WO2015151761A1 - Phase transition acquisition device, acquisition method, and manufacturing device - Google Patents

Phase transition acquisition device, acquisition method, and manufacturing device Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015151761A1
WO2015151761A1 PCT/JP2015/057403 JP2015057403W WO2015151761A1 WO 2015151761 A1 WO2015151761 A1 WO 2015151761A1 JP 2015057403 W JP2015057403 W JP 2015057403W WO 2015151761 A1 WO2015151761 A1 WO 2015151761A1
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temperature
substance
phase transformation
image
change
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PCT/JP2015/057403
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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孝介 桑原
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株式会社日立製作所
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/02—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering
    • G01N25/04—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering of melting point; of freezing point; of softening point
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures

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  • the present invention relates to an acquisition device, an acquisition method, and a manufacturing device using phase transformation information of a phase transformation of a substance.
  • phase transformation characteristics typified by melting, solidification, solid phase transformation, and amorphous-crystalline transformation are basic information in handling the substance, and are essential for the design of material processes especially with heating and cooling.
  • the phase transformation characteristics can be obtained regardless of metal materials, inorganic materials, and organic materials.
  • phase transformation is accurately measured as a change in latent heat or specific heat by differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or the like.
  • DTA differential thermal analysis
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • CCT continuous cooling transformation curve
  • Patent Document 2 discloses a method by X-ray diffraction.
  • the melting point can be detected by uniformly heating the test piece and controlling the temperature in a noncontact manner, and detecting a crystal diffraction peak appearing during solidification.
  • the object of the present invention is to detect rapid heating in a material, phase transformation during rapid cooling.
  • the acquisition apparatus for phase transformation of a substance includes a heating control apparatus for heating a measurement target, an image capturing apparatus having a plurality of types of image sensors corresponding to visible light of two or more wavelengths, and an image obtained by the image capturing apparatus. Temperature conversion device that converts temperature into temperature, and a detection device of shape change obtained by the same image capturing device.
  • the structural example of the acquisition apparatus 100 of phase transformation is shown in FIG.
  • the measurement target 101 is disposed on the measurement substrate 102, and the heating control device 103 that heats the measurement target 101 and the image capturing device 104 that captures the measurement target 101 are included.
  • the image capturing device 104 includes a plurality of image sensors corresponding to three wavelengths, and the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 corresponding to the pixels of each image sensor. Get as. From the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106, the temperature conversion device 108 determines the temperature change of the measurement object 101 with respect to the measurement time based on the two-photon method.
  • a detection device 109 that detects a change in the shape of the measurement object 101 directly from the image using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 is provided. As a result, it can be determined from the image when the shape has changed, that is, when the phase has been transformed. Then, the information on the temperature change obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 and the information on the image change obtained by the detection device 109 are combined, and the latent heat or specific heat change (phase transformation temperature) accompanying the phase transformation is To detect.
  • the detection method of phase transformation is shown in FIG.
  • An image of the object to be measured 101 is placed on the measurement substrate 102, heated by the heating control device 103, and thereafter cooled by stopping the heating control device 103 or reducing the intensity thereof.
  • the thermal radiation from the measurement object 101 is separated for each pixel (2).
  • the temperature conversion device 108 acquires temperature information of the measurement object 101 from the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 subjected to pixel separation (3-1), and measures the temperature change. Record against time (4-1).
  • the shape change of the measuring object 101 is acquired using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 (3-2), and the detection device 109 of the shape change is obtained. Detection time of phase transformation (4-2). Then, the latent heat and the phase transformation temperature accompanying the specific heat change are obtained from the temperature change obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 by the arithmetic unit 110 and recorded together with the phase change obtained by the shape change detection unit 109 (5, 6). By using both the temperature change and the image change as described above, phase transformation of the material can be detected even in the case of rapid heating or rapid cooling.
  • the material of the measurement object 101 is not particularly limited as long as at least a majority of the material does not vaporize during measurement.
  • a substance may be a metal material to be subjected to processing processes such as welding, heat treatment and thermal spraying, an inorganic material, and a resin material to be applied to hot melt and the like. It is also suitable for obtaining the crystallization characteristics of amorphous materials that require more rapid cooling.
  • the measurement substrate 102 is preferably a substance that has low reactivity with the measurement target 101 and is stable to high temperatures.
  • quartz, alumina, zirconia and the like are suitable. If the melting point is sufficiently high and there is no problem in the reactivity with the object to be measured 101, a metal material can also be used.
  • the cooling rate at the time of measurement of the object to be measured 101 can be adjusted by the porosity of the material, the thickness of the measurement substrate 102, or forced cooling of the measurement substrate 102 by air cooling, water cooling, etc. It is possible to acquire phase transformation characteristics at different cooling rates that are necessary when acquiring a cooling transformation curve (CCT).
  • CCT cooling transformation curve
  • phase transformation characteristics at different heating rates or cooling rates can be obtained by changing the cooling rate by the measurement substrate 102 or the heat input of the heating control device 102 described later for two or more measurement objects.
  • the heating control apparatus 103 can apply laser heating capable of rapid heating, condensing heating, electron beam heating, high frequency heating, microwave heating, and the like. According to electron beam heating, high frequency heating, or microwave heating that does not use a light source corresponding to the detection wavelength of the image capturing device 104 as a heating source, disturbance due to the heating light source can be prevented even during heating. The phase transformation of can also be obtained. Since these heat sources can heat the vicinity of the measurement object 101 in a limited manner by heating for a short time, temperature rise in the surroundings can be suppressed, and rapid cooling is possible by cooling the measurement substrate 102 after heating is completed. Become.
  • the image capturing device 104 needs to have two or more types of image sensors having different wavelength sensitivity characteristics so that at least the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 can be obtained.
  • a high-speed camera compatible with a color image having normal three types of pixels can be applied.
  • temperature measurement in a low temperature range where the intensity of heat radiation in the visible light range is reduced is also more preferable. It is.
  • the temperature is detected based on two wavelengths, and the shape change is detected based on the three wavelengths.
  • the present invention is not limited to these wavelength numbers, and the temperature or the shape change may be detected based on plural types of wavelengths.
  • the temperature conversion device 108 is a device for calculating the temperature corresponding to the position of each pixel in the intensity image from the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 in the configuration of FIG. 1 based on the two-wavelength method. .
  • the temperature conversion device 108 can measure the temperature corresponding to each place of the measuring object 101 by performing temperature calibration in advance using a reference body having similar emissivity. And the temperature change of the measuring object 101 can be obtained by recording the temperature of each place with respect to the time which acquired each image.
  • the two-wavelength method is particularly effective by adding a pixel capable of detecting infrared radiation to the image capturing device 104 as described above, or adding a temperature change obtained by adding an infrared thermography to the configuration to the temperature conversion device 108.
  • a temperature change obtained by adding an infrared thermography to the configuration to the temperature conversion device 108.
  • a temperature change in a low temperature range for example, 800 ° C. or less
  • the shape change detection device 109 is means for acquiring the change in shape of the measurement object 101 using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107.
  • a change in shape is detected by a change in intensity obtained by removing a change in radiation intensity accompanying a temperature change from each radiation intensity image alone or a composite image of a plurality of radiation intensity images.
  • Such a shape change can be detected, for example, by obtaining a difference in radiation intensity before and after a certain time, and changing the intensity of the difference from monotonous increase or decrease. Examples of the shape change detected in this manner include flow in the liquid phase, transformation to a phase with different radiation intensity in the solid phase, and generation or dissolution of precipitates.
  • the shape change detection device 109 automatically or manually determines these phase transformations occurring in the object to be measured 101, and records it with respect to the time when the change occurs.
  • the arithmetic unit 110 first, from the temperature change of the measuring object 101 acquired by the temperature conversion unit 108, the latent heat and the phase transformation temperature accompanying the specific heat change are determined. At this time, the time change (differential value) of temperature change is calculated, and the temperature and time at which latent heat is generated or the temperature and time at which specific heat changes corresponding to crystallization of amorphous etc. it can. By adding the transformation temperature and time obtained by the shape change detection device 109 to the transformation temperature and time of the measurement object 101 thus obtained, phase transformation of the measurement object 101 can be detected.
  • the temperature conversion device 108 is the first such as phase transformation occurring from the inside.
  • the transformation detected by the above-mentioned, or the generation of a small amount of precipitates it is detected only in the detection device 109 of the shape change.
  • one of them may be selected in preference. For example, it is preferable to select uniquely according to a rule such as prioritizing the transformation that has occurred previously or prioritizing the transformation that appears more clearly in the signal strength.
  • the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation of the substance of this embodiment functions only with the configuration shown in FIG. 1, and in particular, controls the heat input to the object to be measured 101 and the cooling rate by adjusting both the measurement substrate 102 and the heating control device 103. In particular, it is possible to detect phase transformation during rapid heating and rapid cooling in the measuring object 101. Moreover, it is also possible to incorporate and apply this apparatus structure to the manufacturing apparatus with heating-cooling, such as a welding apparatus, a heat processing apparatus, a lamination-modeling apparatus, and a steelmaking installation.
