WO2015138837A1

WO2015138837A1 - Pharmaceutical compositions of therapeutically active compounds

Info

Publication number: WO2015138837A1
Application number: PCT/US2015/020346
Authority: WO
Inventors: Chong-Hui Gu
Original assignee: Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Priority date: 2014-03-14
Filing date: 2015-03-13
Publication date: 2015-09-17
Also published as: JP6524119B2; PT3116491T; BR122023021436A2; ZA201606134B; MX2021001739A; PH12016501788B1; KR102458157B1; EA202090098A1; UA122962C2; AU2019232825A1; JP2021088605A; KR20160124907A; MA39725B1; IL247721B; PL3116491T3; AU2015229212B2; EA034366B1; HRP20211233T1; CN106163507A; JP2019163278A

Abstract

Provided are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating cancer and methods of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS OF THERAPEUTICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority from U.S. S.N. 61/953,480 filed March 14, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (i.e., a-ketoglutarate). These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer.

IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), cytosolic) is also known as IDH; IDP; IDCD; IDPC or PICD. The protein encoded by this gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the cytoplasm and peroxisomes. It contains the PTS-1 peroxisomal targeting signal sequence. The presence of this enzyme in peroxisomes suggests roles in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2, 4-dienoyl- CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. The cytoplasmic enzyme serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production.

The human IDH1 gene encodes a protein of 414 amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for human IDH1 can be found as GenBank entries NM_005896.2 and

NP_005887.2 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for IDH1 are also described in, e.g., Nekrutenko et al., Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 1674-1684(1998); Geisbrecht et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:30527-30533(1999); Wiemann et al., Genome Res. 11:422-435(2001); The MGC Project Team, Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004); Lubec et al., Submitted (DEC-2008) to UniProtKB; Kullmann et al., Submitted (JUN-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases; and Sjoeblom et al., Science 314:268-274(2006). Non-mutant, e.g., wild type, IDHl catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate thereby reducing NAD⁺ (NADP⁺) to NADH (NADPH), e.g., in the forward reaction:

Isocitrate + NAD⁺ (NADP⁺)→ a-KG + C0₂ + NADH (NADPH) + H⁺.

It has been discovered that mutations of IDHl present in certain cancer cells result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of a-ketoglutarate to R(-)- 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). The production of 2HG is believed to contribute to the formation and progression of cancer (Dang, L et al, Nature 2009, 462:739-44).

The inhibition of mutant IDHl and its neoactivity is therefore a potential therapeutic treatment for cancer. Accordingly, there is an ongoing need for inhibitors of IDHl mutants having alpha hydroxyl neoactivity.

PCT Publication No. WO 2013/107291 and US Publication No. US 2013/0190249 hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, disclose compounds that inhibit IDHl mutants (e.g., IDH1R132H or IDH1R132C). These applications additionally disclose methods for the preparation of inhibitors of mutant IDHl, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods for the therapy of diseases, disorders, or conditions (e.g., cancer) associated with overexpression and/or amplification of mutant IDHl .

There is a need for pharmaceutical compositions that would have properties suitable for large-scale manufacturing and formulation, as well as utility in treating advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl .

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Disclosed herein are methods of treating advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl, comprising, administering to a subject in need thereof a solid dispersion or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a solid dispersion, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also disclosed herein are solid dispersions, comprising an inhibitor of mutant IDH1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more polymer(s). Also disclosed herein are processes for preparing such solid dispersions. These solid dispersions have improved solubility and enhance the exposure of the therapeutically active compound relative to neat crystalline forms of the therapeutically active compound.

Also disclosed herein is the pharmaceutical use of these solid dispersions for treating advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC),

chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1.

Also disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions, comprising the solid dispersion, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also disclosed herein are processes for preparing the pharmaceutical compositions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of Form 1.

FIGURE 2 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile of Form 1.

FIGURE 3 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) profile of Form 1.

FIGURE 4 is an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD) of Form 2.

FIGURE 5 is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile of Form 2.

FIGURE 6 is a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) profile of Form 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments and different ways to practice the invention are expressly included. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having," "containing", "involving", and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

Definitions: As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings.

As used herein, "crystalline" refers to a solid having a highly regular chemical structure. In particular, a crystalline free base or salt form may be produced as one or more single crystalline forms. For the purposes of this application, the terms "crystalline form", "single crystalline form" and "polymorph" are synonymous; the terms distinguish between crystals that have different properties (e.g., different XRPD patterns and/or different DSC scan results). The term "polymorph" includes pseudopolymorphs, which are typically different solvates of a material, and thus their properties differ from one another. Thus, each distinct polymorph and pseudopolymorph of a free base or salt form is considered to be a distinct single crystalline form herein.

The term "substantially crystalline" refers to forms that may be at least a particular weight percent crystalline. Particular weight percentages are 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage between 10% and 100%. In some embodiments, substantially crystalline refers to a free base or salt form that is at least 70% crystalline. In other embodiments, substantially crystalline refers to a free base or salt form that is at least 90% crystalline.

"Form 1 " or " compound 1 Form 1 " may be used interchangeably, and describe the crystalline form synthesized in Example 2, in the Examples section below, and as described below, and represented by data shown in FIG. 1, 2, and 3.

"Form 2" or " compound 1 Form 2" are used interchangeably, and describe the crystalline form synthesized in Example 3, in the Examples section below, and as described below, and represented by data shown in FIG. 4, 5, and 6.

As used herein, "amorphous" refers to a solid material having no long range order in the position of its atoms. Amorphous solids are generally supercooled liquids in which the molecules are arranged in a random manner so that there is no well-defined arrangement and no long range order. Amorphous solids are generally isotropic, i.e., exhibit similar properties in all directions and do not have definite melting points. For example, an amorphous material is a solid material having no sharp characteristic crystalline peak(s) in its X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern (i.e., is not crystalline as determined by XRPD). Instead, one or several broad peaks (e.g., halos) appear in its XRPD pattern. Broad peaks are characteristic of an amorphous solid. An amorphous preparation of a compound described herein is substantially free of impurities and/or crystalline compound.

The term "substantially free" refers to forms and compositions that may be at least a particular weight percent free of impurities and/or crystalline compound. Particular weight percentages are 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage between 60% and 100% free of impurities and/or crystalline compound. In some embodiments, substantially free refers to a free base or salt form that is at least 70% pure. In other embodiments, substantially crystalline refers to a free base or salt form that is at least 90% pure. In other embodiments, substantially free of crystalline compound refers to a composition having less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 1% of crystalline compound.

As used herein, the terms "isolated" refers to forms that may be at least a particular weight percent of a particular crystalline form of a compound. Particular weight percentages are 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage between 90% and 100%.

The term "solvate or solvated" means a physical association of a compound, including a crystalline form thereof, of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. "Solvate or solvated" encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Representative solvates include, for example, a hydrate, ethanolates or a methanolate.

The term "hydrate" is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H₂0 that is present in a defined stoichiometric amount, and may, for example, include hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, or trihydrate.

The term "mixture" is used to refer to the combined elements of the mixture regardless of the phase-state of the combination (e.g. , liquid or liquid/ crystalline).

The term "seeding" is used to refer to the addition of a crystalline material to initiate recrystallization or crystallization. The term "antisolvent" is used to refer to a solvent in which compounds, including crystalline forms thereof, are poorly soluble.

As used herein, the term "about" means approximately, in the region of, roughly, or around. When the term "about" is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term "about" is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 10%.

As used herein, the term "elevated levels of 2HG" means 10%, 20% 30%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 500% or more 2HG than is present in a subject that does not carry a mutant IDH1 allele. The term "elevated levels of 2HG" may refer to the amount of 2HG within a cell, within a tumor, within an organ comprising a tumor, or within a bodily fluid.

The term "bodily fluid" includes one or more of amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus, aqueous humour, blood (e.g., blood plasma), serum, Cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen, chyme, Cowper's fluid, female ejaculate, interstitial fluid, lymph, breast milk, mucus (e.g., nasal drainage or phlegm), pleural fluid, pus, saliva, sebum, semen, serum, sweat, tears, urine, vaginal secretion, or vomit.

As used herein, the terms "inhibit" or "prevent" include both complete and partial inhibition and prevention. An inhibitor may completely or partially inhibit the intended target.

The term "treat" means decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease/disorder (i.e., an advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1), lessen the severity of the disease/disorder (i.e., an advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1) or improve the symptoms associated with the

disease/disorder (i.e., an advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1.

As used herein, an amount of a compound effective to treat a disorder, or a

"therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of the compound, which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a cell, or in curing, alleviating, relieving or improving a subject with a disorder beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.

As used herein, "% w/w" is used to mean by weight as a percentage of a total weight that is used as the basis for calculating the weight percentage of an individual component. By way of example, for a bulk composition, the % w/w of an individual component may be calculated as a percentage of the total weight of all of the components of the bulk composition. By way of another example, for a single oral dosage form, the % w/w of an individual component may be calculated as a percentage of the total weight of all of the components of the single oral dosage form. For example, when the single oral dosage form is a tablet, the total weight may be the total weight of all the components of the tablet.

As used herein, the term "subject" is intended to mean human. Exemplary human subjects include a human patient (referred to as a patient) having a disorder, e.g., a disorder described herein or a normal subject.

The term "physically stable," as used herein, means that a particular free base or salt form does not change into one or more different physical forms (e.g., different solid forms as measured by XRPD, DSC, etc.) when subjected to specified conditions, e.g., room temperature ambient humidity or 40°C/75% relative humidity, for a specified period of time, e.g., 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, or longer. In some embodiments, less than 25% of the form of a compound changes into one or more different physical forms when subjected to specified conditions. In some embodiments, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of the form of a particular compound changes into one or more different physical forms of that particular compound when subjected to specified conditions. In some embodiments, no detectable amount of the particular form of a compound changes into one or more different physical forms of the compound.

The term "chemically stable," as used herein, means that the chemical structure of a particular compound, does not change into another compound (e.g. , decompose) when subjected to specified conditions, e.g. , room temperature ambient humidity or 40°C/75% relative humidity, for a specified period of time, e.g. , 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, or longer. In some embodiments, less than 25% of the form of a particular compound changes into one or more other compounds when subjected to specified conditions. In some embodiments, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 3%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5% of the form of a particular compound changes into one or more other compounds when subjected to specified conditions. In some embodiments, no detectable amount of the form of a particular compound changes into one or more different physical forms of that particular compound.

The term "dispersion" refers to a disperse system in which one substance, the dispersed phase, is distributed, in discrete units, throughout a second substance (the continuous phase or vehicle). The size of the dispersed phase can vary considerably (e.g., colloidal particles of nanometer dimension, to multiple microns in size). In general, the dispersed phases can be solids, liquids, or gases. In the case of a solid dispersion, the dispersed and continuous phases are both solids. In pharmaceutical applications, a solid dispersion can include a crystalline therapeutically active compound (dispersed phase) in an amorphous polymer(s) (continuous phase), or alternatively, an amorphous therapeutically active compound (dispersed phase) in an amorphous polymer (continuous phase).

The term "amorphous solid dispersion" generally refers to a solid dispersion of two or more components, usually a therapeutically active compound and polymer (or plurality of polymers), but possibly containing other components such as surfactants or other pharmaceutical excipients, where the therapeutically active compound is in the amorphous phase, and the physical stability and/or dissolution and/or solubility of the amorphous therapeutically active compound is enhanced by the other components. In some embodiments, an amorphous solid dispersion includes the polymer(s) (and optionally a surfactant) constituting the dispersed phase, and the therapeutically active compound constitutes the continuous phase. In some

embodiments, an amorphous solid dispersion includes the polymer(s) (and optionally a surfactant) constituting the continuous phase, and the therapeutically active compound constitutes the dispersed phase.

