WO2015081250A2

WO2015081250A2 - Ophthalmic devices with slit-shaped apertures

Info

Publication number: WO2015081250A2
Application number: PCT/US2014/067698
Authority: WO
Inventors: Geunyoung Yoon
Original assignee: University Of Rochester
Priority date: 2013-11-27
Filing date: 2014-11-26
Publication date: 2015-06-04
Also published as: WO2015081250A3

Abstract

An ophthalmic system can include a first ophthalmic device and a second ophthalmic device. Each of the first and second ophthalmic devices including a body configured for placement at an optical axis of an eye and having an aperture configured to provide depth of focus to the eye. The apertures have a physical depth, a width, and a length. The length is greater than the width. In use, the apertures of the first and second ophthalmic devices are oriented differently from each other relative to a sagittal plane of the respective eye, a respective orienting member attached to the respective body, or both.

Description

OPHTHALMIC DEVICES WITH SLIT-SHAPED APERTURES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/909,856, filed November 27, 2013, titled OPHTHALMIC DEVICES WITH SLIT- SHAPED APERTURES, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND

[0002] In a process known as accommodation, the eye’s refractive properties are adjusted to change the focal length to bring objects at varying distances into focus onto the retina. A typical healthy eye has sufficient accommodation to enable focused vision of objects ranging in distance from infinity (e.g., over 20 feet from the eye) to very near (e.g., closer than 10 inches). In a condition known as presbyopia, the eye loses accommodative ability, typically with age, to focus on near-field objects. Figures 1A and 1B compare the accommodative abilities of a normal eye (Figure 1A) and presbyopic eye (Figure 1B). Figure 1A illustrates that a normal eye 2 can focus images of objects both at a far location 4 and a near location 6 onto the retina 8. On the other hand, a presbyopic eye 2 can focus images of objects at a far location 2 onto the retina 8, but is unable to focus objects at the near location 6 onto the retina 8, being able to focus the light from the object at the near location only to a location 10 behind the retina. This loss of accommodation can result in discomfort, inconvenience, or both to individuals with presbyopia. Many individuals can notice symptoms of presbyopia by age 40 to 50. SUMMARY

[0003] In some aspects of the subject technology, a binocular system can be used to treat presbyopia, the binocular system comprising two lenses with each lens having a slit-shaped aperture configuration and the slit-shaped aperture configurations of the two lenses differing from each other. In some aspects, the brain combines images from each of the two lenses into an image of better quality than obtained by vision through either lens alone. [0004] In some aspects of the subject technology, intraocular lenses can comprise slit- shaped apertures. In some aspects, a binocular system can comprise a pair of intraocular lenses having slits-shaped apertures oriented at different angles about an optical axis of the respective eye in which the intraocular lens resides. [0005] In some aspects of the subject technology, corneal inlays can comprise slit-shaped apertures. In some aspects, a binocular system can comprise a pair of corneal inlays having slits-shaped apertures oriented at different angles about an optical axis of the respective eye in which the corneal inlay resides. [0006] In some aspects of the subject technology, contact lenses can comprise slit-shaped apertures. In some aspects, a binocular system can comprise a pair of contact lenses having slits-shaped apertures oriented at different angles about an optical axis of the respective eye upon which the contact lens resides. In some aspects, a binocular system can comprise a pair of contact lenses having slit-shaped apertures and weights to orient the contact lenses on the eyes, with the slit-shaped apertures oriented at different angles relative to the weights. [0007] In some aspects of the subject technology, spectacle lenses can comprise slit- shaped apertures. In some aspects, a binocular system can comprise a pair of spectacle lenses having slits-shaped apertures oriented at different angles relative to the weights. [0008] In contrast to lenses, e.g., contact lenses and intraocular lenses, that provide correction by refraction and/or movement of lens(es), correction can be provided, in some aspects of the subject technology, without inducing halos around images of objects induced by contribution out-of-focus rays. [0009] Some aspects of the subject technology comprise methods for placing, in each of two eyes of the same individual, an ophthalmic device having a slit-shaped aperture. The slits of the ophthalmic devices can be positioned on or in the eyes such that major dimensions of the ophthalmic devices have different angles relative to corresponding reference planes of the eyes. In some aspects, the difference in angles can be 45 to 135 degrees, 60 to 120 degrees, 75 to 105 degrees, 85 to 95 degrees, or about 90 degrees. Each ophthalmic device can be positioned such that its aperture is arranged over an optical axis of the corresponding eye. [0010] In some aspects of the subject technology, contact lenses having slit-shaped apertures can be placed on an individual’s eyes. In some aspects of the subject technology, corneal inlays having slit-shaped apertures can be placed in the corneas of an individual’s eyes. In some aspects of the subject technology, intraocular lenses having slit-shaped apertures can be placed in an individual’s eyes. [0011] The subject technology is illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described below. Various examples of aspects of the subject technology are described as numbered clauses (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples and do not limit the subject technology. It is noted that any of the dependent clauses may be combined in any combination, and placed into a respective independent clause, e.g., Clause 1, 21, or 49. The other clauses can be presented in a similar manner. 1. An ophthalmic device, comprising

