WO2015096672A1 - 测试装置 - Google Patents

测试装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015096672A1
WO2015096672A1 PCT/CN2014/094458 CN2014094458W WO2015096672A1 WO 2015096672 A1 WO2015096672 A1 WO 2015096672A1 CN 2014094458 W CN2014094458 W CN 2014094458W WO 2015096672 A1 WO2015096672 A1 WO 2015096672A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
water flow
testing device
pipe
inlet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/094458
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
冯怀平
常建梅
李铁林
林延杰
叶朝良
王天亮
王志鹏
刘亚飞
Original Assignee
石家庄铁道大学
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CN201310716893.5A external-priority patent/CN103743883B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201310716611.1A external-priority patent/CN103743882B/zh
Application filed by 石家庄铁道大学 filed Critical 石家庄铁道大学
Priority to US14/768,621 priority Critical patent/US9453829B2/en
Publication of WO2015096672A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015096672A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D1/00—Investigation of foundation soil in situ
    • E02D1/02—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work
    • E02D1/022—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work by investigating mechanical properties of the soil
    • E02D1/025—Investigation of foundation soil in situ before construction work by investigating mechanical properties of the soil combined with sampling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G01N15/0806—Details, e.g. sample holders, mounting samples for testing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • G01N33/246—Earth materials for water content

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a testing device, in particular to a testing device suitable for engineering properties of unsaturated soil, belonging to the technical field of geotechnical engineering.
  • the soil is composed of a solid phase (soil particles), a liquid phase (porous water), and a gas phase (gas contained in the soil).
  • the soil particles are completely filled with a liquid phase, that is, a saturated soil.
  • the pores in the soil are filled with water and air, that is, when the saturation is less than one hundred percent, the soil is defined as unsaturated soil.
  • the unsaturated soil water characteristic curve is used to reflect the relationship between matrix suction and volumetric water content, which is important for determining the shear strength, volume change and permeability coefficient of unsaturated soil.
  • the soil-water characteristic curve has obvious hysteresis, that is, the dehydration curve is higher than the wetting curve, and the two form a hysteresis loop.
  • the intake air value (AEV) of unsaturated soil refers to the matrix suction necessary to cause the maximum porosity in the soil to be unsaturated, and is an important parameter for dividing the soil in saturated and unsaturated state.
  • Intake value The degree has a great influence on the dehumidification scan line of the high saturation region, and plays an important role in the design of the capillary block type anti-seepage layer in engineering applications. Therefore, accurately determining the intake value of a material becomes a very important task in the test of hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils.
  • the pressure plate instrument is one of the basic equipment for determining the characteristic curve of unsaturated soil and water.
  • the commonly used test instruments such as: Fredlund SWCC pressure plate instrument, Geoexpert pressure plate instrument, patent utility number 201120271620.0 also provide a soil water characteristic. Curve tester.
  • Fredlund SWCC pressure plate instrument due to the migration effect in the drainage test, bubbles appear under the clay plate, and the bubbles are generated and collected in the drainage pipe, and the volume is easily mistakenly read as the displacement, thereby affecting the accuracy of the displacement test.
  • most of the current methods are used to discharge the bubbles by repeated scouring, which not only makes the operation steps more complicated, but also increases the difficulty of the test work. Therefore, the development of a test device that can automatically discharge the bubble of the susceptor is of great significance for accurately testing the soil water characteristic curve.
  • the current pressure plate instruments are based on the axis translation technology.
  • the water pressure in the soil is zero, that is, the applied pressure is the matrix suction in the soil.
  • the displacement of the above instrument The pipe is often fixed on the instrument stand.
  • the initial liquid level in the measuring tube is generally higher than the soil sample by 20 ⁇ 30CM, so that the actual water pressure of 2 ⁇ 3KPa will be generated under the soil, and the water level will rise as the displacement pipe rises.
  • This changing water pressure which is often present in the soil, has a very significant effect on the test accuracy of the unsaturated soil intake value and the hysteresis curve test.
  • the above test instruments have the following three shortcomings:
  • the intake value can not accurately test the problem, because the soil sample intake value is generally between 5 ⁇ 20kPa, so the 2 ⁇ 3kPa error caused by the 20 ⁇ 30cm high head has a significant impact on the intake value test.
  • a test device comprising a closable cavity and a water flow channel, the water flow channel being located below the cavity, and a moisture transport channel between the water flow channel and the interior of the cavity;
  • the water flow channel includes a water inlet and a water outlet, and the water inlet has a depth greater than a depth of the water outlet.
  • the water flow channel is curved to extend.
  • the top view of the water flow channel is spiral.
  • the water flow grooves are in an equidistant spiral shape.
  • the depth of the water flow groove decreases linearly from the water inlet to the water outlet.
  • the water flow groove is formed by a downward depression of a block-shaped base upper surface.
  • the upper surface of the base is provided with a vertical cylinder, and the upper end surface of the cylinder covers a cover plate, and the cover plate, the cylinder and the base are enclosed to form the cavity.
  • the upper surface of the base extends upwardly with a stud, and the stud passes through the cover and is locked by a nut, so that the cover presses the tube against the upper surface of the base .
  • the cover plate is provided with air holes.
  • the air hole is connected to an air flow channel, and the air flow channel is provided with an air flow control valve.
  • the central portion of the upper surface of the base is integrally recessed downward to form a shallow groove for accommodating a clay plate, and the water flow groove is located below the shallow groove.