An exemplary solid dispersion is a co-precipitate or a co-melt of a particular

therapeutically active compound with one or more polymer(s). A "co-precipitate" is produced after dissolving a therapeutically active compound and one or more polymer(s) in a solvent or solvent mixture followed by the removal of the solvent or solvent mixture. Sometimes the one or more polymer(s) can be suspended in the solvent or solvent mixture. The solvent or solvent mixture includes organic solvents and supercritical fluids. The solvent or solvent mixture can also contain a non-volatile solvent. A "co-melt" is produced after heating a therapeutically active compound and one or more polymer(s) to melt, optionally in the presence of a solvent or solvent mixture, followed by mixing, removal of at least a portion of the solvent if applicable, and cooling to room temperature at a selected rate. In some cases, solid dispersions are prepared by adding a solution of a therapeutically active compound and solid polymers followed by mixing and removal of the solvent or solvent mixture. To remove the solvent or solvent mixture, vacuum drying, spray drying, tray drying, lyophilization, and other drying procedures may be applied. Applying any of these methods using appropriate processing parameters, according to this disclosure, would provide the particular therapeutically active compound in an amorphous state in the final solid dispersion product.

As used herein, the term "directly compressed dosage form" generally refers to a form (e.g., a tablet) that is obtained by the compression of a dry blend of powders (e.g. , solid dispersion, e.g., agglomerated dispersion) that comprise a compound, e.g. , a therapeutic compound (e.g. , a poorly soluble therapeutic compound, e.g., compound 1, e.g., amorphous compound 1, e.g., in a solid dispersion, e.g., that also includes one or more polymer(s) and optionally one or more surfactant(s)) and optionally one or more excipients. For example, the product (e.g., solid dispersion) resulting from a process described herein can have improved properties (e.g. , flowability) that allow it to be directly compressed, e.g. , into an oral dosage form, e.g. , tablets, or to be formulated into capsules or saches.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Treatment

Provided is a method of treating advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1 comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a compound (S)-N-((S)- l-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)amino)-2- oxoethyl)- l-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-N-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (compound 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s). Also provided are compositions containing compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion (e.g., an amorphous solid dispersion). Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s).

These methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions are further illustrated by the detailed descriptions and illustrative examples given below.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid dispersions of a therapeutically active compound in a matrix can provide improved chemical and physical properties and can be prepared by forming a homogeneous solution or melt of the therapeutically active compound and matrix material followed by solidifying the mixture by cooling, or removal of the solvent. Such solid dispersions of therapeutically active compounds often show enhanced bioavailability when administered orally relative to oral compositions comprising the undispersed compound.

Spray drying is the most widely used industrial process involving particle formation and drying, and can be used to produce solid dispersions of therapeutically active compounds. It is highly suited for the continuous production of dry solids in either powder, granulate or agglomerate form from liquid feedstocks as solutions, emulsions and pumpable suspensions. Therefore, spray drying is a useful process where the end-product must comply with precise quality standards regarding particle size distribution, residual moisture content, bulk density, and particle shape.

Critical quality attributes of a spray-dried dispersion include potency, related substances, residual solvent content, homogeneity, lack of crystallinity, dissolution performance, particle morphology, and bulk powder flow properties.

Critical process parameters include spray solution composition and viscosity, nozzle type and dimensions, atomization pressure, spray solution feed rate, drying gas flow rate, inlet and outlet temperatures, condenser temperature (e.g., for closed-loop drying processes), and secondary drying parameters.

In one embodiment, at least a particular percentage by weight of compound 1 is crystalline. Particular weight percentages may be 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage between 10% and 100%. When a particular percentage by weight of compound 1 is crystalline, the remainder of compound 1 is the amorphous form of compound 1. Non-limiting examples of crystalline compound 1 include a single crystalline form of compound 1 or a mixture of different single crystalline forms. In some embodiments, compound 1 is at least 90% by weight crystalline. In some other embodiments, compound 1 is at least 95% by weight crystalline. In some other embodiments, compound 1 is at least 99% by weight crystalline.

In another embodiment, a particular percentage by weight of the crystalline compound 1 is a specific single crystalline form or a combination of single crystalline forms. Particular weight percentages may be 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or any percentage between 10% and 100%. In another embodiment, compound 1 is at least 90% by weight of a single crystalline form. In another embodiment, compound 1 is at least 95% by weight of a single crystalline form. In another embodiment, compound 1 is at least 99% by weight of a single crystalline form.

In the following description of compound 1, embodiments of the invention may be described with reference to a particular crystalline form of compound 1, as characterized by one or more properties as discussed herein. The descriptions characterizing the crystalline forms may also be used to describe the mixture of different crystalline forms that may be present in a crystalline compound 1. However, the particular crystalline forms of compound 1 may also be characterized by one or more of the characteristics of the crystalline form as disclosed herein, with or without regard to referencing a particular crystalline form.

The crystalline forms are further illustrated by the detailed descriptions and illustrative examples given below. The XRPD peaks described in Tables 1 and 2 may vary by + 0.2 depending upon the instrument used to obtain the data.

Form 1

In one embodiment, a single crystalline form, Form 1, of the compound 1 is characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern shown in FIG. 1, and data shown in Table 1, obtained using CuKa radiation. In a particular embodiment, the polymorph can be characterized by one or more of the peaks taken from FIG. 1, as shown in Table 1. For example, the polymorph can be characterized by one or two or three or four or five or six or seven or eight or nine of the peaks shown in Table 1.

Table 1

In another embodiment, Form 1 can be characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 8.6, 15.6, 18.5, 20.6, 21.6, and 26.4°. In another embodiment, Form 1 can be characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 8.6, 15.6, 18.5, and 21.6°.

In another embodiment, Form 1 can be characterized by the differential scanning calorimetry profile (DSC) shown in FIG. 2. The DSC graph plots the heat flow as a function of temperature from a sample, the temperature rate change being about 10 °C /min. The profile is characterized by an endo thermic transition with an onset temperature of about 140.1°C with a melt at about 149.9°C.

In another embodiment, Form 1 can be characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) shown in FIG. 3. The TGA profile graphs the percent loss of weight of the sample as a function of temperature, the temperature rate change being about 10 °C /min. The weight loss represents a loss of about 0.44% of the weight of the sample as the temperature is changed from about 29.0°C to 125.0°C.

Form 2

In one embodiment, a single crystalline form, Form 2, of the compound 1 is characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern shown in FIG. 4, and data shown in Table 2, obtained using CuKa radiation. In a particular embodiment, the polymorph can be characterized by one or more of the peaks taken from FIG. 4, as shown in Table 2. For example, the polymorph can be characterized by one or two or three or four or five or six or seven or eight or nine or ten of the peaks shown in Table 2.

Table 2

In another embodiment, Form 2 can be characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 9.8, 11.6, 19.6, 22.5, 23.0, and 31.4°. In another embodiment, Form 2 can be characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 9.8, 11.6, 19.6, and 23.0°.

In another embodiment, Form 2 can be characterized by the differential scanning calorimetry profile (DSC) shown in FIG. 5. The DSC graph plots the heat flow as a function of temperature from a sample, the temperature rate change being about 10 °C /min. The profile is characterized by an endothermic transition with an onset temperature of about 62.7°C with a melt at about 72.5°C, and an endothermic transition with an onset temperature of about 145.6°C with a melt at about 153.6°C.

In another embodiment, Form 2 can be characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) shown in FIG. 6. The TGA profile graphs the percent loss of weight of the sample as a function of temperature, the temperature rate change being about 10 °C /min. The weight loss represents a loss of about 0.57 % of the weight of the sample as the temperature is changed from about 29.3°C to 170.3°C.

Other embodiments are directed to a single crystalline form of compound 1 characterized by a combination of the aforementioned characteristics of any of the single crystalline forms discussed herein. The characterization may be by any combination of one or more of the XRPD, TGA, and DSC described for a particular polymorph. For example, the single crystalline form of compound 1 may be characterized by any combination of the XRPD results regarding the position of the major peaks in a XRPD scan; and/or any combination of one or more of parameters derived from data obtained from a XRPD scan. The single crystalline form of compound 1 may also be characterized by TGA determinations of the weight loss associated with a sample over a designated temperature range; and/or the temperature at which a particular weight loss transition begins. DSC determinations of the temperature associated with the maximum heat flow during a heat flow transition and/or the temperature at which a sample begins to undergo a heat flow transition may also characterize the crystalline form. Weight change in a sample and/or change in sorption/desorption of water per molecule of compound 1 as determined by water sorption/desorption measurements over a range of relative humidity (e.g. , 0% to 90%) may also characterize a single crystalline form of compound 1.

Solid Dispersions

Provided are compositions, comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more polymer(s) as part of a solid dispersion (e.g. , an amorphous solid dispersion). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises compound 1, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more polymer(s). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more polymer(s), and one or more surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one polymer. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one polymer, and a surfactant.

The solid dispersions provided herein, comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can enhance the solubility of compound 1 relative to a neat crystalline form of compound 1 (e.g. , Form 1 or Form 2), and thus provide improved exposure upon oral dosing of the solid dispersion to a subject. In one embodiment, the solid dispersion comprises compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more polymer(s), and optionally one or more solubility enhancing surfactant.

For example, the aqueous solubility of Form 1 is about 0.025 mg/mL to about 0.035 mg/mL and the aqueous solubility of Form 2 is about 0.008 mg/mL to about 0.010 mg/mL. Form 2 has a solubility of about 0.018 mg/mL in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FASSIF) at a pH of 6.1 at 4 hours. In comparison, amorphous spray-dried dispersions have a solubility of about 0.05 mg/mL to about 0.50 mg/mL in FASSIF at 3 hours.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion exhibits at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% higher exposure of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when administered to a subject as compared to administration of in-situ amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion exhibits at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% higher exposure of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when

administered to a subject as compared to administration of neat crystalline compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In rat and monkey pharmacokinetics studies, modest exposure improvement is observed upon administration of solid dispersion oral dosage forms as compared to in-situ amorphous dosing shows. For example, a solid dispersion containing 50% w/w compound 1 and 50% w/w Polyvinyl Acetate Phthalate (PVAP) has approximately two-fold higher exposure as compared to in-situ amorphous compound 1 in male Sprague Dawley rats. There is no significant difference in exposure between a solid dispersion containing 70% w/w compound 1 and 30% w/w oral dosage form as compared to in- situ amorphous compound 1. In male cynomolgus monkeys, the exposure of a solid dispersion containing 50% w/w compound 1 and 50% w/w

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, also known as hpromellose acetate succinate, (HPMCAS) shows no significant difference as compared to the in-situ amorphous compound 1. Similarly, a solid dispersion containing 50% w/w compound 1 and 50% w/w

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose also known as hypromellose phthalate (HPMC-Phthalate) shows no significant difference as compared to the in-situ amorphous compound 1. While in-situ amorphous therapeutic compounds are commonly used for dosing in animal studies, they are not suitable dosage forms for dosing in humans.

As described in the rat pharmacokinetics study of Example 4, compound 1 exposure is improved when solid dispersion dosage forms are administered as compared to neat crystalline compound 1 Form 2. In some embodiments, at least a portion of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the solid dispersion is in the amorphous state (e.g., at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%). In other embodiments, the solid dispersion is substantially free of crystalline compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition is an amorphous solid (e.g. spray dried) dispersion comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. The amorphous solid dispersion can include, e.g., less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less than about 1% of crystalline compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. , be substantially free of crystalline compound 1, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the solid dispersion exhibits a predetermined level of physical and/or chemical stability. E.g. , the solid dispersion retains about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, or about 99%, of amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when stored at 25°C in a closed water tight container, e.g. , an amber glass vial, high density polyethylene (HDPE) container or double polyethylene bags with twisted nylon tie placed in an HDPE container with desiccant.

In some embodiments, the polymer increases the chemical or physical stability (e.g. , as measured by a Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimeter) of compound 1, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when stored (e.g., at 2-8°C, e.g. 4°C or at room temperature) by at least about 10% (e.g., by at least about 20%, by at least about 30%, by at least about 40%, by at least about 50%, by at least about 60%, by at least about 70%, by at least about 80%, or by at least about 90%) compared to amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, without being in the presence of the polymer.