a body configured for placement at an optical axis of an eye, and comprising an aperture configured to provide depth of focus to the eye, the aperture having a physical depth, a width, and a length, the physical depth extending parallel to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device, the length and the width being perpendicular to each other and the physical depth, and the length being greater than the width. 2. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body is configured for contact with a structure of an eye. 3. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body is configured for placement within the eye. 4. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the aperture has a rectangular cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis. 5. The ophthalmic device of Clause 4, wherein corners of the rectangular cross- section are rounded. 6. The ophthalmic device of Clause 4, wherein a first end and a second end of the rectangular cross-section are rounded, the first end being opposed to the second end. 7. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the aperture has an oval cross- section in a plane normal to the optical axis. 8. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the aperture has a width of about 1 mm to about 3 mm. 9. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the aperture has a length of about 3 mm to about 7 mm. 10. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body is configured to appose a portion of a cornea of the eye. 11. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to engage a capsular bag of the eye. 12. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to engage a ciliary body of the eye. 13. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to position the ophthalmic device in an anterior chamber angle of the eye. 14. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body is sized and shaped to cover an average fully dilated human pupil. 15. The ophthalmic device of Clause 14, wherein a minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body, in a plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the eye, is greater than a diameter of an average fully dilated human pupil. 16. The ophthalmic device of Clause 15, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 4 mm. 17. The ophthalmic device of Clause 16, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 6 mm. 18. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body has a generally circular exterior perimeter in a plane normal to the optical axis of the ophthalmic device. 19. The ophthalmic device of Clause 1, wherein the body comprises an opaque material surrounding the aperture, and extending from the aperture to an exterior perimeter of the body in a plane normal to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device. 20. The ophthalmic device of Clause 20, wherein the opaque material comprises a polymer. 21. A system, comprising:

a first ophthalmic device and a second ophthalmic device, each of the first ophthalmic device and the second ophthalmic device comprising:

a body configured for placement at an optical axis of an eye and comprising an aperture configured to provide depth of focus to the eye, the aperture having a physical depth, a width, and a length, the physical depth extending parallel to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device, the length and the width being perpendicular to each other and the physical depth, and the length being greater than the width; and

an orienting member coupled to the body;

wherein the aperture of the first ophthalmic device is oriented at a first inscribed angle about the optical axis of the first ophthalmic device relative to the orienting member of the first ophthalmic device; and