  • At least a portion of the shallow groove extends below the side wall of the barrel to enable the side wall of the barrel to define the clay plate.
  • the circumference of the clay plate is bonded with a protective steel ring.
  • At least a portion of the protective steel ring is located below a side wall of the barrel to enable the The side walls of the barrel can define the protective steel ring and the clay plate.
  • an O-ring seal is used between the outer circumference of the protective steel ring and the side wall of the shallow groove.
  • the water inlet communicates with an end of a vertical inlet pipe, and a tip of the inlet pipe is provided with a sealing rubber plug, and the side wall of the inlet pipe is provided with an elbow communicating with the atmosphere, the elbow is higher than the The upper surface of the water flow groove, and the height difference between the curved pipe and the water flow groove is at least equal to the height of the clay plate for being placed above the water flow groove.
  • the end of the elbow is an upward open funnel structure.
  • an inlet water control valve is disposed between the inlet pipe and the associated water inlet.
  • the height of the inlet pipe is adjustable on a crossbar of a cross-shaped gantry.
  • the water outlet is in communication with a sidewall of a drain pipe, a drain interface of the drain pipe communicating with the water outlet is higher than an upper surface of the water flow channel, and the drain interface and the water flow
  • the height difference of the grooves is at least equal to the height of the clay plate for placement over the water flow channels.
  • the drain interface is a downwardly inclined thin tube.
  • the angle between the drainage interface and the drain pipe is 80 degrees.
  • the drain interface is 10 cm from the upper end of the drain.
  • the upper end of the drain pipe is a narrowing structure with a reduced inner diameter.
  • the drain pipe is height-adjustable on the crossbar of the other cross-shaped gantry.
  • the water inlet and the water outlet are high and low.
  • the bubbles generated by the lower part of the clay plate are collected in the groove, and are floated by the buoyancy to be discharged through the water outlet, thereby eliminating the cumbersome operation of repeated flushing.
  • the water pressure at the bottom of the clay plate is ensured during the intake value test, and the precision of the matrix suction control is improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of the present invention (a pedestal or the like is a cross-sectional structure);
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic top plan view of a susceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of an inlet pipe according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic structural view of a drain pipe according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is an enlarged structural view showing a soil sample, a clay plate and a susceptor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the present invention includes a closable cavity 200 (used as a pressure chamber) and a water flow channel 4 which can be both closed and communicated with the outside air. Its internal space is used to place soil samples that test the properties of unsaturated soils9.
  • the water flow channel 4 is located below the cavity 200 for the soil sample 9 to deliver water.
  • the water flow groove 4 includes a water inlet 41 and a water outlet 42, and the depth of the water inlet 41 is greater than the depth of the water outlet 42. That is, in FIGS. 1 and 3, the height of the water outlet 42 is higher than the water inlet 41.
  • the water flow groove 4 of the present embodiment is curved and extended, and the non-linear extension design can increase the effective drainage area of the clay plate 8 and ensure the pressure bearing capacity of the clay plate 8. Further, in plan view, the top view is spiral. As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, the water flow grooves 4 are equidistantly spiraled, that is, the adjacent groove pitches in Fig. 3 are substantially equal.
  • both FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 also show the depth variation of the water flow groove 4, that is, from the water inlet 41 to the water outlet 42, the depth of the water flow groove 4 is smoothly and linearly reduced, that is, It is said that from the water inlet 41, the bottom surface of the water flow groove 4 is gradually increased, and the change in the middle is substantially linear.
  • the water flow groove 4 is formed by recessing the upper surface of the block-shaped base 40 downward.
  • the base 40 is further provided with a water inlet passage 411 extending horizontally for the water inlet 41 to communicate with the outside, and a water outlet passage 421 for connecting the water outlet 42 to the outside to facilitate the water inlet 41 and the water outlet of the water flow groove 4.
  • 42 is respectively connected to the water inlet pipe 3 and the water outlet pipe 5 respectively.
  • the top of the water outlet passage 421 abuts against the lower surface of the clay plate 8.
  • the upper surface of the base 40 is provided with a vertical cylinder 10, such as a cylinder or the like, which forms a side surface of the cavity 200, and the stud 11 can be passed between the cover 12 and the cylinder 10 and the base 40.
  • the cavity 200 is formed into a unitary structure.
  • the upper surface of the base 40 extends upwardly with studs 11, that is, the lower end of the stud 11 is fixed to the base 40, and the studs 11 are plural. , evenly distributed on the outer side of the cylinder 10.
  • the upper end of the stud 11 passes through the cover plate 12 and is locked by a nut 111, so that the cover plate 12 presses the barrel 10 against the upper surface of the base 40.
  • the cover plate 12 is provided with a vent hole 120 to realize the circulation of the cavity 200 with the outside air.
  • the air hole 120 is also connected to an air flow channel, such as the air pipe 14 , and the air pipe 14 is provided with an air flow control valve 13 . To achieve free control of the flow of the chamber 200 with the outside air.
  • the central portion of the upper surface of the base 40 is integrally recessed downward to form a shallow groove 401 for accommodating the clay plate 8, and the water flow groove 4 is entirely located in the shallow groove.
  • the shallow groove 401 extends below the side wall of the barrel 10 such that the side wall of the barrel 10 can be pressed against the edge of the clay plate 8 embedded in the shallow groove 401 to define the position of the clay plate 8. More preferably, as shown in FIG.