  • heating-cooling such as a welding apparatus, a heat processing apparatus, a lamination-modeling apparatus, and a steelmaking installation.
  • FIG. 1 The block diagram of the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation in a present Example is as FIG.
  • a rolled steel material having a weight of 0.2 g (SS400, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal) was used as the measurement target 101.
  • the measurement substrate 102 used was an alumina substrate of 5 mm in thickness.
  • the heating control device 103 is a laser heat source, and the position was set so that the position of the measurement object 101 was in focus.
  • the image capturing device 104 is a high-speed camera (Novitec Corporation, Phantom M110), and a temperature conversion device 108 (Novitec Corporation, Thermera) based on the two-color ratio method, a shape change detection device 109 (MathWorks Corporation, MATLAB), and calculation It consists of an apparatus 110 (OriginLab, Origin).
  • the object to be measured 101 was simultaneously heated at a speed of about 100 K / sec by the heating control device 103 under an inert gas atmosphere, and held at 1650 ° C. just above the melting point for 5 seconds. After that, the laser of the heating control device 103 was stopped and held for 1 minute. An image of the measuring object 101 from the start of heating to the end of cooling was acquired by the image capturing device 104, and the phase transformation temperature was measured by the temperature conversion device 108, the shape change detection device 109, and the arithmetic device 110.
  • the temperature change of the measurement object 101 obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 is shown in FIG.
  • the measurement target 101 was heated to 1650 ° C., melted, and cooled by the measurement substrate 102.
  • the cooling rate calculated by the arithmetic unit 110 for detecting the phase transformation and the shape at each time are schematically shown in FIG. It is judged that the solidification of the object 101 to be measured has occurred between 40 msec and 100 msec in which the cooling rate shows a dominant decrease and simultaneously the melted part with high radiation strength and the low solidified part coexist, and black triangles are shown in FIG. It was confirmed that the start of coagulation (liquidus line) and the end of coagulation (solidus line) could be detected at the indicated times.
  • the liquidus temperature of the measurement object 101 was 1550 ° C., and the solidus temperature was 1530 ° C. In this example, it was confirmed that measurement under high-speed conditions in which the average cooling rate reaches 4000 K / s at maximum is possible. Moreover, it was confirmed that detection of phase transformation by detection of temperature change is consistent with detection of phase transformation by detection of shape change. This indicates that it is possible to increase the accuracy of the phase transformation determination by using both of them.
  • the block diagram of the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation in a present Example is as FIG.
  • a disk-shaped (about 4.5 mm in diameter and about 2.0 mm in thickness) chromium molybdenum steel test piece (SCM420H, Daido Steel) having a weight of 1 g is used for each of the measurement objects 101a, 101b, 101c and 101d. It was.
  • the measurement substrate 102 was an alumina substrate having a thickness of 5 mm and a plurality of recesses with a diameter of 2.0 mm and a diameter of 5 mm formed on the surface.
  • the heating control device 103 is an induction coil connected to a high frequency power source, and in the present embodiment, two heating targets (101a, 101b) are set to be heated simultaneously.
  • the measurement target is put in the concave portion of the measurement substrate 102, the convex portion of the measurement substrate 102 becomes a wall, and the radiant heat from the heating control device 103 is hardly transmitted to the measurement targets 101c and 101d. Therefore, both heated and unheated samples can be measured at one time.
  • the detection unit of phase transformation using information of the image acquisition device 104 is simplified and illustrated as a “phase transformation detection unit 111”.
  • the image capturing device 104 is a high-speed camera (Phantom M110), and the phase transformation detection unit 111 is a temperature conversion device 108 (Thermera) based on a two-color ratio method, a shape change detection device 109 (MATLAB), and an arithmetic device 110. It consists of (Origin).
  • the observation region by the image photographing device 104 is simultaneously measured by the infrared thermography 112 (Frier Systems SC 655), and the temperature by the infrared thermography 112 for information of 650 ° C.
  • the temperature information in the phase transformation detection unit 111 shown in this embodiment is temperature information based on the high-speed camera 104 at 650 ° C. or higher, and temperature information based on the infrared thermography 112 below 650 ° C.
  • the objects to be measured 101a and 101b were simultaneously heated at a speed of about 100 K / s by the heating control device 103 under an inert gas atmosphere and held for 5 seconds at 1600 ° C. slightly higher than the melting point of the object to be measured. . Thereafter, at the same time as the current of the heating control device 103 was stopped, cooling by the cooling mechanism 113 was applied only to the measurement object 101a, and held for one minute.
  • the images of the measurement objects 101a and 101b from the start of heating to the end of cooling and the image 101c not subjected to heating were acquired by the image capturing device 104, and the phase transformation detection unit 111 detected the phase transformation temperature.
  • the temperature change acquired by the phase transformation detection part 111 of the measurement object 101a, 101b and 101c obtained by FIG. 6 is shown.
  • the measurement targets 101a and 101b were dissolved by heating to 1600 ° C.
  • 101a was forcibly cooled by the cooling mechanism 113, and 101b was cooled only by heat escaping to the measuring substrate 102 in contact, and was cooled at different cooling rates.
  • a water cooling type cooling mechanism is used, but cooling fins may be fixed to the measurement substrate 102 or a gas may be sprayed for cooling.
  • the maximum temperature of the measurement target 101c is 50 ° C. or less, and no heating that changes the material is applied. Furthermore, the temperature change which expanded the latent-heat part accompanying coagulation
  • solid phase transformation generated in the low temperature part was detected by the detection device 109 of shape change in the phase transformation detection part 111 in the present embodiment.
  • the surface shape change observed during cooling of the measurement object 101a is shown in FIG.
  • a linear contrast accompanied by the martensitic transformation occurred at 37.9 seconds, and spread further over the surface of the sample at 39.4 seconds when further cooling was continued. From this fact, the martensitic transformation start temperature was determined to be 450 ° C.
  • the liquidus temperature of the measurement target 101a was 1515 ° C.
  • the solidus temperature was 1486 ° C.
  • the martensitic transformation start temperature was 450 ° C.
  • the liquidus temperature was determined to be 1519 ° C.
  • the solidus temperature was determined to be 1490 ° C.
  • the martensitic transformation start temperature was determined to be 441 ° C.
  • 101a it was confirmed that measurement under high-speed conditions of an average cooling rate of 100 K / sec was possible.
  • a present Example demonstrates the example which applied the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation of the substance of a present Example to the laser lamination
  • FIG. The measurement target 101 targeted in the present example was a powder (average particle diameter: about 80 ⁇ m) manufactured based on SCM 420H of the same material as that of Example 2.
  • a lamination molding apparatus 114 shown in FIG. 9 has a laser heat source 117 serving as a heating source and a sample table 116, supplies raw material powder in a planar shape on the sample table 116, and a part thereof is in a shielding gas composed of an inert gas.
  • the laminated molded body 115 can be created by repeating a plurality of operations of melting and fusing with the surroundings by scanning and heating with the laser heat source 117.
  • the layered-modeling apparatus 114 includes other parts such as a powder supply means and a laser control unit in addition to the illustrated configuration, it is omitted in FIG. 9 for simplification.
  • the measurement substrate in the phase transformation acquisition apparatus 100 serves as the sample table 116 and the laminate model 115, and the heating control apparatus 103 doubles as the laser heat source 117 of the laminate modeling apparatus 114. It is set as the structure which can acquire the phase transformation characteristic in conditions.
  • a high-speed camera (Phantom M110) as the image capturing device 104, a temperature conversion device 108 (Thermera) based on the two-color ratio method as the phase transformation detection unit 111, a shape change detection device 109 (MATLAB), and calculation
  • the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation which consists of an apparatus 110 (Origin) was taken as the apparatus structure integrated with the laser layered-modeling apparatus 114.
  • the measurement target 101 was heated and melted by the laser heat source 117 under an inert gas atmosphere. Thereafter, the laser heat source 117 was stopped and held for 1 minute. An image of the measurement target 101 from the heating start to the cooling end was acquired by the image capturing device 104. From the change in the shape of the measurement object 101 (powder) detected by the temperature conversion device 108 and the detection device 109 of the shape change using the method in the first embodiment described above, the liquid of the raw material powder used in the present embodiment The temperature of the phase line was 1523 ° C., the temperature of the solidus line was 1495 ° C., and the martensitic transformation start temperature was 485 ° C. The minimum heating temperature is determined as 1550 ° C.
  • the temperature of the layered shaped body 115 is martensite during internal shaping with toughness.
  • the temperature is set to 500 ° C. or more above the transformation temperature.
