WO2015153983A1 - Système et procédé d'inspection multi-puits à des fins de détection d'une caractéristique de subsurface - Google Patents

Système et procédé d'inspection multi-puits à des fins de détection d'une caractéristique de subsurface Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015153983A1
WO2015153983A1 PCT/US2015/024266 US2015024266W WO2015153983A1 WO 2015153983 A1 WO2015153983 A1 WO 2015153983A1 US 2015024266 W US2015024266 W US 2015024266W WO 2015153983 A1 WO2015153983 A1 WO 2015153983A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
casing
well
electrodes
suite
subsurface
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/024266
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Andrew D. Hibbs
Alberto Marsala
Original Assignee
Groundmetrics, Inc.
Saudi Arabian Oil Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Groundmetrics, Inc., Saudi Arabian Oil Company filed Critical Groundmetrics, Inc.
Publication of WO2015153983A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015153983A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/15—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat
    • G01V3/17—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat operating with electromagnetic waves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method for probing the subsurface of the Earth using electric currents. More particularly, the invention relates to the discrimination of features at depth within the earth from features close to the surface via an electromagnetic source that injects electrical current into the earth via different, selectable sets of electrodes, in combination with multiple borehole casing.
  • Electromagnetic geophysical surveys probe electrical resistivity, or equivalently, conductivity, in the ground as a function of depth.
  • targets of interest include ore bodies, hydrocarbons, water, proppants, hydraulic fracture (or fracking) fluids, salts and other substances injected into the ground, and environmental pollutants. Since the resistivities of such targets and the surrounding medium may be quite dissimilar, the targets may be discriminated by measuring their subsurface resistivities when subjected to an electromagnetic field. Using this methodology, the depth, thickness, and lateral extent of materials of interest may be determined and/or monitored.
  • the source of the EM field used in a geophysical survey may originate in the natural environment or be manmade. If manmade, the source may produce a primary magnetic field or electrical field that varies in time, and this primary field produces a secondary field in the conducting earth. For example, an electrical field produces electrical currents in the earth that have an associated magnetic field, and a time varying magnetic field induces electrical currents that result in an electrical field. The electrical properties of the earth and rate of change of the field determine the relative magnitudes of the secondary and primary fields. The combination of primary and secondary fields results in combined electromagnetic interaction with the earth even for a source arranged to produce solely an electrical or magnetic field.
  • a borehole can provide physical access to the subsurface. Measurement of the electrical or magnetic field within a borehole can be related to the electrical or magnetic field in the earth around the borehole or the fields that would exist in the earth in the absence of the borehole. Similarly, connecting an electrical field or magnetic field source to the earth via a borehole provides a way to produce fields within the earth at desired depths without the attenuation and uncertainties that may result if the source fields originated from a source at the surface of the Earth.
  • a particularly beneficial configuration of borehole EM source is an electrode situated at the top or bottom of a borehole casing and a group or suite of source electrodes, such as six or more electrodes, at the surface approximately arranged in a ring roughly centered on the borehole, or alternatively arranged in a segment of such a ring.
  • source electrodes such as six or more electrodes
  • significant electric currents in the ground are caused to flow at depth out to a radial distance from the borehole in the order of the radius of the surface electrode ring.
  • the distribution of electric current flow produced by an EM source is determined by the three-dimensional (3-D) resistivity distribution within the earth.
  • the electric current measured at the surface or at depth with a borehole can be used to infer the 3-D resistivity variation over the region where significant current is flowing.
  • the current is typically measured by a suitably calibrated array of electric or magnetic field sensors.
  • the resulting 3-D resistivity variation can be used to project the distribution of ores, hydrocarbons or water or other fluids or materials of interest within the measured volume.
  • a common problem in applying this method of subsurface EM imaging is discriminating spatial changes in resistivity at the depth of the formation from those near to the location of the sensors.
  • Recent models of the current flow from a ring (or partial ring) of surface electrodes to a borehole casing show that current flows from the earth into the casing along the entire length of the casing.
  • This near-surface current causes a significant interfering measurement artifact for measurement configurations wherein receivers are located at the surface of the earth.
  • a resistivity anomaly i.e., a local change in the earth's resistivity
  • a resistivity anomaly near the surface causes a much larger change in the EM field at the surface than an equivalent resistivity change much deeper in the earth.