  • the circumference of the clay plate 8 is bonded with a protective steel ring 81, for example, by epoxy bonding, to prevent the edge of the clay plate 8 from being damaged, and thus the protective steel ring 81 can also be protected.
  • At least a portion (e.g., its edge) is located below the side wall of the barrel 10, preventing the edge of the clay board 8 from being directly pressed under the side wall of the barrel 10.
  • an O-ring seal is used between the outer circumference of the protective steel ring and the side wall of the shallow groove 401 (the curved groove in FIG. 6 is used for embedding the O-ring) to further increase the sealing effect of the cavity 200. .
  • the water inlet passage 411 communicates with the end of the vertical inlet pipe 1 through a water inlet port 3 and an inlet control valve 2 provided on the inlet port 3.
  • a sealing rubber plug 103 is disposed at the top end of the inlet pipe 1
  • a bent pipe 101 communicating with the atmosphere is disposed on the side wall of the inlet pipe 1
  • the elbow 101 is higher than the upper surface of the water flow groove 4, and the elbow 101 is
  • the height difference from the water flow channel 4 is at least equal to the height of the clay plate 8 placed above the water flow channel 4.
  • the dotted line 100 is equal in height to the upper surface of the clay plate 8, and the height of the elbow 101 is equal to the height of the broken line 100.
  • the curved pipe 101 which is equal to the clay plate 8 and communicates with the outside can achieve a constant water level hydration to the soil sample 9.
  • the curved pipe 101 which is equal to the clay plate 8 and communicates with the outside can achieve a constant water level hydration to the soil sample 9.
  • the constant water level hydration during the whole immersion experiment is realized, and the test accuracy of the unsaturated soil immersion curve is greatly improved.
  • the inlet pipe 1 (modified Martens flask) has an advantage that it is not affected by temperature and pressure, and the measurement error is small, because the end of the elbow 101 is upward in order to facilitate adjustment of the amount of water in the inlet pipe 1 and the elbow 101.
  • the open funnel structure 102 is shown in FIG. In the conventional Martens flask, when the indoor temperature and the air pressure change, water overflows in the elbow 101. In this embodiment, an open funnel structure 102 is arranged at the outlet of the elbow 101 to store the overflow water when the external conditions change. This achieves water volume adjustment and improves the accuracy of the water intake test.
  • the height of the inlet pipe 1 may need to be adjusted, so the inlet pipe 1 of the present embodiment is fixed to the cross bar 153 of a cross-shaped gantry 151, and the crossbar 153 is height-adjustable.
  • the drain pipe 7 described below is also height-adjustable on the crossbar 154 of the cross-shaped gantry 152.
  • the water outlet 42 of the present embodiment communicates with the side wall of the drain pipe 7 through the water outlet passage 421, the water outlet port pipe 5, and the outlet water control valve 6 attached to the water outlet port pipe 5, and the surface of the drain pipe 7
  • a scale is also provided.
  • the surface of the aforementioned inlet pipe 1 is also provided with a scale for reading the water level data in time.
  • a drain control valve 16 is attached to the lower end of the drain pipe 7.
  • the drain interface 72 of the drain pipe 7 communicating with the water outlet port 5 is higher than the upper surface of the water channel 4, and the difference in height between the drain port 72 and the water channel 4 is at least equal to the clay plate placed above the water channel 4.
  • the height of 8, that is, the height of the drain interface 72 is comparable to the dashed line 100.
  • the height of the side introduction drainage port 72 of the drain pipe 7 is equal to the broken line 100, and the effect is the same as that of the top surface of the fixed pipe inlet pipe 1 and the top surface of the clay plate 8 is the same, so that the tested soil sample 9 is dehydrated, The water pressure gradient is zero during the wetting process to ensure the accuracy of the test results.
  • the drain port 72 is a downwardly inclined thin tube that is approximately 10 cm from the upper end of the drain pipe 7. Further, the angle ⁇ between the thin tube and the drain pipe 7 is 80 degrees.
  • the slanted design of the drain interface 72 facilitates smooth drainage of water and prevents air from flowing back into the susceptor 40.
  • the upper end of the drain pipe 7 is a constricted structure 71 having a reduced inner diameter.
  • the shrinkage design can reduce the evaporation of water in the drain pipe 7 and reduce the measurement error.
  • oil-water characteristic curve or “soil-water characteristic curve” are used to reflect the relationship between matrix suction and volumetric water content, and can be used interchangeably and have the same meaning.
  • the drain pipe 7 of the present embodiment improves the design of the existing "pressure-bearing" drain pipe, and can realize the “waterless pressure” drain pipe device, so that the entire unsaturated soil drainage experiment process, the clay plate 8 The water pressure is zero, which solves the problem of water pressure fluctuation in the traditional test method and improves the test accuracy of the intake air value.
  • the fixed head inlet pipe 1 is fixed to the gantry 15 to ensure that the bent pipe 101 on the side wall of the inlet pipe 1 is higher than the center of the bottom surface of the soil sample 9 (i.e., the top surface of the clay plate 8) (the height of the broken line 100) by 1 cm.
  • the water inlet pipe 3 is connected to the water inlet pipe 1 and the water inlet control valve 2 is closed. After the water inlet pipe 1 is filled with water, the sealing rubber plug 103 is sealed.
  • the drain pipe 7 is fixed on the gantry 15 to ensure that the height of the drain interface 72 is consistent with the height of the top surface of the clay plate 8, and the drain interface 72 is connected to the water outlet port 5.