A solid dispersion generally exhibits a glass transition temperature, where the dispersion makes a transition from a glassy solid to a rubbery composition. In general, the higher the glass transition temperature, the greater the physical stability of the dispersion. The existence of a glass transition temperature generally indicates that at least a large portion of the composition (e.g., dispersion) is in an amorphous state. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of a solid dispersion suitable for pharmaceutical applications is generally at least about 50°C. In some embodiments, higher temperatures are preferred. Therefore, in some embodiments, a solid dispersion disclosed herein has a Tg of at least about 100°C (e.g. , at least about 100°C, at least about 105°C, at least about 110° C, at least about 115°C, at least about 120°C, at least about 125°C, at least about 130°C, at least about 135°C, at least about 140°C, at least about 150°C, at least about 160°C, at least about 170°C, at least about 175°C, at least about 180°C, or at least about 190°C). In some embodiments, the Tg is up to about 200°C. In some embodiments, the Tg is up to about 130°C (e.g. , at least about 110°C, at least about 111°C, at least about 112° C, at least about 113°C, at least about 114°C, at least about 115°C, at least about 116°C, at least about 117°C, at least about 118°C, at least about 119°C, at least about 120°C, at least about 121°C, at least about 122°C, at least about 123°C, at least about 124°C, at least about 125°C, at least about 1216°C, at least about 127°C, at least about 128°C, at least about 129°C,or at least about 130°C). Unless otherwise noted, the glass transition temperatures disclosed herein are measured under dry conditions.

In some embodiments the solid dispersion has a higher glass transition temperature than the glass transition temperature of amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, without being in the presence of the polymer(s). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion has a relaxation rate that is lower than the relaxation rate of amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, without being in the presence of the polymer(s).

Examples of polymers in the solid dispersion include cellulose derivatives (e.g. , hydroxypropylmethylcellulose also known as hypromellose, (HPMC),

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, also known as hypromellose phthalate (HPMCP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, also known as hpromellose acetate succinate, (HPMCAS), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC)), ethylcellulose, or cellulose acetate phthalate;

polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP); polyethylene glycols (PEG); polyvinyl alcohols (PVA); polyvinyl esters, such as Polyvinyl Acetate Phthalate (PVAP); acrylates, such as polymethacrylate (e.g. , Eudragit.RTM. E); cyclodextrins (e.g., .beta.-cyclodextrin); Poly (D, L- lactide) (PLA), Poly (D,L-lactide, co-glycolide acid (PLGA); and copolymers and derivatives thereof, including for example polyvinylpyrollidone-vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), Polyvinyl caprolactam-poly vinyl, and acetate-polyethyleneglycol copolymer, Methylacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer; Soluplus; Copovidone; and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion includes one water-soluble polymer. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion includes one partially water-soluble polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is a cellulose polymer.

In some embodiments, the polymer is HPMCAS (e.g. , HPMCAS of different grades: HPMCAS-M, HPMCAS-MG or HPMCAS-HG). In some embodiments, the polymer is PVAP. In some embodiments, the polymer is HPMC (e.g. , HPMC of different grades: HMPC60SH50, HPMCE50 or HPMCE15). In some embodiments, the polymer is HPMCP (e.g., HPMCP of different grades: e.g. , HMPCP-HP55).

In some embodiments, the polymer is a pH-dependent enteric polymer. Such pH- dependent enteric polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)), HPMCP, HPMCAS, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof (e.g., a sodium salt such as (CMC-Na)); cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT),

hydroxypropylcellulose acetate phthalate (HPCAP), hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose acetate phthalate (HPMCAP), and methylcellulose acetate phthalate (MCAP), polymethacrylates (e.g. , Eudragit S), or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, also known as hypromellose acetate succinate, (HPMCAS), e.g. , HMPCAS-HG.

In another embodiment, the polymer(s) is an insoluble cross-linked polymer, for example a polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g. , Crospovidone). In another embodiment, the polymer(s) is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

In some embodiments, the one or more polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of between about 10% w/w and 90% w/w (e.g. , between about 20% w/w and about 80% w/w; between about 30% w/w and about 70% w/w; between about 40% w/w and about 60% w/w; or between about 15% w/w and about 35% w/w). In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 10% w/w to about 80% w/w, for example from about 30% w/w to about 75% w/w, or from about 40% w/w to about 65% w/w, or from about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w, for example, about 46% w/w, about 47% w/w, about 48% w/w, about 49% w/w, about 50% w/w, about 51% w/w, about 52% w/w, about 53% w/w, or about 54% w/w. In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 48% w/w, about 48.5% w/w, about 49% w/w, about 49.5% w/w, about 50% w/w, about 50.5% w/w, about 51% w/w, about 51.5% w/w, about 52% w/w, or about 52.5% w/w.

In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 30% w/w to about 70% w/w. In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 35% w/w to about 65% w/w. In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 40% w/w to about 60% w/w. In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w. In some embodiments, the polymer(s) is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 50% w/w.

In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 10% w/w and 90% w/w (e.g. , between about 20% w/w and about 80% w/w; between about 30% w/w and about 70% w/w; between about 40% w/w and about 60% w/w; or between about 15% w/w and about 35% w/w). In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 10% w/w to about 80% w/w, for example from about 30% w/w to about 75% w/w, or from about 40% w/w to about 65% w/w, or from about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w, for example, about 46% w/w, about 47% w/w, about 48% w/w, about 49% w/w, about 50% w/w, about 51% w/w, about 52% w/w, about 53% w/w, or about 54% w/w. In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 48% w/w, about 48.5% w/w, about 49% w/w, about 49.5% w/w, about 50% w/w, about 50.5% w/w, about 51 % w/w, about 51.5% w/w, about 52% w/w, or about 52.5% w/w.

In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 30% w/w to about 70% w/w. In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 35% w/w to about 65% w/w. In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 40% w/w to about 60% w/w. In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w. In some embodiments, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 50% w/w. In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 20% w/w to about 80% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 20% w/w to about 80% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 25% w/w to about 75% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 25% w/w to about 75% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 30% w/w to about 70% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 30% w/w to about 70% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 35% w/w to about 65% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 35% w/w to about 65% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 40% w/w to about 60% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 40% w/w to about 60% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 45% w/w to about 55% of polymer(s). In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 50% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 50% w/w of polymer(s).

In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w HPMCAS (e.g., HPMCAS-MG or HPMCAS-HG, or other grades such as LF, MF, HF, or LG) or PVAP. In another embodiment, the solid dispersion includes about 50% w/w compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and about 50% w/w of HPMCAS.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion also includes a surfactant or inert

pharmaceutically acceptable substance. Examples of surfactants in the solid dispersion include sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), vitamin E or a derivative thereof (e.g. , vitamin E TPGS), Docusate Sodium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbates (such as Tween 20 and Tween 80), poloxamers (such as Poloxamer 335 and Poloxamer 407), glyceryl monooleate, Span 65, Span 25, Capryol 90, pluronic copolymers (e.g., Pluronic F108, Pluronic P- 123), and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the surfactant is SLS. In some embodiments, the surfactant is vitamin E or a derivative thereof (e.g. , vitamin E TPGS).

In some embodiments, the surfactant is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% w/w, for example from about 0.5% w/w to about 2% w/w, or from about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w, from about 1% w/w to about 4% w/w, or from about 1% w/w to about 5% w/w. In some embodiments, the surfactant is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2% w/w, about 0.3% w/w, about 0.4%w/w, about 0.5% w/w, about 0.6% w/w, about 0.7% w/w, about 0.8% w/w, about 0.9% w/w, or about 1% w/w. In some embodiments, the surfactant is present in the solid dispersion in an amount of about 0.5% w/w, about 1% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 2% w/w, about 2.5% w/w, about 3% w/w, about 3.5% w/w, about 4% w/w, about 4.5% w/w, or about 5% w/w.

Processes for preparing solid dispersions

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion may be prepared according to a process described herein. In general, methods that could be used include those that involve rapid removal of solvent or solvent mixture from a mixture or cooling a molten sample. Such methods include, but are not limited to, rotational evaporation, freeze-drying (i.e., lyophilization), vacuum drying, melt congealing, and melt extrusion. One embodiment of this disclosure involves solid dispersion obtained by spray-drying. In one embodiment, the product obtained by spray drying is dried to remove the solvent or solvent mixture.

Preparations disclosed herein, e.g. , a pharmaceutical composition, can be obtained by spray-drying a mixture comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more polymer(s), and an appropriate solvent or solvent mixture. Spray drying involves atomization of a liquid mixture containing, e.g. , a solid and a solvent or solvent mixture, and removal of the solvent or solvent mixture. The solvent or solvent mixture can also contain a nonvolatile solvent, such as glacial acetic acid. Atomization may be done, for example, through a two-fluid or pressure or electrosonic nozzle or on a rotating disk.

Spray drying converts a liquid feed to a dried particulate form. Spray drying generally involves the atomization of a liquid feed solution into a spray of droplets and contacting the droplets with hot air or gas in a drying chamber. The sprays are generally produced by either rotary (wheel) or nozzle atomizers. Evaporation of moisture from the droplets and formation of dry particles proceed under controlled temperature and airflow conditions.

Optionally, a secondary drying process such as fluidized bed drying or vacuum drying, may be used to reduce residual solvents (and other additives, such as glacial acetic acid) to pharmaceutically acceptable levels. Typically, spray-drying involves contacting a highly dispersed liquid suspension or solution (e.g. , atomized solution), and a sufficient volume of hot air or gas (e.g. , nitrogen, e.g. , pure nitrogen) to produce evaporation and drying of the liquid droplets. The preparation to be spray dried can be any solution, coarse suspension, slurry, colloidal dispersion, or paste that may be atomized using the selected spray-drying apparatus. In a standard procedure, the preparation is sprayed into a current of warm filtered air (or into gas, e.g. , nitrogen) that evaporates the solvent and conveys the dried product to a collector (e.g., a cyclone). The spent air or gas is then exhausted with the solvent (or solvent mixture including any additives such as glacial acetic acid), (e.g. , then filtered) or alternatively the spent air or gas is sent to a condenser to capture and potentially recycle the solvent or solvent mixture. For example, if a gas (e.g., nitrogen) is used, the gas is then optionally recycled, heated again and returned to the unit in a closed loop system. Commercially available types of apparatus may be used to conduct the spray-drying. For example, commercial spray dryers are manufactured by Buchi Ltd. and Niro (e.g. , the PSD line of spray driers manufactured by Niro).

Spray-drying typically employs solids loads of material from about 1% to about 30% or up to about 50% (i.e., therapeutically active compound plus and excipients), preferably at least about 10%. In some embodiments, solids loads of less than 10% may result in poor yields and unacceptably long run-times. In general, the upper limit of solids loads is governed by the viscosity of (e.g. , the ability to pump) the resulting solution and the solubility of the components in the solution. Generally, the viscosity of the solution can determine the size of the particle in the resulting powder product.

Techniques and methods for spray-drying may be found in Perry's Chemical Engineering Handbook, 6th Ed., R. H. Perry, D. W. Green & J. O. Maloney, eds., McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1984); and Marshall "Atomization and Spray-Drying" 50, Chem. Eng. Prog. Monogr. Series 2 (1954). In general, the spray-drying is conducted with an inlet temperature of from about 40°C to about 200°C, for example, from about 70°C to about 150°C, preferably from about 40°C to about 60°C, about 50°C to about 55°C, or about 80°C to about 110°C, e.g. , about 90°C. The spray-drying is generally conducted with an outlet temperature of from about 20 °C to about 100°C, for example from about 25°C to about 30°C (e.g., about 26°C), about 40°C to about 50°C, about 50°C to about 65°C, e.g., about 56°C to about 58°C.

Removal of the solvent or solvent mixture may require a subsequent drying step, such as tray drying, fluid bed drying (e.g., from about room temperature to about 100°C), vacuum drying, microwave drying, rotary drum drying or biconical vacuum drying (e.g., from about room temperature to about 200°C).

In one embodiment, the spray-drying is fluidized spray drying (FSD). The steps in FSD can include, for example: preparing a liquid feed solution (e.g., containing compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a polymer(s) and/or surfactant(s), dissolved or suspended in solvent(s)); atomizing (e.g., with a pressure nozzle, a rotary atomizer or disk, two-fluid nozzle or other atomizing methods) the feed solution upon delivery into the drying chamber of a spray dryer, e.g., operating in FSD mode; drying the feed solution in the drying chamber with heated air or a heated gas (e.g. , nitrogen) to obtain a product, wherein larger particles of product separate out, e.g., drop out, while fines are carried by a stream of air or gas up to the top of the drying chamber (e.g., by natural convection) and to a cyclone, and reintroducing (e.g., at the top of the drying chamber or axially to the middle of the chamber) the fines into the drying chamber, wherein the re-introduced fines can agglomerate with newly formed product to generate an agglomerated product, wherein if the agglomerated product is large enough, it will separate out, if it is not large enough to separate out, the agglomerated product will be carried by convection to the top of the chamber and to the cyclone and reintroduced into the chamber. This process repeats until an agglomerated product that is large enough to drop out is formed. The fines can be re-introduced from the cyclone to the drying chamber via a feed pipe.

