WO2015074285A1 - 一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法 - Google Patents
一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015074285A1 WO2015074285A1 PCT/CN2013/087907 CN2013087907W WO2015074285A1 WO 2015074285 A1 WO2015074285 A1 WO 2015074285A1 CN 2013087907 W CN2013087907 W CN 2013087907W WO 2015074285 A1 WO2015074285 A1 WO 2015074285A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/24—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a GIS (Metal Insulated Metal Enclosed Switch) in an ultrahigh voltage and ultra high voltage power grid, in particular to a test method for detecting density uniformity of a GIS basin insulator.
- GIS Metal Insulated Metal Enclosed Switch
- GIS Chinese is called metal insulated metal-enclosed switch, which is the core component of modern power grid.
- the GIS component consists of a central conductor and an operating member, a housing, and a basin insulator.
- the internal space is filled with sulfur hexafluoride gas to insulate the gas.
- the basin insulator has a basin structure, the upper center is inlaid with a cylindrical conductor, and the lower basin along the protruding portion is the connection portion between the insulating basin and the GIS cylinder.
- the thickness of the basin insulator of 1000kV line is generally between 60mm-90mm, the height of the basin is between 300mm-400mm; the thickness of the 500kV basin insulator is generally between 40mm-70mm, the height of the basin is between 250mm-350mm; the thickness of the basin insulator below 500kV Generally between 25mm-40mm, the basin height is between 200mm-400mm.
- the basin insulator is a composite material. It is mechanically mixed and stirred by epoxy resin and alumina powder. It is vacuum casted in a metal mold. After secondary curing, the alumina particles form an "island" structure in the epoxy resin.
- the main defect is Cracks, pores, inclusions, stress damage caused by uneven density of insulating basins, and poor bonding between the center cylindrical conductor and the insulating pot.
- the pot insulators used in UHV grid lines have different densities of alumina and epoxy resin due to their large size, large thickness, curing temperature and curing process, thus forming density differences in different parts of the pot insulator.
- the existence of the difference in density is the main reason for the internal stress of the basin insulator.
- the density uniformity of the basin insulator is poor, the local internal stress is too large, causing the use of the basin insulator to crack to form a gas gap.
- the air gap is broken down by high pressure, releasing a large amount of heat energy, causing the basin insulator to burn, resulting in power failure of the entire line. accident.
- the international and domestic methods for testing the density uniformity of basin insulators are mainly the Young's modulus test method.
- Young's modulus test method By testing the Young's modulus of different parts of the pot insulator, the difference in Young's modulus of different parts is obtained. Indirectly reflects the uniformity of the workpiece.
- the Young's modulus test method is a point-by-point test, and the test data has large limitations and low efficiency.
- the test needs to contact the surface of the workpiece, affecting the surface finish of the workpiece, and easily induces discharge breakdown during operation.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for testing the density uniformity of a pot insulator, which can accurately and effectively evaluate the density uniformity of the basin insulator, the detection speed is fast, and the safe operation level of the power grid is improved.
- the invention adopts the following technical solution: A method for testing the density uniformity of a basin insulator, comprising the following steps: (1) placing the detected pot insulator on a rotating platform, using industrial ray chromatography detection technology, ray vertical Obtaining a circular tomographic image of the basin insulator by transilluminating the axis of the basin insulator;
- Grayscale difference percentage sector grid area ⁇ gray scale average X Luo
- the positive value of the maximum gray scale difference value and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value are calculated, wherein the positive value of the maximum gray scale difference value is the density maximum point, and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value is the density minimum point;
- the absolute value of the change rate of the gray-scale difference percentage difference between the two sector-shaped mesh regions, and the maximum value of the gray-scale difference percentage change rate is the largest region of the density change rate;
- the industrial ray chromatography detection technique described in the gray scale average uses X-rays.