wherein the aperture of the second ophthalmic device is oriented at a second inscribed angle about the optical axis of the second ophthalmic device relative to the orienting member of the second ophthalmic device, the second inscribed angle being different than the first inscribed angle. 22. The system of Clause 21, wherein at least one of the bodies is configured for contact with a structure of an eye. 23. The system of Clause 21, wherein at least one of the bodies is configured for placement within the eye. 24. The system of Clause 21, wherein at least one of the apertures has a rectangular cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis. 25. The system of Clause 24, wherein corners of the rectangular cross-section are rounded. 26. The system of Clause 24, wherein a first end and a second end of the rectangular cross-section are rounded, the first end being opposed to the second end. 27. The system of Clause 21, wherein at least one of the apertures has an oval cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis. 28. The system of Clause 21, wherein the apertures have a width of about 1 mm to about 3 mm. 29. The system of Clause 21, wherein the apertures have a length of about 3 mm to about 7 mm. 30. The system of Clause 21, wherein the bodies are configured to appose a portion of a cornea of the eye. 31. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to engage a capsular bag of the eye. 32. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to engage a ciliary body of the eye. 33. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to position the ophthalmic device in an anterior chamber angle of the eye. 34. The system of Clause 21, wherein the bodies are sized and shaped to cover an average fully dilated human pupil. 35. The system of Clause 34, wherein a minimum transverse exterior dimension of each of the bodies, in a plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the eye, is greater than a diameter of an average fully dilated human pupil. 36. The system of Clause 35, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 4 mm. 37. The system of Clause 36, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 6 mm. 38. The system of Clause 21, wherein at least one of the bodies has a generally circular exterior perimeter in a plane normal to the optical axis of the ophthalmic device. 39. The system of Clause 21, wherein the bodies comprise an opaque material surrounding the aperture, and extending from the aperture to an exterior perimeter of the body in a plane normal to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device. 40. The system of Clause 39, wherein the opaque material comprises a polymer. 41. The system of Clause 21, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 45 to about 135 degrees. 42. The system of Clause 22, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 60 to about 120 degrees. 43. The system of Clause 42, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 75 to about 105 degrees. 44. The system of Clause 43, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 85 to about 95 degrees. 45. The system of Clause 44, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 90 degrees. 46. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting member comprises a contact member configured for contact with a structure of an eye. 47. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting member comprises a weight. 48. The system of Clause 21, wherein the orienting member comprises an earstem or a nose piece. 49. A method of treating an individual, comprising:

providing a first ophthalmic device and a second ophthalmic device, each comprising a body comprising an aperture configured to provide depth of focus to the eye, the aperture having a physical depth, a width, and a length, the physical depth extending parallel to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device, the length and the width being perpendicular to each other and the physical depth, and the length being greater than the width; positioning the first ophthalmic device at an optical axis of a first eye of the individual with the aperture of the first ophthalmic device oriented at a first inscribed angle about an optical axis of the first eye relative to a sagittal plane of the first eye; and