In some embodiments, rather than drying the feed solution with heated air or a heated gas, the feed solution can instead be spray congealed, e.g., the chamber is at room temperature (e.g., 21+ 4 °C) or is cooled, e.g. , cooled gas (e.g., nitrogen) is used for the process.

FSD can further include collecting the agglomerated product in a first fluidizing chamber; which can be followed by discharging the agglomerated product from the first fluidizing chamber to a second fluidizing chamber, wherein a post-drying process can occur.

The agglomerated product (e.g., that separates out in the drying chamber) can then be transferred from the second fluidizing chamber to a third fluidizing chamber, where the agglomerated product is cooled. The agglomerated product (e.g., a solid dispersion of an amorphous compound) can then be further processed. For example, the product can be directly compressed. The product can optionally be blended with a surfactant, excipient, or

pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. , prior to direct compression. The product can optionally be further processed, e.g. , milled, granulated, blended, and/or mixed with a melt granulate, surfactant, excipient, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

FSD can be performed in a commercial spray dryer operating in fluidized spray dryer mode (FSD mode). FSD can be accomplished in either open cycle mode or closed cycle mode (e.g., the drying gas, e.g. , nitrogen, is recycled). Examples of suitable spray dryers for use in FSD include dryers from Niro (e.g., the PSD line of spray driers manufactured by Niro:

PHARMASD.TM.; Chemical or SD line dryers). FSD can essentially be performed in any spray dryer that is configured to allow for the re-introduction of fines into the drying chamber.

Additional post drying, e.g. , in a vacuum or fluidized bed dryer or a double cone or biconical post-dryer or a tumble dryer, can be performed if needed/applicable to remove further solvents. In some embodiments, a post-drying step is performed.

To remove the solvent or solvent mixture, vacuum drying, spray drying, fluidized spray drying, tray drying, lyophilization, rotovapping, and other drying procedures may be applied. Applying any of these methods using appropriate processing parameters, according to this disclosure, would provide compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amorphous state in the final solid dispersion product. Upon use of appropriate conditions (e.g., low outlet temperatures in the spray dryer, use of low boiling point solvents, use of heated gas) that result in a dispersion, e.g., powder, with desirable properties (e.g. , median particle size (d50) of 40-200 microns 9 e.g. , 40- 150 microns), powder bulk density of >0.2g/ml (e.g., 0.2 to 0.5 g/ml), or >0.25 g/ml, improved powder flowability (e.g. , low cohesion forces, low interparticle internal friction); and/or dry powder with low OVIs (Organic Volatile Impurities), e.g., below ICH limits and/or user specifications), the dispersion can be directly compressed into a dosage form.

In some embodiments, the inlet temperature is between about 50°C and about 200°C, e.g. , between about 60°C and about 150°C, between about 70°C and about 100°C, between about 60°C and about 95°C, between about 65°C and about 85°C, between about 70°C and about 90°C, between about 85°C and about 95°C, or between about 70°C and about 85°C.

In some embodiments, the outlet temperature is between about room temperature (e.g. , USP room temperature (e.g. , 21±4°C)) and about 80°C, e.g., between about 25°C and about 75°C, between about 30°C and about 65°C, between about 35°C and about 70°C, between about 40°C and about 65°C, between about 45°C and about 60°C, between about 35°C and about 45°C, between about 35°C and about 40°C, or between about 37°C and about 40°C.

In some embodiments, the temperature set points of the fluidized beds (the temperature for each bed being selected independently from the temperature selected for another bed) is between about room temperature (e.g. , USP room temperature (e.g., 21±4°C)) and about 100°C, e.g. , between about 30°C and about 95°C, between about 40°C and about 90°C, between about 50°C and about 80°C, between about 60°C and about 85°C, between about 65°C and about 95°C, or between about 80°C and about 95°C.

FSD can be performed on a mixture containing a compound of interest (e.g., a therapeutic agent (e.g. , therapeutically active compound), e.g., compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). For example, FSD can be performed on a mixture containing compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. , and one or more polymer(s), and optionally one or more surfactant(s), and optionally one or more additional excipients(s)) to obtain a solid dispersion of amorphous compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., that can be directly compressed into an oral dosage form (e.g. , tablet). Alternatively, the dispersion can be blended with one or more excipients prior to compression.

In one embodiment, the process for preparing a solid dispersion of compound 1 comprises:

a) forming a mixture of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more polymer(s), and one or more solvent(s); and

b) rapidly removing the solvent(s) from the solution to form a solid amorphous dispersion comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the one or more polymer(s). The one or more polymer(s) and one or more solvent(s) may be any of those disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the solvent is removed by spray drying. In some embodiments the solid dispersion is tray dried using a convection tray dryer. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion is screened.

In one embodiment, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is crystalline. In another embodiment, compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is amorphous. As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, spray drying may be done and is often done in the presence of an inert gas such as nitrogen. In certain embodiments, processes that involve spray drying may be done in the presence of a supercritical fluid involving carbon dioxide or a mixture including carbon dioxide.

In another embodiment, the process for preparing a solid dispersion of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises:

a) forming a mixture of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a polymer, and a solvent; and

b) spray-drying the mixture to form a solid dispersion comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the polymer.

Post-drying and/or polishing the wet spray dried dispersion to below ICH or given specifications for residual solvents can optionally be performed.

These processes may be used to prepare the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. The amounts and the features of the components used in the processes may be as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the solvent comprises one or more volatile solvent(s) to dissolve or suspend compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the polymer(s). In some embodiments, the one or more solvent(s) completely dissolves compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the polymer(s).

In some embodiments, the one or more solvent(s) is a volatile solvent (e.g., methylene chloride, acetone, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), or a mixture thereof). Examples of suitable volatile solvents include those that dissolve or suspend the therapeutically active compound either alone or in combination with another co-solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent(s) completely dissolves the therapeutically active compound. In some embodiments, the solvent is acetone. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol.

In some embodiments, the solvent is a non- volatile solvent (e.g. , organic acids such as glacial acetic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylforaiamide (DMF), or water). In some embodiments, a non-volatile solvent is a component in a solvent system. For example the nonvolatile solvent is present as a component in a solvent from about 1% to about 20% w/w (e.g. , from about 3% w/w to about 15% w/w, from about 4% w/w to about 12% w/w, or from about 5% w/w to about 10% w/w). In some embodiments, the solvent is a mixture of solvents. For example, the solvent can include from about 0% to about 30% acetone and from about 70% to about 100% methanol, or the solvent can include from about 0% to about 40% acetone and from about 60% to about 100% methanol. Other exemplary ratios of methanol to acetone include 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 60:40, 55:45, and 50:50.

In some embodiments, the solvent is a combination of solvents including at least one non-volatile solvent. For example, the solvent is a combination of components that includes both a volatile solvent and a non- volatile solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent system is a combination of a volatile solvent or combination of solvents such as methanol and acetone with a non-volatile solvent such as glacial acetic acid. For example, the solvent system comprises from about 40% to about 80% methanol, from about 20% to about 35% acetone, and from about 1% to about 15% glacial acetic acid (e.g., from about 50% to about 70% methanol, from about 25% to about 30% acetone, and from about 3% to about 12% glacial acetic acid).

In some embodiments, the solvent system is a combination of a volatile solvent or combination of solvents such as methanol and acetone with a non- volatile solvent such as water. For example, the solvent system comprises from about 40% to about 80% methanol, from about 20% to about 35% acetone, and from about 0.1% to about 15% water (e.g. , from about 50% to about 70% methanol, from about 25% to about 30% acetone, and from about 1% to about 5% water).

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Pharmaceutical compositions of the solid dispersion may be made by a process described herein. For example, a solid dispersion of: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (b) one or more polymer(s), and optionally one or more surfactant(s) and optionally one or more additional excipient(s).

Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions, comprising: (a) a solid dispersion, comprising compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer; and (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s). Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are fillers, disintegrants, wetting agents, glidants, and lubricants. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.

In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition is a tablet.

In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises a directly compressed dosage form of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also includes a filler. The filler can be, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol, ethyl cellulose, sorbitol, starch, sucrose, calcium phosphate, powdered cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, isomalt, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the filler is microcrystalline cellulose.

In some embodiments, the filler is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 10% w/w and 50% w/w (e.g. , between about 15% w/w and about 45% w/w; between about 20% w/w and about 40% w/w; between about 25% w/w and about 35% w/w; or between about 28% w/w and about 32% w/w). In some embodiments, the filler is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of from about 20% w/w to about 35% w/w, for example from about 25% w/w to about 34% w/w, or from about 26% w/w to about 33% w/w, or from about 27% w/w to about 32% w/w, for example, about 28% w/w, about 28.5% w/w, about 29% w/w, about 29.5% w/w about 30% w/w, about 30.5% w/w, about 31% w/w, or about 31.5% w/w. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 29% w/w, about 29.1% w/w, about 29.2% w/w, about 29.3% w/w, about 29.4% w/w, about 29.5% w/w, about 29.6% w/w, about 29.7% w/w, about 29.8% w/w, about 29.9% w/w, or about 30% w/w. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 25% w/w and about 35% w/w. In some

embodiments, the filler is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 29.5% w/w.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also includes a disintegrant. The disintegrant can be, for example, colloidal silicon dioxide, powdered cellulose, calcium silicate, crospovidone, calcium alginate, methyl cellulose, chitosan, carboxy methyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, carboxymethyl starch, sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinized starch, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is

croscarmellose sodium. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 1% w/w and 15% w/w (e.g., between about 3% w/w and about 12% w/w; between about 4% w/w and about 10% w/w; between about 5% w/w and about 7% w/w; or between about 6% w/w and about 7% w/w). In some embodiments, the disintegrant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 3% w/w, about 3.5% w/w, about 4% w/w, about 49.5% w/w about 5% w/w, about 5.5% w/w, about 6% w/w, or about 6.5% w/w, about 7% w/w, about 7.5% w/w, about 8% w/w, about 8.5% w/w, about 9% w/w, about 9.5% w/w, or about 10% w/w. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 5% w/w and about 7% w/w. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 6% w/w.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also includes a wetting agent. The wetting agent can be, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbates (such as Tween 20 and Tween 80), poloxamers (such as Poloxamer 335 and Poloxamer 407), glyceryl monooleate, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the wetting agent is sodium lauryl sulfate.

In some embodiments, the wetting agent is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 0.1% w/w and 2% w/w (e.g. , between about 0.5% w/w and about 2% w/w; between about 0.5% w/w and about 1.5% w/w; or between about 1% w/w and about 1.5% w/w). In some embodiments, the wetting agent is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2% w/w, about 0.3% w/w, about 0.4% w/w about 0.5% w/w, about 0.6% w/w, about 0.7% w/w, or about 0.8% w/w, about 0.9% w/w, about 1% w/w, about 1.1 % w/w, about 1.2% w/w, about 1.3% w/w, about 1.4% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 1.6% w/w, about 1.7% w/w, about 1.8% w/w, about 1.9% w/w, or about 2% w/w. In some embodiments, the wetting agent is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 0.5% w/w and about 1.5% w/w. In some embodiments, the wetting agent is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 1% w/w.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also includes a glidant. The glidant can be, for example, silicon dioxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, tribasic calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, magnesium trisilicate, powdered cellulose, talc, starch, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the glidant is colloidal silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the glidant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 0.1% w/w and 5% w/w (e.g. , between about 1% w/w and about 4% w/w; between about 1% w/w and about 3% w/w; or between about 1.5% w/w and about 2.5% w/w). In some embodiments, the glidant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 0.5% w/w, about 1% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 2% w/w about 2.5% w/w, about 3% w/w, about 3.5% w/w, or about 4% w/w, about 4.5% w/w, or about 5% w/w. In some embodiments, the glidant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 1.1% w/w, about 1.2% w/w, about 1.3% w/w, about 1.4% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 1.6% w/w, about 1.7% w/w, about 1.8% w/w, about 1.9% w/w, about 2% w/w, 2.1% w/w, about 2.2% w/w, about 2.3% w/w, about 2.4% w/w, about 2.5% w/w, about 2.6% w/w, about 2.7% w/w, about 2.8% w/w, about 2.9% w/w, or about 3% w/w. In some embodiments, the glidant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 1% w/w and about 3% w/w. In some embodiments, the glidant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 2% w/w.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition also includes a lubricant. The lubricant can be, for example, magnesium stearate, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate, glyceryl behenate, hydrogenated vegetable oil, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, sucrose stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, magnesium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the lubricant is magnesium stearate.