  • Surface resistivity anomalies can be static over time if they are affected by weather events, for instance rainfall and temperature variations, such as freezing.
  • the invention relates to improving the overall sensitivity of a combined suite of
  • EM sources to variations in subsurface electrical resistivity deep in the subsurface, for example at a depth greater than 1000 m.
  • a system is provided that utilizes two or more electrically conductive borehole casings in combination with one or more source electrodes located at the surface for completing an electric current path to the two or more casings for subsurface surveying purposes.
  • a transmitter is alternately configured to cause a current to flow between each casing, and the surface or another casing, or multiple transmitters could be used at once, operating at different frequencies or within different overlapping temporal intervals, or by some other means of interleaving the transmissions.
  • the system can be employed to alternately illuminate the same formation from different lateral locations, and possible different depths. The resulting data is combined to enhance the vertical or lateral resolution of the measurement at reservoir depth.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view of multiple cased wells with a fluid volume between them, an inner ring of source electrodes installed around a central well and a separate outer ring of source electrodes at proximate a suite of outer wells;
  • Figure 2 is a plan view of a line drive, including one or more first wells arranged along a line, and a line of secondary wells, with surface electrodes located at one of the first wells and near the line of secondary wells;
  • Figure 3 illustrates the current paths when a voltage is applied across a casing and a surface electrode at a significant lateral offset from the casing, with the surface electrode in the vicinity of a second casing and the second casing not connected to the transmitter and so not forming part of the source circuit;
  • Figure 4 illustrates the current paths when voltage is applied across one or more surface electrodes at the surface near to a casing and at the casing, wherein the configuration enhances the vertical component of current flow;
  • Figure 5 illustrates the current paths when the voltage is applied across a casing and a surface electrode at significant lateral offset from a second casing close enough to the first casing to produce a current that separately illuminates the subsurface volume of the first casing;
  • Figure 6 illustrates the current paths between two casings, with one casing being where a fluid volume is primarily located.
  • the invention in general, relates to borehole electromagnetic geophysics, for which the objective is to probe the earth at a considerable distance from a borehole.
  • the invention enables the generation of electromagnetic fields from a borehole that are measured by remote sensors.
  • the invention will be used in conjunction with commercially available sensors or array of sensors would be deployed at the earth's surface.
  • a defining feature is that the sensors are outside the borehole, and are separated from the borehole by a distance which in practical cases is at least 50 m. More particularly, a system is provided that utilizes two or more electrically conductive borehole casings to alternately illuminate the same formation from different lateral locations, and possible different depths.
  • One or more source electrodes are located at the surface for completing the electric current path to the two or more casings.
  • a transmitter is alternately configured to cause a current to flow between each casing, and the surface or another casing, or multiple transmitters could be used at once, operating at different frequencies or within different overlapping temporal intervals, or by some other means of interleaving the transmissions.
  • the resulting data is combined to enhance the vertical or lateral resolution of the measurement at reservoir depth.
  • the invention primarily relates to hydrocarbon fields for which multiple wells with electrically conductive casings are located within no more than 5 km of each other. These could be mature fields which have been drilled in a number of locations, possibly to different depths, and thus have two or more existing wells. Further one or more additional wells could be drilled to enhance production, for example water drive, or C0 2 enhanced oil recovery, and these wells could be utilized in the invention. Yet further, all the wells could be new and drilled for new production, for example as in the new production method of hydraulic fracturing unconventional reservoirs.
  • a typical pattern of a central well surrounded by one or more outer wells is shown in plan view in Figure 1.
  • An alternate configuration is a line-drive in which one or more injector wells drive hydrocarbons towards a line of one or more producing wells, as illustrated in Figure 2 and discussed in detail below.
  • a particular application of the invention when used with multiple lateral wells is to improve the measurement of fractures caused by the commercial procedure of hydraulic fracturing.
  • Pressure transferred by a fluid is used to create fractures within the subsurface outside the borehole.
  • the pressurizing fluid then flows into those fractures.
  • the fluid used to create the fracture should be sufficiently electrically conducting to disrupt the path of subsurface electric current in order to produce a measurable signal.
  • One fluid that can be used is water with a high salt concentration.
