WO2015056964A1 - 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치 및 그 방법 - Google Patents
하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치 및 그 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015056964A1 WO2015056964A1 PCT/KR2014/009647 KR2014009647W WO2015056964A1 WO 2015056964 A1 WO2015056964 A1 WO 2015056964A1 KR 2014009647 W KR2014009647 W KR 2014009647W WO 2015056964 A1 WO2015056964 A1 WO 2015056964A1
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- state
- secondary battery
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- hybrid
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for estimating the voltage of a hybrid secondary battery using an extended Kalman filter.
- a battery may be a device that can be carried in a human hand such as a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a tablet computer, a power tool, or the like;
- Various electric drive power devices such as electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, electric boats, electric airplanes, and the like;
- a power storage device used to store power generated by renewable energy or surplus generated power;
- the field of use extends to an uninterruptible power supply for stably supplying power to various information communication devices including server computers and communication base stations.
- the cell comprises three basic components: an anode comprising a material that is oxidized while releasing electrons during discharge, and a cathode comprising a material that is reduced while receiving electrons during discharge. And an electrolyte that allows the movement of working ions between the cathode and the anode.
- the battery may be classified into a primary battery that cannot be reused after being discharged and a secondary battery capable of repetitive charging and discharging because the electrochemical reaction is at least partially reversible.
- secondary batteries examples include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, nickel-iron batteries, silver oxide batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, zinc-manganese oxide batteries, zinc-bromide batteries, and metal- Air batteries, lithium secondary batteries and the like are known.
- lithium secondary batteries have attracted the greatest commercial interest because of their higher energy density, higher battery voltage, and longer shelf life than other secondary batteries.
- materials used as the positive electrode material and the negative electrode material have an important effect on the performance of the secondary battery. Therefore, various attempts have been made to provide cathode materials and anode materials that are stable at high temperatures, can provide high energy capacity, and are low in manufacturing cost.
- each secondary battery has been connected by connecting secondary batteries including different kinds of positive electrode materials and negative electrode materials in parallel. Attempts have been made to make up for the shortcomings.
- a secondary battery of a type in which different types of secondary batteries are connected in parallel is referred to as a 'hybrid secondary battery'.
- a hybrid secondary battery often has a voltage profile including an inflection point when the component batteries have different operating voltage ranges. If the operating voltage range of the constituent cells is different, the dominant reaction kinetics are different while the hybrid secondary battery is being charged or discharged.
- the state of charge is known in the art as a parameter called state of charge (SOC).
- SOC state of charge
- the state of charge can be quantitatively indicated by the SOC and z parameters.
- the SOC parameter is used to indicate the state of charge as a percentage of 0-100%
- the z parameter is used to indicate the state of charge as a number from 0-1.
- the state of charge can be measured by an amp counting method.
- the present invention provides an apparatus and method for estimating the state of a hybrid secondary battery in which secondary batteries having different electrochemical characteristics are connected in parallel using an extended Kalman filter.
- the apparatus for estimating a state of a hybrid secondary battery estimates a state of a hybrid secondary battery including an first secondary battery and a second secondary battery having different electrochemical characteristics and connected in parallel with each other by using an extended Kalman filter.
- the state of the hybrid secondary battery refers to a parameter that is cyclically changed during charging or discharging.
- the voltage or state of charge of the hybrid secondary battery has a cyclic change characteristic that increases and decreases within a specific range according to charging and discharging. Therefore, the voltage and the state of charge are included in state variables indicating the state of the hybrid secondary battery.
- the state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery included in the hybrid secondary battery is also included in a state variable indicating the state of the hybrid secondary battery.
- the state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery is cyclically changed. Accordingly, the state of charge of the first secondary battery and the state of charge of the second secondary battery may also be included in variables representing the state of the hybrid secondary battery.
- the electrochemical characteristic is the maximum / minimum charge rate or maximum / minimum discharge rate, low rate discharge characteristic, high rate discharge characteristic of the battery according to the capacity of the battery, the voltage range of the battery, the state of charge, At least one selected from the minimum charge rate or maximum / minimum discharge rate, the charge or discharge profile, the resistance profile according to the state of charge change, the open voltage profile according to the state of charge change, and the dQ / dV distribution indicating the capacity characteristics of the battery with respect to the voltage do.