  • the water inlet control valve 2 is opened, and after the water flows through the water flow groove 4, the water outlet pipe 5 flows out, and after the excess gas is removed to form a stable water flow, the water inlet control valve 2 is closed, the water outlet control valve 6 is closed, and the drainage control valve 16 is opened. Excess water to a reasonable water level.
  • the soil sample is saturated in vacuum.
  • a soil sample 9 (with a ring cutter) is placed in the pressure chamber cavity 200, and the cover plate 12 is capped and the nut 111 is locked to the stud 11 to achieve sealing and fixing of the cavity 200.
  • the water inlet control valve 2 and the water outlet control valve 6 are closed, and the gas pipe 14 is connected to the vacuum pump to start pumping a negative atmospheric pressure for one hour.
  • the water inlet control valve 2 is opened, and the water enters the water flow groove 4 from the inlet pipe 1, and enters the soil sample 9 through the clay plate 8 under the pressure difference between the upper and lower waters (note that the inlet pipe 1 needs to be replenished in time), and the water inflow is recorded.
  • the inlet water control valve 2 is closed, and the pumping is stopped. After one hour of rest, the pressure chamber is freely inhaled.
  • the gas pipe 14 is connected to the air pressure source, and a pressure of 2 kPa is applied to open the water outlet control valve 6, and the water level of the drain pipe 7 is observed. When it is stable, it indicates that excess water in the cavity 200 has been discharged, and the soil sample 9 is saturated.
  • the inlet water control valve 2 is kept open, and the water outlet control valve 6 is closed, and is kept for 1 to 2 days to fully saturate the clay plate 8 and the soil sample 9.
  • the water inlet control valve 2 is closed, and the water outlet control valve 6 is opened for one day to allow excess water in the chamber 200 to flow out.
  • the pressure generally increases according to the following rules: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100, 250, 500 (kPa), the pressure increase is slow at the beginning to test the unearthed The intake value of the body.
  • the air pressure is kept constant, the water inlet control valve 2 is opened, the base 4 is flushed, and then the water outlet control valve 6 is closed, and the water inlet control valve 2 is closed.
  • the air pressure is gradually reduced step by step. Under the air pressure state of each stage, after the water is stabilized, the water immersion amount under the air pressure of the stage is read and recorded on the inlet pipe 1, and the indoor pressure and temperature are kept constant during the reading.
  • the water outlet groove and the water inlet of the present invention are high and low.
  • bubbles are generated in the water flow groove, and the bubble is floated by the buoyancy force to discharge the bubble through the high water outlet, and the bubble is discharged. It is discharged from the upper outlet of the drain pipe and does not enter the drain pipe water, thus avoiding the influence of air on the test results.
  • the automatic discharge of the bubbles also eliminates the cumbersome steps of repeated flushing.
  • the invention optimizes the design of the inlet pipe, thereby providing an elbow provided on the side wall to communicate with the atmosphere to ensure that the inlet water pressure is constant.
  • an open funnel structure is provided at the outlet of the elbow to store overflow water caused by changes in external conditions, and the accuracy of the water inflow test is improved.
  • the side inlet pipe of the drain pipe and the upper pipe on the side wall of the inlet pipe are in the same height as the top surface of the clay plate, so that the water pressure gradient of the tested soil sample during the dehydration and wetting process is zero, and the accuracy of the test result can be ensured.
  • the nozzle of the drain pipe adopts a shrinkage design, which can reduce the evaporation of water in the drain pipe and reduce the measurement error; the side inlet pipe and the drain pipe are obliquely connected, which is favorable for the smooth discharge of water and avoids the backflow of air into the base.
  • the inner diameter of the cylinder is smaller than the outer rim design of the clay plate, so that the test device can perform vacuum saturation inside the cavity, avoiding the problem of sample disturbance caused by external saturation.
  • the present invention provides a non-saturated soil testing device with good operability, which can ensure the reliability of the measurement result and avoid the cumbersomeness of repeatedly flushing to discharge air bubbles.