  • the fluid can contain particles that have measurable electrical properties.
  • a region of damage comprising many intersecting cracks is produced.
  • a fracture is defined to be any region of subsurface disturbance with at least one very short dimension, either present due to natural process or as a result of a fracturing procedure.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a group of several wells deployed to enhance the production of a volume of fluid 800.
  • a typical pattern involves a central well 805 surrounded by one or more outer wells 810.
  • a similar, alternative configuration is a line-drive in which one or more injector wells 900 drive a fluid 905 (such as hydrocarbons) towards a line of one or more producing wells 910, as illustrated in Figure 2.
  • a fluid 905 such as hydrocarbons
  • a scenario is identified in which there is a first well that penetrates a subsurface region, such as a reservoir, in which a fluid is located.
  • This fluid can be produced at the well (e.g. , oil, gas, or potable water) or be a fluid injected into the well (e.g. , water or C0 2 ) to support the production of hydrocarbons at another location.
  • the host reservoir will contain fluid or gas, and the fluid depicted at the first well in the illustrations included herein is intended to highlight a specific body of fluid that is injected or desired to be produced.
  • the invention can be applied to image any resistivity anomaly, including a shale bed or ore deposit, or to determine the resistivity of the host rock.
  • Figure 1 shows a plan view of central well 805 intercepting fluid 800 and surrounded by a ring of outer wells 810 in an approximately circular configuration centered on the central well 805.
  • Electrodes 820 are preferably located just a small offset, such as less than 500 m, preferably less than 300m and most preferably less than 100m, from a respective outer well 810.
  • central well 805 can be an injection well
  • outer wells 810 can be producing wells
  • the fluid that is injected causes increased output of hydrocarbons at the producing wells.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment in which one or more injector wells 900 are arranged approximately in a line that is approximately parallel to a line of producing wells 910.
  • a single injector well 900 has been illustrated with a suite of inner surface electrodes 915 placed around it, in a similar manner to central well 805 depicted in Figure 1.
  • a suite of surface electrodes 920 is located near to producing wells 910, in an equivalent manner to the central configuration shown in Figure 1.
  • a suite can be a single electrode, and it is not essential that each secondary well be paired with an individual surface electrode, as will become apparent below.
  • the separation between the boreholes and injection electrode(s) should be such that a sufficient subsurface current flow can be established between them for a measurable signal change to be produced for the subsurface target of interest.
  • the electrical resistance between two points within the earth does not increase strongly with the distance between them and, further, the effect of increasing the separation can be compensated for by using a transmitter that can output a higher voltage.
  • the wells are easily close enough to be used as part of the invention.
  • the condition that wells are arranged close enough together to be used as part of the invention is termed that the wells are in range of each other.
  • the electrodes and boreholes should be within 5 km of each other, and, more preferably, within 2 km.
  • FIG. 3 the basic configuration of a DSEM source is shown schematically for a first well that intercepts a reservoir layer containing a fluid. More specifically, Figure 3 depicts a combination of surface electrodes 1000, 1005 and 1010 and cased boreholes 1015 and 1020 in close proximity.
  • surface electrode 1010 is used as part of an outer ring and is relatively close to second casing 1020.
  • second casing 1020 is not connected to a transmitter 1025 at this time and so does not form part of the source circuit.
  • the idealized current paths for a surface source configuration are significantly disrupted by the presence of a borehole that has an electrically conductive casing as the conducting casing provides a conduit that guides the nominally surface current to a much deeper depth.
  • the very high conductivity of the casing relative to the rock advantageously causes significant additional electric current to flow at depth, down to the bottom of the casing.
  • Figure 3 and other illustrations herein wherein the boreholes are depicted in an entirely vertical orientation and straight, it should be recognized that the borehole and any casing placed therein can deviate from vertical and even have lateral sections that are horizontal or even fishbone configurations. Therefore, when the location of a given borehole is specified herein, reference is made to the top of the borehole where it meets the surface of the earth.
  • an electrode is defined as being "in close proximity”, i.e., "at a borehole”, in accordance with the invention, if the electrode is electrically coupled to the borehole so that more than 50% of the current input into the electrode passes through the outer surface of the borehole and into the earth.
  • the casing and surface electrodes are electrically connected to the transmitter via cables.