positioning the second ophthalmic device at an optical axis of a second eye of the individual with the aperture of the second ophthalmic device oriented at a second inscribed angle about an optical axis of the second eye relative to a sagittal plane of the second eye, the second inscribed angle being different than the first inscribed angle. 50. The method of Clause 49, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 45 to about 135 degrees. 51. The method of Clause 50, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 60 to about 120 degrees. 52. The method of Clause 51, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 75 to about 105 degrees. 53. The method of Clause 52, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 85 to about 95 degrees. 54. The method of Clause 53, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 90 degrees. 55. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in contact with a cornea of the first eye. 56. The method of Clause 55, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned within a cornea of the first eye. 57. The method of Clause 55, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned superficial to a cornea of the first eye. 58. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in a lens capsular bag of the first eye. 59. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in an anterior chamber of the first eye. 60. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned between the iris and the capsular bag of the first eye. 61. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned such that an optical axis of the aperture of the first body is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the first eye. 62. The method of Clause 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned such that the first body substantially blocks light that otherwise would have passed through the pupil of the first eye, except for light passing through the first aperture. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide further understanding of the subject technology and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this description, illustrate aspects of the subject technology and, together with the specification, serve to explain principles of the subject technology. [0013] Figures 1A and 1B compare the accommodative abilities of a normal eye (Figure 1A) and presbyopic eye (Figure 1B). [0014] Figures 2A and 2B compare the depth of focus of an eye through a pinhole (Figure 2A) and an eye through a normal pupil (Figure 2B). [0015] Figure 3 is a front view of an ophthalmic device according to aspects of the subject technology. [0016] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional side view of the ophthalmic device of Figure 3, taken along line 4-4. [0017] Figure 5 is a front view of an ophthalmic device according to aspects of the subject technology. [0018] Figure 6 is a front view of an ophthalmic device according to aspects of the subject technology. [0019] Figure 7 is a front view of a system of ophthalmic devices according to aspects of the subject technology. [0020] Figure 8 is a front view of a system of ophthalmic devices according to aspects of the subject technology. [0021] Figure 9 shows a system of ophthalmic devices according to aspects of the subject technology. [0022] Figure 10 is a system of ophthalmic devices implanted in eyes according to aspects of the subject technology. [0023] Figure 11 is a conceptual illustration of a binocular perception from images from right and left eyes. [0024] Figures 12–14 shows simulated through-focus images for various combinations of pupil and aperture configurations for right and left eyes having similar accommodative ability. [0025] Figure 15 shows an apparatus for assessing binocular through-focus visual perception. [0026] Figure 16 shows images of different levels of blur for assessment of binocular through-focus visual perception. [0027] Figures 17A–D show exemplifying plots of image quality score for different tested focal distances and optical conditions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, the subject technology may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in simplified or representative form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology. [0029] When a corneal inlay 12 comprising a pinhole, e.g., having an aperture with a diameter of 0.8–1.6 mm, is implanted in the cornea of an eye, the pinhole can provide the eye with a large depth of focus (DOF) as illustrated in Figure 2A. For comparison, Figure 2B illustrates DOF of a normal pupil 14. The pinhole inlay limits the amount of light passing through the pupil. The amount of light passing through the pinhole of the inlay and the pupil is much less than would otherwise pass through the pupil without the pinhole inlay. Because of the restriction on the amount of light passing through the pupil and the consequent reduction in the ability to see in low-light conditions, it can be desirable to use a pinhole inlay with only one eye. In some instances, a pinhole pupil can create a halo effect. In some aspects of the subject technology, binocular use of ophthalmic devices having slit-shaped apertures for the passage of light can increase the amount of light impinging on the retina, which can be particularly advantageous in low-light conditions compared to ophthalmic devices having pinhole apertures. [0030] In some aspects of the subject technology, slit-shaped apertures can advantageously provide large DOF in one direction (minor axis) without losing as much light as would be lost with a pinhole aperture. [0031] Figures 3–10 illustrate various ophthalmic devices 100 according to various aspects of the subject technology. As illustrated in Figures 3–10, an ophthalmic device 100 can comprise a body 104 having a slit-shaped aperture 102. [0032] The body 104 can configured for placement at an optical axis 106 of an eye (Figure 2A). The body 104 can be positioned in use so that the optical axis 106 of the eye passes through the aperture 102. The body can be configured for contact with a structure of an eye, such as, for example, a cornea, an anterior chamber angle, zonules, or a lens capsular bag. For example, Figures 3–6 illustrate ophthalmic devices 100 having bodies 104 configured for contact with the cornea, whether on the exterior surface as contact lenses or internally as corneal inlays. Figure 7 illustrates a system of ophthalmic devices 100 configured as contact lenses. Figure 8 illustrates ophthalmic devices 100 having bodies 104 configured for placement within eyes. [0033] However, the body can be configured not to contact a structure of the eye. For example, the body 104 of Figure 108 can be configured for placement within an eye without contacting a structure of the eye, while the ophthalmic device 100 comprises a haptic 108 configured to hold the body 104 suspended within the eye away from structures of the eye. As another example of ophthalmic devices 100 configured not to contact an eye, spectacles 110 can comprise ophthalmic devices 100 according to the subject technology, for example as shown in Figure 9, [0034] The body 104 can comprise an opaque material the blocks or substantially blocks the passage of light therethrough, so that light passes only or substantially only through the aperture 102. Alternatively or additionally, the opaque material may be coated onto the body 104. The opaque material, whether incorporated into the body 104 or coated thereon, can extend from the aperture 102 to an exterior perimeter 112 of the body 104 as viewed in a plane normal to an optical axis 114 of the ophthalmic device 100. According to some aspects of the subject technology, the opaque material comprises a polymer. [0035] The body 104 can be sized and shaped to cover an average fully dilated human pupil. To that end, a minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body, in a plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the eye, can be greater than a diameter of an average fully dilated human pupil. For example, the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body can be at least 4 mm, at least 6 mm, at least 8 mm, or larger. The magnitude of the minimum transverse exterior dimension T can be dependent upon the location of the body 104 along the optical axis 106 of the eye 