Abstract

一种测试装置，包括可封闭的腔体（200）和水流沟槽（4），水流沟槽（4）位于腔体（200）的下方，并且水流沟槽（4）和腔体（200）内部之间存在水分输送通道（8）。水流沟槽（4）包括进水口（41）和出水口（42），进水口（41）的深度大于出水口（42）的深度。排水管（7）的侧导入管以及进水管（1）侧壁上弯管（101）与陶土板顶面高度一致，使被测试土样在脱水、浸湿过程中水压梯度为零，可以保证测试结果的准确性。排水管（7）管口采用缩口设计（71），可以减少排水管（7）内水的蒸发，降低测量误差。侧导入管与排水管（7）倾斜连接，既有利于水顺利排出，又避免空气倒流进入基座中。该非饱和土测试装置，既可保证测量结果的精确性和可靠性，又避免反复冲刷以排出气泡之繁琐。

Description

测试装置
优先权
本发明要求在2013年12月23日提交中国知识产权局的申请号为CN201310716611.1、名称为“一种非饱和土进气值测定装置”以及在2013年12月23日提交中国知识产权局的申请号为CN201310716893.5、名称为“一种测试非饱和土滞回曲线的装置和方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本发明中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种测试装置，特别是一种适用于非饱和土的工程特性的测试装置，属于岩土工程技术领域。
背景技术
一般认为，土是由固相(土颗粒)、液相(孔隙水)和气相(土中所含气体)三相构成，在土颗粒空隙完全由液相填充，即为饱和土。反之，土中孔隙由水和空气填充，即饱和度小于百分之百时，定义该土为非饱和土。
岩土工程常涉及非饱和土的工程特性方面问题，研究非饱和土的工程特性应先从非饱和土的土水特性着手。无论是应用领域还是研究领域，提供准确的非饱和土的土水特性对于岩土工程技术至关重要。非饱和土土水特性曲线用于反映基质吸力与体积含水量之间的关系，其对于确定非饱和土的抗剪强度、体积变化、渗透系数等都有重要意义。土水特征曲线存在着明显的滞回现象，即脱水曲线要高于浸湿曲线，两者形成一个滞回圈。这就说明在相同的净压力与基质吸力下，土的饱和度可能会存在不同，可能表现出不同的抗剪强度、渗透系数。土的滞回问题广泛存在与工程实际中，如受库区水位变化影响，边坡必然经历多次脱水－浸湿－脱水过程。因此精确测试非饱和土的滞回现象对于研究非饱和土理论以及工程设计有着极为重要的意义。
非饱和土的进气值(AEV)是指引起土体内部最大孔隙产生非饱和所必须的基质吸力，是划分土体处于饱和与非饱和的状态的重要参数。进气值的精 度对起点在高饱和度区的脱湿扫描线有较大的影响，在工程应用中对于毛细阻滞型防渗层设计也起到至关重要的作用。因此，准确测定材料的进气值成为非饱和土水力学特性测试中一项非常重要的工作。
压力板仪是测定非饱和土土水特性曲线基本设备之一，常用的测试仪器如：Fredlund SWCC压力板仪、Geoexpert压力板仪，专利号为201120271620.0的中国实用新型专利也提供一种土水特性曲线测试仪。这些测试方法，排水测试中由于运移作用，在陶土板下出现气泡，气泡生成并在排水管路中汇集，其体积容易被错误的读作排水量，进而影响了排水量测试的准确性。为解决这个问题，目前大多采用反复冲刷的方法将气泡排出，这样不仅使得操作步骤更为繁琐，也增加了测试工作的难度。因此，研制一种可自动排出基座气泡的测试装置，对于精确测试土水特性曲线有着重要意义。
同时，目前的压力板仪都是基于轴平移技术，进行非饱和土进气值测定过程时，一般假设土体下水压力为零，即施加气压即为土中基质吸力，然而，上述仪器的排水量管常被固定在仪器台架上，量管内初始液面一般要高于土样20～30CM左右，这样就会在土下产生2～3KPa的实际水压力，且随着排水量管内水位上升不断上升，这个常存在于土中的变化的水压力对于非饱和土进气值的测试精度以及滞回曲线测试有着非常明显的影响。具体说上述测试仪器存在以下三方面的不足：
1、浸湿实验在低基质吸力下时，由于气压降低、进水管水压作用，会在陶土板上汇集多余积水，出现土样泡软等现象，造成进水量测试误差。
2、进气值无法准确测试问题，由于土样进气值一般在5～20kPa之间居多，因此20～30cm高的水头造成的2～3kPa误差对与进气值测试影响十分明显。
3、非饱和土土水特性滞回曲线测试过程中由于无法中间终止实验取样测试，因此要求土样初始应为饱和状态，传统土样饱和一般采用压力室外水头饱和或者反压饱和，然后放置入压力室中进行测试，但是无论哪种方法都存在搬运过程中扰动土样的问题，对于饱和原装土样受震动后容易轻微液化，使得一些原始的空隙变小，即改变了原状土的结构形式，影响了土体的进气值的精确测试，也改变原状土的土水特性的形状。
因此，研制一种土样在脱水、浸湿过程中都处于零水压梯度状态，且能 够直接在压力室内对试样进行真空饱和的装置，对于精确测定非饱和土土水特性曲线的滞回问题有着重要意义。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术，本发明的目的是提供一种简便、精确测定非饱和土土水特性的测试装置，以至少解决现有技术的缺陷之一。
为了实现本发明的目的，本发明提供的技术方案如下：
一种测试装置，其包括可封闭的腔体和水流沟槽，所述水流沟槽位于所述腔体的下方，并且所述水流沟槽和所述腔体内部之间存在水分输送通道；所述水流沟槽包括进水口和出水口，所述进水口的深度大于所述出水口的深度。
优选地，所述水流沟槽弯曲延伸。
优选地，所述水流沟槽的俯视图呈螺旋形。
优选地，所述水流沟槽呈等距螺旋形。
优选地，自所述进水口至所述出水口，所述水流沟槽的深度线性减小。
优选地，所述水流沟槽由一块状的基座上表面向下凹陷形成。
优选地，所述基座的上表面设有一竖直的筒，所述筒上端面覆盖一盖板，所述盖板、筒、基座围合形成所述腔体。
优选地，所述基座上表面向上延伸有螺柱，所述螺柱穿过所述盖板后由螺母锁紧，从而使所述盖板压紧所述筒于所述基座的上表面。