  • additional connections are provided to other casings and source electrodes as illustrated in Figure 3.
  • the transmitter can be located at the surface, though this is not essential. Therefore, although only one electrode and one casing are shown connected in Figure 3, it is within the invention for multiple casings and/or surface electrodes to be connected to the transmitter at the same time. Having multiple connections at once has the benefit of increasing the amount of survey data that can be acquired over a given period of time.
  • only one transmitter is shown connected, it is within the scope of the invention that more than one transmitter be connected at once. If multiple transmitters are connected, they may be operated at the same time or serially. If operated at the same time, the transmitters can be set to produce electric current waveforms of different frequency.
  • casings of boreholes 1015 and 1020 in Figure 3 and subsequent figures are shown to have the depth into the earth, and projected below the reservoir layer by an approximately equal amount. However, it is not essential that the casings extend to the same depth or reach or penetrate a target layer equally. Indeed illuminating the subsurface with casings of different depth has the benefit of offering increased vertical differentiation of one or more target layers.
  • a benefit of locating a surface electrode near to a casing is that the surface region illuminated by the current from the surface electrode and the surface region illuminated when the surface electrode is exchanged for the casing near to it, are similar.
  • a primary application of this invention is on mature hydrocarbon fields where wells are already drilled, and there may not be a well in a region that later becomes of interest. In such instances it is still useful, and in the scope of the invention, to locate a surface electrode at a region of interest, even if there is no available well casing. Further, it is possible that an additional well may be drilled and cased to provide deep illumination at a desired region.
  • the invention is primarily directed towards using casings via a top electrical connection, it is within the scope of the invention to inject current into a casing at depth.
  • This can be effected by inserting an electrode into the well that couples electrical current from within the casing at depth, for example via current flow through the well fluid or via direct contact to the inside of the casing.
  • the downhole electrode can be located at any depth and connected to the transmitter via a cable to the surface.
  • the invention is described for use with electrically conducting casings, it can be used with wells that have some or all sections of their casing made from electrically insulating materials, or wells without casing.
  • the latter application may be particularly beneficial when a slim well is drilled close to a formation specifically for use with the invention and there is no need to case it for production.
  • the casing is an electrical conductor, then using a downhole electrode is preferable and the subsurface current paths are crowded at the downhole electrode in the well in a similar manner as shown for the current crowding a surface electrode.
  • electrical contact could be made to any conductor in electrical contact with the casing, such as a collar, well head, or production tubing within the casing.
  • a fluid can be injected into the casing, with the fluid having electrical properties tailored to improve electrical conduction.
  • Figure 4 shows a configuration in which the transmitter is connected across electrodes 1000 and 1005 that are near the top of the well and the casing associated with borehole 1015. Compared to the configuration illustrated in Figure 3, the resulting current paths are predominantly parallel to the axis of the casing and distributed equally as a function of azimuthal angle, referred to as a Vertical Mode.
  • a configuration in which one of the secondary wells is used as the central well of the DSEM configuration is shown in Figure 5.
  • This configuration is the mirror of that in Figure 3, and has the benefit of preferentially illuminating the current flow in the reservoir region based on the fluid around the first well, referred to as an Offset DSEM configuration.
  • a further paradigm subsurface current distribution is produced by connecting a transmitter across first and secondary wells of boreholes 1015 and 1020 as shown in Figure 6. The produces subsurface current primarily in, or near to the plane of the two wells, referred to as a Casing to Casing DSEM configuration.
  • subsurface current distributions can be established between secondary wells and/or outer electrodes, such as a configuration not directly including a first well or the surface electrodes near to it as part of the current path.
  • This can be arranged by connecting the transmitter between outer wells as in Casing to Casing DSEM, between an outer well and outer electrodes as in Standard and Offset DSEM and the Vertical Mode, and between outer electrodes as in a Surface Mode wherein the transmitter is connected between multiple surface electrodes.
  • a first well can be used in conjunction with any of the array of surface electrodes, or any of the secondary wells, and similarly for any of the secondary wells.
  • subsurface current flow can be controllably directed within different regions of the reservoir including preferentially where a fluid is injected and targeted to reach.
