim 192, wherein the selected letters sequence provided to the subject has a total number of letters equal to N wherein N-2 letters are located between the two non-consecutive letters of step b).

208. The method of claim 207, wherein the N total number of letters is from 3 to 120 letters.

209. The method of claim 192, wherein predefined number of iterations ranges from 1 to 7 iterations.

210. The method of claim 203, wherein the first predefined time period is within 10 to 20 seconds, the second predefined time period is in a range of 1 to 5 seconds per letter to be removed, the first and second predefined time intervals are in a range of 4 to 8 seconds, and the third and fourth predefined time intervals are in a range of 1 to 3 seconds.

211. A computer program product for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing a local or non-local compression of a letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters in between the letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term which has been previously recognized to be inside the letters sequence, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising: a) selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of proto-bigram terms sequences, and showing the selected letters sequence along with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject;

d) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject is incorrect, then returning to step c);

g) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, each separated by a second predefined time interval; and

212. A system for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing a local or a nonlocal compression of a letters sequence by removing one or more contiguous letters in between the letters of an assigned open proto-bigram term which has been previously recognized inside the letters sequence, the system comprising:

a) selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of open proto-bigram terms sequences, and showing the selected letters sequence along with a ruler displaying the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject on the GUI;

c) prompting the subject on the GUI to perform, within a first predefined time period, a pre-selected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious recognition of the presence of the two non-consecutive letters forming the one selected open proto- bigram term of step b) within the provided letters sequence;

e) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject in step c) is correct, then within a second predefined time period and by a predefined sensory-motor activity, removing all of the letters in the selected letters sequence between the two non-consecutive letters forming the one recognized open proto-bigram term, creating two remaining letters sections, collapsing the two remaining letters sections together to perform the local or the non-local compression of the selected letters sequence, such that the two non-consecutive letters forming the one recognized open proto- bigram term become contiguous with each other thereby transforming the letters sequence, and prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation on the GUI;

f) repeating steps b) - e) for each letters sequence selected from the first predefined library in step a) a predefined number of times, where each repetition is separated by a first predefined time interval;

g) repeating the above steps a predefined number of iterations, where each iteration is separated by a second predefined time interval; and h) presenting the subject with results from each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations on the GUI.

213. A method for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing an alphabetic expansion of an open proto-bigram term and exposing an implicitly correlated incomplete alphabetical letters sequence, comprising:

a) selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of proto-bigram terms sequences, and providing the selected letters sequence and the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject;

b) promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject about the presence of at least one pair of letters in the selected letters sequence forming one of the selected open proto-bigram terms;

c) prompting the subject to perform, within a first predefined time period, a preselected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious recognition of the at least one pair of letters of the selected open proto-bigram term of step b);

d) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject is incorrect, returning to step c);

e) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject in step c) is correct then, by means of another pre-selected sensory-motor activity, alphabetically expanding the recognized open proto-bigram term by explicitly actualizing a respective collective critical space by inserting an incomplete alphabetic letter sequence corresponding to the recognized open proto-bigram term, one letter at a time, within a second predefined time period, highlighting the letters of the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence inserted in between the pair of letters of the recognized open proto-bigram term to transform the selected letters sequence, thereby prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation;

f) repeating steps c) to e), for each open proto-bigram term selected from the second predefined library in step a) and recognized in step b), a predefined number of times, where each repetition is separated by a first predefined time interval;

g) repeating the above steps for a predefined number of iterations, where each iteration is separated by a second predefined time interval; and h) showing the subject results of each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations.

214. The method of claim 213, wherein the letter sequences of the first predefined library comprise: direct alphabetic set arrays, inverse alphabetic set arrays, randomized serial orders of alphabetic set arrays, and randomized serial orders of incomplete alphabetical sequences.

215. The method of claim 213, wherein the proto-bigram terms sequences of the second predefined library comprise direct open proto-bigram term sequences and inverse open proto- bigram term sequences.

216. The method of claim 213, wherein the letters in the selected letters sequence from the first predefined library and the selected proto-bigram terms of the second predefined library of step a) all have the same spatial and time perceptual related attributes.

217. The method of claim 213, wherein the predefined number of iterations of step g) comprise a predefined order from which the subject will perform the selected letters sequences from the first predefined library and the selected proto-bigrams terms of the second predefined library.

