WO2015087344A1

WO2015087344A1 - Bioconversion of silver added fluorophosphate glass and method of making thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2015087344A1
Application number: PCT/IN2014/000756
Authority: WO
Inventors: Rajkumar GURUSAMY; Pugalanthipandian SANKARALINGAM
Original assignee: Pandian Bio-Medical Research Centre
Priority date: 2013-12-12
Filing date: 2014-12-09
Publication date: 2015-06-18
Also published as: IN2013CH05760A

Abstract

The present invention discloses different compositions of silver added fluorophosphate glasses prepared using normal melt-quench method. The physico-chemical and bioactivity of the silver added fluorophosphate glasses were assessed using density measurements, ultrasonic velocity measurements, XRD patterns, FTIR spectra, pH variations during 21days in vitro studies in SBF solution, SEM images, EDS spectra, and XPS spectrograph. Dissolution of silver ions from silver added fluorophosphate glasses were confirmed by ICP-OES. Bioconversion was also accessed by in vivo studies of implantation of the glass into animal bone followed by SEM, EDS and CLSM images. The results obtained before, after in vitro and in vivo studies are discussed in terms of change in structure, stability, mechanical properties, bone-bonding ability and bio conversion of the prepared glass samples. The sample AgFP4 is found to be more ideal and better than others paving the way for future clinical use.

Description

Bioconversion of silver added fluorophosphate glass and method of making thereof

The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed DESCRIPTION

Field of invention

The present invention describes the composition of silver added fluorophosphate glasses by melt quenching technique for different bio-medical applications.

Background of invention with regard to the drawback of associated known art

A number of materials have been examined for their ability to regenerate new bone. Currently, autologous bone remains the preferred material in bone graft and regenerative procedures. This bone, taken from a secondary site within the body is often excised and reimplanted. It contains both the inorganic mineral hydroxyapatite as well as the cell characteristics of bone. Even this is not a living material, but can remodel into new and functional bone. Autografts may be combined with supplementary agents such as growth factors or synthetic bone replacement materials. The disadvantage of autologous bone usage is the creation of a secondary trauma site that has to heal . Further, its usage is limited by availability. The materials taken from cadavers (allograft) are not constrained by supply. The above material is often demineralized, leaving behind a collagenous scaffold for the growth of a new bone. Further, it fails to function as an osteoinductive but only as osteoconductive material. These materials always carry the risk of disease transmission with them.

The third generation of materials used for the regenerating new bone is bioactive glass. These materials have the unique ability to form a chemical bond with the host tissue when implanted. Thus, it allows to retain the structural integrity and to resist movement at the implantation site. The chemical bond that occurs through the formation of hydroxyapatite on the glass surface converts the glass into bone rich material. The beneficial effects of bioactive glasses on cellular growth also substantiate to their use.

Attempts were made to synthesis artificial bone graft material which is suitable for different biomedical applications. L.L. Hench in Imperial College, London succeeded in developing silica based material, named Bioglass, in the year of 1960. But, it was hard to get good compatibility with biological tissues because of their relative insoluble nature. Silica-free phosphate glasses, namely bioactive glasses, were made in the year 1996. These glasses show better bioactivity due to their chemical composition, which is compatible with that of natural bone. But still the slow rate of biological conversion and poor mechanical strength of bioactive glasses hampers its clinical application. Also the incidence of infection on using biomaterial implants hampers its utility in clinical practice. To circumvent these pitfalls a better composition of bioactive glass with higher porosity, elastic moduli, mechanical strength, bioconversion and controlled rate of dissolution near that of natural bone which will also resist infection is continuously searched. Object of invention

The antimicrobial properties of silver ion have been of technical importance for a long period of time in biomedical applications. The properties described above significantly reduces microbial colonisation leading to biomaterial-related infections. The metallic and ionic Ag particles are incorporated with several biomaterials such as polyurethane, hydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses because of their potency to resist infection. The role of fluorine in enhancing bone formation cannot be overemphasised. But to avoid the toxic effects of fluorine, ideal concentration has to be optimised.

The bioactivity of phosphate based glasses has been improved by the addition of fluoride molecules in optimised micro doses and is called as "fluorophosphate glass". The addition of Ag₂0 with fluorophosphate glasses, functions as a network modifier and nucleating agent, which in turn, helps to improve the bioactivity and the mechanical strength of the glasses. Apart from it, the infection resistance of the bioactive glass can be improved by adding silver molecules. The addition of Ag₂0 to bioactive glasses helps to minimise the risk of microbial infection through potential anti-microbial activity of Ag⁺ ions which inhibits replication of bacterial RNA and DNA.

