WO2015154105A1 - Device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism - Google Patents
Device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015154105A1 WO2015154105A1 PCT/AM2014/000002 AM2014000002W WO2015154105A1 WO 2015154105 A1 WO2015154105 A1 WO 2015154105A1 AM 2014000002 W AM2014000002 W AM 2014000002W WO 2015154105 A1 WO2015154105 A1 WO 2015154105A1
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- glucose concentration
- eye
- polarization
- determination
- glucose
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 210000001742 aqueous humor Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon atom Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000028161 membrane depolarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012014 optical coherence tomography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000853 optical rotatory dispersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
- A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14558—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters by polarisation
Definitions
- the invention refers to medical equipment, in particular, to optical device development for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism and it can be applied in medical equipment industry.
- the glucose concentration determination in human by non-invasive method is very important for diabetes patients, as well as in tissue engineering to control cells evolution.
- the devices for determination of glucose concentration in blood are known, based on the phenomenon of optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), whereby a chiral molecule in an aqueous solution will rotate the plane of linearly polarized light passing through the solution [1 , 4, 5].
- ORD optical rotatory dispersion
- the angle of rotation depends linearly on the concentration of the chiral molecules, the pathlength through the sample, and a constant for the molecule that is called the specific rotation.
- the net rotation in degrees is expressed as [4]
- ⁇ P axLC, (1) where ⁇ is the specific rotation for the species at wavelength ⁇ , L is the pathlength, and C is the concentration.
- the specific rotation of a particular chiral molecule depends also on the pH and temperature of the medium.
- this equation allows for separate evaluation of the contribution of the particular analyte (glucose) on the background of the other analytes if multispectral measurements and the corresponding regression model are provided [5].
- the monochromatic beam polarization vector rotation (equal to 10 "3 deg) is about 40 times smaller compared to estimated limit of rotated tissue. Therefore, using a polarization sensitive optical technique makes it difficult to measure in vivo glucose concentration in blood through the skin because of the strong light scattering which causes light depolarization. A tissue thickness of 4mm is sufficient to prompt about 95% depolarization [9].
- the device for glucose concentration measurement in human by non-invasive method the operating principle of which is determination of polarization state of monochromatic beam reflected from the eye, is chosen as the closest prototype [12].
- the objective of this invention is to develop a simple device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration, where only optical elements are used.
- the device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human has a light source, analyzer and photoreceiver. Acording to the invention it has a beam splitter, radial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and polarization diffraction grating, symmetrically placed relative to light sour.ce and beam splitter, used as analyzer, and as photo detector four CCD cameras are used, which are placed in pairs at the output of each diffraction grating perpendicularly to diffracted beams.
- a arbitrary polarized light beam is directed to the eye, and the beam, reflected from the eye, is directed at first to radial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder, then passes through the polarization diffraction grating, placed after the retarder, at the output of which the rotation of images, corresponding to radial symmetric right- and left-circularly polarized components intensities is registered by the digital camera, this rotation is in direct proportion to glucose concentration in human.
- the new generation optical elements are used - liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating (PDG), axial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and digital camera, leading to simplification of determination of rotation angle of monochromatic beam polarization vector and to increase the accuracy of measurement.
- PDG liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating
- the semiconductor laser beam is used with arbitrary polarization.
- the optical scheme of device is presented. According to the figure, the beam of monochromatic light source - semiconductor laser (1), is divided into two parts by the beam splitter
- LCPR liquid crystal phase retarder
- LC PDG liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating
- CCD digital cameras
- the application of LCPR allows creating a unique correspondence between the state of incident beam polarization vector and registered intensities of left- and right-circularly polarized beams, obtained at the output of PDG, placed after LCPR.
- the device registers the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of reflected from the eye and passed through LCPR and PDG radial symmetric left- and right-circularly polarized components. This rotation is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in human organism.
- the level of accuracy of this method depends on determination accuracy of maxima coordinates of one-dimension function, corresponding to the Radon transform [15].
- the proposed device registers the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of reflected from the eye and passed through LCPR and PDG radial symmetric left- and right-circularly polarized components. This rotation is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in human organism.