102 so that all, or substantially all light not passing through the aperture 102 is prevented from entering the eye. Where the body 104 has a generally circular exterior perimeter 112 in a plane normal to the optical axis of the ophthalmic device, the minimum transverse exterior dimension can be a diameter of the circular perimeter. [0036] The aperture 102 can be configured to provide depth of focus to the eye. With reference to Figures 3 and 4, the aperture has a physical depth, a width W, and a length L. The physical depth can extend parallel to the optical axis 114 of the ophthalmic device 100. The aperture 102 extends from a front (or anterior) surface 118 to an opposing back (or posterior) surface 120 of the body 104. The aperture can have a depth of about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm, which corresponds to the thickness of the body 104 at the aperture 102. The length L and the width W are perpendicular to each other and the physical depth and/or the optical axis 114. The length L is greater than the width W. The aperture 102 can have length L of about 2 mm to about 8 mm, about 3 mm to about 7 mm, about 5 mm to about 6 mm,, or about 4 mm, in various implementations. The aperture 102 can have width W of about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 3 mm, or about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm,, or about 2 mm, in various implementations. [0037] The aperture 102 can have various cross-sectional shapes, in a plane normal to the optical axis 114 of the ophthalmic device 100, such as, for example, rectangular or ovoid, or other shapes, such as diamond. Where the cross-sectional shape is rectangular, the corners can be square, for example as shown in Figure 3, rounded, for example as shown in Figure 5, chamfered, or other shapes. The aperture can have two parallel sides connecting opposed rounded ends, as shown for example in Figure 8. Figure 6 illustrates ophthalmic device 100 comprising an aperture 102 that has an oval cross-sectional shape. Figure 7 illustrates ophthalmic device 100 comprising an aperture 102 that has an diamond cross-sectional shape. [0038] Figures 7–10 illustrate various systems 122 of ophthalmic devices 100. The systems illustrated in Figures 7–10 comprise two ophthalmic devices 100, one for each of a patient’s eyes. Figure 7 illustrates a system of ophthalmic devices 100 configured as contact lenses. Figure 8 illustrates ophthalmic devices 100 having bodies 104 as intraocular implants. In some aspects of the subject technology, placing two slit-shaped apertures perpendicularly or generally perpendicularly to each other can provide a binocular image that has a large depth of focus in all directions. In some aspects, an individual’s visual system can select the sharper parts of the monocular retinal images to yield a higher quality binocular perception. Figure 11 schematically illustrates the combination of retinal images from right and left eyes into a binocular perception that is improved compared to the individual retinal images from either eye. [0039] Each of the systems 122 shown in Figures 7–10 comprises an orienting member coupled to the body 104. The ophthalmic devices 100 of Figure 7, which are configured as contact lenses, comprise a weight that orients each ophthalmic device 100 under the influence of gravity. The ophthalmic devices 100 of Figure 8, which are configured as intraocular implants, comprise haptics 108 to hold the bodies 104 in a position in at an orientation within an eye 102. The haptics 108 illustrated in Figure 8 are merely exemplifying, and can take any form known to those skilled in the art. The haptics can be configured to engage an anterior chamber angle, a ciliary body, zonules, or a lens capsular bag of an eye. Where the ophthalmic devices 100 are comprised by spectacles, orienting members can include all or a portion of a frame, such as, for example, earstem(s), a nose piece (e.g., a bridge), or orbitals (full or partial). [0040] The orienting members, whether weights, haptics, spectacle frames, or in other form, can orient each of the ophthalmic devices in a system differently from each other, e.g., relative to the eyes in which they are respectively placed. The aperture 102 of a first ophthalmic device 126 can be oriented at a first angle about the optical axis of the first ophthalmic device relative to the orienting member of the first ophthalmic device, while the aperture 102 of a second ophthalmic device 128 is oriented at a second angle about the optical axis of the second ophthalmic device relative to the orienting member of the second ophthalmic device, the second angle being different than the first angle. The first and second angles can be measured as an inscribed angle between a representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 and an axis or plane 132 representing the position of the orienting member(s). For example, an inscribed angle can be measured between a plane intersecting the optical axis 114 of the ophthalmic device 100 and a center of mass of a weight, where employed, and a representative axis 130 of the aperture 102, e.g., as shown in Figure 7. As another example, the inscribed angle can be measured between a plane of symmetry of a system of haptics, where haptics are employed and symmetricsl, and a representative axis 132 of the aperture 102, e.g., as shown in Figure 8. As yet another example, the inscribed angle can be measured between a vertical plane through an optical center of a spectacle orbital, where employed, and a representative axis 130 of the aperture 102, e.g., as shown in Figure 9. In each of Figures 7– 9, the representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 of the first ophthalmic device 126 has a first inscribed angle of 0 degrees relative to the illustrated representative axis or plane 132 of the orienting member. Also in each of Figures 7–9, the representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 of the second ophthalmic device 128 has a second inscribed angle ₂ of 90 degrees relative to the illustrated representative axis or plane 132 of the orienting member. Thus, in the systems illustrated in these figures, a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is 90 degrees. In various implementations, a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle can about 45 to about 135 degrees, about 60 to about 120 degrees, 75 to about 105 degrees, or about 85 to about 95 degrees. [0041] Figure 10 illustrates a system 122 of ophthalmic devices 100 positioned in eyes 102. A patient having an impairment of focal accommodation, e.g., presbyopia, can be treated by positioning an ophthalmic device 100 as disclosed herein at one or both of the patient’s eyes. For patients experiencing impairment of focal accommodation in both eyes, positioning ophthalmic devices as disclosed herein at both eyes can provide particular advantage due to the ability of the patient’s visual system to resolve the images from each of the eyes into an image superior to either image alone, as discussed herein. An ophthalmic device 100 can be positioned at eye 102 by placing the ophthalmic devices along an optical axis 106 of the eye, such as by wearing spectacles, applying contact lenses, or implanting corneal inlays or intraocular implants. [0042] The ophthalmic devices 100 can be positioned along optical axes 106 of respective eyes 102, e.g., such that the optical axes 106 of the eye pass through the apertures 102, at orientations different from each other relative to the eyes at which they are respectively placed. The ophthalmic devices can be positioned such that their optical axes 114 are respectively substantially aligned with optical axes 106 of the eyes. The bodies 104 of the ophthalmic devices can be positioned such that they substantially blocks light that otherwise would have passed through the pupil of the first eye, except for light passing through the aperture 102. The aperture 102 of a first ophthalmic device 126 can be oriented at a first angle about the optical axis, of the first ophthalmic device or the respective eye, relative to the sagittal plane 134 of the respective eye 102, while the aperture 102 of a second ophthalmic device 128 is oriented at a second angle about the optical axis, of the second ophthalmic device or the respective