优选地，所述盖板上设有气孔。
优选地，所述气孔与一气流通道连接，所述气流通道上设有一气流控制阀。
优选地，所述基座的上表面中心区域向下整体凹陷，以形成用于容纳一陶土板的浅槽，所述水流沟槽位于所述浅槽下方。
优选地，所述浅槽的至少一部分延伸至所述筒的侧壁下方，以使所述筒的侧壁能够限定所述陶土板。
优选地，所述陶土板的圆周粘接有一保护钢圈。
优选地，所述保护钢圈的至少一部分位于所述筒的侧壁下方，以使所述 筒的侧壁能够限定所述保护钢圈及陶土板。
优选地，所述保护钢圈的外圆周与所述浅槽的侧壁之间采用O型圈密封。
优选地，所述进水口与一竖直的进水管的末端连通，且所述进水管顶端设置密封胶塞，所述进水管侧壁设置与大气连通的弯管，所述弯管高于所述水流沟槽的上表面，且所述弯管与所述水流沟槽的高度差至少等于用于放置在所述水流沟槽上方的陶土板的高度。
优选地，所述弯管的末端为向上的敞口漏斗结构。
优选地，所述进水管和所属进水口之间设有进水控制阀。
优选地，所述进水管高度可调的设置在一十字形台架的横杆上。
优选地，所述出水口与一排水管的侧壁连通，所述排水管的与所述出水口连通的排水接口高于所述水流沟槽的上表面，且所述排水接口与所述水流沟槽的高度差至少等于用于放置在所述水流沟槽上方的陶土板的高度。
优选地，所述排水接口为向下倾斜的细管。
优选地，所述排水接口与所述排水管之间的夹角为80度。
优选地，所述排水接口距离所述排水管的上端10cm。
优选地，所述排水管的上端为内径缩小的缩口结构。
优选地，所述排水管高度可调的设置在另一十字形台架的横杆上。
本发明中，进水口、出水口一高一低，在应用时，陶土板低部运移产生的气泡在沟槽中汇集后，受浮力作用上浮经出水口排出，免去反复冲刷的繁琐操作步骤，又保证进气值测试过程中陶土板底部无水压力，提高基质吸力控制的精度。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例的结构示意图(基座等为剖视结构)；
图2为本发明实施例的基座俯视结构示意图；
图3为图2中沿线A－A的剖面图；
图4为本发明实施例的进水管的结构示意图；
图5为本发明实施例的排水管的结构示意图；
图6为本发明实施例的土样、陶土板和基座的放大结构视图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做进一步详细说明。
如图1、图2和图3所示，本发明实施例包括可封闭的腔体200(作为压力室使用)和水流沟槽4，腔体200既可以实现封闭，又可以与外界空气连通，其内部空间用于放置测试非饱和土特性的土样9。水流沟槽4位于腔体200的下方，用于土样9输水。水流沟槽4和腔体200内部之间存在水分输送通道，例如位于腔体200和水流沟槽4之间的陶土板8。水流沟槽4包括进水口41和出水口42，进水口41的深度大于出水口42的深度。也即，在图1、图3中，出水口42的高度高于进水口41。
利用本实施例对土样9进行脱湿曲线测试时，由于出水口42高于进水口41，由于运移作用在陶土板8底部的水流沟槽4中产生的气泡受浮力作用经出水接口管5排入排水管7中，且测试过程中气泡的存在不影响排水量测试，这样既可以避免反复冲刷的繁琐操作，也可以提高排水量测的精度。
如图2所示，本实施例的水流沟槽4弯曲延伸，非直线延伸设计既可以增加陶土板8的有效排水面积，又保证陶土板8的承压能力。进一步地，俯视观之，其俯视图呈螺旋形。再如图1、图3所示，水流沟槽4呈等距螺旋形，也即在图3中相邻的沟槽间距基本相等。
在本实施例中，图1、图3也都显示出了水流沟槽4的深度变化，也即，自进水口41至出水口42，水流沟槽4的深度平滑线性地减小，也就是说从进水口41开始，水流沟槽4的底面逐步升高，中间的变化基本呈线性。
再如图1、图3所示，水流沟槽4由一块状的基座40上表面向下凹陷形成。基于此，基座40中还设有水平延伸并用于进水口41连通外部的进水通道411、用于出水口42连通外部的出水通道421，以便于水流沟槽4的进水口41、出水口42分别和进水接口管3、出水接口管5分别连接。优选地，出水通道421的顶部紧贴陶土板8的下表面。
如图1所示，基座40的上表面设有一竖直的筒10，例如圆筒等，其构成腔体200的侧面，盖板12与筒10和基座40之间通过螺柱11可以成为为一体结构，形成腔体200。
为了将盖板12固定、密封地覆盖在筒10上，基座40上表面向上延伸有螺柱11，也即螺柱11的下端是固定于基座40上的，并且螺柱11为多个，均布于筒10的外侧。螺柱11的上端穿过盖板12后由螺母111锁紧，从而使盖板12压紧筒10于基座40的上表面。
如图1，盖板12上设有气孔120，以实现腔体200与外界空气的流通，气孔120还与一气流通道，例如气管14，连接，且该气管14上设有一气流控制阀13，以实现对腔体200与外界空气流通的自由控制。
至少为了准确限定前述陶土板8的位置，如图3所示，基座40的上表面中心区域向下整体凹陷，形成用于容纳陶土板8的浅槽401，水流沟槽4整体位于浅槽401下方。进一步地，浅槽401的至少一部分延伸至筒10的侧壁下方，以使筒10的侧壁能够压置在嵌入浅槽401中的陶土板8的边缘，以限定陶土板8的位置。更好的，如图6所示，陶土板8的圆周粘接有一保护钢圈81，例如通过环氧树脂粘接，以防止陶土板8边缘损坏，从而，也可以将该保护钢圈81的至少一部分(例如其边缘)位于筒10的侧壁下方，避免陶土板8的边缘直接被压置在筒10侧壁下方。更进一步，该保护钢圈的外圆周与浅槽401的侧壁之间采用O型圈密封(图6中的弧形槽用于嵌入O型圈)，以进一增加腔体200的密封效果。
如图1所示，进水通道411通过一进水接口管3、设于进水接口管3上的进水控制阀2与竖直的进水管1的末端连通。如图1、图4所示，进水管1顶端设置密封胶塞103，进水管1侧壁设置与大气连通的弯管101，弯管101高于水流沟槽4的上表面，且弯管101与水流沟槽4的高度差至少等于用于放置在水流沟槽4上方的陶土板8的高度。如图1所示，虚线100与陶土板8的上表面高度相等，弯管101的高度即等于该虚线100的高度。