- the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery at least one selected from the type of the positive electrode material, the type of the negative electrode material and the type of the electrolyte may have different electrochemical characteristics.
- the first and second secondary batteries may be lithium secondary batteries in which an electrochemical reaction is caused by lithium ions.
- the state estimation apparatus of the hybrid secondary battery comprises: (i) a sensor unit measuring an operating voltage and an operating current of the hybrid secondary battery at a time interval, and (ii) electrically connected to the sensor unit; Executing an extended Kalman filter algorithm using a state equation including a state of charge of at least one of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery as a state variable and an output equation comprising the voltage of the hybrid secondary battery as an output variable It may include a control unit for estimating the state of the hybrid secondary battery including at least one state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery.
- the state equation and the output equation are derived from a circuit model, wherein the circuit units correspond to the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery, respectively, and are connected in parallel with each other. It may include a circuit unit.
- the first circuit unit includes a first open voltage element and optionally a first impedance element, the voltage change of the first secondary battery by the first open voltage element and the first impedance element. Simulate
- the first open voltage element forms an open voltage according to the state of charge of the first secondary battery
- the first impedance element forms an impedance voltage according to the current flowing through the first circuit unit
- the state of charge of the first secondary battery is a first charge state
- the voltage formed by the first open voltage element is a first open voltage
- the current flowing through the first circuit unit is a first current
- the first impedance voltage The voltage formed by the circuit elements included in the element is called the first impedance voltage.
- the second circuit unit includes a second open voltage element and optionally a second impedance element, wherein the voltage change of the second secondary battery is caused by the second open voltage element and the second impedance element.
- the second open voltage element forms an open voltage according to the state of charge of the second secondary battery
- the first impedance element forms an impedance voltage according to the current flowing through the second circuit unit
- the state of charge of the second secondary battery is a second charge state
- the voltage formed by the second open voltage element is a second open voltage
- the current flowing through the second circuit unit is a second current
- the second impedance The voltage formed by the circuit elements included in the element is referred to as the second impedance voltage.
- the first open voltage may be determined from a predefined correlation between the first charged state and the first open voltage.
- the second open voltage may be determined from a predefined correlation between the second charged state and the second open voltage.
- the predefined correlation may be obtained from an open voltage profile measured for each state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery.
- the predefined correlation may be a lookup table capable of mapping an open voltage corresponding to each state of charge.
- the lookup table may be obtained by using open voltage data measured for each of the first and second secondary batteries according to the state of charge.
- the predefined correlation may be a lookup function that includes a state of charge and an open voltage as input variables and output variables, respectively.
- the lookup function may be obtained by numerical analysis of coordinate data constituting an open voltage profile measured for each state of charge of the first and second secondary batteries.
- the state variable may include at least one selected from a voltage formed by a circuit element included in the first impedance element and a voltage formed by a circuit element included in the second impedance element.
- the state equation as an input variable, may include the first current and the second current.
- control unit is further configured to use the first current distribution equation and the second current distribution equation derived from the current analysis of the circuit model and each time a predetermined time elapses using the operating current measured by the sensor unit.
- the first current and the second current may be time updated.
- the output equation is derived by voltage analysis of the circuit model, and may include a plurality of input variables.
- the plurality of input variables may include (i) an operating current of the hybrid secondary battery measured by the sensor unit; (ii) the first open voltage; (iii) the second open voltage; (iv) optionally, the first impedance voltage; And (v) optionally, the second impedance voltage.
- the state equation, the first current flowing in the first circuit unit and the second current flowing in the second circuit unit over time to update the first charge state and the second charge state can be defined to do so.
- control unit executes [state estimate time update] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using the state equation to time update the first charge state and the second charge state. can do.
- the state equation may be defined such that the first impedance voltage is changed over time by a first impedance voltage equation derived by a circuit analysis of the first impedance element.
- the state equation may be defined such that the second impedance voltage is changed over time by a second impedance voltage equation derived by a circuit analysis of the second impedance element.
- control unit executes a [state estimate time update] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using the state equation to time update the first impedance voltage and the second impedance voltage. can do.
- the first impedance voltage calculation formula and the second impedance voltage calculation formula can time update a voltage formed by at least one RC circuit connected in series.