Abstract
The invention refers to medical equipment, in particular, to optical device development for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism and it can be applied in medical equipment industry. A simple device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration is offered, in which only the optical elements are used. The device registers the change of polarization vector of monochromatic light beam (4) reflected from the eye, and determined by the birefringence of eye, which is caused by the glucose content in eye fluid. Optical elements of new generation - liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating (6) and axial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder (5) - are used in the proposed device, which lead to simplification of determination of rotation angle of polarization vector of monochromatic light beam and accuracy increasing. In addition, instead of linearly polarised light beam, usually used in such devices, the semiconductor laser beam with arbitrary polarization is used.
Description
Device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism
Technical Field
The invention refers to medical equipment, in particular, to optical device development for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism and it can be applied in medical equipment industry. The glucose concentration determination in human by non-invasive method is very important for diabetes patients, as well as in tissue engineering to control cells evolution.
Background Art
A variety of devices for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration are known, based on the principle of Raman [1], infrared [2, 3], fluorescent [1, 2] light spectroscopies, as well as polarimetric [4-6] and optical coherence tomography (OCT) [7, 8].
The devices for determination of glucose concentration in blood are known, based on the phenomenon of optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), whereby a chiral molecule in an aqueous solution will rotate the plane of linearly polarized light passing through the solution [1 , 4, 5]. The angle of rotation depends linearly on the concentration of the chiral molecules, the pathlength through the sample, and a constant for the molecule that is called the specific rotation. The net rotation in degrees is expressed as [4]
<P = axLC, (1) where αχ is the specific rotation for the species at wavelength λ, L is the pathlength, and C is the concentration. The specific rotation for any wavelength can be determined based on two wavelength measurements in the spectral range free of absorption bands of a given chiral molecule using the expression [5]: ax = o/(X2- hi) , (2) where the constants ko and λο are computed by determining the specific rotation at two different wavelengths. The specific rotation of a particular chiral molecule depends also on the pH and temperature of the medium. At a fixed pH and temperature, this equation allows for separate evaluation of the contribution of the particular analyte (glucose) on the background of the other analytes if multispectral measurements and the corresponding regression model are provided [5].
However, in the common physiological measurements the monochromatic beam polarization vector rotation (equal to 10"3 deg) is about 40 times smaller compared to estimated limit of rotated tissue. Therefore, using a polarization sensitive optical technique makes it difficult to measure in vivo glucose concentration in blood through the skin because of the strong light scattering which causes light depolarization. A tissue thickness of 4mm is sufficient to prompt about 95% depolarization [9]. For this reason, devices have been suggested, by .means of which the glucose concentration in human is determined by method of polarization change of monochromatic beam reflected from an eye [1, 4-6, 9]. These devices functioning is based on the physical phenomena that polarization of monochromatic beam reflected from the eye is changed to the incident beam polarization, as well as, that a high correlation exists between the glucose in the blood and in the aqueous humor. On average the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor is about 70% of that of blood. There is a time-delay in the range of 20-30 min between glucose concentrations in blood vessel walls and aqueous humor [10, 11].
There are several devices, based on registration of polarization change of monochromatic beam, reflected from the eye. Mainly these devices are based on optical systems, where polarization change is registered by means of crossed analyzer-polarizer [4]. In the given device the input beam phase modulation phenomenon is used, which is realized by electrooptical modulator. The use of electrooptical modulator leads to additional error in determination of polarization vector rotation angle.
The device for glucose concentration measurement in human by non-invasive method, the operating principle of which is determination of polarization state of monochromatic beam reflected from the eye, is chosen as the closest prototype [12].
There is an optical system in this device, consisting of polarizer, investigated sample and analyzer crossed with polarizer. In the system the phase of linearly polarized monochromatic beam is preliminarily modulated and, passing through the eye, acquires an additional phase shift, corresponding to the glucose concentration in eye. The glucose concentration in human is determined by measuring the beam intensity, using a photo receiver placed at the output of analyzer crossed with polarizer. The determination is based on the physical phenomenon, according to which polarization vector rotation of monochromatic beam passed along the eye, is proportional to the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor.
Since in this case the beam optical path is small, respectively, the rotation of polarization vector conditioned by birefringence is small as well. For this reason the requirement of precision for determination of beam polarization vector rotation increase.
In the prototipe the value of the current, registered at the output of photoreceiver is proportional to the glucose concentration. The measurement precision of glucose concentration using the prototype is limited by usage of electrooptical modulator.