In some embodiments, the lubricant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 0.1% w/w and 5% w/w (e.g. , between about 1% w/w and about 4% w/w; between about 1% w/w and about 3% w/w; or between about 1% w/w and about 2% w/w). In some embodiments, the lubricant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 0.5% w/w, about 1% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 2% w/w about 2.5% w/w, about 3% w/w, about 3.5% w/w, or about 4% w/w, about 4.5% w/w, or about 5% w/w. In some embodiments, the lubricant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 0.1% w/w, about 0.2% w/w, about 0.3% w/w, about 0.4% w/w, about 0.5% w/w, about 0.6% w/w, about 0.7% w/w, about 0.8% w/w, about 0.9% w/w, about 1% w/w, about 1.1% w/w, about 1.2% w/w, about 1.3% w/w, about 1.4% w/w, about 1.5% w/w, about 1.6% w/w, about 1.7% w/w, about 1.8% w/w, about 1.9% w/w, about 2% w/w, 2.1% w/w, about 2.2% w/w, about 2.3% w/w, about 2.4% w/w, or about 2.5% w/w. In some embodiments, the lubricant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of between about 0.5% w/w and about 2.5% w/w. In some embodiments, the lubricant is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of about 1.5% w/w.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion makes up about 25% to 85% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion makes up about 50% to about 70% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof makes up about 15% to 45% of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition, and the one or more polymer(s) makes up about 15% to 45% of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof makes up about 20% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the one or more polymer(s) makes up about 40% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof makes up about 25% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the one or more polymer(s) makes up about 35% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof makes up about 30% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the one or more polymer(s) makes up about 30% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof makes up about 35% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the one or more polymer(s) makes up about 25% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion makes up from between about 50% w/w to about 70% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the filler makes up from between about 25% w/w to about 35% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the disintegrant makes up from between about 5% w/w to about 7% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the wetting agent makes up from between about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the glidant makes up from between about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the lubricant makes up from between about 0.5% w/w to about 2.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition thereby totaling 100% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion makes up about 60% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the filler makes up about 29.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the disintegrant makes up about 6% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the wetting agent makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the glidant makes up about 2% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the lubricant makes up about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, from between about 25% w/w to about 35% w/w of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, from between about 25% w/w to about 35% w/w of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), from between about 25% w/w to about 35% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose, from between about 5% w/w to about 7% w/w croscarmellose sodium, from between about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w sodium lauryl sulfate, about from between about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, and rom between about 0.5% w/w to about 2.5% w/w of magnesium stearate, thereby totaling 100% by weight of the composition.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, about 30% w/w of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, about 30% w/w of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), about 29.5% w/w of microcrystalline cellulose, about 6% w/w croscarmellose sodium, about 1% w/w sodium lauryl sulfate, about 2% w/w colloidal silicon dioxide, and about 1.5% w/w of magnesium stearate.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion, filler, disintegrant, wetting agent, glidant, and lubricant are added intragranularly. In some embodiments, an additional amount of the filler, disintegrant, glidant, and lubricant are added extragranularly.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, the following intragranularly added components: the solid dispersion makes up from about 50% w/w to about 70% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the filler makes up from about 18% w/w to about 26% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, disintegrant makes up from about 2% w/w to about 6% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, wetting agent makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, glidant makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and lubricant makes up from about 0.25% w/w to about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a the pharmaceutical composition comprises the following extragranularly added components: an additional amount of the filler makes up from about 4% w/w to about 12% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of the disintegrant makes up from about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of the glidant makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and an additional amount of the lubricant makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and are added extragranularly.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, the following intragranularly added components: the solid dispersion makes up about 60% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, the filler makes up about 21.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, disintegrant makes up about 4% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, wetting agent makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, glidant makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and lubricant makes up about 0.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, a the pharmaceutical composition comprises the following extragranularly added components: an additional amount of the filler makes up about 8% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of the disintegrant makes up about 2% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of the glidant makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and an additional amount of the lubricant makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and are added extragranularly.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises, the following intragranularly added components: the solid dispersion comprising compound 1, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), makes up from about 50% w/w to about 70% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, microcrystalline cellulose makes up from about 18% w/w to about 26% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, croscarmellose sodium makes up from about 2% w/w to about 6% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, sodium lauryl sulfate makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, colloidal silicon dioxide makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and magnesium stearate makes up from about 0.25% w/w to about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a the pharmaceutical composition comprises the following extragranularly added components: an additional amount of microcrystalline cellulose makes up from about 4% w/w to about 12% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of croscarmellose sodium makes up from about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of colloidal silicon dioxide makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and an additional amount of magnesium stearate makes up from about 0.5% w/w to about 1.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and are added extragranularly.

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), makes up about 60% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, microcrystalline cellulose makes up about 21.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, croscarmellose sodium makes up about 4% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, sodium lauryl sulfate makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, colloidal silicon dioxide makes up about 1% w/w of the

pharmaceutical composition, and magnesium stearate makes up about 0.5% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, a the pharmaceutical composition comprises the following extragranularly added components: an additional amount of microcrystalline cellulose makes up about 8% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of croscarmellose sodium makes up about 2% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, an additional amount of colloidal silicon dioxide makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and an additional amount of magnesium stearate makes up about 1% w/w of the pharmaceutical composition, and are added extragranularly.

A subject may be administered a dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described in Example 5. Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound, employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the subject' s disposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating physician.

Upon improvement of a subject's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of one aspect of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Subjects may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

Methods of Use

The inhibitory activities of compound 1, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof provided herein against IDHl mutants (e.g. , IDH1R132H or IDH1R132C) can be tested by methods described in Example A of PCT Publication No. WO 2013/107291 and US Publication No. US 2013/0190249, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, or analogous methods.

Provided is a method for treating an advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s). In one embodiment, the advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), to be treated is characterized by a mutant allele of IDHl, wherein the IDHl mutation results in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of a-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate in a patient. In one aspect of this embodiment, the mutant IDHl has an R132X mutation. In one aspect of this embodiment, the R132X mutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G. In another aspect, the R132X mutation is R132H or R132C. In yet another aspect, the R132X mutation is R132H.

Advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl can be analyzed by sequencing cell samples to determine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., the changed amino acid present at) a mutation at amino acid 132 of IDHl .

Without being bound by theory, applicants believe that mutant alleles of IDHl wherein the IDHl mutation results in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of a-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate, and in particular R132H mutations of IDHl, characterize a subset of all types of cancers, without regard to their cellular nature or location in the body. Thus, the compounds, and methods of one aspect of this invention are useful to treat advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl imparting such activity and in particular an IDHl R132H or R132C mutation.

In one embodiment, the efficacy of treatment of advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl is monitored by measuring the levels of 2HG in the subject. Typically levels of 2HG are measured prior to treatment, wherein an elevated level is indicated for the use of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat the advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl . Once the elevated levels are established, the level of 2HG is determined during the course of and/or following termination of treatment to establish efficacy. In certain embodiments, the level of 2HG is only determined during the course of and/or following termination of treatment. A reduction of 2HG levels during the course of treatment and following treatment is indicative of efficacy. Similarly, a determination that 2HG levels are not elevated during the course of or following treatment is also indicative of efficacy. Typically, these 2HG measurements will be utilized together with other well-known

determinations of efficacy of cancer treatment, such as reduction in number and size of tumors and/or other cancer- associated lesions, evaluation of bone marrow biopsies and/or aspirates, complete blood counts and examination of peripheral blood films, improvement in the general health of the subject, and alterations in other biomarkers that are associated with cancer treatment efficacy. 2HG can be detected in a sample by the methods of PCT Publication No. WO WO/2011/050210 and US Publication No. US2012/0121515 hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, or by analogous methods.

Methods of evaluating samples and/or subjects

This section provides methods of obtaining and analyzing samples and of analyzing subjects.

Embodiments of the method comprise evaluation of one or more parameters related to IDH1, an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g. , 2HG neoactivity, e.g. , to evaluate the IDH1 2HG neoactivity genotype or phenotype. The evaluation can be performed, e.g. , to select, diagnose or prognose the subject, to select a therapeutic agent, e.g. , an inhibitor, or to evaluate response to the treatment or progression of disease. In an embodiment the evaluation, which can be performed before and/or after treatment has begun, is based, at least in part, on analysis of a tumor sample, cancer cell sample, or precancerous cell sample, from the subject. E.g., a sample from the patient can be analyzed for the presence or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, by evaluating a parameter correlated to the presence or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG. An alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, in the sample can be determined by a chromatographic method, e.g., by LC-MS analysis. It can also be determined by contact with a specific binding agent, e.g., an antibody, which binds the alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, and allows detection. In an embodiment the sample is analyzed for the level of neoactivity, e.g., an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g. , 2HG neoactivity. In an embodment the sample is analysed for the presence of a mutant IDH1, protein having an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g. , 2HG neoactivity (or a corresponding RNA). E.g. , a mutant protein specific reagent, e.g. , an antibody that specifically binds an IDH1 mutant protein, e.g. , an antibody that specifically binds an IDH1- R132H mutant protein, can be used to detect neoactive mutant enzymeln an embodiment a nucleic acid from the sample is sequenced to determine if a selected allele or mutation of IDH1 disclosed herein is present. In an embodiment the analysis is other than directly determining the presence of a mutant IDH1 protein (or corresponding RNA) or sequencing of an IDH1 gene. In an embodiment the analysis is other than directly determining, e.g. , it is other than sequencing genomic DNA or cDNA, the presence of a mutation at residue 132 of IDH1. E.g., the analysis can be the detection of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, or the measurement of the mutation's an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g. , 2HG neoactivity. In an embodiment the sample is removed from the patient and analyzed. In an embodiment the evaluation can include one or more of performing the analysis of the sample, requesting analysis of the sample, requesting results from analysis of the sample, or receiving the results from analysis of the sample. (Generally herein, analysis can include one or both of performing the underlying method or receiving data from another who has performed the underlying method.)

In an embodiment the evaluation, which can be performed before and/or after treatment has begun, is based, at least in part, on analysis of a tissue (e.g., a tissue other than a tumor sample), or bodily fluid, or bodily product. Exemplary tissues include lymph node, skin, hair follicles and nails. Exemplary bodily fluids include blood, plasma, urine, lymph, tears, sweat, saliva, semen, and cerebrospinal fluid. Exemplary bodily products include exhaled breath. E.g., the tissue, fluid or product can be analyzed for the presence or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, by evaluating a parameter correlated to the presence or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG. An alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, in the sample can be determined by a

chromatographic method, e.g., by LC-MS analysis. It can also be determend by contact with a specific binding agent, e.g., an antibody, which binds the alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, and allows detection. In embodiments where sufficient levels are present, the tissue, fluid or product can be analyzed for the level of neoactivity, e.g., an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g. , the 2HG neoactivity. In an embodment the sample is analysed for the presence of a mutant IDH1 protein having an alpha hydroxy neoactivity, e.g., 2HG neoactivity (or a corresponding RNA). E.g. , a mutant protein specific reagent, e.g. , an antibody that specifically binds an IDH mutant protein, e.g. , an antibody that specifically binds an IDH1-R132H mutant protein can be used to detect neoactive mutant enzyme. In an embodiment a nucleic acid from the sample is sequenced to determine if a selected allele or mutation of IDH1 disclosed herein is present. In an embodiment the analysis is other than directly determining the presence of a mutant IDH1 protein (or corresponding RNA) or sequencing of an IDH1 gene. E.g., the analysis can be the detection of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, or the measurement of 2HG neoactivity. In an embodiment the tissue, fluid or product is removed from the patient and analyzed. In an embodiment the evaluation can include one or more of performing the analysis of the tissue, fluid or product, requesting analysis of the tissue, fluid or product, requesting results from analysis of the tissue, fluid or product, or receiving the results from analysis of the tissue, fluid or product.