eye, relative to the sagittal plane 134 of the respective eye 102, the second angle being different than the first angle. The first and second angles can be measured as an inscribed angle between a representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 and the sagittal plane 134 of the respective eye. In Figure 10, the representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 of the first ophthalmic device 126 has a first inscribed angle ₁ of 45 degrees counterclockwise relative to the sagittal plane 134 of the respective eye, while the representative axis 130 of the aperture 102 of the second ophthalmic device 128 has a second inscribed angle ₂ of 45 degrees clockwise relative to the sagittal plane 134 of the respective eye. Thus, the difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is 90 degrees. In various implementations, a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle can about 45 to about 135 degrees, about 60 to about 120 degrees, 75 to about 105 degrees, or about 85 to about 95 degrees. [0043] Figures 12–14 show simulated through-focus images for various combinations of pupil and aperture configurations for right and left eyes having similar accommodative ability. Figure 12 shows simulated through-focus images of objects at focal distances for 0 diopter (D), 1D, 2D, and 3D of accommodation for left and right eyes that both have a pupil diameter of 4 mm. Figure 12 shows that for a pupil diameter of 4 mm, through-focus images become increasingly more blurry, in horizontal and vertical directions, with closer placement of the object to the eye. [0044] Figure 13 shows simulated through-focus images of objects at focal distances for 0 D, 1D, 2D, and 3D of accommodation for a left eye with a pinhole pupil aperture, and a right eye having a pupil diameter of 4 mm. Figure 13 shows that for a pupil diameter of 4 mm and for a pinhole aperture, through-focus images become increasingly more blurry, in horizontal and vertical directions, with closer placement of the object to the eye, but that the increase in blurriness is less for the pinhole aperture than for the 4 mm pupil diameter. [0045] Figure 14 shows simulated through-focus images of objects at focal distances for 0 D, 1D, 2D, and 3D of accommodation for a left eye with a slit aperture with its major dimension oriented vertically, and a right eye with a slit aperture with its major dimension oriented horizontally. Figure 14 shows that with the slit aperture oriented so that major dimension is oriented vertically, through-focus images become increasingly more blurry in a first direction, with closer placement of the object to the eye, and that with the slit aperture oriented so that major dimension is oriented horizontally, through-focus images become increasingly more blurry in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction, with closer placement of the object to the eye. In some aspects, images blurred in different directions can be resolved by the visual system into an image that is a better quality than the images from either eye alone. Example [0046] A Binocular Adaptive Optics (AO) vision simulator was used to correct subjects’ native aberrations in both eyes. The subjects’ eyes were cyclopledged. Two conditions were tested: aberration free and multifocal wavefront (0.3 m Spherical Aberration) using the apparatus shown in Figure 15. The apparatus comprised a vision testing apparatus, a wavefront sensor, a deformable mirror, and various optical elements for directing light through the system. Measurements were taken for 4mm pupil under a photopic condition. [0047] Binocular through-focus visual perception was measured for focal distances from 0D to 3D in 0.5D increments. Binocular image perception was measured based on the subjects’ subjective judgment. Prior to the measurement, all subjects were given 30 minutes tutorial and practice on scoring images based on 7 levels of blur illustrated in Figure 16. At each defocus, the subjects scored the binocular images on the scale of 0 to 7, for 3 different binocular pupil designs: normal presbyopic pupils, pinhole pupil, and slit pupils. Measurements were repeated three times [0048] Figures 17A and 17B show exemplifying plots of image quality score for different tested focal distances under aberration-free conditions. As shown by Figures 17A and 17B, through focus image quality was improved for both pinhole and slit pupils cases, and pinhole and slit pupils showed similar through-focus image quality. [0049] Figures 17C and 17D show exemplifying plots of image quality score for different tested focal distances under a multifocal wavefront condition with 0.3 m Spherical Aberration. As shown by Figure 8, similar performance was found for pinhole and slit pupils designs for the same subject under the tested multifocal condition. [0050] Both pinhole and slit pupils significantly improved through-focus image quality for presbyopic eyes. The multifocal effect depended on the subject for the three binocular pupil systems analyzed. Because performances were similar between pinhole and slits under photopic condition, the slits would provide better quality vision under dim light conditions. [0051] The foregoing description is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to practice the various configurations described herein. While the subject technology has been particularly described with reference to the various figures and configurations, it should be understood that these are for illustration purposes only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the subject technology. [0052] There may be many other ways to implement the subject technology. Various functions and elements described herein may be partitioned differently from those shown without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Various modifications to these configurations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and generic principles defined herein may be applied to other configurations. Thus, many changes and modifications may be made to the subject technology, by one having ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the subject technology. [0053] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged. Some of the steps may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method clauses present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented. [0054] A phrase such as“an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as“an aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as “an embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such“an embodiment” may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as“a configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as“a configuration” may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa. [0055] As used herein, the phrase“at least one of” preceding a series of items, with the term“and” or“or” to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase“at least one of” does not require selection of at least one of each item listed; rather, the phrase allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases“at least one of A, B, and C” or“at least one of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C. [0056] Furthermore, to the extent that the term“include,”“have,” or the like is used in this application, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as“comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. [0057] The word“exemplary” is used herein to mean“serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. [0058] A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean“one and only one” unless specifically stated, but rather“one or more” Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. The term “some” refers to one or more. Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various configurations described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description. [0059] While certain aspects and embodiments of the subject technology have been described, these have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the subject technology. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. Any accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the subject technology.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. An ophthalmic device, comprising