- the invention also discloses another method for testing the density uniformity of the basin insulator, comprising the following steps:
- the comparative sample is placed on the rotating platform, using industrial ray chromatography detection technology, the ray is perpendicular to the axis of the contrast sample, and a circular tomographic image of the comparative sample is obtained; the ash of the three comparative test pieces is tested. a degree value, and then determining a comparison curve between the gray value and the density according to the gray value of the three comparison test blocks and the precise density obtained in the step (1);
- the ring-shaped tomographic image of the tested pot insulator is divided into the same angle of the fan according to the common center, and each sector is divided into fan-shaped grid areas according to the radial equidistance of the common center, and each sector network is tested.
- the gray value of the grid region, the gray average of the entire annular tomographic image is obtained; then the grayscale difference percentage between the gray value and the average value of each sector mesh region is determined,
- the positive value of the maximum gray scale difference value and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value are calculated, wherein the positive value of the maximum gray scale difference value is the density maximum point, and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value is the density minimum point;
- the absolute value of the rate of change of the gray difference percentage of the adjacent two sector-shaped grid regions, and the maximum value of the rate of change of the gray difference percentage is the largest area of the density change rate; wherein the gray value difference percentage change rate ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ x ⁇ ; gray average
- the comparative sample is a cylindrical structure comprising three comparative test pieces having a density of 1.0 ⁇ 0.2 g/cm 3 , 2.0 ⁇ 0.2 g/cm 3 , and 3.0 ⁇ 0.2 g/cm 3 , respectively, each comparative test block.
- the cross section is fan-shaped, the fan angle is 120°, the fan radius is 50 mm, and the test block height is 100 mm.
- the precise density is determined by the liquid discharge weighing method.
- the industrial ray chromatography detection technique uses X-rays.
- the invention provides a method for testing the density uniformity of a pot insulator, and adopts an industrial ray chromatography detection technique to obtain a ring-shaped tomographic image of a pot insulator.
- an industrial ray chromatography detection technique to obtain a ring-shaped tomographic image of a pot insulator.
- the average value of the gray of the entire detection area is obtained, and further, the maximum point or the minimum point for determining the density, and the region with the largest density change rate are obtained.
- the density uniformity of the pot insulator can be accurately and effectively evaluated.
- a round plane detection of the pot insulator can be completed every time, and the overall evaluation can be realized, and the detection speed is fast, and the factory inspection can be easily realized.
- the density uniformity of the basin insulator By testing the density uniformity of the basin insulator, the density non-uniformity can be effectively found and the safe operation level of the grid can be improved.
- the density uniformity of the basin insulator can be tested by the ray tomography detection technology, and the production process can be improved and the product quality can be improved.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a basin insulator
- FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of an industrial ray chromatography detecting device of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram showing the division of a tomographic image
- Fig. 5 is an enlarged view of a sector mesh area of the portion A in Fig. 4.
- the intensity I Q emitted by the X-ray source and the intensity I of the detector after being attenuated by a certain thickness are measured, and then the X-ray source and the detector are synchronously translated in the observation plane by a certain number of steps Nt, and the step size of the translation is determined.
- the measurement accuracy of the system the same measurement is made for each translation step, thus obtaining a set of data; rotating a certain angle ⁇ (for example, ⁇ ), and then synchronously shifting the Nt step to obtain another set of data under a new angle; thus repeating until Rotate N0 times, the product of the number of rotations N0 and each rotation angle should be at least 180°, that is, ⁇ 0 ⁇ 18 ⁇ °, and the sampling stops after the ⁇ 0 group data is obtained.
- ⁇ for example, ⁇
- the linear attenuation coefficient of the object for X-ray is ⁇
- the X-ray of intensity I Q decays to I after traveling distance X in the object, according to the Beer's law:
- This formula is called ray projection. Obviously, measured 1. With 1, you can know ⁇ (11, according to a series of projections ⁇ (11, to find the integrand function. This can get the industrial ray tomography image corresponding to the ⁇ distribution (and thus the density distribution).