In an embodiment the evaluation, which can be performed before and/or after treatment has begun, is based, at least in part, on alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g., 2HG, e.g., R- 2HG, imaging of the subject. In embodiments magnetic resonance methods are is used to evaluate the presence, distribution, or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, in the subject. In an embodiment the subject is subjected to imaging and/or spectroscopic analysis, e.g., magnetic resonance-based analysis, e.g., MRI and/or MRS e.g., analysis, and optionally an image corresponding to the presence, distribution, or level of an alpha hydroxy neoactivity product, e.g. , 2HG, e.g., R-2HG, or of the tumor, is formed.

Optionally the image or a value related to the image is stored in a tangible medium and/or transmitted to a second site. In an embodiment the evaluation can include one or more of performing imaging analysis, requesting imaging analysis, requesting results from imaging analysis, or receiving the results from imaging analysis.

In one embodiment 2HG is directly evaluated.

In another embodiment a derivative of 2HG formed in process of performing the analytic method is evaluated. By way of example such a derivative can be a derivative formed in MS analysis. Derivatives can include a salt adduct, e.g., a Na adduct, a hydration variant, or a hydration variant which is also a salt adduct, e.g., a Na adduct, e.g., as formed in MS analysis.

In another embodiment a metabolic derivative of 2HG is evaluated. Examples include species that build up or are elevated, or reduced, as a result of the presence of 2HG, such as glutarate or glutamate that will be correlated to 2HG, e.g., R-2HG.

Exemplary 2HG derivatives include dehydrated derivatives such as the compounds provided below or a salt adduct thereof:

In one embodiment the advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic

cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a tumor wherein at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the tumor cells carry an IDHl mutation, and in particular an IDHl R132H or R132C mutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is glioma, characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the glioma has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the glioma has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the glioma has not responded to standard therapy.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is IHCC, characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the IHCC has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the IHCC has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the IHCC has not responded to standard therapy.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is chondrosarcoma, characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the chondrosarcoma has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the chondrosarcoma has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the chondrosarcoma has not responded to standard therapy.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is prostate cancer, characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the prostate cancer has not responded to standard therapy.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is colon cancer, characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the colon cancer has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the colon cancer has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the colon cancer has not responded to standard therapy.

In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is melanoma,

characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl. In another embodiment, the melanoma) has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the melanoma has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the melanoma has not responded to standard therapy. In another embodiment, the advanced solid tumor to be treated is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl . In another embodiment, the non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has recurred following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has progressed following standard therapy. In another embodiment, the non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not responded to standard therapy.

Treatment methods described herein can additionally comprise various evaluation steps prior to and/or following treatment with a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s).

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), the method further comprises evaluating the growth, size, weight, invasiveness, stage and/or other phenotype of the advanced solid tumor, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl .

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), the method further comprises evaluating the IDHl genotype of the advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl . This may be achieved by ordinary methods in the art, such as DNA sequencing, immuno analysis, and/or evaluation of the presence, distribution or level of 2HG.

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion, and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), the method further comprises determining the 2HG level in the subject. This may be achieved by spectroscopic analysis, e.g., magnetic resonance-based analysis, e.g., MRI and/or MRS measurement, sample analysis of bodily fluid, such as blood, plasma, urine, or spinal cord fluid analysis, or by analysis of surgical material, e.g., by mass-spectroscopy (e.g. LC-MS, GC-MS), or any of the methods described herein.

Examples

General methods

In the following examples, reagents may be purchased from commercial sources (including Alfa, Acros, Sigma Aldrich, TCI and Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company), and used without further purification.

X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) parameters: XRPD analysis is performed using a PANalytical Empyrean X-ray powder diffractometer (XRPD) with a 12-auto sample stage. The XRPD parameters used are listed in Table 3.

Table 3.

Parameters for Reflection Mode

Cu, ka,

X-Ray wavelength Kal (A): 1.540598, Ka2 (A): 1.544426

Ka2/Kal intensity ratio: 0.50

X-Ray tube setting 45 kV, 40 mA

Divergence slit Automatic

Scan mode Continuous

Scan range (°2TH) 3°-40°

Step size (°2TH) 0.0170

Scan speed ( min) About 10

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) parameters: DSC analysis is performed using a TA Q100, or Q200/Q2000 DSC from TA Instruments. The temperature is ramped from room temperature to the desired temperature at a heating rate of 10 °C/min using N₂ as the purge gas, with pan crimped.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) parameters: TGA analysis is performed using a TA Q500/Q5000 TGA from TA Instruments. The temperature is ramped from room temperature to the desired temperature at a heating rate of 10 °C/min or 20 °C/min using N₂ as the purge gas. Example 1

Compound 1 and various amounts of Hypromellose Acetate Succinate-MG (Hypromellose Acetate Succinate, MG grade, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.) polymer may be used to generate the amorphous solid dispersion intermediate and formulation presented in this Example 1. Success criteria may include manufacturing the batches with reasonable yield (>60 ), low residual solvents (<3000 ppm), as well as meeting specifications for assay and purity.

Step 1: Preparation of compound 1 Amorphous Solid Dispersion

Form 1 and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) (50%/50%, w/w) are weighed and dissolved in methanol and spray-dried (Biichi B-290) to produce an amorphous compound 1 and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) solid dispersion. Spray drying processing parameters include nitrogen as the drying gas, an inlet temperature of about 85°C to 95°C, an outlet temperature of about 37°C to 40°C, spray solution concentration of about 5% w/w/, secondary drying of 12 to 18 hours at 40°C. The amorphous solid dispersion is further dried in a vacuum oven and then screened. The amorphous solid dispersion may be packaged in double polyethylene bags with twisted nylon tie and placed in a high density polyethylene (HDPE) container containing desiccant and stored at 2-8°C until the next step of processing.

Step 2: Manufacture of Compound 1 Tablets

Compound 1 and hypromellose acetate succinate amorphous solid dispersion

intermediate and all other excipients disclosed in Table 4 are weighed and sieved for blending.

Weighing and screening intragranular ingredients

Compound 1 and hypromellose acetate succinate amorphous solid dispersion is mixed with microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, sodium lauryl sulfate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and magnesium stearate in a suitable blender.

Table 4: Batch formulation composition

Intragranular Compound 1* Therapeutically Active 241.75 1204.01

Compound

Hypromellose Stabilizer 241.75 1204.01 Acetate Succinate*

Microcrystalline Filler 173.26 862.87 Cellulose

Croscarmellose Disintegrant 32.23 160.53 Sodium

Sodium Lauryl Wetting 8.06 40.13 Sulfate agent

Colloidal Silicon Glidant 8.06 40.13 Dioxide

Magnesium Stearate Lubricant 4.03 20.07

Extragranular Microcrystalline Filler 64.47 321.07

Cellulose

Croscarmellose Disintegrant 16.12 80.27 Sodium

Colloidal Silicon Glidant 8.06 40.13 Dioxide

Magnesium Stearate Lubricant 8.06 40.13

Total 805.85 4013.36

Theoretical number of tablets 4835 6020 compound 1 and Hypromellose Acetate Succinate amorphous solid dispersion intermediate

Intragranule Blending

The intra-granule blend is roller compacted and the compacted material is sized to produce granules.

Dry granulation/sizing

Extra-granular microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, colloidal silicon and magnesium stearate are weighed and sieved for blending.

Weighing and screening extragranular ingredients

The screened granules and extra-granular excipients are added to a suitable blender and blended.

Extragranule Blending The blend is compressed using a rotary tablet press set-up to manufacture tablets of the appropriate shape/size and required weight, thickness, and hardness.

Compression

Bulk compound 1 tablets are packaged in double sealed polyethylene bags containing g silica gel packs which are placed in foil lined drums and stored at 2 - 8 °C. Tablets are subsequently packaged.

Table 5: Tablet composition

Example 2 Synthesis of Form 1

A mixture of compound 1 (3.5 kg, 7.28 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (35 L) is degassed by N₂ bubbling for a maximum of 20 min. 2-chloro-4-cyanopyridine (1.21 kg, 8.73 mol),

tris(dibenzylideneacetone)-dipalladium(0) (167 g, 0.18 mol), and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)- 9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos) (211 g, 0.36 mol) are added and the reaction mixture is degassed by N₂ bubbling for a maximum of 10 min. K2C0₃ (1.21 kg, 8.73 mol) is added and the reaction mixture is degassed by N₂ bubbling for a maximum of 30 min. The reaction mixture is heated at 90-100°C for 4 to 24 hours until the reaction is complete. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 15-25°C and filtered through Celite and is washed with ethyl acetate, and the combined filtrate and wash are concentrated.

The 1,4-dioxane is removed, and the residual solid is dissolved in ethyl acetate (77.5 L). The ethyl acetate solution is washed successively with a 5% aqueous solution of NaHS0₃, a 2% aqueous solution of EDTA disodium, and a 1% aqueous solution of EDTA disodium salt. The organic phase is treated with activated carbon at 55-65°C for a maximum of 2 h, and is purified by silica gel chromatography. After chromatography, the resulting product is purified by two recrystallizations: first compound 1 is dissolved in ethyl acetate and heated to 60-70°C and heptane is added. The reaction mixture is cooled to 15-25°C and stirred for 1-3 h. The product is filtered and is dissolved in dichloromethane, then is filtered and is precipitated with heptane, is filtered and dried to produce Form 1.

Example 3 Synthesis of Form 2

Method A:

About 100 mg of compound 1 is mixed with 0.4 mL MeOH and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The suspension is subsequently centrifuged, and the white solid is isolated.

Method B:

About 10 mg of compound 1 in 0.2-0.4 mL of a mixture of MeOH:H₂0 (9: 1) in a 3-mL glass vial. The resulting visually clear solution is covered with a cap and subjected to slow evaporation to induce precipitation. The solid is isolated.

Method C:

About 15 mg of compound 1 is dissolved in a mixture of ΕίΟΗ:Η₂0 (8:7

volume/volume) or Methyl ethyl ketone (ME ) at 50 °C and stirred at 50 °C for 30 min. Then the solution is cooled slowly to 5 °C at 0.1 °C/min, and is stirred at 5 °C overnight. The solid is isolated.

Example 4

The following three homogenous suspensions of compound 1 are provided:

Form 2 in vehicle (1% d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate

(TPGS): 1% HPMCAS in water), an amorphous solid dispersion of 25% w/w Form 2 and 75% w/w HPMCAS-M (Solid Dispersion A) in vehicle, and an amorphous solid dispersion of 25% w/w Form 2 and 75% w/w PVAP (Solid Dispersion B) in vehicle (200 mg/kg in 10 mL/kg).

Each suspension is prepared on the day of dosing, and the Sprague Dawley rats are dosed orally. Serial plasma samples are taken at different time points following dosing. Compound 1 concentration in plasma is determined using a sensitive and specific LC/MS method. PK parameters, including AUCo-72hr and Cmax, are calculated using WinNonlin software.

For Form 2, the C_max is 1600 ng/niL, and AUCo-₇2hr is 21700 hr*ng/mL. For solid dispersion A, the C_max = 6820 ng/niL, and AUCo-₇2hr is 105635 hr*ng/mL. For solid dispersion B, the C_max is 30467 ng/mL; AUC₀-₇2hr is 406841 hr*ng/mL.

The AUCo-72hr ratio of Solid Dispersion B to Form 2 is 19. The AUCo-₇2hr ratio of Solid Dispersion A to Form 2 is 5.

Example 5

The safety, PK/PD, and clinical activity evaluation of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is evaluated in subjects advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that harbor an IDH1 mutation. Primary study objectives include 1) assessment of the safety and tolerability of treatment with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, when administered continuously as a single agent dosed orally twice daily (approximately every 12 hours) on Days 1 to 28 of a 28-day cycle, and 2) determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or the recommended Phase 2 dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in subjects.

Secondary study objectives include 1) description of the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in subjects with advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that harbor an IDH1 mutation, characterization of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in subjects with advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that harbor an IDH1 mutation, 3) evaluation of the

PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 2-hydroxygluturate (2-HG), and 4) characterization of the clinical activity associated with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in subjects with advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that harbor an IDHl mutation.

