WO2015095019A1 - Tissu non-tissé présentant une faible adhérence de la glace - Google Patents

Tissu non-tissé présentant une faible adhérence de la glace Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015095019A1
WO2015095019A1 PCT/US2014/070289 US2014070289W WO2015095019A1 WO 2015095019 A1 WO2015095019 A1 WO 2015095019A1 US 2014070289 W US2014070289 W US 2014070289W WO 2015095019 A1 WO2015095019 A1 WO 2015095019A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
nonwoven fabric
substrate
ice
less
layer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/070289
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English (en)
Inventor
Srijanani Bhaskar
Mark Andrew Harmer
Debora Flanagan Massouda
Original Assignee
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company filed Critical E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Publication of WO2015095019A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015095019A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
    • B64D15/16—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by mechanical means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/30—Wind power

Definitions

  • the present disclosure is directed toward a method for removing a layer of accumulated ice from a surface.
  • Ice formation can affect a broad range of structures and substrates, including airplanes, wind turbines, power transmission lines and towers, off-shore and marine structures, solar panels, automobiles and buildings.
  • Many industries have set tolerances for ice accumulating on structures and should the amount of ice exceed the tolerances, the damage to the structure can be severe.
  • accumulating ice can cause power outages due to the weight of the accumulated ice.
  • the aviation industry has several well-known methods to deal with icing issues while an aircraft is on the ground and during flight.
  • the methods used on the ground can include spraying a de-icing fluid on the surfaces to remove the ice and to delay the formation of new ice.
  • Such methods require large amounts of de-icing fluids, which can be expensive and cause environmental concerns.
  • several anti-icing methods can be used depending upon the type and size of the aircraft. While they are necessary, these in-flight systems can be expensive and require regular maintenance.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of removing ice from a substrate comprising the steps of:
  • a nonwoven fabric having a bending modulus, as determined by AST D790, of less than 3,500 kg/cm 2 , a water contact angle of greater than 85°C and a surface tension of less than 50 dyne/cm;
  • a layer of the nonwoven fabric has an average ice adhesion of less than 1.78 kg/cm 2 when a shear stress force is applied to ice on the nonwoven fabric according to the following test:
  • a cuvette is placed onto the layer of nonwoven fabric; iii) 0.5 cubic centimeter of water is placed into the cuvette so that the water contacts the nonwoven fabric, and the water is cooled to -20°C to form ice;
  • a shear stress is applied to the cuvette in a direction that is parallel to the applied layer of nonwoven fabric.
  • the phrase "free from ice” means that a given area of a substrate or a substrate coated with the nonwoven fabric contains less than 10 percent of its area covered by ice. In other embodiments, the given area contains less than 5 percent ice, and, in still further embodiments, the given area contains less than 1 percent ice. In other embodiments, the substrate contains no ice. The area percentage of ice is based on the total area of the ice on the substrate divided by the total area of the substrate.
  • nonwoven fabric means a structure produced by the bonding and/or interlocking of fibers, as accomplished by one or more treatment methods. Suitable treatment methods are mechanical, thermal, or solvent treatment.
  • a cuvette is placed onto the layer of nonwoven fabric
  • iii) 0.5 cubic centimeter of water is placed into the cuvette so that the water contacts the nonwoven fabric, and the water is cooled to -20°C to form ice; iv) a shear stress is applied to the -20°C ice in a direction that is parallel to the applied layer of nonwoven fabric;
  • nonwoven fabric vi) repealing steps i) through v) at least 3 times and determining an average based on the repetitions.
  • the nonwoven fabric can be mounted to the aluminum plate by a variety of methods.
  • the nonwoven fabric can be adhered to the aluminum using an adhesive material, such as, an adhesive agent or double-sided tape, or it can be clamped to the aluminum plate or any other known method can be used.
  • the method used to mount the plate is not important, however, it is important that the nonwoven fabric has little or no movement on the aluminum plate during the application of the shear stress.
  • steps i) through v) are repeated 5 times in order to determine the average ice adhesion. In other embodiments, the steps are repeated at least 8 times in order to determine the average ice adhesion.
  • the present disclosure is related to a method for removing ice from a substrate.
  • the method comprises the steps of;
  • a nonwoven fabric having a bending modulus, as determined by ASTM D790, of less than 3,500 kg/cm 2 , a wafer contact angle of greater than 85°C and a surface tension of less than 50 dyne/cm;
  • a layer of the nonwoven fabric has an average ice adhesion of less than 1.76 kg/crr ⁇ when a shear stress force is applied to ice on the nonwoven fabric according to the following test:
  • a cuvette is placed onto the layer of nonwoven fabric; iii) 0.5 cubic centimeter of water is placed into the cuvette so that the water contacts the nonwoven fabric, and the water is cooled to - 20°C to form ice; iv) a shear stress is applied to the cuvette in a direction that is parallel to the applied layer of nonwoven fabric,