- the working process of industrial ray tomography can be roughly divided into two steps. First, the ray projections of the detected object at multiple angles are obtained by using the hardware constituting the industrial ray tomography system. Second, using some mathematical method from In the ray projection group, the linear absorption coefficient distribution of each point of the section is solved, that is, the density distribution of a fault of the object to be inspected, and the tomographic tomography image can be obtained by using the gray value of the image to represent the density distribution.
- Imaging resolution is usually divided into two aspects: spatial resolution (geometric resolution) and density resolution.
- Spatial resolution also known as geometric resolution, refers to the ability to discern the smallest object from a tomographic image.
- Density resolution is an important performance indicator of industrial ray chromatography equipment. It is the basic method to distinguish the material of the object to be inspected by the gray scale of the image (because the gradation directly reflects the density).
- Density resolution also known as contrast resolution, is usually expressed as a percentage (%) change in density (by gradation). Both theory and practice have shown that spatial resolution and density resolution are contradictory when the radiation dose is constant. When the size of the object to be inspected changes, the density resolution also changes.
- the product of the two is a constant, called the contrast detail constant, which depends on the dose of the radiation and the performance of the industrial ray chromatography device. From the contrast detail curve of the industrial ray chromatography device, the higher the density resolution (the smaller the % value, such as 0.2), the lower the spatial resolution. The inverse, the lower the density resolution (the larger the % value, If 2%), the spatial resolution will be higher.
- Density resolution characterizes the ability of industrial ray tomography images to reproduce material density changes. It is usually defined by the smallest object contrast that can be identified on the image:
- the factors that affect the contrast of an object are the compositional properties, density, and ray energy of the material. Studies have shown that at low energy (below IMev), the interaction between ray and material is mainly photoelectric effect. At this time, the composition characteristics of the material play a major role in attenuation; at high energy, Compton scattering dominates. At this time, the density of the material is approximately proportional to the attenuation coefficient. For a uniform material, the density is directly proportional to the value of the linear attenuation coefficient. The main factor affecting the density resolution is the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the source of noise is mainly the quantum noise of the radiation source, the statistical fluctuation of the source intensity and the instability of the source, the noise of the ray intensity data acquisition system, and the position measurement system. Error and image reconstruction algorithm approximation. Among them, quantum noise is the most important, and its relationship with the radiation source dose is calculated according to the Brooks formula. To improve the density resolution, Then the dose of the source is increased.
- Embodiment 1 The present invention discloses a method for testing the density uniformity of a pot insulator, including the following
- the detected pot insulator 3 is placed on the rotating platform 4, using industrial ray chromatography detection technology, using high voltage (225kV), micro focus (0. 4 * 0. 4mm ), X-ray machine, emitting high-energy X-rays, controlling the density resolution accuracy of industrial ray chromatography to 1% or higher, and the ray from the source 1 passes through the collimator 2 perpendicular to the axis of the basin insulator Transillumination, 5 is a ray detector, thereby obtaining an industrial ray tomographic image of the basin insulator, that is, a tomographic image;
- the annular tomographic image is divided into the same angle of the fan according to the common center, as shown in FIG. 4, each sector is divided into a fan-shaped grid area according to the radial equidistance and the common center, as shown in FIG. .
- Grayscale difference percentage sector grid area ⁇ gray scale average X legs
- the positive maximum gray scale difference value and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value are counted, wherein the positive maximum gray scale difference value is the density maximum point, and the negative minimum gray scale difference value is the density minimum point;
- the absolute value of the change rate of the gray-scale difference percentage difference between the two sector-shaped grid regions, and the maximum value of the gray-scale difference percentage change rate is the largest region of the density change rate;
- Gray average At the center of the stage, the beam passes vertically through the central axis of the basin insulator, and an industrial tomographic image is constructed by rotating the workpiece 360°, and the image is a circular density distribution image.
- a pot insulator can be tested several times to obtain the density image of different parts of the pot insulator. Finally, the density point of the tested pot insulator and the minimum density point can be obtained. Knowing the region where the density changes the most, and comprehensively evaluating the density uniformity of different regions of the basin insulator.