To develop optimal silver added fluorophosphate glasses which is having higher biological conversion, better mechanical strength, non-toxic to biological tissues and antimicrobial activity for different biomedical application is the objective of the present invention.

Statement of invention

1. The protocol for melt quenching method to produce silver added fluorophosphate glasses.

2. The addition of silver with fluorophosphate glass yields better mechanical strength, better bioactivity and anti-microbial activity.

3. Physico-chemical properties of silver added fluorophosphate glasses are ascertained.

4. The bioconversion of silver added fluorophosphate glass is ascertained.

5. No cytotoxicity is observed in silver added fluorophosphate glasses up to the addition of 1 mol% of silver content. A summary of invention

The present invention discloses the composition with different fluorine containing P205-CaO- a₂0-Ag20-CaF2 (hereafter termed, respectively, as AgFPl, AgFP2, AgFP3, AgFP4 and AgFP5) glass systems, are prepared using normal melt-quench method by keeping the ratio of P/Ca as constant. The physico-chemical and bioactivity of the silver added fluorophosphate were assessed using density measurements, ultrasonic velocity measurements, x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), pH variation of the sample glasses soaked 21 days in the laboratory prepared simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy dispersive x- ray spectra (EDS) and x-ray photo electron spectrograph (XPS). Dissolution of silver ions from silver added fluorophosphate glasses were confirmed by inductive coupled plasma- optical emission spectrograph (ICP-OES). Byconversion was also accessed by in vivo studies of implantation of the glass into animal bone followed by SEM, EDS, confocal laser scanning micrograph (CLSM) images. The results obtained before, after in vitro and in vivo studies are discussed in terms of change in structure, stability, mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, bone-bonding ability and bio conversion of the prepared glass samples.

Brief Description about Drawings

The experiment details and evidences such as density variations, elastic moduli, SEM images, EDS spectra, XRD pattern, FTIR spectra, CLSM image pH variations during 21 days of in vitro studies, cytotoxicity studies and SEM, EDS, CLSM after in-vivo studies of the glass samples for the proposed invention are shown in the Figs.

Fig. 1 shows the flow chart for synthesis protocol. Figs. 2, 3a and 3b show the density variations and elastic moduli of all the prepared glass samples (AgFPl, AgFP2, AgFP3, AgFP4 and AgFP5) as a function of added CaF₂. Fig. 4 shows the XPS spectrograph of the glass sample AgFP4. Fig. 5 and 6 show respectively the SEM image and EDS spectrum of the prepared glass sample AgFP4; Fig. 7 shows the pH variations of all the glass samples during 21 days of in vitro studies. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show respectively the FTIR spectrograph XRD pattern of all the glass samples after 21 days immersion in SBF solution. Figs. 10 and 11 show the SEM image, EDS spectrum of the glass sample agFP4 after in vitro studies. Fig. 12 shows the optical microscope image of cell viability test of the sample AgFP4. Fig. 13a, b, and c show the SEM image and EDS spectrum of un-decalcified section of the femoral condyle of the rabbit bone after 10 weeks implanting of glass sample AgFP4. Figs. 14 show the CLSM images of the un-decalcified section of the implant AgFP4. Detailed Description

Silver added fluorophosphate glass composition P2O5— CaO— a₂0— Ag₂0— CaF₂, methods of preparation and use thereof are disclosed. The glasses are used for different bio-medical applications such as bone substitutes, prosthetic implants, stents, screws, plates, tubes, and for controlled drug delivery etc. The addition of silver and fluorine is made at the expense of l\la₂0, CaO, P₂0₅ content in the glass composition yet keeping the P/Ca ratio as constant. The glasses were prepared in the mentioned compositions include various salts in mol% with the following ranges:

S. No. Salt Ratio in mol%

1. P2O5 35-65

2. CaO 22-36

3. Na₂0 11-32

4. CaF₂ 0.01-20

5. Ag₂0 0.01-10

To access the variation if any, the following chemicals were alternatively used as per its proportionate molecular weight:

S.No. Required salt Alternatively used

1. P2O5 Ammonium di hydrogen phosphate, Phosphorous

chloride, ammonium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, silver phosphate etc.