  • the temperature of the laminate shaped body 115 was adjusted to 200 ° C. or less which can cool the martensitic transformation temperature region at high speed. Such adjustment requires adjustment for each powder used as a raw material, and it was possible to show that adjustment of manufacturing conditions along material characteristics is possible by calculation inside the apparatus according to the configuration of this embodiment. .
  • a manufacturing apparatus which forms a structure by heating a substance
  • a welding apparatus As a manufacturing apparatus which forms a structure by heating a substance, a welding apparatus, a heat treatment apparatus, a steel making facility, etc. may be used in addition to the lamination molding apparatus of the present embodiment.
  • Measurement object 102 Measurement substrate (substrate) 103 heating control device 104 image capturing device 105 first radiation intensity image 106 second radiation intensity image 107 third radiation intensity image 108 temperature conversion device 109 detection device 110 arithmetic device 111 phase transformation detection unit 112 infrared thermography (temperature measurement apparatus) 113 Cooling mechanism 114 Laminar modeling apparatus 115 Laminar modeling object 116 Sample stand 117 Laser heat source

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Abstract

[Problem] To detect a phase transition during the rapid heating or cooling of a material. [Solution] A device for acquiring a phase transition of a substance is provided with a temperature control device for heating the substance, an image capturing device having a plurality of image sensors corresponding to different wavelengths, a temperature conversion device for converting images obtained by the image capturing device into temperatures, a detection device for detecting the shape variation of the images obtained by the image capturing device, and a calculation device for calculating a phase transition temperature from the temperatures obtained by the temperature conversion device and the shape variation obtained by the detection device. A method for acquiring a phase transition of a substance is provided with a step for heating the substance, a step for capturing images of the heated substance, a step for dividing the images into a plurality of pictures corresponding to different wavelengths, a step for determining the temperature variation of the substance from the plurality of pictures, a step for determining the shape variation of the substance from the plurality of pictures, and a step for determining the phase transition temperature of the substance from the temperature variation and shape variation.

Description

相変態の取得装置、取得方法、製造装置Acquisition device of phase transformation, acquisition method, manufacturing device
　本発明は、物質の相変態の取得装置、取得方法、相変態情報を用いる製造装置に関する。 The present invention relates to an acquisition device, an acquisition method, and a manufacturing device using phase transformation information of a phase transformation of a substance.
　溶融、凝固、固相変態、非晶質-結晶質変態に代表される相変態特性はその物質を取扱う際の基本的な情報であり、特に加熱冷却を伴う材料プロセスの設計に欠かせない。相変態特性は金属材料、無機材料、有機材料を問わず取得される。バルク材料に対する一般的な例としては、示差熱分析（ＤＴＡ）、示差走査熱量測定（ＤＳＣ）などによって潜熱や比熱の変化として相変態は高精度に測定される。これらの手法は平衡状態と見なせる低速における材料変化については有効であるが、例えば溶接、熱処理(焼入れ)、肉盛溶接、アモルファスを得る為の超急冷プロセスのように、急加熱、急冷却（動的な変化）の検出は装置構成上困難である。 The phase transformation characteristics typified by melting, solidification, solid phase transformation, and amorphous-crystalline transformation are basic information in handling the substance, and are essential for the design of material processes especially with heating and cooling. The phase transformation characteristics can be obtained regardless of metal materials, inorganic materials, and organic materials. As a general example for bulk materials, phase transformation is accurately measured as a change in latent heat or specific heat by differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or the like. These methods are effective for material changes at low speeds that can be regarded as equilibrium, but rapid heating, rapid cooling (dynamics such as welding, heat treatment (quenching), overlay welding, and ultra-quenching process to obtain amorphous, for example Detection) is difficult in terms of equipment configuration.
　材料の動的な変化、例えば連続冷却変態曲線（ＣＣＴ）を得る為の手法として特許文献１に開示の熱膨張による検出方法がある。試験片全体を加熱、冷却する際の線膨張率の変化を試験片温度に対して取得することで、相変態の開始点と終了点を検出することができる。 As a method for obtaining dynamic change of material, for example, continuous cooling transformation curve (CCT), there is a detection method by thermal expansion disclosed in Patent Document 1. The start point and the end point of phase transformation can be detected by acquiring the change in linear expansion coefficient when heating and cooling the entire test piece with respect to the temperature of the test piece.
　また、非接触で材料の融点を検出する方法として特許文献２にＸ線回折による手法が開示されている。試験片を均一加熱して非接触で温度を制御し、凝固時に現れる結晶回折ピークを検出することで融点を検出することができる。 Further, as a method of detecting the melting point of a material without contact, Patent Document 2 discloses a method by X-ray diffraction. The melting point can be detected by uniformly heating the test piece and controlling the temperature in a noncontact manner, and detecting a crystal diffraction peak appearing during solidification.
特開平４－３６９４６９号公報Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-369469 特開平６－１３００１０号公報JP-A-6-130010
　しかし、特許文献１の手法では熱膨張の検出にはｃｍオーダ程度のある程度の大きさの試験片が一般には必要であり、その試験片の熱容量のために溶接、熱処理(焼入れ)に求められる加熱・冷却速度を試験片全体に均一に再現することが困難であった。また、特許文献２の手法においてもＸ線回折では現実的には検出感度の問題から直径１ｃｍ程度の試験片が必要であり、また、回折Ｘ線を検出するためには最低でも秒単位の検出時間が必要であり、急加熱、冷却中の測定が困難であった。 However, in the method of Patent Document 1, a test piece of a certain size of about cm order is generally required for detection of thermal expansion, and heating required for welding and heat treatment (quenching) because of the heat capacity of the test piece It was difficult to reproduce the cooling rate uniformly over the entire test piece. Further, in the method of Patent Document 2 as well, in X-ray diffraction, a test piece of about 1 cm in diameter is practically necessary because of the problem of detection sensitivity, and detection of diffracted X-rays requires detection at least in seconds. It takes time, and rapid heating and measurement during cooling are difficult.
　本発明の目的は、材料における急加熱、急冷却中の相変態を検出することである。 The object of the present invention is to detect rapid heating in a material, phase transformation during rapid cooling.
　上記目的を達成するために、例えば特許請求の範囲に記載の構成を採用する。 In order to achieve the above object, for example, the configuration described in the claims is adopted.
　本発明によれば、材料における急加熱、急冷却中の相変態を検出することができる。 According to the present invention, rapid heating in a material and phase transformation during rapid cooling can be detected.
物質の相変態の取得装置の構成図の例である。It is an example of the block diagram of the acquisition apparatus of the phase transformation of a substance. 本発明における物質の相変態の取得法を示すフローチャート図である。It is a flowchart figure which shows the acquisition method of the phase transformation of the substance in this invention. 本発明の第一の実施例において取得した測定対象の温度である。It is the temperature of the measuring object acquired in the first embodiment of the present invention. 本発明の第一の実施例における演算にて取得したデータである。It is the data acquired by the calculation in the 1st Example of this invention. 本発明の第二の実施例における相変態の取得装置を示す模式図である。It is a schematic diagram which shows the acquisition apparatus of the phase transformation in 2nd Example of this invention. 本発明の第二の実施例において取得した測定対象の温度である。It is the temperature of the measuring object acquired in the 2nd example of the present invention. 本発明の第二の実施例において取得した測定対象の温度の詳細である。It is the detail of the temperature of the measuring object acquired in the 2nd Example of this invention. 本発明の第二の実施例において取得した測定対象の形状変化である。It is a shape change of the measuring object acquired in the 2nd Example of this invention. 本発明の第三の実施例における相変態の取得装置を組み込んだ積層造形装置を示す模式図である。It is a schematic diagram which shows the lamination-modeling apparatus incorporating the acquisition apparatus of the phase transformation in the 3rd Example of this invention.
　以下、本発明の実施形態について、図面を参照しながらより詳細に説明する。なお、本発明はここで取り上げた実施形態に限定されることはなく、要旨を変更しない範囲で適宜組み合わせや改良が可能である。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described here, and appropriate combinations and improvements can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
　本実施形態の物質の相変態の取得装置は、測定対象を加熱する加熱制御装置、２波長以上の可視光に対応する複数種類の画像センサを有する画像撮影装置、該画像撮影装置により得た画像を温度に換算する温度換算装置、同一の画像撮影装置により得た形状変化の検出装置を有する。 The acquisition apparatus for phase transformation of a substance according to the present embodiment includes a heating control apparatus for heating a measurement target, an image capturing apparatus having a plurality of types of image sensors corresponding to visible light of two or more wavelengths, and an image obtained by the image capturing apparatus. Temperature conversion device that converts temperature into temperature, and a detection device of shape change obtained by the same image capturing device.