  • a restriction on the first well and a secondary well is that the separation between them should be such that a sufficient subsurface current flow can be established between them, for example using the DSEM or Offset DSEM configurations, wherein the surface electrodes are located near to each casing, or the Casing to Casing DSEM configuration. This requirement is met in accordance with the invention by stating that the wells are in range of each other.
  • the electrical resistance between two points within the earth does not strongly increase with distance between them and further the effect of increasing the separation can be compensated by using a transmitter that can output a higher voltage.
  • the wells are easily close enough to be used as part of the invention.
  • the wells should be no more than 5 km apart, and preferable no more than 2 km apart.
  • Electromagnetic signals resulting from the subsurface current are sensed by one or more electromagnetic sensors at or near to the surface.
  • the sensors can be placed on the surface, be buried in shallow pits or be sited in bored holes.
  • the electromagnetic signal that is produced by the subsurface current may be primarily characterized by a change in its amplitude, its phase relative to the transmitter, in the distribution of its frequency content, its coherence with other signals, its spatial correlation with other signals, some other property, or a combination of such properties.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système mettant en oeuvre au moins deux tubages électroconducteurs (805, 810; 900, 910) de trous de forage, de manière à éclairer la même formation (800; 905) en alternance à partir d'emplacements latéraux différents, et à différentes profondeurs possibles. Au moins une électrode source (815, 820; 915, 920; 1000, 1005, 1010) est placée au niveau de la surface afin de compléter le trajet du courant électrique vers lesdits au moins deux tubages (805, 810; 900, 910; 1000, 1005, 1010). Un émetteur (1025) est conçu en alternance pour provoquer la circulation d'un courant entre chaque tubage (805, 810; 900, 910) et la surface ou un autre tubage, ou plusieurs émetteurs (1025) peuvent être utilisés en même temps, fonctionnant à différentes fréquences ou dans différents intervalles de temps se chevauchant, ou par tout autre moyen d'entrelacement des transmissions. Les données résultantes sont combinées en vue de l'amélioration de la résolution verticale ou latérale de la mesure au niveau de la profondeur du réservoir.
PCT/US2015/024266 2014-04-03 2015-04-03 Système et procédé d'inspection multi-puits à des fins de détection d'une caractéristique de subsurface WO2015153983A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US201461974744P 2014-04-03 2014-04-03
US61/974,744 2014-04-03

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WO2015153983A1 true WO2015153983A1 (fr) 2015-10-08

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10309214B2 (en) 2015-10-06 2019-06-04 Groundmetrics, Inc. System and method for performing distant geophysical survey

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5187440A (en) * 1986-11-04 1993-02-16 Para Magnetic Logging, Inc. Measuring resistivity changes from within a first cased well to monitor fluids injected into oil bearing geological formations from a second cased well while passing electrical current between the two cased wells
US7495446B2 (en) * 2005-08-23 2009-02-24 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Formation evaluation system and method
US20110308789A1 (en) * 2008-12-02 2011-12-22 Hong Zhang Surface to borehole electromagnetic surveying using metallic well casings as electrodes
US8392119B2 (en) * 2009-04-29 2013-03-05 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Analysis of subsurface electromagnetic data through inversion with constrained casing correction coefficients
WO2014039618A2 (fr) * 2012-09-07 2014-03-13 Groundmetrics, Inc. Système et procédé pour induire un champ électromagnétique dans la terre

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5187440A (en) * 1986-11-04 1993-02-16 Para Magnetic Logging, Inc. Measuring resistivity changes from within a first cased well to monitor fluids injected into oil bearing geological formations from a second cased well while passing electrical current between the two cased wells
US7495446B2 (en) * 2005-08-23 2009-02-24 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Formation evaluation system and method
US20110308789A1 (en) * 2008-12-02 2011-12-22 Hong Zhang Surface to borehole electromagnetic surveying using metallic well casings as electrodes
US8392119B2 (en) * 2009-04-29 2013-03-05 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Analysis of subsurface electromagnetic data through inversion with constrained casing correction coefficients
WO2014039618A2 (fr) * 2012-09-07 2014-03-13 Groundmetrics, Inc. Système et procédé pour induire un champ électromagnétique dans la terre

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10309214B2 (en) 2015-10-06 2019-06-04 Groundmetrics, Inc. System and method for performing distant geophysical survey

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