与陶土板8等高且与外界连通的弯管101可以实现对土样9的恒定水位补水。在传统浸水实验由于补水头高，在基质吸力较低时，会在陶土板8上表面出现多余积水，进而影响测试精度的问题。本实施例则实现了整个浸水实验过程中的恒定水位补水，极大的提高了非饱和土浸水曲线的测试精度。
且该进水管1(改进的马氏瓶)具有不受温度气压影响、测量误差小的优点，因为为了便于调节进水管1、弯管101中的水量，弯管101的末端为向上 的敞口漏斗结构102，如图1所示。传统的马氏瓶在室内气温与气压变化时，在弯管101出会有水溢出，本实施例则在弯管101出口出设置敞口漏斗结构102，储存外界条件变化时的溢出水，借此实现水量调节，提高对进水量测试的精度。
在装配本实施例时，进水管1的高度需要可能需要进行调整，因此本实施例的进水管1固定于一十字形台架151的横杆153上，该横杆153高度可调。同样地，下文所述的排水管7也是高度可调的设置在十字形台架152的横杆154上。
如图5所示，本实施例的出水口42通过出水通道421、出水接口管5、安装于出水接口管5上的出水控制阀6与排水管7的侧壁连通，此外排水管7的表面还设有刻度，同样地，前述的进水管1的表面也设有刻度，便于及时读出其中水位的数据。排水管7的下端安装有排水控制阀16。排水管7的与出水接口管5连通的排水接口72高于水流沟槽4的上表面，且排水接口72与水流沟槽4的高度差至少等于用于放置在水流沟槽4上方的陶土板8的高度，也即排水接口72的高度和虚线100相当。
排水管7的侧导入排水接口72的高度等于虚线100，其效果与定水头进水管1侧壁上弯管101与陶土板8顶面高度一致的效果相同，使被测试土样9在脱水、浸湿过程中水压梯度为零，保证测试结果的准确性。
优选地，排水接口72为向下倾斜的细管，其距离排水管7的上端大约10cm。进一步地，该细管与排水管7之间的夹角α为80度。排水接口72的倾斜式设计既有利于水顺利排出，又避免空气倒流进入基座40中。
更优选地，排水管7的上端为内径缩小的缩口结构71。采用缩口设计，可以减少排水管7内水的蒸发，降低测量误差。
本文中的术语“土水特性曲线”或“土水特征曲线”都是用于反映基质吸力与体积含水量之间的关系，可以相互使用，具有相同的意义。
综合而言，本实施例的排水管7改进了现有“承压式”排水管的设计，可以实现“无水压力”的排水管装置，使得整个非饱和土排水实验过程中，陶土板8下水压为零，解决传统测试方法中水压变动的问题，提高对进气值的测试精度。
利用本实施例进行非饱和土滞回曲线测定时，可以参考以下操作步骤：
一、准备。
将定水头进水管1固定在台架15上，保证进水管1侧壁上弯管101比土样9的底面中心(即陶土板8的顶面)高(虚线100的高度)1cm。
将进水接口管3与进水管1连接并关闭进水控制阀2，在进水管1中注满水后加密封胶塞103封口。
将排水管7固定在台架15上，保证排水接口72高度与陶土板8顶面高度一致，将排水接口72与出水接口管5连接。
打开进水控制阀2，水流流过水流沟槽4之后，由出水接口管5流出，在排除多余气体形成稳定水流后关闭进水控制阀2，关闭出水控制阀6，打开排水控制阀门16排出多余水至合理水位高度。
二、土样真空饱和。
在压力室腔体200中放置土样9(带环刀)，并加盖盖板12并螺母111锁紧螺柱11，实现腔体200的密封固定。
关闭进水控制阀2、出水控制阀6，将气管14与真空泵连接，开始抽气负的一个大气压一个小时。
打开进水控制阀2，水由进水管1进入水流沟槽4，经陶土板8在上下水压力差下进入土样9(注意该过程中进水管1要及时补水)，并记录进水量。
进水量超过土样9孔隙体积1.4倍后，关闭进水控制阀2，停止抽气，静止一小时后，压力室自由进气。
气管14与气压源连接，施加2kPa气压，打开出水控制阀6，观测排水管7水位，稳定时表明腔体200中多余水分已排完，土样9饱和结束。
三、排水实验。
保持进水控制阀2开启、出水控制阀6处于关闭状态，保持1～2天，以充分饱和陶土板8与土样9。
关闭进水控制阀2，打开出水控制阀6，保持1天，让腔体200中多余水分流出。
调节给定气压，打开气流控制阀13，给土样9施加基质吸力，等排水稳定后由排水管7刻度读取并记录排水量，然后使气压增高至下一测量级，气 压一般按着如下规律增加：2、3、4、5、6、8、10、15、20、30、50、100、250、500(kPa)，在开始阶段气压增加较慢是为了测试出土体的进气值。
四、浸水实验。
排水实验后，保持气压不变，打开进水控制阀2，对基座4冲刷，然后关闭出水控制阀6，关闭进水控制阀2。
打开进水管1上端的密封胶塞103，注水至最大刻度处，盖上密封胶塞103，打开进水控制阀2，稳定3小时。
逐级减小气压，在各级气压状态下，待浸水稳定后，由进水管1上刻度读取并记录该级气压下的浸水量，读数时应保证室内气压与气温处于恒定状态。
利用上述排水实验、浸水实验所得数据，便可以准确地计算非饱和土滞回曲线。
综上所述，本发明的水流沟槽出水口和进水口一高一低，在进行测试时，气泡生成在水流沟槽中，受浮力作用气泡上浮经由高出水口将气泡排出，气泡排出后由排水管上口排出，不进入排水管水中，这样避免空气对试验结果的影响。气泡自动排出还免去了反复冲刷的繁琐操作步骤。
本发明对进水管进行优化设计，从而提供一种在侧壁上设置与大气连通的弯管，保证进水压力为恒定值。在室内气温与气压变化时，为避免溢出水，弯管出口出设置敞口漏斗结构，储存外界条件变化导致的溢出水，提高对进水量测试的精度。
排水管的侧导入管以及进水管侧壁上弯管与陶土板顶面高度一致，使被测试土样在脱水、浸湿过程中水压梯度为零，可以保证测试结果的准确性。
排水管管口采用缩口设计，可以减少排水管内水的蒸发，降低测量误差；侧导入管与排水管倾斜连接，既有利于水顺利排出，又避免空气倒流进入基座中。
筒的内径小于陶土板外侧钢圈设计，使得试验装置可以进行腔体内部真空饱和，避免了外部饱和造成的试样扰动问题。
总之，本发明提供一种操作性好的非饱和土测试装置，既可以保证测量结果的可靠性，又避免反复冲刷以排出气泡之繁琐。