- control unit may execute an [error covariance time update] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using a Jacobian matrix derived from the state equation.
- control unit may estimate the operating voltage of the hybrid secondary battery as an output variable by executing [output estimation] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using the output equation.
- the control unit may also execute [Kalman gain determination] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using the Jacobian matrix derived from the output equation and the time updated error covariance.
- control unit reflects the determined Kalman gain to the difference between the measured operating voltage of the hybrid secondary battery and the operating voltage of the hybrid secondary battery estimated through the output equation to estimate the state of the extended Kalman filter algorithm. State estimate measurement update].
- control unit may execute the [error covariance measurement update] of the extended Kalman filter algorithm using the time updated error covariance and the determined Kalman gain.
- the state equation and the output equation may include process noise and sensor noise, respectively.
- control unit may estimate the state of charge of the hybrid secondary battery using the first state of charge and the second state of charge.
- the first impedance element and / or the second impedance element may include at least one resistor, at least one capacitor, at least one inductor, or a combination thereof.
- the first impedance element and / or the second impedance element may include at least one RC circuit in which a resistor and a capacitor are connected in parallel, and optionally, a resistor connected in series.
- the first open voltage element and the first impedance element, and the second open voltage element and the second impedance element may be connected in series.
- the control unit may be a battery management system (BMS) which may be electrically coupled with the hybrid secondary battery, or may be a control element included in the battery management system.
- BMS battery management system
- the battery management system may mean a system called 'BMS' in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, but any battery management system may be any system that performs at least one function described in the present invention from a functional standpoint. It may be included in the category of.
- the battery management system may include the circuit model as a software algorithm executable by a processor.
- the circuit model may be written as program code, stored in a memory device, and executed by the processor.
- the present invention provides a method for estimating a state of a hybrid secondary battery including a first secondary battery and a second secondary battery having different electrochemical characteristics and connected in parallel to each other in order to achieve the above technical problem.
- the step of measuring the operating voltage and the operating current of the hybrid secondary battery at a time interval First, the step of measuring the operating voltage and the operating current of the hybrid secondary battery at a time interval.
- the extended Kalman filter algorithm is executed using a state equation including at least one of the first charged state and the second charged state and an output equation including an operating voltage of the hybrid secondary battery as an output variable.
- the state of the hybrid secondary battery including the charged state and at least one of the charged state is estimated.
- the state equation and the output equation are derived from a circuit model, wherein the circuit model comprises (i) a first open voltage element corresponding to the first secondary battery and optionally a first impedance element; A first circuit unit that simulates a voltage change of a secondary battery, and (ii) a voltage change of the second secondary battery including a first open voltage element corresponding to the second secondary battery and optionally a second impedance element. And a second circuit unit connected in parallel with the first circuit unit.
- the technical problem of the present invention can also be achieved by a computer-readable recording medium in which the state estimation method of the hybrid secondary battery according to the present invention is programmed.
- a hybrid secondary battery whose combination is optimized for the purpose of using the secondary battery can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of an apparatus for estimating a state of a hybrid secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a case where the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery are packaged in different packaging materials and connected in parallel.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a case where the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery are packaged together in the same packaging material and connected in parallel in the packaging material.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating a circuit model according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart sequentially illustrating a state estimation method of a hybrid secondary battery using an extended Kalman filter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of an apparatus 100 for estimating a state of a hybrid secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the state estimating apparatus 100 includes a sensor unit 120 and a control unit 130, and is electrically connected to the hybrid secondary battery 110 to display a state of the hybrid secondary battery 110.
- the hybrid secondary battery 110 includes at least first and second secondary batteries connected in parallel to each other and having different electrochemical characteristics.
- the first and second secondary batteries may be lithium secondary batteries in which an electrochemical reaction is caused by lithium ions.
- the present invention is not limited by the type of secondary battery, and two secondary batteries may be included in the scope of the present invention if the two secondary batteries have different electrochemical characteristics.
- the first and second secondary batteries may have at least one selected from a kind of a cathode material, a kind of anode material, and a kind of electrolyte.