The objective of this invention is to develop a simple device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration, where only optical elements are used.
Summary of Invention
The essence of the invention is that the device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human has a light source, analyzer and photoreceiver. Acording to the invention it has a beam splitter, radial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and polarization diffraction grating, symmetrically placed relative to light sour.ce and beam splitter, used as analyzer, and as photo detector four CCD cameras are used, which are placed in pairs at the output of each diffraction grating perpendicularly to diffracted beams.
To propose a device for registration the change of polarization vector of monochromatic light beam, reflected from the eye, determined by the eye birefringence. This change is caused by the glucose concentration in the aqueous humor.
In contrast to the prototype, in the proposed device a arbitrary polarized light beam is directed to the eye, and the beam, reflected from the eye, is directed at first to radial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder, then passes through the polarization diffraction grating, placed after the retarder, at the output of which the rotation of images, corresponding to radial symmetric right- and left-circularly polarized components intensities is registered by the digital camera, this rotation is in direct proportion to glucose concentration in human.
In the proposed device in polarizer - sample - analyzer - photo receiver system instead of polarizer, analyzer and photo receiver the new generation optical elements are used - liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating (PDG), axial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and digital camera, leading to simplification of determination of rotation angle of monochromatic beam polarization vector and to increase the accuracy of measurement. Moreover, in contrast to the prototype, where the linearly polarized beam is used, in the proposed device the semiconductor laser beam is used with arbitrary polarization.
In the Fig.l the optical scheme of device is presented. According to the figure, the beam of monochromatic light source - semiconductor laser (1), is divided into two parts by the beam splitter
(2), the one part of which is used as a reference signal (3), and the other is used as a test signal (4), after reflecting from the eye. The left- and right-circularly polarized components of the beam, reflected from the eye, acquire different phase delays, recorded by registration system.
It consists of axial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder (LCPR, 5), liquid crystal polarization diffraction grating (LC PDG, 6), and two digital cameras (CCD, 7). The difference between phase delays is conditioned by birefringence, which is proportional to glucose concentration.
By the registration system the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of radial symmetric left- and right-circularly polarized components of the investigated beam, which is directly proportional to glucose concentration, is registered.
In the reference part the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of the beam left- and right- circularly polarized components, is used as reference for rotation angle determination.
As it is shown in the method, patented by the authors [13], the application of LCPR allows creating a unique correspondence between the state of incident beam polarization vector and registered intensities of left- and right-circularly polarized beams, obtained at the output of PDG, placed after LCPR.
It is important, that the rotations of two-dimension images of registered radial symmetric intensities correspond to rotation of polarization vector of investigated beam. That is, there is a unique correspondence between the vector of polarization state of the investigated beam and the radial symmetric distributions of intensities, corresponding to left- and right-circularly polarized beams. For the quantitative description of the mentioned correspondence our patented method [13] is used, where Radon transform for the intensities distribution [14] is used. The Radon transform is a projection of symmetric image on the given axis, which is one-dimension function from the axis rotation angle and the maximum values of which are periodic.
This corresponds to the transformation of intensity distribution along circle - intensity distribution along horizontal axis. That is, the shift of maximal values of the Radon transform along the angular axis will correspond to rotation of radial symmetric image.
The device registers the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of reflected from the eye and passed through LCPR and PDG radial symmetric left- and right-circularly polarized components. This rotation is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in human organism.
The level of accuracy of this method depends on determination accuracy of maxima coordinates of one-dimension function, corresponding to the Radon transform [15].
According to previously given digital estimations [13, 15], in the case with four-petal LCPR, when the angular distance between the maxima is 90°, the precision of determination of one maximum is 0.1°, and in the case of averaging over the number of maxima the precision is 0.025°. To improve the measurement precision of the proposed device LCPR with 10 and more petals can be used.
Thus, the proposed device registers the rotation of images, corresponding to intensities of reflected from the eye and passed through LCPR and PDG radial symmetric left- and right-circularly polarized components. This rotation is directly proportional to the glucose concentration in human organism.
References
1. J.R. Lakowicz, I. Gryczynski, Z. Gryczynski, L. Tolosa, L. Randers-Eichhorn, and G. Rao, "Polarization-based sensing of glucose using an oriented reference film," J. Biomed. Opt. 4(4), 443-449 (1999).