2. CaO Calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium

fluoride, calcium fluorophosphate, calcium chloride, calcium caseinate, calcium bicarbonate etc.

3. Na₂0 Sodium carbonate, sodium citrate.

4. Ag₂0 Silver fluoride, silver carbonate, silver phosphate, silver (II) oxide, silver (III) oxide, silver chloride etc.

5. CaF₂ Calcium di fluoride, calcium tri fluoride, calcium

fluorophosphate etc.

The influence of silver on fluorophosphate glass system is studied in terms of pH variations during in vitro studies, FTIR spectra, XRD etc. The structural role of silver i.e., loose packing of glass network is noticed. The hydroxyapatite (HAp) forming ability of prepared glasses is carried through in vitro studies in simulated body fluid (SBF). The presence of Ag⁺ ions is confirmed in the SBF solution using inductive coupled plasma- optical emission spectroscope (ICP-OES) studies. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images before and after in vitro studies show the formation of HAp in all glass surfaces, while a higher rate of formation of HAp is evidenced on fluorine added glasses rather than fluorine free glass. FTIR spectra and XRD patterns that are observed support its higher bioactivity. The cell viability test showed no cytotoxicity on MIT assays and hence these glasses are suitable for synthetic bone graft material for human use. The in vivo studies were done on rabbit by implanting the optimised sample AgFP4 into the femoral condyle. SEM and CLSM studies on the un-decalcified sectioning of the implant after 10 weeks confirms the bioconversion of glass into bone.

Materials and method

Silver added fluorophosphate glasses were prepared by melting the homogeneous mixture of phosphate, calcium, sodium, silver and fluoride salts followed by sudden quenching of the melt. The derivatives of phosphate, calcium, sodium, silver and fluoride salts were weighed accurately and ground using mortar and pestle/ planetary ball mill . The mixture was fed into alumina crucible and then preheated at a temperature ranging from 140 °C to 190 °C for 1 h in a closed furnace and cooled to room temperature at a rate of 1 °C per minute. The mixture was taken in a platinum crucible and melted at the temperature ranging from 1050 °C to 1400 °C for 1 h. The temperature in the furnace was kept constant throughout the process. The melt was poured in a preheated graphite/ steel mould and cooled to room temperature. In this method, the entire synthesis protocol is successfully done without the usage of any toxic chemicals.

The method for preparing silver added fluorophosphate glasses compare the following steps:

a) The calculated quantities of the chemicals were weighed accurately using an electronic balance.

b) The weighed chemicals were ground using mortar and pestle/ planetary ball mill for 1 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture.

c) The mixture was preheated at a temperature ranging from 140 °C to 190 °C for 1 h in a closed furnace and cooled to room temperature at a rate of 1 °C per minute.

d) The preheated mixture was ground using mortar and pestle/ planetary ball mill to obtain a homogeneous powder.

e) The obtained homogeneous powder was taken in a platinum crucible (10% Rhodium doped) and melted at the temperature ranging from 1050 °C to 1400 °C for 1 h in electric furnace.

f) The melt was suddenly quenched in a preheated steel/ graphite mould of temperature 300 °C - 600 °C and then cooled to room temperature.

g) The obtained solid glass sample is annealed at 300 °C - 500 °C for 1 h and cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute.

h) The prepared glass sample was cut into required shape and size using a diamond cutter for different characterisation studies. Example 1:

18.7063 g of P₂0₅, 4.9268 g of CaO, 5.6398 g of Na₂0 and 0.7271 g of Ag₂0 pure chemicals were taken in agate mortar/ planetary ball mill. Ethanol was added with the mixture and ground for 1 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was dried at 100 °C -200 °C for 1 h and ground using agate mortar/ planetary ball mill to obtain a fine powder. The powdered mixture was melted in platinum doped with 10% Rhodium crucible and heated at the temperature of 1050 °C - 1400 °C for 1-4 h and then quenched in a preheated stainless steel/ graphite mould at a temperature of 300 °C - 600 °C and then cooled. The prepared glass sample was annealed at 300 °C- 500 °C for 1 h then cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute to release the stress in the glass sample. The prepared glass sample was cut in to required size and shape using diamond cutter. The code for the present sample is called as AgFPl.