　相変態の取得装置１００の構成例を図１に示す。測定対象１０１を測定基板１０２上に配し、測定対象１０１を加熱する加熱制御装置１０３と、測定対象１０１を撮影する画像撮影装置１０４を有する。画像撮影装置１０４は３波長に対応する複数個の画像センサを備え、それぞれの画像センサの画素に対応する第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６、第三の輻射強度像１０７として得る。このうち第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６から二光子法に基づき温度換算装置１０８にて測定対象１０１の温度変化を測定時間に対して求める。 The structural example of the acquisition apparatus 100 of phase transformation is shown in FIG. The measurement target 101 is disposed on the measurement substrate 102, and the heating control device 103 that heats the measurement target 101 and the image capturing device 104 that captures the measurement target 101 are included. The image capturing device 104 includes a plurality of image sensors corresponding to three wavelengths, and the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 corresponding to the pixels of each image sensor. Get as. From the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106, the temperature conversion device 108 determines the temperature change of the measurement object 101 with respect to the measurement time based on the two-photon method.
　また、第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６、第三の輻射強度像１０７を用いて、画像から直接測定対象１０１の形状変化を検出する検出装置１０９を有する。これによりいつ形状が変化したか、即ちいつ相変態したかを画像から求めることができる。そして、温度換算装置１０８により得られた温度変化の情報と、検出装置１０９により得られた画像変化の情報とを併せて、演算装置１１０により相変態に伴う潜熱あるいは比熱変化（相変態温度）を検出する。 Also, a detection device 109 that detects a change in the shape of the measurement object 101 directly from the image using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 is provided. As a result, it can be determined from the image when the shape has changed, that is, when the phase has been transformed. Then, the information on the temperature change obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 and the information on the image change obtained by the detection device 109 are combined, and the latent heat or specific heat change (phase transformation temperature) accompanying the phase transformation is To detect.
　相変態の検出方法を図２に示す。測定対象１０１を測定基板１０２上に配し、加熱制御装置１０３にて加熱し、その後に加熱制御装置１０３の停止あるいは強度低下によって冷却する際の測定対象１０１の画像を画像撮影装置１０４で取得し（１）、測定対象１０１からの熱放射を画素ごとに分離する（２）。画素分離された第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６から二光子法に基づき温度換算装置１０８にて測定対象１０１の温度情報を取得し（３－１）、温度変化を測定時間に対して記録する（４－１）。 The detection method of phase transformation is shown in FIG. An image of the object to be measured 101 is placed on the measurement substrate 102, heated by the heating control device 103, and thereafter cooled by stopping the heating control device 103 or reducing the intensity thereof. (1) The thermal radiation from the measurement object 101 is separated for each pixel (2). Based on the two-photon method, the temperature conversion device 108 acquires temperature information of the measurement object 101 from the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 subjected to pixel separation (3-1), and measures the temperature change. Record against time (4-1).
　また、第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６、第三の輻射強度像１０７を用いて測定対象１０１の形状変化を取得し（３－２）、形状変化の検出装置１０９にて相変態の生じた時間を検出する（４－２）。そして、演算装置１１０にて、温度換算装置１０８により得られた温度変化から潜熱、比熱変化に伴う相変態温度を求め、形状変化の検出装置１０９により得られる相変態と合わせて記録する（５，６）。このように温度変化と画像変化の両方を用いることで、急加熱、急冷却する場合でも材料の相変態を検出することができる。 Further, the shape change of the measuring object 101 is acquired using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107 (3-2), and the detection device 109 of the shape change is obtained. Detection time of phase transformation (4-2). Then, the latent heat and the phase transformation temperature accompanying the specific heat change are obtained from the temperature change obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 by the arithmetic unit 110 and recorded together with the phase change obtained by the shape change detection unit 109 (5, 6). By using both the temperature change and the image change as described above, phase transformation of the material can be detected even in the case of rapid heating or rapid cooling.
　測定対象１０１の材質は測定中に少なくともその過半が気化しない材質であれば特段に限定されない。特に急加熱、急冷却中の相変態の特性が重要である物質を対象とすることが好適である。このような物質の例としては、溶接、熱処理、溶射などの加工プロセスに供する金属材料、無機材料、また、ホットメルトなどに供する樹脂材料等としても良い。また、さらに急速な冷却を要する非晶質材料の結晶化特性を取得することにも好適である。 The material of the measurement object 101 is not particularly limited as long as at least a majority of the material does not vaporize during measurement. In particular, it is preferable to target substances for which the characteristics of rapid transformation and phase transformation during rapid cooling are important. Examples of such a substance may be a metal material to be subjected to processing processes such as welding, heat treatment and thermal spraying, an inorganic material, and a resin material to be applied to hot melt and the like. It is also suitable for obtaining the crystallization characteristics of amorphous materials that require more rapid cooling.
　測定基板１０２は測定対象１０１に対して反応性が低く、かつ高温まで安定な物質が好ましい。例えば石英、アルミナ、ジルコニアなどが好適である。また、融点が十分に高く測定対象１０１との反応性に問題が無ければ金属材料を用いることもできる。ここで、材質に加えて材料の多孔度、測定基板１０２の厚さ、あるいは空冷、水冷などによる測定基板１０２の強制冷却によって測定対象１０１の測定時における冷却速度は調整することができ、例えば連続冷却変態曲線（ＣＣＴ）の取得時に必要な異なる冷却速度での相変態特性を取得することができる。 The measurement substrate 102 is preferably a substance that has low reactivity with the measurement target 101 and is stable to high temperatures. For example, quartz, alumina, zirconia and the like are suitable. If the melting point is sufficiently high and there is no problem in the reactivity with the object to be measured 101, a metal material can also be used. Here, the cooling rate at the time of measurement of the object to be measured 101 can be adjusted by the porosity of the material, the thickness of the measurement substrate 102, or forced cooling of the measurement substrate 102 by air cooling, water cooling, etc. It is possible to acquire phase transformation characteristics at different cooling rates that are necessary when acquiring a cooling transformation curve (CCT).
　また、測定基板１０２は測定対象を２つ以上配する事も可能である。さらに、２つ以上の測定対象に対して測定基板１０２による冷却速度、若しくは後に示す加熱制御装置１０２の入熱量を変化させることで、異なる加熱速度あるいは冷却速度における相変態特性を取得する事ができる。また、測定基板１０２と測定対象１０１を同一物質、もしくは測定基板１０２の表面を加熱する事で測定対象１０１の表面の相変態特性を取得することも可能である。 Moreover, it is also possible to arrange two or more measurement objects in the measurement substrate 102. Furthermore, phase transformation characteristics at different heating rates or cooling rates can be obtained by changing the cooling rate by the measurement substrate 102 or the heat input of the heating control device 102 described later for two or more measurement objects. . It is also possible to obtain the phase transformation characteristics of the surface of the measurement object 101 by heating the measurement substrate 102 and the measurement object 101 with the same substance or the surface of the measurement substrate 102.
　加熱制御装置１０３は急加熱が可能であるレーザ加熱、集光加熱、電子ビーム加熱、高周波加熱、マイクロ波加熱などが適用できる。画像撮影装置１０４の検出波長に相当する光源を加熱源としない電子ビーム加熱や高周波加熱、マイクロ波加熱によれば、加熱中も加熱光源による擾乱を防ぐことができるため、冷却時に加えて加熱時の相変態も取得することができる。これらの熱源は短時間の加熱で測定対象１０１近傍を限定的に加熱することができるため周囲の温度上昇は抑制することができ、加熱終了後に測定基板１０２を冷却することで急冷却が可能となる。 The heating control apparatus 103 can apply laser heating capable of rapid heating, condensing heating, electron beam heating, high frequency heating, microwave heating, and the like. According to electron beam heating, high frequency heating, or microwave heating that does not use a light source corresponding to the detection wavelength of the image capturing device 104 as a heating source, disturbance due to the heating light source can be prevented even during heating. The phase transformation of can also be obtained. Since these heat sources can heat the vicinity of the measurement object 101 in a limited manner by heating for a short time, temperature rise in the surroundings can be suppressed, and rapid cooling is possible by cooling the measurement substrate 102 after heating is completed. Become.
　画像撮影装置１０４は少なくとも第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６が得られるようそれぞれ異なる波長感度特性を有する２種類以上の画像センサを有している必要がある。また、測定対象１０１の空間分布や形態変化、また、２個以上の測定対象１０１を同時に測定するためには、異なる波長感度特性を有する画素の組を、例えば格子状に多数配列させる必要がある。このような画像撮影装置１０４の例としては、通常の３種の画素を有するカラー画像対応の高速度カメラを適用することができる。また、画像撮影装置１０４に赤外線放射を検出できる画素を加える、若しくは赤外線サーモグラフィを構成に加えることで、可視光域の熱放射の強度が低下する低温域での温度測定も容易となるのでより好適である。本実施形態では２波長に基づき温度を検出し、３波長に基づき形状変化を検出しているが、これらの波長数に限られず、複数種類の波長に基づき温度や形状変化を検出すればよい。 The image capturing device 104 needs to have two or more types of image sensors having different wavelength sensitivity characteristics so that at least the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 can be obtained. In addition, in order to simultaneously measure the spatial distribution and shape change of the measurement object 101, and two or more measurement objects 101 simultaneously, it is necessary to arrange a large number of sets of pixels having different wavelength sensitivity characteristics in, for example, a grid. . As an example of such an image capturing device 104, a high-speed camera compatible with a color image having normal three types of pixels can be applied. Further, by adding pixels capable of detecting infrared radiation to the image capturing apparatus 104 or by adding infrared thermography to the configuration, temperature measurement in a low temperature range where the intensity of heat radiation in the visible light range is reduced is also more preferable. It is. In the present embodiment, the temperature is detected based on two wavelengths, and the shape change is detected based on the three wavelengths. However, the present invention is not limited to these wavelength numbers, and the temperature or the shape change may be detected based on plural types of wavelengths.