a body configured for placement at an optical axis of an eye, and comprising an aperture configured to provide depth of focus to the eye, the aperture having a physical depth, a width, and a length, the physical depth extending parallel to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device, the length and the width being perpendicular to each other and the physical depth, and the length being greater than the width.

2. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body is configured for contact with a structure of an eye.

3. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body is configured for placement within the eye.

4. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the aperture has a rectangular cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis.

5. The ophthalmic device of Claim 4, wherein corners of the rectangular cross- section are rounded.

6. The ophthalmic device of Claim 4, wherein a first end and a second end of the rectangular cross-section are rounded, the first end being opposed to the second end.

7. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the aperture has an oval cross- section in a plane normal to the optical axis.

8. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the aperture has a width of about 1 mm to about 3 mm.

9. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the aperture has a length of about 3 mm to about 7 mm.

10. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body is configured to appose a portion of a cornea of the eye.

11. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to engage a capsular bag of the eye.

12. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to engage a ciliary body of the eye.

13. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body comprises a haptic configured to position the ophthalmic device in an anterior chamber angle of the eye.

14. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body is sized and shaped to cover an average fully dilated human pupil.

15. The ophthalmic device of Claim 14, wherein a minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body, in a plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the eye, is greater than a diameter of an average fully dilated human pupil.