Example 2:

19.6439 g of P₂O_s, 4.8288 g of CaO, 4.57457 g of Na₂0, 0.7127 g of Ag₂0 and 0.2401 g of CaF₂ pure chemicals were taken in agate mortar/ planetary ball mill. Ethanol was added with the mixture and ground for 1 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was dried at 100 °C -200 °C for 1 h and ground using agate mortar/ planetary ball mill to obtain a fine powder. The powdered mixture was melted in platinum doped with 10% Rhodium crucible and heated at the temperature of 1050 °C - 1400 °C for 1-4 h and then quenched in a preheated stainless steel/ graphite mould at a temperature of 300 °C - 600 °C and then cooled. The prepared glass sample was annealed at 300 °C- 500 °C for 1 h and then cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute to release the stress in the glass sample. The prepared glass sample was cut in to required size and shape using diamond cutter. The code for the present sample is called as AgFP2.

Example 3:

19.6759 g of P₂0₅, 4.9662 g of CaO, 4.3434 g of Na₂0, 0.7139 g of Ag₂0 and 0.3006 g of CaF₂ pure chemicals were taken in agate mortar/ planetary ball mill. Ethanol was added with the mixture and ground for 1 h to obtain the homogeneous mixture. The mixture was dried at 100 °C -200 °C for 1 h and ground using agate mortar/ planetary ball mill to obtain a fine powder. The powdered mixture was melted in platinum doped with 10% Rhodium crucible and heated at the temperature of 1050 °C - 1400 °C for 1-4 h and then quenched in a preheated stainless steel/ graphite mould at a temperature of 300 °C - 600 °C then cooled. The prepared glass sample was annealed at 300 °C- 500 °C for 1 h and then cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute to release the stress in the glass sample. The prepared glass sample was cut in to required size and shape using diamond cutter. The code for the present sample is called as AgFP3. Example 4:

20.6107 g of P₂0₅, 5.0043 g of CaO, 3.0936 g of Na₂0, 0.7010 g of Ag₂0 and 0.5904 g of CaF₂ pure chemicals were taken in agate mortar/ planetary ball mill. Ethanol was added with the mixture and ground for 1 h to obtain the homogeneous mixture. The mixture was dried at 100 °C -200 °C for 1 h and ground using agate mortar/ planetary ball mill to obtain the fine powder. The powdered mixture was melted in platinum doped with 10% Rhodium crucible and heated at the temperature 1050 °C - 1400 °C for 1-4 h then quenched in a preheated stainless steel/ graphite mould of temperature 300 °C - 600 °C then cooled. The prepared glass sample was annealed at 300 °C- 500 °C for 1 h then cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute to release the stress in the glass sample. The prepared glass sample was cut in a required size and shape using diamond cutter. The code for the present sample is called as AgFP4.

Example 5:

21.2639 g of P₂0₅, 5.1474 g of CaO, 2.0481 g of Na₂0, 0.6807 g of Ag₂0 and 0.8599 g of CaF₂ pure chemicals were taken in agate mortar/ planetary ball mill. Ethanol was added with the mixture and ground for 1 h to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The mixture was dried at 100 °C -200 °C for 1 h and ground powder using agate mortar/ planetary ball mill to obtain a fine powder. The powdered mixture was melted in platinum doped with 10% Rhodium crucible and heated at the temperature ranging from 1050 °C to 1400 °C for 1-4 h and then quenched in a preheated stainless steel/ graphite mould at a temperature ranging from 300 °C to 600 °C and then cooled. The prepared glass sample was annealed at 300 °C- 500 °C for 1 h then cooled at the rate of 0.5 °C - 2 °C per minute to release the stress in the glass sample. The prepared glass sample was cut in to required size and shape using diamond cutter. The code for the present sample is called as AgFP5.

Physico-chemical and in vitro studies

1. Density Measurements

The density of the prepared glass samples was measured using Archimedes' principle

W_a

with water as a buoyant and the relation, p——— ττ"^χ , where W_a is weight in air, w_a - w_b

W_b is the weight in water, and p_b is the density of water. A digital balance (model

BSA224S-CW; Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) with an accuracy of ±0.0001 g was used for weight measurements. The measurements were repeated five times to find an average and an accurate value. The overall accuracy in density measurement is ±0.5 kg/m³. The percentage error in the measurement of density is ±0.05.