　温度換算装置１０８は２波長法に基づき、図１の構成では第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６から強度像内の各画素の位置に対応する温度を算出する装置である。温度換算装置１０８は、予め類似の放射率を有する基準体にて温度校正を行うことで、測定対象１０１の各所に対応する温度を測定することができる。そして、各画像を取得した時刻に対して各所の温度を記録することで、測定対象１０１の温度変化を得ることができる。また、先述のように画像撮影装置１０４に赤外線放射を検出できる画素を加える、若しくは赤外線サーモグラフィを構成に加えることで得られる温度変化を温度換算装置１０８に加えることで、２波長法が特に有効である高温域に加え、熱放射の強度が低下する低温域(例えば８００℃以下など)での温度変化をより精度良く取得することが可能となる。 The temperature conversion device 108 is a device for calculating the temperature corresponding to the position of each pixel in the intensity image from the first radiation intensity image 105 and the second radiation intensity image 106 in the configuration of FIG. 1 based on the two-wavelength method. . The temperature conversion device 108 can measure the temperature corresponding to each place of the measuring object 101 by performing temperature calibration in advance using a reference body having similar emissivity. And the temperature change of the measuring object 101 can be obtained by recording the temperature of each place with respect to the time which acquired each image. The two-wavelength method is particularly effective by adding a pixel capable of detecting infrared radiation to the image capturing device 104 as described above, or adding a temperature change obtained by adding an infrared thermography to the configuration to the temperature conversion device 108. In addition to a certain high temperature range, it becomes possible to more accurately acquire a temperature change in a low temperature range (for example, 800 ° C. or less) where the intensity of heat radiation decreases.
　形状変化の検出装置１０９は第一の輻射強度像１０５、第二の輻射強度像１０６、第三の輻射強度像１０７を用いて測定対象１０１の形態変化を取得する手段である。各輻射強度像単独、若しくは複数の輻射強度像の合成像から温度変化に伴う輻射強度変化を除いた強度の変化により形状変化を検出する。このような形状変化は例えば、ある時間の前後の輻射強度の差分を求め、その差分の強度が単調増加ないし減少から変化することで検出することができる。このように検出される形状変化の例としては、液相における流動や、固相における輻射強度の異なる相への変態、析出物の発生あるいは溶解が挙げられる。形状変化の検出装置１０９は測定対象１０１に生じるこれらの相変態を自動または手動にて判定し、変化の生じた時間に対して記録する。 The shape change detection device 109 is means for acquiring the change in shape of the measurement object 101 using the first radiation intensity image 105, the second radiation intensity image 106, and the third radiation intensity image 107. A change in shape is detected by a change in intensity obtained by removing a change in radiation intensity accompanying a temperature change from each radiation intensity image alone or a composite image of a plurality of radiation intensity images. Such a shape change can be detected, for example, by obtaining a difference in radiation intensity before and after a certain time, and changing the intensity of the difference from monotonous increase or decrease. Examples of the shape change detected in this manner include flow in the liquid phase, transformation to a phase with different radiation intensity in the solid phase, and generation or dissolution of precipitates. The shape change detection device 109 automatically or manually determines these phase transformations occurring in the object to be measured 101, and records it with respect to the time when the change occurs.
　演算装置１１０ではまず、温度換算装置１０８にて取得した測定対象１０１の温度変化から潜熱、比熱変化に伴う相変態温度を求める。この際に温度変化の時間変化(微分値)を演算し、その微分値から潜熱が発生している温度と時間、あるいはアモルファスの結晶化等に対応する比熱の変化する温度と時間を求めることができる。このようにして得た測定対象１０１の変態温度、時間に、形状変化の検出装置１０９により得た変態温度、時間を加えることで、測定対象１０１の相変態を検出することができる。温度換算装置１０８により求めた変態温度、時間と、形状変化の検出装置１０９により得た変態温度、時間は基本的には一致するが、内部から発生する相変態のように最初に温度換算装置１０８によって検出される変態や、微量の析出物発生のように形状変化の検出装置１０９にのみ検出されることがある。また、同一の変態について類似ではあるが値が異なる場合は何れかを優先して選択すれば良い。例えば、先に生じた変態を優先する、より信号強度に明確に表れた変態を優先するなどの規則にて一意に選択することが好適である。 In the arithmetic unit 110, first, from the temperature change of the measuring object 101 acquired by the temperature conversion unit 108, the latent heat and the phase transformation temperature accompanying the specific heat change are determined. At this time, the time change (differential value) of temperature change is calculated, and the temperature and time at which latent heat is generated or the temperature and time at which specific heat changes corresponding to crystallization of amorphous etc. it can. By adding the transformation temperature and time obtained by the shape change detection device 109 to the transformation temperature and time of the measurement object 101 thus obtained, phase transformation of the measurement object 101 can be detected. Although the transformation temperature and time determined by the temperature conversion device 108 and the transformation temperature and time obtained by the shape change detection device 109 basically coincide, the temperature conversion device 108 is the first such as phase transformation occurring from the inside. In some cases, such as the transformation detected by the above-mentioned, or the generation of a small amount of precipitates, it is detected only in the detection device 109 of the shape change. In the case where the same transformation is similar but the values are different, one of them may be selected in preference. For example, it is preferable to select uniquely according to a rule such as prioritizing the transformation that has occurred previously or prioritizing the transformation that appears more clearly in the signal strength.
　本実施形態の物質の相変態の取得装置１００は図１に示す構成のみで機能し、特に測定基板１０２と加熱制御装置１０３の両者の調整により測定対象１０１への入熱量と冷却速度を制御し、特に測定対象１０１における急加熱、急冷却中の相変態を検出する事ができる。また、本装置構成は溶接装置、熱処理装置、積層造形装置、製鋼設備など加熱冷却を伴う製造装置に組み込んで適用する事も可能である。その際は測定対象１０１を製造対象に、また、測定基板１０２、加熱制御装置１０３、画像撮影装置１０４の少なくとも一部を製造装置に予め組み込まれている機構に代替する事も可能である。例えば、溶接時の溶融部または溶融部近辺の画像撮影装置１０４を用いた本実施形態の手法に基づく材料表面における相変態特性のインライン取得、ワークの一部にレーザ局所加熱を施して画像撮影装置１０４を用いて本実施形態の手法に基づく相変態特性取得することで熱処理工程を自動設定する熱処理装置、粉体を原料として用いる電子線若しくはレーザ積層造形装置における溶融部を対象とする画像撮影装置１０４を用いた本実施形態の手法に基づく原料粉体のin-situ相変態取得と造形条件自動設定、製鋼設備における連続鋳造材において表面加熱、冷却時の液相線、固相線、固相変態温度検出による濃度、プロセスの品質管理などの活用が可能である。それぞれの製造設備へのインライン適用により、抜き取りではなく製造プロセス上での検出による測定誤差の軽減、温度検査による製造タクトタイム増加の抑制等の効果が得られる。 The acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation of the substance of this embodiment functions only with the configuration shown in FIG. 1, and in particular, controls the heat input to the object to be measured 101 and the cooling rate by adjusting both the measurement substrate 102 and the heating control device 103. In particular, it is possible to detect phase transformation during rapid heating and rapid cooling in the measuring object 101. Moreover, it is also possible to incorporate and apply this apparatus structure to the manufacturing apparatus with heating-cooling, such as a welding apparatus, a heat processing apparatus, a lamination-modeling apparatus, and a steelmaking installation. In that case, it is also possible to substitute the measurement target 101 for the production target, and replace at least a part of the measurement substrate 102, the heating control device 103, and the image capturing device 104 with a mechanism incorporated in advance in the production device. For example, in-line acquisition of phase transformation characteristics on the surface of a material based on the method of the present embodiment using the image capturing device 104 in or near the melting portion during welding, image localizing is performed on a part of the work A heat treatment apparatus for automatically setting a heat treatment process by acquiring phase transformation characteristics based on the method of the present embodiment using the image processing apparatus 104, and an image photographing apparatus for a melting portion in an electron beam or laser lamination molding apparatus using powder as a raw material Acquisition of in-situ phase transformation of raw material powder and setting of shaping conditions automatically based on the method of the present embodiment using 104, surface heating in continuous casting material in steel making equipment, liquidus at the time of cooling, solidus, solid phase It is possible to utilize the concentration by transformation temperature detection, the quality control of the process, etc. By in-line application to each manufacturing facility, effects such as reduction of measurement error due to detection on the manufacturing process, not sampling, and suppression of increase in manufacturing tact time due to temperature inspection can be obtained.