16. The ophthalmic device of Claim 15, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 4 mm.

17. The ophthalmic device of Claim 16, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 6 mm.

18. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body has a generally circular exterior perimeter in a plane normal to the optical axis of the ophthalmic device.

19. The ophthalmic device of Claim 1, wherein the body comprises an opaque material surrounding the aperture, and extending from the aperture to an exterior perimeter of the body in a plane normal to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device.

20. The ophthalmic device of Claim 20, wherein the opaque material comprises a polymer.

21. A system, comprising:

an orienting member coupled to the body;

wherein the aperture of the second ophthalmic device is oriented at a second inscribed angle about the optical axis of the second ophthalmic device relative to the orienting member of the second ophthalmic device, the second inscribed angle being different than the first inscribed angle.

22. The system of Claim 21, wherein at least one of the bodies is configured for contact with a structure of an eye.

23. The system of Claim 21, wherein at least one of the bodies is configured for placement within the eye.

24. The system of Claim 21, wherein at least one of the apertures has a rectangular cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis.

25. The system of Claim 24, wherein corners of the rectangular cross-section are rounded.

26. The system of Claim 24, wherein a first end and a second end of the rectangular cross-section are rounded, the first end being opposed to the second end.

27. The system of Claim 21, wherein at least one of the apertures has an oval cross-section in a plane normal to the optical axis.

28. The system of Claim 21, wherein the apertures have a width of about 1 mm to about 3 mm.

29. The system of Claim 21, wherein the apertures have a length of about 3 mm to about 7 mm.

30. The system of Claim 21, wherein the bodies are configured to appose a portion of a cornea of the eye.

31. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to engage a capsular bag of the eye.

32. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to engage a ciliary body of the eye.

33. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting members comprise haptics configured to position the ophthalmic device in an anterior chamber angle of the eye.

34. The system of Claim 21, wherein the bodies are sized and shaped to cover an average fully dilated human pupil.

35. The system of Claim 34, wherein a minimum transverse exterior dimension of each of the bodies, in a plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the eye, is greater than a diameter of an average fully dilated human pupil.

36. The system of Claim 35, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 4 mm.

37. The system of Claim 36, wherein the minimum transverse exterior dimension of the body is at least 6 mm.

38. The system of Claim 21, wherein at least one of the bodies has a generally circular exterior perimeter in a plane normal to the optical axis of the ophthalmic device.

39. The system of Claim 21, wherein the bodies comprise an opaque material surrounding the aperture, and extending from the aperture to an exterior perimeter of the body in a plane normal to an optical axis of the ophthalmic device.

40. The system of Claim 39, wherein the opaque material comprises a polymer.

41. The system of Claim 21, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 45 to about 135 degrees.

42. The system of Claim 22, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 60 to about 120 degrees.

43. The system of Claim 42, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 75 to about 105 degrees.

44. The system of Claim 43, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 85 to about 95 degrees.

45. The system of Claim 44, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 90 degrees.

46. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting member comprises a contact member configured for contact with a structure of an eye.

47. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting member comprises a weight.

48. The system of Claim 21, wherein the orienting member comprises an earstem or a nose piece.

49. A method of treating an individual, comprising:

positioning the second ophthalmic device at an optical axis of a second eye of the individual with the aperture of the second ophthalmic device oriented at a second inscribed angle about an optical axis of the second eye relative to a sagittal plane of the second eye, the second inscribed angle being different than the first inscribed angle.

50. The method of Claim 49, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 45 to about 135 degrees.

51. The method of Claim 50, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 60 to about 120 degrees.

52. The method of Claim 51, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 75 to about 105 degrees.

53. The method of Claim 52, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 85 to about 95 degrees.

54. The method of Claim 53, wherein a difference between the first inscribed angle and the second inscribed angle is about 90 degrees.

55. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in contact with a cornea of the first eye.

56. The method of Claim 55, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned within a cornea of the first eye.

57. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in a lens capsular bag of the first eye.

58. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned in an anterior chamber of the first eye.

59. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned between the iris and the capsular bag of the first eye.

60. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned such that an optical axis of the aperture of the first body is substantially aligned with an optical axis of the first eye.

61. The method of Claim 49, wherein the first ophthalmic device is positioned such that the first body substantially blocks light that otherwise would have passed through the pupil of the first eye, except for light passing through the first aperture.