2. O.S. Khalil, "Spectroscopic and clinical aspects of noninvasive glucose measurements," Clin. Chem. 45(2), 165-177 (1999).
3. R.J. McNichols and G.L. Cote, "Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: an overview," J. Biomed. Opt. 5(1), 5-16 (2000).
4. J.S. Baba, B.D. Cameron, S. Theru, and G.L. Cote, "Effect of temperature, pH, and corneal birefringence on polarimetric glucose monitoring in the eye," J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 321-328 (2002).
5. S. Bockle, L. Rovati, and R.R. Ansari, "Glucose sensing using Brewster-reflection:
Polarimetric ray-tracing based upon an anatomical eye model," Proc. SPIE 4965-21 (2003)
6. R.O. Esenaliev, K.V. Larin, I.V. Larina, and M. Motamedi, "Noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration with optical coherence tomography," Opt. Lett. 26(13), 992-994 (2001)
7. V.V. Tuchin, R.K. Wang, E.I. Galanzha, N.A. Lakodina, and A.V. Solovieva, "Monitoring of glycated hemoglobin in a whole blood by refractive index measurement with OCT, Conference Program CLEO/QELS (2003) Baltimore, June 1-6 2003, p. 120.
R.C.N. Studinski and I. A. Vitkin, "Methodology for examining polarized light interactions with tissues and tissuelike media in the exact backscattering direction," J. Biomed. Opt. 5(3), 330-337 (2000).
G.L. Cote and B.D. Cameron, "Noninvasive polarimetric measurement of glucose in cell culture media," J. Biomed. Opt. 2(3), 275-281 (1997).
K. C. Hadley and I. A. Vitkin, "Optical rotation and linear and circular depolarization rates in diffusively scattered light from chiral, racemic, and achiral turbid media," J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 291-299 (2002).
R.L. Stamper, "Aqueous humor: secretion and dynamics," in Physiology of the Human Eye and Visual System, Ed. R.E. Records, Harper & Row, Hagerstown, MD, pp. 156-182, (1979).
B. Rabinovitch, W.F. March, and Robert L. Adams, "Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring of the Aqueous Humor of the Eye: Part L Measurement of Very Small Optical Rotations", Diabetes Care, Vol. 5 No. 3, May- June, pp.254-258, (1982).
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Deans, Stanley R., The Radon Transform and Some of Its Applications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, (1983).
Hakob Margaryan, David Hovhannisyan, Nune Hakobyan, Tigran Sargsyan, Petros Gasparyan, David Pokhsraryan, Nelson Tabiryan, "Device for measuring the circular dichroism spectrum in real time", Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials, Vol.22, No.4 (2013).
Claims
Claims
A device for non-invasive determination of glucose concentration in human organism, which have the light source, analyzer and photo detector, differ by that in addition have the beam splitter, two systems, composed of radial symmetric liquid crystal phase retarder and polarization diffraction grating, symmetric and equidistant spaced relative to light source and splitter, are used as analyzer, and four CCD cameras are used as photo detector, at that they are installed in pairs, at the output of each diffraction grating perpendicularly to diffracted beams.
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| US9442065B2 (en) | 2014-09-29 | 2016-09-13 | Zyomed Corp. | Systems and methods for synthesis of zyotons for use in collision computing for noninvasive blood glucose and other measurements |
| US9554738B1 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2017-01-31 | Zyomed Corp. | Spectroscopic tomography systems and methods for noninvasive detection and measurement of analytes using collision computing |
| US10485431B1 (en) | 2018-05-21 | 2019-11-26 | ARC Devices Ltd. | Glucose multi-vital-sign system in an electronic medical records system |
| US10492684B2 (en) | 2017-02-21 | 2019-12-03 | Arc Devices Limited | Multi-vital-sign smartphone system in an electronic medical records system |
| US10506926B2 (en) | 2017-02-18 | 2019-12-17 | Arc Devices Limited | Multi-vital sign detector in an electronic medical records system |
| US10602987B2 (en) | 2017-08-10 | 2020-03-31 | Arc Devices Limited | Multi-vital-sign smartphone system in an electronic medical records system |
| US11504014B2 (en) | 2020-06-01 | 2022-11-22 | Arc Devices Limited | Apparatus and methods for measuring blood pressure and other vital signs via a finger |
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