- Example 2 A method for testing the density uniformity of a basin insulator, comprising the following steps:
- the comparative sample is a cylindrical structure, and the density is 1.0 ⁇ 0.2 g / cm 3 , 2.0 ⁇ 0.2 g / cm 3 , 3.0 ⁇ 0.2 g /cm 3 three contrast test blocks, each cross section of the test block is fan-shaped, the fan angle is 120 °, the fan radius is 50 mm, the test block height is 100 mm, and the precise density is determined by the liquid discharge weighing method;
- the gray average value of the entire annular tomographic image ⁇ f sector ⁇ the number of the mesh area g
- Gray average Grayscale difference percentage sector grid area ⁇ gray scale average x legs
- the positive maximum gray scale difference value and the negative value minimum gray scale difference value are counted, wherein the positive maximum gray scale difference value is the density maximum point, and the negative minimum gray scale difference value is the density minimum point;
- the maximum value of the gray value difference percentage change rate is the largest density change rate region
- the comparative sample is added, and the comparative sample is used.
- the correspondence between the gray value of the detection result and the object density is established. That is, we can get the absolute value of the density of the position of any pixel on the image by this method.
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Abstract
一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法,包括以下步骤:(1)将被检测的盆式绝缘子放置在旋转平台上,采用工业射线层析检测技术,射线垂直于盆式绝缘子轴线透照,获得盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像;(2)将圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形,每个扇形按照共同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域,得出整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值、每个扇形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度差异百分比;(3)统计出密度最大点、密度最小点、密度变化率最大区域。准确、有效的评价盆式绝缘子的密度均匀性,实现整体评价,检测速度快,提高电网安全运行水平。
Description
一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种超高压和特高压电网中的 GIS (金属绝缘金属封闭开关), 尤其涉及一种涉及用于检测 GIS盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法。
背景技术
GIS中文全称为金属绝缘金属封闭开关, 是现代电网的核心部件。 GIS部件 由中心导体及操作件、 壳体、 盆式绝缘子组成, 内部空间充六氟化硫气体绝缘 气体。 如图 1 所示, 盆式绝缘子为盆式结构, 上部中心镶嵌圆柱状导体, 下盆 沿突出部位是绝缘盆和 GIS 筒体连接部位。 1000kV线路盆式绝缘子厚度一般 60mm-90mm之间, 盆高在 300mm-400mm之间; 500kV盆式绝缘子厚度一般在 40mm-70mm之间, 盆高在 250mm-350mm之间; 500kV以下盆式绝缘子厚度一 般在 25mm-40mm之间, 盆高在 200mm-400mm之间。 盆式绝缘子是复合材料, 由环氧树脂和氧化铝粉机械混合搅拌, 在金属模具内真空浇铸成型, 经过二次 固化, 氧化铝颗粒在环氧树脂中形成 "岛状" 结构, 主要缺陷为裂紋、 气孔、 夹杂物、 绝缘盆密度不均匀造成的应力破坏以及中心柱状导体和绝缘盆之间粘 结不良。 在特高压电网线路中使用的盆式绝缘子由于尺寸大, 厚度大, 固化温 度和固化工艺影响下, 氧化铝和环氧树脂聚集程度存在差异, 因而形成了盆式 绝缘子不同部位的密度差异, 这种密度差异的存在是盆式绝缘子形成内部应力 的主要原因。 当盆式绝缘子密度均匀性较差时, 局部内应力过大, 造成使用中 盆式绝缘子开裂形成气体间隙, 空气间隙被高压击穿, 释放大量热能, 造成盆 式绝缘子烧毁, 导致整个线路发生停电事故。