2. Ultrasonic Measurements

Ultrasonic velocities (U_L, longitudinal and U_s, shear) and attenuations (U_L, longitudinal and U_s, shear) measurements were carried out using pulse echo method and cross-correlation technique. The measurement system consists of an ultrasonic process control system (model FUII050; Fallon Ultrasonics Inc. Ltd., ON, Canada), a 100-MHz digital storage oscilloscope (model 54600B; Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA), and a computer. The measurements were carried out by generating longitudinal and shear waves using X- and Y- cut transducers operated at a fundamental frequency of 5 MHz.

3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Elemental analysis of the prepared glass sample was done using X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (model AXIS Ultra DLD; Kratos, Kyoto, Japan) with Al Ka source operating at 210 W. The glass sample was ground using planetary ball mill (model PM 100; Retsch, Haan, Germany) and the powdered glass sample was used for X PS analysis. A survey spectrum (0-1200 eV) was recorded and high-resolution spectra for Cls and Nls band were obtained. X-ray as the excitation radiation was used for the XPS measurements. The spectra were collected in a fixed retarding ratio mode with a bandpass energy of about 10 eV.

4. Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis

Infrared absorption of powdered glass samples after in vitro studies were analyzed from FTIR spectra. The FTIR absorption spectra were recorded at room temperature using an FTIR from 4000 to 400 cm^"1, (model 8700; Shimatzu, Tokyo, Japan) spectrometer. A 2.0-mg sample was mixed with 200 mg KBr in an agate mortar and then pressed under a pressure of 100 kg/cm. It gave a pellet of 13 mm diameter. For each sample, FTIR spectrum was normalized with blank KBr pellet. 5. X-ray Diffraction Analysis

To confirm the amorphous nature of prepared glasses and the presence of HAp layer on the surface of glass samples, XRD studies were carried out on each glass sample. An X-ray diffractometer (model PW 1700; Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) was used with CuKa as a radiation source to obtain the XRD pattern in the range of a scanning angle between 20° and 80°. The glass samples were removed from SBF solution after 21 days in vitro studies and then washed gently with double distilled water. The washed glass samples were dried at room temperature. The dried glass was subjected to obtain the XRD pattern as discussed above.

6. pH Measurements

The prepared glass samples were soaked for 21 days in laboratory prepared SBF solution and kept in C0₂ incubator at the temperature of 37 °C in 6% C0₂. The variation in pH values of simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions was measured on all the 21 days using a pH meter (model 3-star; Thermo Orion, Beverly, MA) for all glasses under identical conditions. The pH electrode was calibrated using the standard buffer solution with a pH value of 4.01, 7.00, and 10.01 before taking the measurements. The percentage error in the measurement of pH is ±0.005.

7. Inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

The quantitative analysis was done to find the amount of silver ions released in the SBF solution at the end of 21 days in vitro studies. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (model 5300 DV; Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, USA) was used to measure silver concentration in the SBF solution. The samples were atomized with a crossflow nebulizer assembly in the argon medium. The atomized fine particles were discharged through high frequency RF wave converting the sample particles into a plasma state. The emitted energy from the plasma is recorded by charge coupled devices (CCD). The accuracy and precision of measurements were within ±5%

8. Scanning Electron Microscopy

The surface morphology of the prepared glass sample was analysed using SEM studies. The glass samples were gently washed with double-distilled water and dried at room temperature. A thin layer of a gold film was coated on the surface of glass sample using sputtering technique. The SEM (model Ultra 55; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was used to obtain a surface image of all glass samples before and after in vitro studies to analyse their surface morphology.

9. Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Energy dispersive X-ray spectrograph (EDS) was taken for all the prepared glass samples before and after in vitro studies using EDS (model X-max 50 mm²; Oxford, Abingdon, England) for obtaining semi quantitative elemental information of the surface of samples. The percentage of error associated with the elemental composition analysis is ±0.1. 10. Cell culture and cytotoxicity assay

Nontoxic nature of the selected glass sample was assessed using cytotoxicity study in cell culture lines. Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line (ATCC-1739) was obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. The cells were grown and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/nutrient mixture F-12 HAM (1 : 1) with 2 mM L^"1 glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 45 IU ml^"1 penicillin and 45 IU ml^"1 streptomycin. Growth ingredients were also added and incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C in 5% C0₂. After a number of passaging, the pure confluent AGS cell lines were obtained and cells at a density of 10³ were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 mg ml^"1 for the selected bioactive glass samples. The morphology of AGS cell lines was observed regularly under binocular inverted microscope. After 48 h of incubation, MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the viability of the bioactive glass treated AGS cells. The percentage of cell viability from triplicates of the bioactive glass treated and non-treated cells was calculated using optical density (OD 590 nm) as follows:

OD of the glass particles treated cells

Cell viability % = lOO

OD of the cells

In vivo animal studies

Animal studies were done after getting the approval from animal ethical committee (Approval number IAEC-LDC/8/14/1 dated 14^th Feb 2014). Young rabbits of weight about 1.600 Kg were purchased from King Institute, Chennai as per CPCSEA guidelines. Under ketamine anaesthesia, one centimetre incision was made over the medical epicondyle of femur under image control. Under microscopic magnification, Periosteum was opened and a 2 mm drill hole was made. The selected sample of fluorophosphate glass rod of diameter 2 mm was pegged into the hole. After saline wash, wound was closed using single layer 3-0 ethilon sutures and then 250 mg of ceftriaxone was given intra-muscularly. Rabbit was allowed to move freely immediately after recovery from anesthesia. Fluorescent calcein (Sigma Aldrich, Japan) (10 mg/kg) was administrated intramuscularly on the day of surgery and then every week until 2 days before euthanising to label newly formed bone continuously. After 10 weeks, the animals were euthanised using a lethal dose of ketamine and the lower end of femur harvested and preserved in 10% formalin and used for SEM, EDS, CLSM studies. Un-decalcified sectioning was done on the harvested femur perpendicular to the implant rod using microtome (Model SP1600; Leica, Nussloch, Germany) to get slices of 1 mm thickness. 11. Histomorphological studies

The un-decalcified section of the implant was dried at room temperature using desiccator. A thin layer of a gold film was coated on the surface of glass sample using sputtering technique. SEM and EDS studies were done on the dried slice to find the formation of HAp at the glass-bone interface.

12. Histophysiological analysis

Calcein fluorescence was used to examine the newly formed bone using a confocal laser scanning microscope (model : LSM 510 ETA; Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany). The excitation wavelength was set at 488nm (Ar laser). Calcein fluorescence was detected through a BP 515— 565 nm bandpass filter.

Details obtained from the Figures:

Fig. 1 illustrates the protocol used for the synthesis of silver added fluorophosphate glass samples with different contents of fluorine.

The density variation of the prepared glass samples as a function of added CaF₂ content is shown in Fig. 2. A small decrease in the density from 2689.4 kgm ³ to 2687.7 kgm^"3 due to the initial addition of calcium fluoride is noted. A sudden increase in the density value to 2695.2 kgm ³ is noted for 1.25 mol% of CaF₂ content. Further addition of calcium fluoride leads to decrease the density value to 2688.6 kgm^"3 for 2.5 mol% of CaF₂ content. Beyond this, a negligible change in density is noted with the further addition of CaF₂ content. The observed behaviour explains the alteration of glass network by fluorine atom. Fig. 3a and 3b shows the variation of elastic moduli of all the prepared glass samples as a function of CaF₂ content. Elastic moduli such as longitudinal, shear, young's and bulk modulus shows the same trend with the density variations during the addition of CaF₂ content. The glass containing 1.25 mol% of CaF₂ showed the maximum moduli value than the other CaF₂ added glasses.

Fig. 4 shows the elemental composition of the glass sample AgFP4 using XPS. The observed intensity at the binding energies at 31.8 eV, 135.2 eV, 192 eV, 348.4 eV, 373.9eV, 533.81 eV, 1072.5 eV, shows respectively the presence of CaF₂, P₂0₅, Ca₃(P0₄)₂, CaF₂, Ag₂0₃, O, and Na the glass sample AgFP4. SEM image of the prepared glass sample AgFP4 is showed in Fig. 5. The smooth surface of the glass sample AgFP4 obtained from SEM image exhibits the amorphous nature of the sample. Fig.6 shows EDS spectrograph of the glass sample AgFP4. A close agreement is noted between experimental and nominal composition of the glass sample AgFP4. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 confirm the presence of silver and fluorine atoms in the glass network.

21 days of in vitro studies were made on all the prepared glass samples. The observed pH variations during 21 days in vitro studies help to assess the bioactivity of the prepared glasses. The pH variations of all the prepared glasses during in vitro studies are given in Fig. 7. The initial release of phosphate ions lead to form phosphoric acid resulting in sudden decrease in pH value of all the glass samples. At the end of second day of immersion, sodium ions are released and hence the increase in pH value. At the end of 21 days in vitro studies, the sample AgFP4 shows higher pH value than all the other samples.