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明实施例进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明实施例的精神和范围。这样，倘若本发明实施例的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。

Claims (25)

  1. 一种测试装置，其特征在于，所述测试装置包括可封闭的腔体和水流沟槽，所述水流沟槽位于所述腔体的下方，并且所述水流沟槽和所述腔体内部之间存在水分输送通道；所述水流沟槽包括进水口和出水口，所述进水口的深度大于所述出水口的深度。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述水流沟槽弯曲延伸。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述水流沟槽的俯视图呈螺旋形。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述水流沟槽呈等距螺旋形。
  5. 根据权利要求1－4任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，自所述进水口至所述出水口，所述水流沟槽的深度线性减小。
  6. 根据权利要求1任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述水流沟槽由一块状的基座上表面向下凹陷形成。
  7. 根据权利要求1－6任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述基座的上表面设有一竖直的筒，所述筒上端面覆盖一盖板，所述盖板、筒、基座围合形成所述腔体。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述基座上表面向上延伸有螺柱，所述螺柱穿过所述盖板后由螺母锁紧，从而使所述盖板压紧所述筒于所述基座的上表面。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述盖板上设有气孔。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述气孔与一气流通道连接，所述气流通道上设有一气流控制阀。
  11. 根据权利要求7－10任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述基座的上表面中心区域向下整体凹陷，以形成用于容纳一陶土板的浅槽，所述水流沟槽位于所述浅槽下方。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述浅槽的至少一 部分延伸至所述筒的侧壁下方，以使所述筒的侧壁能够限定所述陶土板。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述陶土板的圆周粘接有一保护钢圈。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述保护钢圈的至少一部分位于所述筒的侧壁下方，以使所述筒的侧壁能够限定所述保护钢圈及陶土板。
  15. 根据权利要求13－14任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述保护钢圈的外圆周与所述浅槽的侧壁之间采用O型圈密封。
  16. 根据权利要求1－15任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述进水口与一竖直的进水管的末端连通，且所述进水管顶端设置密封胶塞，所述进水管侧壁设置与大气连通的弯管，所述弯管高于所述水流沟槽的上表面，且所述弯管与所述水流沟槽的高度差至少等于用于放置在所述水流沟槽上方的陶土板的高度。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述弯管的末端为向上的敞口漏斗结构。
  18. 根据权利要求16－17任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述进水管和所属进水口之间设有进水控制阀。
  19. 根据权利要求16－18任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述进水管高度可调的设置在一十字形台架的横杆上。
  20. 根据权利要求1－19任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述出水口与一排水管的侧壁连通，所述排水管的与所述出水口连通的排水接口高于所述水流沟槽的上表面，且所述排水接口与所述水流沟槽的高度差至少等于用于放置在所述水流沟槽上方的陶土板的高度。
  21. 根据权利要求20所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述排水接口为向下倾斜的细管。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述排水接口与所述排水管之间的夹角为80度。
  23. 根据权利要求20－22任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述排水接口距离所述排水管的上端10cm。
  24. 根据权利要求20－23任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述排水管的上端为内径缩小的缩口结构。
  25. 根据权利要求20－24任一项所述的测试装置，其特征在于，所述排水管高度可调的设置在另一十字形台架的横杆上。
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