目前, 国际国内测试盆式绝缘子密度均匀性的方法主要是杨氏模量测试法, 通过测试盆式绝缘子不同部位的杨氏模量, 得出不同部位的杨氏模量差值, 来
间接反映工件的均匀性。 杨氏模量测试方法是逐点测试, 测试数据局限性大, 效率低。 而且测试需要接触工件表面, 影响工件表面光洁度, 容易诱发运行中 的放电击穿。 发明内容 本发明的目的是提供一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 能够准确、 有 效的评价盆式绝缘子的密度均匀性, 检测速度快, 提高电网安全运行水平。 本发明采用下述技术方案: 一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 包括以 下步骤: (1 )、 将被检测的盆式绝缘子放置在旋转平台上, 采用工业射线层析检 测技术, 射线垂直于盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 获得盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像;
(2)、 将盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 每 个扇形按照共同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域, 通过测试每个扇形网 格区域的灰度值, 得出整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇形 网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度差异百分比,
所有扇形网格区域的灰度值的总和
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值:
扇形网格区域的个数
扇形网格区域的灰度值 -灰度平均值
灰度平均值
灰度差异百分比=扇形网格区^ 灰度平均值 X羅
灰度平均值
(3 )、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大 灰度差异数值为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点; 测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度差异 百分比差值变化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域;
两个相邻的扇形网格区域的灰度差异值之差
其中灰度差异百分比差值变化率: χ100
灰度平均值 所述的工业射线层析检测技术采用的是 X射线。
本发明还公开了另外一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 包括以下步骤:
( 1 )、 制作对比试样;
( 2 )、 将对比试样放置在旋转平台上, 采用工业射线层析检测技术, 射线垂直 于对比试样轴线透照, 获得对比试样圆形层析图像; 测试三个对比试块的灰度 值, 然后根据三个对比试块的灰度值和步骤 (1 ) 所得的精确密度确定灰度值与 密度之间的对比关系曲线;
( 3 )、 将被测盆式绝缘子放置在步骤 (2 ) 所述的旋转平台上, 采用步骤 (2 ) 所述的工业射线层析检测技术, 射线垂直于被测盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 获得被 测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像;
(4 )、 将被测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 每个扇形按照共同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域, 通过测试每个扇形 网格区域的灰度值, 得出整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇 形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度差异百分比,
所有扇形网格区域的灰度值的总和
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值
扇形网格区域的个数
扇形网格区域的灰度值 -灰度平均值
灰度差异数值
灰度平均值 灰度差异百分比=扇形网格区^ 灰度平均值 羅
灰度平均值
( 5 )、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大 灰度差异数值为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点; 通过测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度 差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域; 其中灰度差异百分比差值变化率 ^^^ ^^^^x羅; 灰度平均值