218. The method of claim 213, wherein the step of promoting a perceptual awareness in the subject is achieved by providing one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli to facilitate the subject's recognition of the pair of letters forming the selected open proto-bigram term, wherein the one or more kinds of perceptual stimuli are selected from the group including: visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli.

219. The method of claim 218, wherein the visual stimuli is provided to the subject from a ruler distinctively showing the selected open proto-bigram term to be consciously recognized by the subject inside of the selected letters sequence and, if predefined, the ruler will also distinctively show the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence corresponding to a collective critical spatial perceptual related attribute of the selected open proto-bigram term.

220. The method of claim 219, wherein distinctively showing the selected open proto- bigram term and the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence to the subject consists of one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the selected open proto- bigram term which are different than one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attribute changes of the letters in the corresponding incomplete alphabetic letters sequence and from selected changes of the spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the other open proto-bigram terms in the ruler and/or in the remaining letters of the selected letters sequence.

221. The method of claim 213, wherein the pre-selected sensory-motor activities of the subject in steps c) and e) consist of one or more of the group including: mouse clicking on each letter; mouse dragging of a letter; pointing at a single letter at a time with a finger while touching a screen where the selected letters sequence is displayed in a serial location where each letter is found; and spelling the name of each letter aloud, one at a time.

222. The method of claim 213, wherein the prompting of the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation in step e) includes changing one or more spatial and/or time perceptual related attributes of the recognized open proto-bigram term and of the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence derived from the alphabetic expansion of the collective critical space between the pair of letters of the recognized open proto-bigram term.

223. The method of claim 213, wherein the selected letters sequence of step a) includes at least one pair of letters, forming an open proto-bigram term, separated only by one or two contiguous letters.

224. The method of claim 213, wherein the selected letters sequence of step a) includes at least one pair of letters, forming an open proto-bigram term, separated by more than two contiguous letters.

225. The method of claim 213, wherein the first and last letters of the selected letters sequence of step a) form an open proto-bigram term, and where there are N number of letters between the first and last letters.

226. The method of claim 225, wherein the N number of letters ranges from 3 to 120 letters.

227. The method of claim 213, wherein the predefined number of iterations ranges from 1 to 7 iterations.

228. The method of claim 213, wherein the first predefined time period is within a range of 10 to 20 seconds, the second predefined time period is within a range of 3 to 6 seconds per letter of the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence to be inserted, and the first and second predefined time intervals are any time intervals within a range of 4 to 8 seconds.

229. A computer program product for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing an alphabetic expansion of an open proto-bigram term and exposing an implicitly correlated incomplete letters sequence, stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium which when executed causes a computer system to perform a method, comprising:

e) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject in step c) is correct then, by means of another pre-selected sensory-motor activity, alphabetically expanding the consciously recognized open proto-bigram term, by explicitly actualizing a respective collective critical space by inserting an incomplete alphabetic letters sequence corresponding to the recognized open proto-bigram term, one letter at a time, within a second predefined time period, highlighting the letters of the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence inserted in between the pair of letters of the recognized open proto-bigram term to transform the selected letters sequence, thereby prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation;

230. A system for promoting reasoning ability in a subject by performing an alphabetic expansion of an open proto-bigram term and exposing an implicitly correlated incomplete alphabetic letters sequence, the system comprising:

a) selecting a letters sequence from a first predefined library of letters sequences and one or more open proto-bigram terms from a second predefined library of proto-bigram terms sequences, and providing the selected letters sequence and the selected one or more open proto-bigram terms to the subject on the GUI;

c) prompting the subject on the GUI to perform, within a first predefined time period, a pre-selected sensory-motor activity indicative of a conscious recognition of the at least one pair of letters of the selected open proto-bigram term of step b);

e) if the conscious recognition performed by the subject in step c) is correct then, by means of another pre-selected sensory-motor activity, alphabetically expanding the consciously recognized open proto-bigram term, by actualizing a respective collective critical space by inserting an incomplete alphabetic letters sequence corresponding to the recognized open proto-bigram term, one letter at a time, within a second predefined time period, highlighting the letters of the incomplete alphabetic letters sequence inserted in between the pair of letters of the recognized open proto-bigram term to transform the selected letters sequence, thereby prompting the subject to be perceptually aware of the letters sequence transformation on the GUI;

h) showing the subject results of each iteration at the end of the predefined number of iterations on the GUI.