  • nonwoven fabrics can have very low levels of adhesion to ice.
  • One well-known brand of nonwoven material is provided by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware as TYVEK ® poiyolefin.
  • TYVEK' 8 ' poiyolefin is a nonwoven fabric and comes in many different grades, each of them having different properties depending on the final use. The desired properties can be varied by selection of the poiyolefin, the nonwoven fabric formation process, and by using one or more of the different bonding techniques.
  • relatively soft nonwoven fabrics i.e., those nonwoven fabrics having a bending modulus, as determined by ASTM D790, of less than 3,500 kg/cm 2 , also having a water contact angle of greater than 65° and a surface tension of less than 40 dyne/cm at 20°C can provide very low levels of adhesion to ice.
  • the bending modulus can be less than 3,000 kg/cm 2 or less than 2,500 kg/cm 2 or less than 2,000 kg/cm 2 or less than 1 ,750 kg/cm 2 or less than 1 ,500 kg/cm 2 or less than 1 ,250 kg/cm 2 or less than 1 ,000 kg/cm 2 .
  • the water contact angle of the nonwoven fabric is greater than 70°, or the water contact angle is greater than 75°. In any of the above embodiments, the water contact angle can be greater than 80°, or the water contact angle can be greater than 85°, or the water contact angle can be greater than 90°, or the water contact angle can be greater than 95°, or the water contact angle can be greater than 100°, or the water contact angle can be greater than 105°.
  • the surface tension of the nonwoven fabric is less than 45 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 44 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 43 dyne/cm at 20°C or the surface tension is less than 42 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 41 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 40 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 39 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 38 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 37 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 36 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 35 dyne/cm at 20°C, or the surface tension is less than 34 d
  • the nonwoven fabric is a point bonded polyethylene nonwoven fabric
  • TYVEK 1® 1460, 1422 and 1580 grades are particularly suited as point bonded nonwoven fabrics.
  • Such point bonded grades can have two differently patterned sides of the nonwoven fabric.
  • One side of the nonwoven fabric is the 'linen' side while the opposite side is the point bonded side. It has been found that the ice adhesion is greater on the point bonded side and is therefore important to place the linen side "up" or, in other words, the linen side should be facing away from the substrate.
  • area bonded TYVEK 3 ⁇ 4' grades which have a bending modulus of greater than 3,500 kg/cm 2
  • Other types of nonwoven fabrics can also provide low levels of ice adhesion, provided that they conform to the criteria of having a bending modulus as determined by ASTM D790 of less than 3,500 kg/cm 2 , a water contact angle of greater than 85° and a surface tension of less than 50 dyne/cm at 20°C.
  • Other suitable nonwoven fabrics include, for example, point bonded
  • polypropylene spunbond polyurethane and nonwoven blends of polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester fibers.
  • the nonwoven fabric must be secured to a portion of the substrate that is free from ice.
  • the nonwoven fabric is applied using an adhesive agent.
  • the nonwoven fabric can be secured to the substrate by clamping, riveting, screwing, double sided adhesive tape or a combination thereof.
  • the method of attachment is not particularly important provided that the securing method does not weaken the substrate, does not allow the nonwoven fabric to move or shift positions on the substrate or does not otherwise impede the working of the substrate.
  • the method of application should also not change the bending modulus, the surface tension or the water contact angle of the nonwoven fabric.
  • the nonwoven fabric may be secured to at least a portion of the substrate using an adhesive agent.
  • the layer of adhesive agent may be applied to the fabric, to the substrate or to both prior to the application of the nonwoven fabric to the substrate.
  • the nonwoven fabric can then be applied to the substrate with the adhesive layer interposed between the nonwoven fabric and the substrate, !f the nonwoven fabric has a linen side, then the adhesive agent is applied to the side opposite the linen side.
  • the adhesive agent can be applied to at least a portion of the substrate followed by the application of the nonwoven fabric to the applied layer of adhesive. Double sided tape can also be used to secure the nonwoven fabric to the substrate. Still other methods for securing the nonwoven fabric to the substrate are known and can be used.
  • an adhesive layer can be applied to the nonwoven fabric and then a release layer can be applied to the adhesive layer.
  • the release layer allows the nonwoven fabric/adhesive structure to be produced at one location then packaged for storage and later use.
  • the release layer should be easily removed from the adhesive layer and not affect the adhesive qualities of the layer. Suitable release layers are known in the art and any of them can be used. Used in this way, the disclosed method would further comprise the step of removing the release layer from the adhesive layer prior to the step of applying the nonwoven fabric to the substrate.
  • the adhesive agent can be any of the known adhesive agents that are suitable to bond a nonwoven fabric to a substrate.