( 6 )、 将被测盆式绝缘子的密度最大点、 密度最小点的灰度值, 与对比试样的 灰度值与密度之间的对比关系曲线进行比对, 可以得出被测盆式绝缘子的密度
最大点的密度值和密度最小点的密度值。
所述的对比试样为圆柱体结构, 包括密度分别为 1.0 ± 0.2g/cm3、 2.0士 0.2g/cm3、 3.0±0.2g/cm3的三个对比试块, 每个对比试块的截面为扇形, 扇形角 度 120° , 扇形半径 50mm, 试块高度 100mm, 利用排液称重法确定精确密度。
所述的工业射线层析检测技术采用的是 X射线。
本发明提出一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 采用工业射线层析检测 技术, 获得盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像。 通过对圆环状层析图像进行分析, 得 出整个检测区域的灰度平均值, 进一步得出用于确定密度最大点或最小点, 还 有密度变化率最大区域。 通过此方法可以准确、 有效的评价盆式绝缘子的密度 均匀性, 而且, 每次可以完成盆式绝缘子一个圆平面检测, 实现整体评价, 检 测速度快, 容易实现工厂化检测。
通过测试盆式绝缘子密度均匀性, 可以有效发现这种密度不均匀性, 提高 电网安全运行水平; 通过射线层析检测技术测试盆式绝缘子密度均匀性, 可以 改进生产工艺, 提高产品质量。
通过选择合适的射源和射线层析设备, 可以测试出密度 0.1%的变化率, 而 存在缺陷的盆式绝缘子密度变化率一般在 4%左右。
附图说明
图 1为盆式绝缘子的结构示意图;
图 2为对比试样的结构示意图;
图 3为本发明中工业射线层析检测装置的结构示意图;
图 4为圆环状层析图像的划分示意图;
图 5为图 4中 A部的扇形网格区域的放大图。
具体实施方式
当一束 X射线射入某种物质时, 将发生光电效应、 康一吴散射及电子对的 生成等三种形式的作用, 其结果是入射线的强度随入射深度的增加而减弱, 并
服从比尔指数规律。 取一理想的 X射线源 (满足检测所需要空间分辨率和密度 分辨率的射源), 它发出的 X射线经准直器后成为极细的单束 X射线, 在其对 面放置一个探测器。 测出 X射线源发出的强度 IQ, 以及经过一定厚度物体衰减 以后到达探测器的强度 I,再将 X射线源与探测器在观测平面内同步平移一定的 步数 Nt, 平移的步长决定了系统的测量精度, 每平移一步均作同样的测量, 如 此取得一组数据; 旋转一定角度 Δ (例如 Γ ), 再同步平移 Nt步, 取得新角度 下的另一组数据; 如此重复, 直至旋转 N0次, 旋转次数 N0与每次旋转角度的 积至少应为 180° , 即 Ν0Δ 18Ο° , 取得 Ν0组数据后采样停止。
先假设物体是均匀的, 物体对于 X射线的线性衰减系数为 μ, 当强度为 IQ 的 X射线在该物体中行进距离 X后衰减为 I, 按比尔指数定律有:
Ι=Ι0ε-μχ
此公式称为射线投影。 显然, 测得 1。与1, 即可知道 ίμ(11, 根据一系列的投 影 ίμ(11, 推求出被积函数 。 这样就能得出相应于 μ分布 (从而得出密度分布) 的工业射线层析图像。 所以, 工业射线层析检测的工作过程大致可以分为两步, 第一, 利用组成工业射线层析系统的各硬件获得被检测物体多个角度下的射线 投影, 第二, 运用某种数学方法从射线投影组中求解出断面各点的线性吸收系 数分布, 即被检物体某断层的密度分布, 利用图像灰度值表示表示密度大小分 布可得该断层射线层析图像。
工业射线层析图像分辨率通常分为空间分辨率 (几何分辨率) 和密度分辨 率两个方面。 空间分辨率也称几何分辨率, 是指从射线层析图像中能够辨别最 小物体的能力。 密度分辨率是工业射线层析装置的重要性能指标, 它是利用图 像的灰度去分辨被检物体材质的基本方法 (因为灰度是直接反映密度的)。 密度 分辨率又称对比分辨率,其表示方法通常以密度(通过灰度)变化的百分比(%) 表示相互变化关系。 理论和实践均表明, 在辐射剂量一定的情况下, 空间分辨 率和密度分辨率是矛盾的。 被检物体大小改变时, 密度分辨率也会发生变化, 两者之积为一常数, 称为对比度细节常数, 它取决于射线的剂量和工业射线层 析装置的性能。 从工业射线层析装置的对比度细节曲线中得知, 密度分辨率越 高(%值越小, 如 0.2), 空间分辨率就越低, 反知, 密度分辨率越低(%值越大, 如 2% ) , 则空间分辨率就越高。
密度分辨率表征工业射线层析图像再现材料密度变化的能力。 通常用图像 上可以识别的最小物体对比度来定义:
对比度 = xl00%=k ^xl00% (%) ( 1-4 ) 式中 μ/- -细节特征的衰减系数值;
μ¾ 背景材料的衰减系数值;
μκΓ-参考衰减系数 (一般指 μ¾ )
影响物体的对比度的因素是材料的组分特性、 密度及射线能量。 研究表明: 在低能下 (低于 IMev) , 射线和材料的相互作用主要是光电效应, 此时, 材料 的组分特性对衰减起主要作用; 在高能量下, 康普顿散射占主导地位, 此时材 料的密度与衰减系数成近似比例关系, 对于均匀的材料, 密度与线性衰减系数 值直接成比例。 影响密度分辨率的主要因素是信噪比, 噪声的来源主要是辐射 源的量子噪声、 射源强度的统计涨落及射线源的不稳定性、 射线强度数据采集 系统的噪声、 位置测量系统的误差以及图像重建算法近似性。 其中量子噪声是 最主要的,它与辐射源剂量之间的关系按 Brooks公式计算,要提高密度分辨率,
则源的剂量要增加。 实施例 1 : 本发明公开了一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 包括以下