FTIR spectrograph of all the prepared glass samples after in vitro studies is shown in the Fig. 8. The FTIR absorption assignment band at 530 cm^"1, 720 cm^"1, 887 cm^"1, 1116 cm^"1, 1275 cm^"1, 1630 cm^"1, 3630 cm^"1 are respectively of vibration bands of HAp, P-O-P (asymmetric mode), P-O-P (asymmetric mode), P-0 (stretching mode), hydrogen bending mode, vibration of water and water associated in HAp. The presence of HAp confirms the bone bonding ability of all the glass samples. XRD patterns of all the glass after in vitro studies are shown in Fig. 9. In the obtained XRD shoulder peak at 31.912° and a weak one at 31.792° in the sample FP3 shows respectively the rich concentration of HAp and Weak concentration of FAp.

Fig. 10 shows the SEM image of the glass sample FP3 after in vitro studies. The SEM image confirms the rich deposit of Ca-P layer on FP3 glass surface. The size of the deposited particles is in the order of 20-100 nm. Fig. 11 shows the elemental composition of the deposited precipitate using EDS. The Ca/P ratio of the deposit is about 1.6 indicating the deposit is HAp. But the presence of fluorine molecules in the surface precipitate confirms the existence of fluoroapatite. The EDS spectrograph clearly indicates the presence of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite on the surface of the glass sample FP3.

Fig. 12 shows the optical microscope image of cell viability test for the sample FP3. The image clearly shows there is no cytotoxicity observed in the glass sample FP3. Fig. 13a shows the SEM image at 100X magnification of un-decalcified section of the femoral condyle of the rabbit after 10 weeks of glass implanting. The micrograph shows bone conversion morphology of the glass sample AgFP4 in femoral condyle of the rabbit. A uniform change in glass size and structure of the implanted glass is well observed on the entire circumference. Fig. 13b at 1000X magnification the differential layering between the glass and bone in the form of an interface, binding the glass to bone is clearly shown. Fig. 13c shows the EDS spectrum of the glass-bone interface. The presence of minerals such as P, Na, Ca, Ag, O and F at the bone-glass interface confirms the transformation process of glass into bone. Fig. 14 is the CLSM image showing the morphology of the bone- glass interface. On Ar laser scanning the brilliant wide fluorescence to a depth of 546 μιτι from the periphery indicates high calcium turnover at the interface over a period of 10 weeks. This confirms the transformation process of glass to bone.

Claims

We claim:

1. A fluorophosphate glass having the composition of (35— 65)phosphorus pentoxide — (22— 36)calcium oxide — (11— 32)sodium oxide — (0.01— 20)calcium fluoride — (0.01— 10)silver oxide, said percentages being molar percentages.

2. The composition for prosthetic device or fluorophosphate glass or coating as claimed in claim 1, wherein phosphorus pentoxide is substituted by any of the following :

Ammonium di hydrogen phosphate, Phosphorus chloride, ammonium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, and silver phosphate.

3. The composition for prosthetic device or fluorophosphate glass or coating as claimed in claim 1, wherein calcium oxide is substituted by any of the following :

Calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, calcium fluorophosphate, calcium chloride, calcium caseinate, and calcium bicarbonate'

4. The composition for prosthetic device or fluorophosphate glass or coating as claimed in claim 1, wherein sodium oxide is substituted by any of the following :

Sodium carbonate, and sodium citrate.

5. The composition for prosthetic device or fluorophosphate glass or coating as claimed in claim 1, wherein calcium fluoride is substituted by any of the following :

Calcium di fluoride, calcium tri fluoride, calcium fluorophosphate, and sodium fluoride-

6. The composition for prosthetic device or fluorophosphate glass or coating as claimed in claim 1, wherein silver oxide is substituted by any of the following :

Silver fluoride, silver carbonate, silver phosphate, silver (II oxide), silver (III) oxide, silver chloride.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the bioactive glass has a composition by either molar percentage or weight percentage:

Compound Mol% Wt.%

P₂0₅ 35-65 60-70

CaO 22-36 12-20

Na₂0 11-32 6-20

Ag₂0 0.01-10 0.1-10

CaF₂ 0.01-20 0.1-10

8. Any prosthetic device or implant or bone substitute containing the composition of claim 1, wherein said device is made essentially of said fluorophosphate glass or coated with said fluorophosphate glass.