　以下、図面を用いて実施例を説明する。 Hereinafter, an embodiment will be described using the drawings.
　本実施例では、測定対象１０１を鉄鋼材料試験片とした実施例について説明する。本実施例における相変態の取得装置１００の構成図は図１のとおりである。本実施例では測定対象１０１には重量０．２ｇの圧延鋼材切出し材（ＳＳ４００、新日鉄住金）を用いた。用いる測定基板１０２は厚さ５ｍｍのアルミナ基板とした。加熱制御装置１０３はレーザ熱源であり、測定対象１０１の位置に焦点が合うように位置をセッティングした。画像撮影装置１０４は高速度カメラ（ノビテック社、Ｐｈａｎｔｏｍ　Ｍ１１０）であり、２色比法に基づく温度換算装置１０８（ノビテック社、Ｔｈｅｒｍｅｒａ）、形状変化の検出装置１０９（ＭａｔｈＷｏｒｋｓ社、ＭＡＴＬＡＢ）、並びに演算装置１１０（ＯｒｉｇｉｎＬａｂ社、Ｏｒｉｇｉｎ）から成る。 In the present embodiment, an embodiment in which a steel material test piece is used as the measurement target 101 will be described. The block diagram of the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation in a present Example is as FIG. In the present embodiment, a rolled steel material having a weight of 0.2 g (SS400, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal) was used as the measurement target 101. The measurement substrate 102 used was an alumina substrate of 5 mm in thickness. The heating control device 103 is a laser heat source, and the position was set so that the position of the measurement object 101 was in focus. The image capturing device 104 is a high-speed camera (Novitec Corporation, Phantom M110), and a temperature conversion device 108 (Novitec Corporation, Thermera) based on the two-color ratio method, a shape change detection device 109 (MathWorks Corporation, MATLAB), and calculation It consists of an apparatus 110 (OriginLab, Origin).
　図１の構成にて不活性ガス雰囲気下で加熱制御装置１０３によって測定対象１０１を同時に約１００Ｋ／秒の速度で加熱し、融点直上の１６５０℃にて５秒保持した。その後、加熱制御装置１０３のレーザを停止して１分間保持した。加熱開始から冷却終了までの測定対象１０１の画像を画像撮影装置１０４にて取得し、温度換算装置１０８、形状変化の検出装置１０９、演算装置１１０にて相変態温度を測定した。 In the configuration of FIG. 1, the object to be measured 101 was simultaneously heated at a speed of about 100 K / sec by the heating control device 103 under an inert gas atmosphere, and held at 1650 ° C. just above the melting point for 5 seconds. After that, the laser of the heating control device 103 was stopped and held for 1 minute. An image of the measuring object 101 from the start of heating to the end of cooling was acquired by the image capturing device 104, and the phase transformation temperature was measured by the temperature conversion device 108, the shape change detection device 109, and the arithmetic device 110.
　図３に温度換算装置１０８にて得られた測定対象１０１の温度変化を示す。測定対象１０１は１６５０℃まで加熱して溶解され、測定基板１０２によって冷却された。また、相変態の検出のために演算装置１１０にて演算した冷却速度と、各時間における形状を図４に模式的に示す。冷却速度が優位な減少を示し、同時に輻射強度の高い溶融部と低い凝固部が共存した４０ｍｓｅｃから１００ｍｓｅｃの間に測定対象１０１の凝固が生じたと判定し、図３、４中に黒三角印にて示した時間に凝固開始（液相線）、凝固終了（固相線）を検出できる事が確認された。測定対象１０１の液相線温度は１５５０℃、固相線温度は１５３０℃であった。本実施例では平均冷却速度が最大で４０００Ｋ／秒に達する高速条件での測定が可能であることが確認された。また、温度変化の検出による相変態の検出が、形態変化の検出による相変態の検出と一致することが確認された。この事は両者を併用することで相変態判定の高精度化が可能であることを示している。 The temperature change of the measurement object 101 obtained by the temperature conversion device 108 is shown in FIG. The measurement target 101 was heated to 1650 ° C., melted, and cooled by the measurement substrate 102. Moreover, the cooling rate calculated by the arithmetic unit 110 for detecting the phase transformation and the shape at each time are schematically shown in FIG. It is judged that the solidification of the object 101 to be measured has occurred between 40 msec and 100 msec in which the cooling rate shows a dominant decrease and simultaneously the melted part with high radiation strength and the low solidified part coexist, and black triangles are shown in FIG. It was confirmed that the start of coagulation (liquidus line) and the end of coagulation (solidus line) could be detected at the indicated times. The liquidus temperature of the measurement object 101 was 1550 ° C., and the solidus temperature was 1530 ° C. In this example, it was confirmed that measurement under high-speed conditions in which the average cooling rate reaches 4000 K / s at maximum is possible. Moreover, it was confirmed that detection of phase transformation by detection of temperature change is consistent with detection of phase transformation by detection of shape change. This indicates that it is possible to increase the accuracy of the phase transformation determination by using both of them.
　本実施例では、測定対象１０１を複数の鉄鋼材料試験片とした実施例について説明する。本実施例における相変態の取得装置１００の構成図は図５のとおりである。本実施例では測定対象１０１ａ、１０１ｂ、１０１ｃ、１０１ｄには各々重量１ｇの円盤状(直径約４．５ｍｍ、厚さ約２．０ｍｍ)のクロムモリブデン鋼試片（ＳＣＭ４２０Ｈ、大同特殊鋼）を用いた。測定基板１０２は厚さ５ｍｍで表面に深さ２．０ｍｍ、直径５ｍｍの凹部を複数個設けたアルミナ基板とした。測定基板１０２の下部には部分的に水冷できる冷却機構１１３を備えた。加熱制御装置１０３は高周波電源に接続した誘導コイルであり、本実施例では２個の測定対象（１０１ａ、１０１ｂ）が同時に加熱されるようにセッティングした。測定基板１０２の凹部に測定対象を入れると、測定基板１０２の凸部が壁となり、測定対象１０１ｃ、１０１ｄには加熱制御装置１０３からの輻射熱が伝わりにくい。そのため、一度に加熱試料と非加熱試料の両方を測定することができる。 In the present embodiment, an embodiment in which the test object 101 is a plurality of steel material test pieces will be described. The block diagram of the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation in a present Example is as FIG. In this example, a disk-shaped (about 4.5 mm in diameter and about 2.0 mm in thickness) chromium molybdenum steel test piece (SCM420H, Daido Steel) having a weight of 1 g is used for each of the measurement objects 101a, 101b, 101c and 101d. It was. The measurement substrate 102 was an alumina substrate having a thickness of 5 mm and a plurality of recesses with a diameter of 2.0 mm and a diameter of 5 mm formed on the surface. Below the measurement substrate 102, a cooling mechanism 113 capable of partially water cooling was provided. The heating control device 103 is an induction coil connected to a high frequency power source, and in the present embodiment, two heating targets (101a, 101b) are set to be heated simultaneously. When the measurement target is put in the concave portion of the measurement substrate 102, the convex portion of the measurement substrate 102 becomes a wall, and the radiant heat from the heating control device 103 is hardly transmitted to the measurement targets 101c and 101d. Therefore, both heated and unheated samples can be measured at one time.
　図５においては、画像取得装置１０４の情報を用いる相変態の検出部を「相変態検出部１１１」として簡略化して図示している。画像撮影装置１０４は高速度カメラ（Ｐｈａｎｔｏｍ　Ｍ１１０）であり、相変態検出部１１１は、２色比法に基づく温度換算装置１０８（Ｔｈｅｒｍｅｒａ）、形状変化の検出装置１０９（ＭＡＴＬＡＢ）、並びに演算装置１１０（Ｏｒｉｇｉｎ）から成る。また、本実施例では画像撮影装置１０４による観察領域を同時に赤外線サーモグラフィ１１２（フリアーシステムズ　ＳＣ６５５）にて計測し、可視光領域の輻射強度が減少する６５０℃以下の情報については赤外線サーモグラフィ１１２による温度情報を用いた。本実施例で示される相変態検出部１１１における温度情報は、６５０℃以上は高速度カメラ１０４に基づく温度情報、６５０℃未満は赤外線サーモグラフィ１１２に基づく温度情報である。 In FIG. 5, the detection unit of phase transformation using information of the image acquisition device 104 is simplified and illustrated as a “phase transformation detection unit 111”. The image capturing device 104 is a high-speed camera (Phantom M110), and the phase transformation detection unit 111 is a temperature conversion device 108 (Thermera) based on a two-color ratio method, a shape change detection device 109 (MATLAB), and an arithmetic device 110. It consists of (Origin). Further, in the present embodiment, the observation region by the image photographing device 104 is simultaneously measured by the infrared thermography 112 (Frier Systems SC 655), and the temperature by the infrared thermography 112 for information of 650 ° C. or less where the radiation intensity in the visible light region decreases. Information was used. The temperature information in the phase transformation detection unit 111 shown in this embodiment is temperature information based on the high-speed camera 104 at 650 ° C. or higher, and temperature information based on the infrared thermography 112 below 650 ° C.