( 1 )、 如图 3所示, 将被检测的盆式绝缘子 3放置在旋转平台 4上, 采用工业 射线层析检测技术, 采用高电压 (225kV)、 微焦点 (0. 4*0. 4mm)、 X射线机, 发 射的是高能量 X射线, 将工业射线层析的密度分辨率精度控制在 1%)或更高, 射 线源 1发出的射线经过准直器 2垂直于盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 5为射线探测器, 从而获得盆式绝缘子的工业射线层析图像, 即圆环状层析图像;
(2 )、 将圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 如图 4所示, 每个扇形按照径向等间距和共同圆心划分为扇形网格区域, 如图 5所示。 通过 测试每个扇形网格区域的灰度值(测试灰度值为成熟的现有方法), 得出整个圆 环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间 的灰度差异百分比,
所有扇形网格区域的灰度值的总和
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值:
灰度差异百分比=扇形网格区^ 灰度平均值 X腿
灰度平均值
( 3 )、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大 灰度差异数值为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点; 测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度差值 百分比变化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域;
两个相邻的扇形网格区域的灰度差异值之差
其中灰度差异百分比差值变化率: χ100
灰度平均值
台的中心, 射线束垂直穿过盆式绝缘子中心轴线, 通过工件旋转 360° , 构建一 幅工业射线层析图像, 图像成圆环密度分布图像。 一个盆式绝缘子可以通过多 次测试, 得出盆式绝缘子不同部位的密度图像, 最终可以得知被测盆式绝缘子 的密度最大点、 密度最小点, 从灰度差异百分比差值变化率可以得知密度变化 最大的区域, 从而综合评价盆式绝缘子不同区域的密度均匀性。
实施例 2: —种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 包括以下步骤:
(1)、 制作对比试样; 如图 2所示, 所述的对比试样为圆柱体结构, 由密度分 别为 1.0±0.2g/cm3、 2.0±0.2g/cm3、 3.0±0.2g/cm3的三个对比试块组成, 每个 对比试块的截面为扇形, 扇形角度 120° , 扇形半径 50mm, 试块高度 100mm, 利用排液称重法确定精确密度;
(2)、 将对比试样放置在旋转平台上, 采用工业射线层析检测技术, 采用高电 压 (225kV)、 微焦点 (0.4*0.4匪)、 X射线机, 发射的是高能量 X射线, 射线垂 直于圆柱体轴线透照, 获得对比试样圆形层析图像; 测试三个对比试块的灰度 值, 然后根据三个对比试块的灰度值和步骤 (1) 所得的精确密度确定灰度值与 密度之间的对比关系曲线;
(3)、 将被测盆式绝缘子放置在步骤 (2) 所述的旋转平台上, 采用步骤 (2) 所述的工业射线层析检测装置, X射线垂直于被测盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 获得 被测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像;
(4)、 将被测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 每个扇形按照共同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域, 通过测试每个扇形 网格区域的灰度值, 得出整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇 形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度差异百分比,
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值 =^f扇形^网格区域g的个|数^ 灰度差异数值 _扇形网格区域的灰度值 -灰度平均值
工 灰度平均值
灰度差异百分比=扇形网格区^ 灰度平均值 x腿
灰度平均值
( 5 )、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大 灰度差异数值为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点;
通过测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度 差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域;
( 6 )、 将被测盆式绝缘子的密度最大点、 密度最小点的灰度值, 与对比试样的 灰度值与密度之间的对比关系曲线进行比对, 可以得出被测盆式绝缘子的密度 最大点的密度值和密度最小点的密度值。
本实施例 2相对与实施例来说, 加入了对比试样, 采用对比试样, 是在与 被测盆式绝缘子相同的检测参数下, 建立检测结果灰度值和物体密度之间对应 关系, 即我们可以通过这种方法得到图像上任何一个像素点的对用位置的密度 绝对值。
Claims