Exploratory study objectives include 1) evaluation of changes in Ki67 levels in tumor samples, 2) characterization of the PD effects of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in subjects with advanced solid tumors, such as glioma, intrahepatic

cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that harbor an IDHl mutation by the assessment of changes in the patterns of cellular differentiation of isocitrate dehydrogenase- 1 (IDHl) -mutated tumor cells and changes in histone and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profiles in IDHl -mutated tumor cells, and changes in 2-HG concentration as detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) on 3 tesla (3T) magnetic resonance images (MRI) in glioma subjects, 3) evaluation of gene mutation status, global gene expression profiles, and other potential prognostic markers (cytogenetics) in IDHl -mutated tumor cells, as well as subclonal populations of non-IDHl mutated tumor cells, to explore predictors of anti-tumor activity and/or resistance, and 4) monitoring plasma cholesterol and 4p-OH-cholesterol levels as a potential CYP3A4 induction marker.

Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, will be administered orally twice daily (approximately every 12 hours) on Days 1 to 28 in 28-day cycles. If warranted based on the emerging data, an alternative dosing schedule (e.g., once daily or three times daily), including administration of the same total daily dose using different dosing schedules in concurrent cohorts, may be explored. Starting with C1D1, dosing is continuous; there are no inter-cycle rest periods.

Subjects who do not meet any of the standard clinical treatment withdrawal criteria may continue treatment beyond Cycle 1.

Subjects will be dispensed the appropriate number of tablets for 28 days of dosing (plus an additional 2-day supply to allow for scheduling of visits) on Day 1 of each cycle.

Subjects are to return all unused tablets (or the empty bottles) on Day 1 of each treatment cycle. Subjects will be given a dosing diary for each treatment cycle. They should record relevant information regarding their study drug in the diary (e.g., confirmation that each daily dose was taken, reasons for missed doses). Treatment compliance will be assessed based on return of unused drug and the dosing diary.

Subjects should be instructed to take their daily dose at approximately the same time each day. Each dose should be taken with a glass of water and consumed over as short a time as possible. Subjects should be instructed to swallow tablets whole and to not chew the tablets. Subjects may take compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with or without food. If the subject forgets to take the daily morning (or evening) dose, then they should take compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof within 6 hours after the missed dose. If more than 6 hours have elapsed, then that dose should be omitted, and the subject should resume treatment with the next scheduled dose.

The study includes a dose escalation phase to determine MTD followed by expansion cohorts to further evaluate the safety and tolerability of the MTD. The dose escalation phase will utilize a standard "3 + 3" design. During the dose escalation phase, consented eligible subjects will be enrolled into sequential cohorts of increasing doses of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Each dose cohort will plan to enroll a minimum of 3 subjects. The first 3 subjects enrolled in each dosing cohort during the dose escalation phase of the study will initially receive a single dose of study drug on Day -3 (i.e., 3 days prior to the start of daily dosing) and undergo PK/PD assessments over 72 hours to evaluate drug concentrations and 2-HG levels. The next dose of study drug will be on Cycle 1 Day 1 (C1D1) at which time daily dosing will begin. The initial dosing regimen will be twice daily (approximately every 12 hours). If warranted based on the emerging data, an alternative dosing schedule (e.g. , once daily or three times daily), including administration of the same total daily dose using different dosing schedules in concurrent cohorts, may be explored. If there are multiple subjects in the screening process at the time the third subject within a cohort begins treatment, up to 2 additional subjects may be enrolled with approval of the Medical Monitor. For these additional subjects, the Day -3 through Day 1 PK/PD assessments are optional following discussion with the Medical Monitor. The planned dose escalation scheme is illustrated in Table 6.

Table 6: Dose Escalation Scheme

Cohort Level Compound 1 Dose¹ Number of Subjects - 1 50 mg² 3 to 6

1 (Starting Dose) 100 mg 3 to 6

2 200 mg 3 to 6

3 400 mg 3 to 6

4, etc. 800 mg³ 3 to 6

Expansion MTD⁴ 36⁵

Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered twice daily (approximately every 12 hours). If warranted based on the emerging data, an

alternative dosing schedule (e.g. , once daily or three times daily), including administration of the same total daily dose using different dosing schedules in concurrent cohorts, may be explored.

If DLTs (are observed at Dose Level 1 (100 mg), the dose for the second cohort will be decreased to 50 mg (Dose Level - 1).

Continued doubling of the dose until compound 1 -related NCI CTCAE version 4.03

>Grade 2 toxicity is observed. Following evaluation of the event(s) by the Clinical Study Team, subsequent increases in dose will be guided by the observed toxicity, and

potentially PK and PK/PD data until MTD is determined. The absolute percent increase in the dose will be determined by the Clinical Study Team predicated on the type and severity of any toxicity seen in the prior dose cohorts. Dose escalation will never exceed 100%.

⁴ Defined as the highest dose that causes DLTs in <1 of 3 or <2 of 6 subjects. If no DLTs are identified, dosing will continue for at least 2 dose levels above the projected maximum biologically effective exposure, as determined by an ongoing assessment of PK/PD and any observed clinical activity to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose.

⁵ To include 3 cohorts of approximately 12 subjects each.

Toxicity severity will be graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) version 4.03. A DLT is defined as follows. Non-hematologic includes all clinically significant non-hematologic toxicities CTCAE >Grade 3. All AEs that cannot clearly be determined to be unrelated to compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will be considered relevant to determining DLTs.

If, after the third subject completes the 28-day DLT evaluation period (i.e., Cycle 1), no DLTs are observed, the study will proceed with dose escalation to the next cohort following safety review by the Clinical Study Team. If 1 of 3 subjects experiences a DLT during the first cycle, 3 additional subjects will be enrolled in that cohort. If none of the additional 3 subjects experience a DLT, dose escalation may continue to the next cohort following safety review. If 2 or more subjects in a cohort experience DLTs during the first cycle, dose escalation will be halted and the next lower dose level will be declared the MTD. Alternatively, a dose level intermediate between the dose level exceeding MTD and the previous does level may be explored and declared MTD if <2 out of 6 patients experience a DLT at that dose. If the MTD cohort includes only 3 subjects, an additional 3 subjects will be enrolled at that dose level to confirm that <2 of 6 subjects experience a DLT at that dose.

Increases in the dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for each dose cohort will be guided by an accelerated titration design, where the dose will be doubled (100% increase) from one cohort to the next until compound 1 -related NCI CTCAE version 4.03 Grade 2 or greater toxicity is observed in any subject within the cohort. Subsequent increases in dose will be guided by the observed toxicity, and potentially PK and PK/PD data, until the MTD is determined. The absolute percent increase in the daily dose will be determined predicated on the type and severity of any toxicity seen in the prior dose cohorts (but will never exceed 100%). If warranted based on the emerging data, an alternative dosing schedule (e.g. , once daily or three times daily) may be explored, including administration of the same total daily dose using different dosing schedules in concurrent cohorts. The MTD is the highest dose that causes DLTs in <2 of 6 subjects.

If no DLTs are identified during the dose escalation phase, dose escalation may continue for 2 dose levels above the projected maximum biologically effective dose, as determined by an ongoing assessment of PK/PD and any observed clinical activity, to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose.

To optimize the number of subjects treated at a potentially clinically relevant dose, intra- subject dose escalation will be permitted Following determination of the recommended Phase 2 dose, 3 or more expansion cohorts (e.g. , with glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)) of approximately 12 subjects each will be treated at that dose. The purpose of the expansion cohorts is to evaluate and confirm the safety and tolerability of the recommended Phase 2 dose in specific disease indications. Subjects enrolled in these cohorts will undergo the same procedures as subjects in the dose escalation cohorts with the exception that the Day -3 through Day 1 PK/PD assessments will be optional.

Subjects will undergo screening procedures within 28 days prior to the start of study drug treatment to determine eligibility. Screening procedures include medical, surgical, and medication history, confirmation of IDH1 mutation via tumor biopsies or leukemic blasts (if not documented previously), physical examination, vital signs, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), clinical laboratory assessments (hematology, chemistry, coagulation, urinalysis, and serum pregnancy test), bone marrow biopsy and aspirate, and blood and urine samples for 2-HG measurement; and blood samples for determination of plasma cholesterol and 4p-OH-cholesterol levels.

Three days prior to starting the twice daily dosing of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (Day -3), the first 3 subjects enrolled in each cohort in the dose escalation phase will receive a single dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in clinic and have serial blood and urine samples obtained for determination of blood and urine concentrations of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, its metabolite, and 2-HG. A full 72-hour PK/PD profile will be conducted: subjects will be required to remain at the study site for 10 hours on Day -3 and return on Days -2, -1, and 1 for 24, 48, and 72 hour samples, respectively.

Daily treatment with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, will begin on ClDl; subjects who did not undergo the Day -3 PK/PD assessments will be observed in the clinic for 4 hours following the ClDl dose. The initial dosing regimen will be twice daily (approximately every 12 hours). Safety assessments conducted during the treatment period include physical examination, vital signs, ECOG PS, 12-lead ECGs, LVEF, and clinical laboratory assessments (hematology, chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis).

All subjects will undergo PK/PD assessments over a 10-hour period on both C1D15 and C2D1. Additional pre-dose urine and/or blood sampling will be conducted on C1D8, C1D22, C2D15, C3D1, C3D15, and on Day 1 of all subsequent cycles. Available bone marrow biopsy samples also will be assessed for 2-HG levels.

Subjects will undergo radiographic evaluations (CT/MRI), and assessment of bone marrow aspirates and biopsies and peripheral blood to assess the extent of disease, at screening, on Day 15, Day 29 and Day 57, and every 56 days thereafter while on study drug treatment, independent of dose delays and/or dose interruptions, and/or at any time when progression of disease is suspected. Two core tumor biopsies will be obtained at screening, at the time of the first assessment of response, and at the time of disease progression within a window of +3 days around the planned assessment time point. Subjects may continue treatment with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, until disease progression, occurrence of a DLT, or development of other unacceptable toxicity. All subjects are to undergo an end of treatment assessment (within approximately 5 days of the last dose of study drug); in addition, a follow-up assessment is to be scheduled 28 days after the last dose.

It is estimated that approximately 51 subjects will be enrolled in the study. Assuming that identification of the MTD requires the evaluation of 4 dose levels of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with only 3 subjects per dose level, with the exception that the MTD requires 6 subjects, then 15 subjects will be enrolled during the dose escalation part of the study. Three cohorts of approximately 12 additional subjects each with IHCC, chondrosarcoma, and glioma that has recurred or progressed following standard therapy (total 36 subjects) will be enrolled in the cohort expansion part of the study. Additional subjects may be needed for cohort expansion during dose escalation, for the replacement of non-evaluable subjects, or for evaluation of alternative dosing regimens other than the planned escalation scheme or the MTD, to optimize the recommended Phase 2 dose.

A patient must meet all of the following inclusion criteria to be enrolled in the clinical study. 1) Subject must be >18 years of age; 2) Subjects must have a histologically or

cytologically confirmed solid tumor, including glioma, that has recurred or progressed following standard therapy, or that have not responded to standard therapy; 3) subjects must have documented IDH1 gene-mutated disease based on local evaluation. Analysis of tumor cells for IDH1 gene mutation is to be evaluated at screening (if not evaluated previously) by the site's local laboratory to determine subject eligibility for the study. If the site does not have local laboratory access for IDH1 gene mutation analysis, central laboratory evaluation is acceptable. A pretreatment tumor sample will be required for all screened subjects for central laboratory biomarker analysis. Gene mutation analysis of a tumor sample (from blood or bone marrow) is to be repeated at the End of Treatment visit and submitted to the central laboratory for biomarker analysis; 4) subjects must have evaluable disease by RECIST vl.l for subjects without glioma or by RANO criteria for subjects with glioma; 5) Subjects must be amenable to serial peripheral blood sampling, urine sampling, and biopsies during the study; 6) Subjects or their legal representatives must be able to understand and sign an informed consent; 7) subjects must have ECOG PS of 0 to 1 and expected survival if at least 3 months; 8) subjects must have adequate bone marrow function (Absolute neutrophil count >1.5 xl09/L; Hemoglobin >9 g/dL; Platelets >75 x 109/L (Transfusions to achieve these levels are allowed)); 9) Subjects must have adequate bone marrow function as evidenced by: a) Absolute neutrophil count >1.5 x 109/L; b)

Hemoglobin >9 g/dL (Subjects are allowed to be transfused to this level) and c)Platelets >75 x 109/L; 10) Subjects must have adequate hepatic function as evidenced by: a) Serum total bilirubin <1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), unless considered due to Gilbert's disease or leukemic organ involvement, and b) Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) <3.0 x ULN, unless considered due to leukemic organ involvement; 11) Subjects must have adequate renal function as evidenced by a serum creatinine <2.0 x ULN or Creatinine clearance >40 mL/min based on the Cockroft-Gault glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

estimation:(140 - Age) x (weight in kg) x (0.85 if female)/72 x serum creatinine; 12) Subjects must be recovered from any clinically relevant toxic effects of any prior surgery, radiotherapy, or other therapy intended for the treatment of cancer. (Subjects with residual Grade 1 toxicity, for example Grade 1 peripheral neuropathy or residual alopecia, are allowed with approval of the Medical Monitor.); and 13) Female subjects with reproductive potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the start of therapy. Subjects with reproductive potential are defined as one who is biologically capable of becoming pregnant. Women of childbearing potential as well as fertile men and their partners must agree to abstain from sexual intercourse or to use an effective form of contraception during the study and for 90 days (females and males) following the last dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, will be provided as 50 and 200 mg strength tablets to be administered orally, twice daily or once daily.