　図５の構成にて不活性ガス雰囲気下で加熱制御装置１０３によって測定対象１０１ａ、１０１ｂを同時に約１００Ｋ／秒の速度で加熱し、測定対象の融点より少し高温の１６００℃にて５秒保持した。その後、加熱制御装置１０３の電流を停止すると同時に測定対象１０１ａのみに冷却機構１１３による冷却を加え、１分間保持した。加熱開始から冷却終了までの測定対象１０１ａ、１０１ｂ並びに加熱を施さない１０１ｃの画像を画像撮影装置１０４にて取得し、相変態検出部１１１にて相変態温度を検出した。 In the configuration shown in FIG. 5, the objects to be measured 101a and 101b were simultaneously heated at a speed of about 100 K / s by the heating control device 103 under an inert gas atmosphere and held for 5 seconds at 1600 ° C. slightly higher than the melting point of the object to be measured. . Thereafter, at the same time as the current of the heating control device 103 was stopped, cooling by the cooling mechanism 113 was applied only to the measurement object 101a, and held for one minute. The images of the measurement objects 101a and 101b from the start of heating to the end of cooling and the image 101c not subjected to heating were acquired by the image capturing device 104, and the phase transformation detection unit 111 detected the phase transformation temperature.
　図６に得られた測定対象１０１ａ、１０１ｂ並びに１０１ｃの、相変態検出部１１１にて取得した温度変化を示す。測定対象１０１ａ、１０１ｂは１６００℃まで加熱して溶解された。１０１ａは冷却機構１１３により強制的に冷却され、１０１ｂは接触する測定基板１０２に熱が逃げることのみで冷却され、各々異なる冷却速度で冷却された。本実施例では水冷式の冷却機構を用いたが、測定基板１０２に冷却フィンを固定したり、ガスを噴霧して冷却するものでもよい。 The temperature change acquired by the phase transformation detection part 111 of the measurement object 101a, 101b and 101c obtained by FIG. 6 is shown. The measurement targets 101a and 101b were dissolved by heating to 1600 ° C. 101a was forcibly cooled by the cooling mechanism 113, and 101b was cooled only by heat escaping to the measuring substrate 102 in contact, and was cooled at different cooling rates. In the present embodiment, a water cooling type cooling mechanism is used, but cooling fins may be fixed to the measurement substrate 102 or a gas may be sprayed for cooling.
　また、測定対象１０１ｃは最大温度は５０℃以下となり、材料に変化を及ぼす加熱は施されなかったことが判る。さらに、凝固に伴う潜熱部を拡大した温度変化を図７に示す。それぞれ定常的な単調冷却から冷却速度が低下するプラトーが観察され、図７中に黒三角印にて示した時間に凝固開始（液相線）、凝固終了（固相線）を検出できる事が確認された。 In addition, it can be seen that the maximum temperature of the measurement target 101c is 50 ° C. or less, and no heating that changes the material is applied. Furthermore, the temperature change which expanded the latent-heat part accompanying coagulation | solidification is shown in FIG. A plateau in which the cooling rate decreases from steady monotonous cooling is observed, and it is possible to detect the start of solidification (liquidus line) and the end of solidification (solidus line) at the times indicated by black triangles in FIG. confirmed.
　また、低温部において生じた固相変態（マルテンサイト変態）は本実施例では相変態検出部１１１中の形状変化の検出装置１０９にて検出した。図８に測定対象１０１ａの冷却中に観測された表面形状変化を示す。試料の冷却に伴って３７．９秒の時点でマルテンサイト変態に伴う線状のコントラストが発生し、さらに冷却を続けると３９．４秒の時点で試料表面全体に広がった。この事からマルテンサイト変態開始温度を４５０℃と確定した。 Further, solid phase transformation (martensitic transformation) generated in the low temperature part was detected by the detection device 109 of shape change in the phase transformation detection part 111 in the present embodiment. The surface shape change observed during cooling of the measurement object 101a is shown in FIG. With the cooling of the sample, a linear contrast accompanied by the martensitic transformation occurred at 37.9 seconds, and spread further over the surface of the sample at 39.4 seconds when further cooling was continued. From this fact, the martensitic transformation start temperature was determined to be 450 ° C.
　以上の測定と温度検出、画像解析によって、測定対象１０１ａの液相線温度は１５１５℃、固相線温度は１４８６℃、マルテンサイト変態開始温度を４５０℃と測定した。また、同様に測定対象１０１ｂについては、液相線温度は１５１９℃、固相線温度は１４９０℃、マルテンサイト変態開始温度は４４１℃と判定された。特に１０１aについては平均冷却速度１００Ｋ／秒と言う高速条件での測定が可能であることが確認された。また、同一測定によって複数個の測定対象１０１を対象とする測定が可能であること、また、測定対象上の一部の測定対象１０１に限定する測定が可能であることが確認された。 By the above measurement, temperature detection, and image analysis, the liquidus temperature of the measurement target 101a was 1515 ° C., the solidus temperature was 1486 ° C., and the martensitic transformation start temperature was 450 ° C. Similarly, for the measurement target 101b, the liquidus temperature was determined to be 1519 ° C., the solidus temperature was determined to be 1490 ° C., and the martensitic transformation start temperature was determined to be 441 ° C. In particular, for 101a, it was confirmed that measurement under high-speed conditions of an average cooling rate of 100 K / sec was possible. Moreover, it was confirmed that it is possible to perform measurement on a plurality of measurement targets 101 by the same measurement and to perform measurement limited to a part of the measurement targets 101 on the measurement targets.
　本実施例では、レーザ積層造形装置１１４に本実施例の物質の相変態の取得装置１００を適用した例について説明する。本実施例で対象とする測定対象１０１は実施例２と同一材料のＳＣＭ４２０Ｈを元に製造した粉末（平均粒径：約８０μｍ）とした。図９に示す積層造形装置１１４は加熱源となるレーザ熱源１１７と試料台１１６を有し、原料粉末を試料台１１６上に面状に供給し、その一部を不活性ガスから成るシールドガス中でレーザ熱源１１７で走査加熱することで溶融して周囲と融合する操作を複数回繰り返すことで積層造形体１１５を作成することができる。積層造形装置１１４は図示した構成の他に粉末供給手段、レーザ制御部など他の部分を含むが、図９では簡略化のために省略している。また、本実施例では相変態の取得装置１００における測定基板は試料台１１６並びに積層造形体１１５と、加熱制御装置１０３は積層造形装置１１４のレーザ熱源１１７と兼ねる事で製造プロセスと同じ加熱・冷却条件における相変態特性を取得できる構成としている。つまり、画像撮影装置１０４としての高速度カメラ（Ｐｈａｎｔｏｍ　Ｍ１１０）と、相変態検出部１１１としての２色比法に基づく温度換算装置１０８（Ｔｈｅｒｍｅｒａ）、形状変化の検出装置１０９（ＭＡＴＬＡＢ）、並びに演算装置１１０（Ｏｒｉｇｉｎ）から成る相変態の取得装置１００がレーザ積層造形装置１１４と一体化させる装置構成とした。 A present Example demonstrates the example which applied the acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation of the substance of a present Example to the laser lamination | stacking modeling apparatus 114. FIG. The measurement target 101 targeted in the present example was a powder (average particle diameter: about 80 μm) manufactured based on SCM 420H of the same material as that of Example 2. A lamination molding apparatus 114 shown in FIG. 9 has a laser heat source 117 serving as a heating source and a sample table 116, supplies raw material powder in a planar shape on the sample table 116, and a part thereof is in a shielding gas composed of an inert gas. The laminated molded body 115 can be created by repeating a plurality of operations of melting and fusing with the surroundings by scanning and heating with the laser heat source 117. Although the layered-modeling apparatus 114 includes other parts such as a powder supply means and a laser control unit in addition to the illustrated configuration, it is omitted in FIG. 9 for simplification. Further, in the present embodiment, the measurement substrate in the phase transformation acquisition apparatus 100 serves as the sample table 116 and the laminate model 115, and the heating control apparatus 103 doubles as the laser heat source 117 of the laminate modeling apparatus 114. It is set as the structure which can acquire the phase transformation characteristic in conditions. That is, a high-speed camera (Phantom M110) as the image capturing device 104, a temperature conversion device 108 (Thermera) based on the two-color ratio method as the phase transformation detection unit 111, a shape change detection device 109 (MATLAB), and calculation The acquisition apparatus 100 of the phase transformation which consists of an apparatus 110 (Origin) was taken as the apparatus structure integrated with the laser layered-modeling apparatus 114. FIG.