  • the adhesive agent can be, for example, epoxy adhesives, urethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives,
  • the adhesive agent can be solventborne, waterborne, hot-melt or pressure sensitive.
  • Each adhesive should be tested for compatibility with the nonwoven fabric. Some nonwoven fabrics are not compatible with certain organic solvents that may be present in the adhesive agent. The manufacturer of each nonwoven fabric will generally provide information on testing the solvent compatibility with their particular nonwoven fabric. Since the adhesive agent and the nonwoven fabric will be in contact with one another for long periods of time, it is important that the adhesive and the nonwoven fabric are stable towards one another.
  • the substrate that the nonwoven fabric can be applied to can be any substrate that is subject to unwanted ice accumulation.
  • Such substrates can include, for example, airplane wings, airplane bodies, wind turbine blades, wind turbines, power transmission lines, power transmission towers, oil rigs, marine structures, marine vessels, bridges, vehicles, buildings, radio antennas, ceil phone towers, solar panels, glass, automobile coatings, and food containers.
  • any structure where ice accumulation can cause damage due to the weight of the accumulated ice, damage due to failing ice, due to the disruption of airflow over the substrate or a combination thereof can be coated with the nonwoven fabric.
  • the nonwoven fabric can be applied to at least a portion of the substrate, for example, the leading edge of an airplane wing, the leading edge of a wind turbine blade. Once the nonwoven fabric is applied to the substrate, it should not impede the performance or functioning of the substrate as long as the nonwoven fabric remains intact. If the nonwoven fabric begins to tear or come loose, the damaged portion can be removed or the entire damaged piece can be removed and replaced it with new material.
  • Many nonwoven fabrics, including TYVEK ® nonwovens are very lightweight, have outstanding strength, are able to function at a wide range of
  • the nonwoven fabric can be applied to the substrate when the substrate is free from ice. Once the nonwoven fabric has been applied, any ice formed on the nonwoven fabric can be removed by the application of a force to the substrate, to the nonwoven fabric, to the ice or to a combination thereof.
  • the nonwoven fabric provides an average ice adhesion of less than 1.76 kg/cm 2 when a shear stress is applied to ice that is adhered to the nonwoven fabric.
  • the average ice adhesion is less than 1 .41 kg/crn ⁇ (20 psi) or less than 1 .33 kg/cm 2 (19 psi) or less than 1.28 kg/cm 2 (18 psi) or less than 1.20 kg/cm 2 (17 psi) or less than 1.12 kg/cm 2 (16 psi) or less than 1.05 kg/cm 2 (15 psi), or less than 0.98 kg/crrr (14 psi) or less than 0.91 kg/cm 2 (13 psi) or less than 0.84 kg/cm 2 (12 psi) or less than 0.77 kg/cm 2 (1 1 psi) or less than 0.70 kg/crn ⁇ (10 psi) or less than 0.83 kg/cm 2 (9 psi) or less than 0.56 kg/err ⁇ (8 psi) or less than 0.49 kg/cm 2 (7 psi) or less than 0.42 kg
  • the application of a thin layer of a fluoropolymer to the nonwoven fabric can also be used to decrease the amount of force necessary to remove any accumulated ice from the surface of the nonwoven fabric.
  • the thin layer of fluoropolymer can be applied so that the fluoropolymer forms a film having a thickness in the range of from 10 nanometers to 50 micrometers.
  • the thickness of the fluoropolymer film is in the range of from 100 nanometers to 20 micrometers, and, in still further embodiments, the fluoropolymer thickness is in the range of from 1 to 10 micrometers.
  • the fluoropolymer can be any fluorine containing polymer. Suitable examples of fluorine-containing monomers that can be used to produce the fluoropolymer can include, for example, homopoiymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene,
  • the fluoropolymer is a copolymer produced from tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
  • the fluoropolymer can be dissolved in an appropriate solvent and the solution coated onto the nonwoven fabric.
  • the solvent can then be allowed to dry or can be dried under forced conditions (i.e., heat and/or the application of a vacuum).
  • the application method of the solution can be any of those that are known in the art, for example, spraying, roiling, brushing, flow coating, curtain coating, dipping, knife coating, or draw down coating.
  • the fluoropolymer coating can be applied to the nonwoven fabric prior to the nonwoven fabric being applied to the substrate or the fluoropo!ymer can be applied to the nonwoven fabric after the nonwoven fabric has been applied to the substrate.
  • the layer of fluoropolymer can be applied using atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition (APPLD) techniques.
  • APPLD atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition
  • an aerosol of monomers is directed into a homogeneous atmospheric pressure plasma where the monomers are activated by the action of the ionized gas molecules or the substrate surface, i.e., the nonwoven fabric, can be activated by the action of the ionized gas molecules and the monomers contacting the activated surface are deposited as a thin conformal layer of polymer, in some embodiments, a primer layer is first applied to the nonwoven fabric prior to depositing the fluoropolymer film layer.
  • a primer layer is first applied to the nonwoven fabric prior to depositing the fluoropolymer film layer.