The first 3 subjects in each cohort in the dose escalation portion of the study will receive a single dose of study drug on Day -3; their next dose of study drug will be administered on ClDl at which time subjects will start dosing twice daily (approximately every 12 hours) on Days 1 to 28 in 28-day cycles. Starting with ClDl, dosing is continuous; there are no inter-cycle rest periods. Subjects who are not required to undergo the Day -3 PK/PD assessments will initiate twice daily dosing (approximately every 12 hours) with compound 1, or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof on ClDl.

The dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to a subject will be dependent upon which dose cohort is open for enrollment when the subject qualifies for the study. The starting dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to be administered to the first cohort of subjects is 100 mg strength administered orally twice a day (200 mg/day).

Subjects may continue treatment with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof until disease progression, occurrence of a DLT, or development of other unacceptable toxicity.

Criteria for evaluation

Safety:

AEs, including determination of DLTs, serious adverse events (SAEs), and AEs leading to discontinuation; safety laboratory parameters; physical examination findings; vital signs; 12-lead ECGs; LVEF; and ECOG PS will be monitored during the clinical study. The severity of AEs will be assessed by the NCI CTCAE, Version 4.03.

Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may cause sensitivity to direct and indirect sunlight. The subjects should be warned to avoid direct sun exposure. When exposure to sunlight is anticipated for longer than 15 minutes, the subject should be instructed to apply factor 30 or higher sunscreen to exposed areas and wear protective clothing and sunglasses.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics:

Serial blood samples will be evaluated for determination of concentration-time profiles of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Urine samples will be evaluated for determination of urinary excretion of compound 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Blood, bone marrow, and urine samples will be evaluated for determination of 2-HG levels. Tumor biopsies will be taken for evaluation of 2-HG and compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Pharmacokinetic assessments:

Serial blood samples will be drawn before and after dosing with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in order to determine circulating plasma concentrations of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The blood samples will also be used for the determination of 2-HG concentrations and for evaluation of cholesterol and 4β-ΟΗ- cholesterol levels.

For the first 3 subjects enrolled in a cohort during the dose escalation phase, a single dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, will be administered on Day -3 (i.e., 3 days prior to their scheduled C1D1 dose). Blood samples will be drawn prior to the single-dose administration of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at the following time points after administration: 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 48, and 72 hours. After 72 hours of blood sample collection, subjects will begin oral twice daily dosing of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (i.e., C1D1) . The PK/PD profile from Day -3 through Day 1 is optional for additional subjects enrolled in the dose escalation phase (i.e., for any subjects beyond the 3 initial subjects enrolled in a cohort) and is not required for subjects enrolled in the expansion cohorts.

All subjects will undergo 10-hour PK/PD sampling on C1D15 and C2D1 (i.e., on Days 15 and 29 of twice daily dosing). For this profile, one blood sample will be drawn immediately prior to that day's first dose of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (i.e., dosing with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof will occur at the clinical site); subsequent blood samples will be drawn at the following time points after dosing: 30 minutes, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. Blood samples also will be drawn on Days 8 and 22 of Cycle 1, Day 15 of Cycle 2, Days 1 and 15 of Cycle 3, and Day 1 of each cycle thereafter; all samples will be obtained prior to dosing. Additionally, one blood sample will be drawn at the End of Treatment Visit.

The timing of blood samples drawn for compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof concentration determination may be changed if the emerging data indicates that an alteration in the sampling scheme is needed to better characterize the PK profile of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Pharmakodynamic assessments:

Serial blood samples will be drawn before and after dosing with compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in order to determine circulating concentrations of 2- HG. Samples collected for PK assessments also will be used to assess 2-HG levels. In addition, subjects will have blood drawn for determination of 2-HG levels at the screening assessment. The timing of blood samples drawn for 2-HG concentration determination may be changed if the emerging data indicate that an alteration in the sampling scheme is needed to better characterize the 2-HG response to compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof treatment.

Urine will be collected for the determination of concentrations of 2-HG levels at the screening assessment and prior to dosing on Day 15 of Cycle 1 and on Day 1 of Cycle 2 and every cycle thereafter. At least 20 mL of urine will be collected for each sample.

The volume of each collection will be measured and recorded and sent to a central laboratory for determination of urinary 2-HG concentration. An aliquot from each collection will be analyzed for urinary creatinine concentration.

Tumor biopsy specimens will be collected and assessed for 2-HG levels, at the screening assessment, at the time of the first disease assessment, and at any time disease progression is suspected. A window of +3 days around the planned assessment time point is acceptable for all biopsy samples. Tumor biopsies are to be evaluated for morphology and for cellular

differentiation via hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and ICH for specific cell-type markers. Tumor samples may also be evaluated for 2-HG levels, Ki67 levels, and, if feasible, intra- tumoral compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof levels.

Serial blood samples will be drawn to obtain plasma cholesterol and 4p-OH-cholesterol levels as a potential CYP3A4 induction marker. Samples are obtained on Day -3 (within 30 minutes), at 24, 48, and 72 hours (+1 hour), and on Days 8, 15 and 22 of Cycle 1, Days 1 and 15 of Cycles 2 and 3, and Day 1 of every cycle thereafter.

Clinical Activity:

Radiographic assessments (CT or MRI) to obtain tumor measurements will be evaluated during the clinical study to determine response to treatment according to by assessing response to compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof treatment according to RECIST vl.l (Eisenhauer, et al. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228-47) for subjects without glioma, or by modified RANO criteria for subjects with glioma (Wen, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(11): 1963-72).

Radiographic assessments (CT or MRI) to obtain tumor measurements will be conducted at screening and every 56 days thereafter while on compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof treatment, independent of dose delays and/or dose interruptions, and/or at any time when progression of disease is suspected. An assessment also will be conducted at the End of Treatment visit for subjects who discontinue the study due to reasons other than disease progression. For subjects with glioma, 1H-MRS will also be performed as a part of an exploratory analysis on the same schedule as CT/MRI scans with an additional scan on Day 29; results of 1H-MRS scans will not be used to make decisions regarding treatment continuation status.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses will be primarily descriptive in nature since the goal of the study is to determine the MTD of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Tabulations will be produced for appropriate disposition, demographic, baseline, safety, PK, PD, and clinical activity parameters and will be presented by dose level and overall. Categorical variables will be summarized by frequency distributions (number and percentages of subjects) and continuous variables will be summarized by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum).

Adverse events will be summarized by Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system organ class and preferred term. Separate tabulations will be produced for all treatment- emergent AEs (TEAEs), treatment-related AEs (those considered by the Investigator as at least possibly drug related), SAEs, discontinuations due to AEs, and AEs of at least Grade 3 severity. By-subject listings will be provided for deaths, SAEs, DLTs, and AEs leading to discontinuation of treatment.

Descriptive statistics will be provided for clinical laboratory, ECG interval, LVEF, and vital signs data, presented as both actual values and changes from baseline relative to each on- study evaluation and to the last evaluation on study. Shift analyses will be conducted for laboratory parameters and ECOG PS.

Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize PK parameters for each dose group and, where appropriate, for the entire population. The potential relationship between plasma levels of compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and blood, plasma or urine 2-HG levels will be explored with descriptive and graphical methods.

Response to treatment as assessed by the site Investigators using, RECIST (for subjects without glioma), or modified RANO criteria (for subjects with glioma) will be tabulated. Two- sided 90% confidence intervals on the response rates will be calculated for each dose level and overall. Data will also be summarized by type of malignancy for subjects in the cohort expansion phase. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize Ki67 levels from tumor biopsies.

While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, these particular embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention, which is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific

embodiments.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes knowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The issued patents, applications, and references that are cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the case of inconsistencies, the present disclosure, including definitions, will control.

Claims

We claim:

1. A method of treating advanced solid tumors in a subject, each characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDHl, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) a compound (S)-N-((S)-l-(2- chlorophenyl)-2-((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-l-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-N-(5- fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (Compound 1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion; Form 1 of the Compound 1; or Form 2 of the Compound 1; and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the advanced solid tumors is selected from glioma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (IHCC), chondrosarcoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a particular percentage by weight of Compound 1 is crystalline.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the particular weight percentage of Compound 1 is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9%.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the particular weight percentage of Compound 1 is between 10% and 100%.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a particular percentage by weight of Compound 1 is crystalline, and the remainder of Compound 1 is the amorphous form of Compound 1.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein Compound 1 comprises a single crystalline form of Compound 1 or a mixture of different single crystalline forms.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein Compound 1 is at least 90% by weight crystalline.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein Compound 1 is at least 95% by weight crystalline.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein Compound 1 is at least 99% by weight crystalline.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein Form 1 of Compound 1 is characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern shown in FIG. 1, and the data shown in Table 1.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the single crystalline form is characterized by one or more of the peaks shown in FIG. 1, and as shown in Table 1.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the single crystalline form is characterized by one or two or three or four or five or six or seven or eight or nine of the peaks shown in Table 1.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein Form 1 is characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 8.6, 15.6, 18.5, 20.6, 21.6, and 26.4°.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein Form 1 is characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 8.6, 15.6, 18.5, and 21.6°.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein Form 2 of the Compound 1 is characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern shown in FIG. 4, and the data shown in Table 2.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein Form 2 is characterized by one or more of the peaks shown in FIG. 4, and as shown in Table 2.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein Form 2 is characterized by one or two or three or four or five or six or seven or eight or nine of the peaks shown in Table 2.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein Form 2 is characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 9.8, 11.6, 19.6, 22.5, 23.0, and 31.4°.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein Form 2 is characterized by the peaks identified at 2Θ angles of 9.8, 11.6, 19.6, and 23.0°.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid dispersion comprises a water-soluble polymer.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid dispersion comprises one partially water- soluble polymer.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the polymer is a cellulose polymer.

24. The method of claim 21, wherein the efficacy of treatment of advanced solid tumors is monitored by measuring the levels of 2HG in the subject.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is evaluated prior to and/or after treatment with the pharmaceutical composition comprising: (a) Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion; Form 1 of the Compound 1; or Form 2 of the Compound 1; and optionally (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s), wherein the method comprises determining the 2HG level in the subject.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the 2HG level is determined by spectroscopic analysis.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the spectroscopic analysis comprises magnetic resonance-based analysis.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein the spectroscopic analysis comprises MRI and/or MRS measurement; sample analysis of bodily fluid; or by analysis of surgical material.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the bodily fluid comprises blood, plasma, urine, or spinal cord fluid.

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the surgical material is analyzed by mass-spectroscopy.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the mass-spectroscopy comprises LC-MS or GC-MS.

32. The method of claim 1, wherein the advanced solid tumors are characterized by a mutant allele of IDHl, wherein the IDHl mutation results in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NAPH-dependent reduction of a-ketoglutarate to R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the mutant IDHl has an R132X mutation.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the R132X mutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the R132X mutation is R132H or R132C.

36. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as part of a solid dispersion.

37. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof Form 1 of the Compound 1.

38. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject in need thereof Form 2 of the Compound 1.