1. 一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 其特征在于: 包括以下步骤: (1 )、 将被检测的盆 式绝缘子放置在旋转平台上, 采用工业射线层析检测技术, 射线垂直于盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 获得盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像;
(2)、 将盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 每个扇形按照共 同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域, 通过测试每个扇形网格区域的灰度值, 得出整个 圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度差异 百分比, 所有扇形网^ 域的灰度值的, 口
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值 =
麵网格区域的个數 藤网格^勵灰度值 -灰度平均值
灰度差异数值 =
灰度平均值
^ ^石 扇形网 域的^ ¾值- 平均值 Λ mo
灰度差异百分比;一 維平均值 " -χ 100 /0
(3)、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大灰度差异数值 为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点; 测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度差异百分比差值变 化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域; 其中灰度差异百分比難变化率 =胃 „ ¾¾|^ , ^腦。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 其特征在于: 所述的工业射线层 析检测技术采用的是 X射线。
3. 一种盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 其特征在于: 包括以下步骤:
( 1 )、 制作对比试样;
(2)、 将对比试样放置在旋转平台上, 采用工业射线层析检测技术, 射线垂直于对比试样轴 线透照, 获得对比试样圆形层析图像; 测试三个对比试块的灰度值, 然后根据三个对比试块
的灰度值和步骤 (1)所得的精确密度确定灰度值与密度之间的对比关系曲线;
(3)、 将被测盆式绝缘子放置在步骤 (2)所述的旋转平台上, 采用步骤 (2)所述的工业射 线层析检测技术, 射线垂直于被测盆式绝缘子轴线透照, 获得被测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图 像;
(4)、 将被测盆式绝缘子圆环状层析图像按照共同圆心划分为相同角度的扇形, 每个扇形按 照共同圆心的径向等间距划分为扇形网格区域, 通过测试每个扇形网格区域的灰度值, 得出 整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值; 然后确定每个扇形网格区域灰度值与平均值之间的灰度 差异百分比, 所有扇形网 »域的灰度值的
其中整个圆环状层析图像的灰度平均值 =
藤网格区域的. 藤网格区職雄值-灰度平職
灰度差异数值 =
灰度平均值 ir^^^^ 扇形网 域的 ¾¾值-.^¾平均值 imo
灰度差异百分比:一 離平離———— -χ100%
(5)、 统计出正值最大灰度差异数值和负值最小灰度差异数值, 其中正值最大灰度差异数值 为密度最大点, 负值最小灰度差异数值为密度最小点; 通过测试相邻两个扇形网格区域的灰度差异百分比差值变化率的绝对值, 灰度差异百分比差 值变化率的绝对值最大的为密度变化率最大区域; 其中灰度差异百分比難变化率 = „ »^雄ξ平纖» χ腦;
(6)、 将被测盆式绝缘子的密度最大点、 密度最小点的灰度值, 与对比试样的灰度值与密度 之间的对比关系曲线进行比对, 可以得出被测盆式绝缘子的密度最大点的密度值和密度最小 点的密度值。
4.根据权利要求 3所述的盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 其特征在于: 所述的对比试样为 圆柱体结构,包括密度分别为 1.0±0.2g/cm3、 2.0±0.2g/cm3、 3.0±0.2g/cm3的三个对比试块,
每个对比试块的截面为扇形, 扇形角度 120° , 扇形半径 50mm, 试块高度 100mm, 利用排 液称重法确定精确密度。
5. 根据权利要求 4所述的盆式绝缘子密度均匀性测试方法, 其特征在于: 所述的工业射线层 析检测技术采用的是 X射线。
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| JP5000410B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-26 | 2012-08-15 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | X線ctによる焼結用鉄鉱石の鉱物組織評価方法および焼結鉱の製造方法 |
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| CN103674774A (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
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