　図９の構成にて不活性ガス雰囲気下でレーザ熱源１１７によって測定対象１０１を加熱して溶解した。その後、レーザ熱源１１７を停止して１分間保持した。加熱開始から冷却終了までの測定対象１０１の画像を画像撮影装置１０４にて取得した。先に示した実施例１における手法を用いて、温度換算装置１０８における温度情報と形状変化の検出装置１０９により検出する測定対象１０１(粉末)形状の変化から、本実施例で用いる原料粉末の液相線温度は１５２３℃、固相線温度は１４９５℃、マルテンサイト変態開始温度を４８５℃と求められた。求められた相変態温度を用いて、積層造形装置１１４におけるプロセス条件について、レーザ出力の調整によって最低加熱温度を１５５０℃と定め、じん性を有する内部造形時は積層造形体１１５の温度をマルテンサイト変態温度以上の５００℃以上に設定する。造形最終段階の表面造形時は硬度を確保するために積層造形体１１５の温度をマルテンサイト変態温度領域を高速で冷却できる２００℃以下となるように調整した。このような調整には原料となる粉体毎の調整が必要であり、本実施例の構成により材料特性に沿った製造条件調整が装置内部での演算により可能であることを示すことが出来た。 In the configuration of FIG. 9, the measurement target 101 was heated and melted by the laser heat source 117 under an inert gas atmosphere. Thereafter, the laser heat source 117 was stopped and held for 1 minute. An image of the measurement target 101 from the heating start to the cooling end was acquired by the image capturing device 104. From the change in the shape of the measurement object 101 (powder) detected by the temperature conversion device 108 and the detection device 109 of the shape change using the method in the first embodiment described above, the liquid of the raw material powder used in the present embodiment The temperature of the phase line was 1523 ° C., the temperature of the solidus line was 1495 ° C., and the martensitic transformation start temperature was 485 ° C. The minimum heating temperature is determined as 1550 ° C. by adjusting the laser output for the process conditions in the layered shaping apparatus 114 using the determined phase transformation temperature, and the temperature of the layered shaped body 115 is martensite during internal shaping with toughness. The temperature is set to 500 ° C. or more above the transformation temperature. At the time of surface shaping at the final stage of shaping, in order to secure hardness, the temperature of the laminate shaped body 115 was adjusted to 200 ° C. or less which can cool the martensitic transformation temperature region at high speed. Such adjustment requires adjustment for each powder used as a raw material, and it was possible to show that adjustment of manufacturing conditions along material characteristics is possible by calculation inside the apparatus according to the configuration of this embodiment. .
　物質を加熱することで構造物を形成する製造装置としては、本実施例の積層造形装置だけでなく、溶接装置、熱処理装置、製鋼設備などでもよい。 As a manufacturing apparatus which forms a structure by heating a substance, a welding apparatus, a heat treatment apparatus, a steel making facility, etc. may be used in addition to the lamination molding apparatus of the present embodiment.
１００　相変態の取得装置
１０１　測定対象
１０２　測定基板（基板）
１０３　加熱制御装置
１０４　画像撮影装置
１０５　第一の輻射強度像
１０６　第二の輻射強度像
１０７　第三の輻射強度像
１０８　温度換算装置
１０９　検出装置
１１０　演算装置
１１１　相変態検出部
１１２　赤外線サーモグラフィ（温度計測装置）
１１３　冷却機構
１１４　積層造形装置
１１５　積層造形体
１１６　試料台
１１７　レーザ熱源 Acquisition device of 100 phase transformations 101 Measurement object 102 Measurement substrate (substrate)
103 heating control device 104 image capturing device 105 first radiation intensity image 106 second radiation intensity image 107 third radiation intensity image 108 temperature conversion device 109 detection device 110 arithmetic device 111 phase transformation detection unit 112 infrared thermography (temperature measurement apparatus)
113 Cooling mechanism 114 Laminar modeling apparatus 115 Laminar modeling object 116 Sample stand 117 Laser heat source

Claims (11)

  1. 　物質の相変態の取得装置において、前記物質を加熱する温度制御装置と、各々異なる波長に対応する複数個の画像センサを有する画像撮影装置と、前記画像撮影装置により得られた画像を温度に換算する温度換算装置と、前記画像撮影装置により得られた画像の形状変化を検出する検出装置と、前記温度換算装置により得られた温度と前記検出装置により得られた形状変化から相変態温度を求める演算装置とを備えることを特徴とする相変態の取得装置。 In a device for acquiring phase transformation of a substance, an image capturing device having a temperature control device for heating the substance, a plurality of image sensors corresponding to different wavelengths, and converting an image obtained by the image capturing device into a temperature Temperature conversion device, a detection device for detecting a change in shape of an image obtained by the image capturing device, a temperature obtained by the temperature conversion device, and a phase change temperature obtained from the change in shape obtained by the detection device An acquisition device for phase transformation, comprising: an arithmetic unit.
  2. 　請求項１において、取得する前記相変態が溶解と凝固の変態、または固相の変態であることを特徴とする相変態の取得装置。 The device for obtaining phase transformation according to claim 1, wherein the phase transformation to be obtained is a transformation of dissolution and solidification, or a transformation of a solid phase.
  3. 　請求項１において、前記物質の温度を赤外線輻射により計測する温度計測装置を備えることを特徴とする相変態の取得装置。 The acquisition device for phase transformation according to claim 1, further comprising a temperature measurement device that measures the temperature of the substance by infrared radiation.
  4. 　請求項１において、前記物質と接触する基板と、前記基板を冷却する冷却機構とを備えることを特徴とする相変態の取得装置。 The phase transformation acquisition apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a substrate in contact with the substance; and a cooling mechanism configured to cool the substrate.
  5. 　請求項１において、上面に凹凸を有する基板を備え、前記基板の凹部に前記物質が配されることを特徴とする相変態の取得装置。 The phase transformation acquisition apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a substrate having an unevenness on an upper surface, wherein the substance is disposed in a recess of the substrate.
  6. 　物質の相変態の取得方法において、前記物質を加熱する工程と、加熱された前記物質の画像を撮影する工程と、前記画像から各々異なる波長に対応する複数の像に分離する工程と、前記複数の像から前記物質の温度変化を求める工程と、前記複数の像から前記物質の形状変化を求める工程と、前記温度変化と前記形状変化から前記物質の相変態温度を求める工程とを備えることを特徴とする相変態の取得方法。 In a method for acquiring phase transformation of a substance, a step of heating the substance, a step of photographing an image of the heated substance, a step of separating the image into a plurality of images corresponding to different wavelengths, and a plurality of the plurality Providing the step of obtaining the temperature change of the substance from the image of the above, the step of obtaining the shape change of the substance from the plurality of images, and the step of obtaining the phase transformation temperature of the substance from the temperature change and the shape change. How to obtain the characteristic phase transformation.
  7. 　請求項６において、取得する前記相変態が溶解と凝固の変態、または固相の変態であることを特徴とする相変態の取得方法。 The method for obtaining a phase transformation according to claim 6, wherein the phase transformation to be obtained is a transformation of dissolution and solidification, or a transformation of a solid phase.
  8. 　請求項６において、加熱された前記物質の温度を赤外線輻射により計測する工程を備え、前記物質の温度変化は、前記複数の像と計測された前記物質の温度とから求められることを特徴とする相変態の取得方法。 7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of measuring the temperature of the heated substance by infrared radiation, wherein the temperature change of the substance is determined from the plurality of images and the measured temperature of the substance. How to get a phase transformation.
  9. 　請求項６において、加熱された前記物質を冷却する工程を備えることを特徴とする相変態の取得方法。 The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of cooling the heated substance.
  10. 　請求項６において、前記物質が複数個であることを特徴とする相変態の取得方法。 The method for obtaining phase transformation according to claim 6, wherein the substance is plural.
  11. 　物質を加熱することで構造物を形成する製造装置において、前記物質を加熱する温度制御装置と、各々異なる波長に対応する複数個の画像センサを有する画像撮影装置と、前記画像撮影装置により得られた画像を温度に換算する温度換算装置と、前記画像撮影装置により得られた画像の形状変化を検出する検出装置と、前記温度換算装置により得られた温度と前記検出装置により得られた形状変化から相変態温度を求める演算装置とを備えることを特徴とする製造装置。 A manufacturing apparatus for forming a structure by heating a substance, the temperature control apparatus for heating the substance, an image capturing apparatus having a plurality of image sensors corresponding to different wavelengths, and the image capturing apparatus Temperature conversion device for converting an image into temperature, a detection device for detecting a change in shape of the image obtained by the image capturing device, a temperature obtained by the temperature conversion device, and a shape change obtained by the detection device And an arithmetic unit for obtaining a phase transformation temperature from the above.
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