  • Suitable primer layers can be, for example, homopolymers or copolymers of acrylate or methacry!ate monomers having a long chain (12 to 20 carbon atoms) hydrophobic backbone, polyacrylates or polymethacylates having in the range of from 2 to 10 ethylenicaliy unsaturated double bonds, for example, propoxyiated neopentyl glycol diacry!ate, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane compounds that contains multiple methacrylate groups, for example, MAG735 ethacryl ROSS 4 " Cage Mixture, available from Hybrid Plastics, Inc., Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
  • the fluoropolymer layer can then be applied to at least a portion of the primer layer.
  • Suitable fluoromonomers can include, for example, any of those listed above.
  • polyunsaturated monomers are also used in order to produce crossiinked fluoropolymer layers.
  • Suitable polyunstaurated monomers can include, for example, ditrimethyiolpropane tetraacryiate, trimethyiolpropane triacryiate, hexanediol diacryiate, pentaerythritol tetraacryiate or a combination thereof.
  • the nonwoven fabric retains low levels of ice adhesion after many cycles. Even a nonwoven fabric that has been treated with a fluoropolymer continues to exhibit low levels of ice adhesion even after as many as 10 cycles.
  • the shear stress for removing ice from the nonwoven fabric was determined using the above mentioned test for determining the average ice adhesion value. For cycle number 2, the cuvettes were placed on the same spots that they were for the first test, or were placed as closely to the same spots as was possible and the average ice adhesion value was determined for cycle number 2. This process was repeated for as many times as desired. In some embodiments, the ice adhesion values over 10 cycles were determined to have a statistically insignificant difference between each of the tests.
  • the disclosure also relates to an article comprising the substrate, an adhesive layer applied to at least a portion of the substrate and the nonwoven fabric applied to at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the nonwoven fabric has a bending modulus, as determined by ASTM D790, of less than 50 kpsi (3,500 kg/cm 2 ) and a water contact angle of greater than 85° and a surface tension of 50 dyne/cm.
  • the substrate, the adhesive and the nonwoven fabric can be any of those that have been previously described.
  • TYVEK ® nonwoven fabrics, CAPSTONE ® acrylates and FORAFACTM 1051 fiuoro alcohol are available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington,
  • NUSSLTM R1009 silicone dispersion
  • silicone dispersion is available from NuSil, Inc., Carpinteria, California.
  • Daikin R-1633 fiuoroacryiate is available from Daikin America, inc., Orangeburg, New York.
  • MA0735 Methacryl POSS ® Cage Mixture
  • Hybrid Plastics, Inc. Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
  • SR9003, SR355 and SR257C acrylates are available from Sartomer, Exton, Pennsylvania.
  • HEM A is 2-hydroxyethy! methacrylate.
  • FC-75 and FC-40 fluorinated solvents are available from 3M, St. Paul,
  • the ice adhesion behavior of the surfaces was tested via the following method: the nonwoven fabric was first mounted on an aluminum plate via double sided tape. The nonwoven fabric-aluminum composite was mounted onto a cold stage (TE Technology Inc, Model # CP 200 TT). Eight glass cuvettes (1 centimeter (cm) by 1 cm by 2.54 cm tall, available from VWR inc,) were placed randomly on the nonwoven fabric and 0.5 cubic centimeter of deionized water was added to each cuvette. The cold stage was then programmed to -20°C at 1.5°C /min from room temperature.
  • the cuvettes were subjected to shearing using the circular head of a force gauge (Mark 10 Inc, Series 3) mounted on a syringe pump (Harvard Inc, model number 33) and moving towards the substrate at 0.029
  • Shear stress was calculated by the shear force (reading on the force gauge) divided by cross sectional area of the ice in contact with the substrate (1 cm 2 ). Care was taken to ensure optimal separation distance (1 mm) between the bottom portion of the force gauge and the substrate to minimize torque. The entire experiment was carried out under nitrogen circulation to normalize any humidity related effects. The reported ice adhesion is the average of the eight measured values.
  • ⁇ contact angle
  • ⁇ surface tension
  • subscripts 1 and 2 represent deionized water and methylene iodide respectively.
  • Samples of certain nonwoven fabrics were treated by calendaring in order to provide samples having relatively similar water contact angles and surface tensions, but increased bending moduli when compared to the non-calendared versions.
  • each 12.7cm by 20.32cm fabric sheet was passed through two steel calendering rolls at the specified pressures.
  • NUSILTM R1009 silicone dispersion
  • the NUSILTM R1009 dispersion was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and applied to the aluminum plate at a thickness of 147.3 micrometers (5.8 mil).
  • the results in Table 1 show that if the nonwoven fabric provides a water contact angle of greater than 65°, a bending modulus, as determined by AST -D790, of less than 3,500, and a surface tension of less than 50 dyne/cm, then the ice adhesion is less than 1.76 kg/cm 2 .
  • TYVEK® 1560B was modified by coating the fabric with a variety of
  • the nonwoven fabric was first coated using monomer mixture #1 (Table 2, all amounts are in parts by weight) to form a layer of a primer, which was then followed by a fluoropolymer layer using monomer mixture #2 (Table 3, all amounts are in parts by weight).
  • PolyHFPO is polyhexafluoropropyiene oxide
  • the prepared HFP fiuoropolymer had a weight average molecular weight of 428,000, a number average molecular weight of 137,000, a melt flow index of 1.3 g/min at 297°C with a 5 kg weight and an inherent viscosity in

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour éliminer la glace présente sur un substrat avec de très faibles quantités de force, permettant d'enlever la glace. Il a été découvert que certains tissus non-tissés offrent une surface qui repousse relativement la glace. L'application du tissu non tissé à un substrat peut produire un substrat sur lequel une quelconque quantité de glace accumulée est facilement enlevée.
PCT/US2014/070289 2013-12-17 2014-12-15 Tissu non-tissé présentant une faible adhérence de la glace WO2015095019A1 (fr)

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US201361916882P 2013-12-17 2013-12-17
US61/916,882 2013-12-17

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Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2567804A (en) * 1945-12-03 1951-09-11 Goodrich Co B F Means for preventing the accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces and the like
US4875644A (en) * 1988-10-14 1989-10-24 The B. F. Goodrich Company Electro-repulsive separation system for deicing
US5478905A (en) 1995-02-06 1995-12-26 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Amorphous tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers
WO2001059809A1 (fr) 2000-02-11 2001-08-16 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Systeme a plasma a pressure atmospherique
WO2002028548A2 (fr) 2000-10-04 2002-04-11 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Procede et appareil pour former un revetement
US20050178330A1 (en) 2002-04-10 2005-08-18 Goodwin Andrew J. Atmospheric pressure plasma assembly
WO2005110626A2 (fr) 2004-05-14 2005-11-24 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Compositions de revetement
EP1826119A2 (fr) * 2006-02-24 2007-08-29 Goodrich Corporation Chauffage de protection composite contre le givre et son procédé de production
WO2007149617A1 (fr) * 2006-06-23 2007-12-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Articles présentant des surfaces hydrophobes durables
EP2333025A1 (fr) * 2009-12-13 2011-06-15 General Electric Company Articles à revetement en silicone résistant aux intempéries

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2567804A (en) * 1945-12-03 1951-09-11 Goodrich Co B F Means for preventing the accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces and the like
US4875644A (en) * 1988-10-14 1989-10-24 The B. F. Goodrich Company Electro-repulsive separation system for deicing
US5478905A (en) 1995-02-06 1995-12-26 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Amorphous tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers
WO2001059809A1 (fr) 2000-02-11 2001-08-16 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Systeme a plasma a pressure atmospherique
WO2002028548A2 (fr) 2000-10-04 2002-04-11 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Procede et appareil pour former un revetement
US20050178330A1 (en) 2002-04-10 2005-08-18 Goodwin Andrew J. Atmospheric pressure plasma assembly
WO2005110626A2 (fr) 2004-05-14 2005-11-24 Dow Corning Ireland Limited Compositions de revetement
EP1826119A2 (fr) * 2006-02-24 2007-08-29 Goodrich Corporation Chauffage de protection composite contre le givre et son procédé de production
WO2007149617A1 (fr) * 2006-06-23 2007-12-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Articles présentant des surfaces hydrophobes durables
EP2333025A1 (fr) * 2009-12-13 2011-06-15 General Electric Company Articles à revetement en silicone résistant aux intempéries

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
S. WU, POLYMER INTERFACE AND ADHESION, 1982

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