- the first secondary battery as a positive electrode material, a general formula A [A x M y ] O 2 + z
- A includes at least one element of Li, Na and K; M is Ni, Co At least one element selected from Mn, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, Si, Fe, Mo, V, Zr, Zn, Cu, Mo, Sc, Zr, Ru, and Cr; x ⁇ 0, 1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 2, ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ z ⁇ 2; and the stoichiometric coefficients of the components included in x, y, z, and M may be selected from alkali metal compounds.
- the first secondary battery as a cathode material, an alkali metal compound xLiM 1 O 2- (1-x) Li 2 M 2 O 3 disclosed in US 6,677,082, US 6,680,143, etc.
- M 1 is an average oxidation state. At least one element having 3; M 2 comprises at least one element having an average oxidation state of 4; 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1).
- the second secondary battery as a positive electrode material, a general formula Li a M 1 x Fe 1-x M 2 y P 1-y M 3 z O 4-z
- M 1 is Ti, Si, Mn, Co, At least one element selected from Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Ni, Nd, Mg and Al
- M 2 is Ti, Si, Mn, Co, Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Ni, Nd, Mg, Al
- M 3 includes at least one element selected from halogenated elements including F; 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1; the stoichiometric coefficients of the components included in a, x, y, z, M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 are selected such that the compound maintains electrical neutrality, or Li 3 M 2 (PO 4 ) 3 wherein M comprises at least one element selected from Ti, Si, Mn, Co, At least one element selected from Fe, V, Cr,
- the positive electrode material included in the first and / or second secondary battery may include a coating layer.
- the coating layer includes a carbon layer or at least selected from the group consisting of Ti, Si, Mn, Co, Fe, V, Cr, Mo, Ni, Nd, Al, Mg, As, Sb, Si, Ge, V and S It may include an oxide layer or fluoride layer containing one or more elements.
- the first and second secondary batteries may include different kinds of negative electrode materials in the negative electrode in order to have different electrochemical characteristics.
- the negative electrode material may include a carbon material, lithium metal, silicon, tin, or the like, or may also include a metal oxide such as TiO 2 and SnO 2 having a potential of less than 2V.
- As the carbon material both low crystalline carbon and high crystalline carbon may be used.
- Soft crystalline carbon and hard carbon are typical low crystalline carbon, and high crystalline carbon is natural graphite, artificial graphite, Kish graphite, pyrolytic carbon, liquid crystal pitch High temperature firing such as mesophase pitch based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbeads, mesophase pitches, petroleum derived cokes, and tar pitch derived cokes Carbon is representative.
- the first and / or second secondary battery may include different kinds of electrolytes to have different electrochemical characteristics, and the electrolytes may include salts having a structure such as A + B ⁇ . can do.
- a + includes an ion composed of an alkali metal cation such as Li + , Na + , K + or a combination thereof.
- B - is F -, Cl -, Br - , I -, NO 3 -, N (CN) 2 -, BF 4 -, ClO 4 -, AlO 4 -, AlCl 4 -, PF 6 -, SbF 6 - , AsF 6 -, BF 2 C 2 O 4 -, BC 4 O 8 -, (CF 3) 2 PF 4 -, (CF 3) 3 PF 3 -, (CF 3) 4 PF 2 -, (CF 3) 5 PF -, (CF 3) 6 P -, CF 3 SO 3 -, C 4 F 9 SO 3 -, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N -, (FSO 2) 2 N -, CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3) 2 CO -, (CF 3 SO 2) 2 CH -, (SF 5) 3 C -, (CF 3 SO 2) 3 C -, CF 3 (CF 2) 7 SO 3 -, CF 3
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent.
- organic solvent propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC) ), Dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), gamma butyrolactone or mixtures thereof may be used.
- the configuration is determined by the package form of each secondary battery and the number of unit cells constituting each secondary battery It is not limited.
- first secondary battery and the second secondary battery are understood to include a plurality of battery elements, such as a unit cell, a module including a plurality of unit cells, a pack including a plurality of modules, and the like. shall.
- the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery may be an independent battery packaged in different packaging materials, as shown in Figure 3 in one packaging material It may be packaged together.
- the first and second secondary batteries may be different types of lithium secondary batteries individually packaged in flexible pouch packaging materials.
- the first and second secondary batteries may be different types of lithium secondary batteries packaged together in one pouch packaging material.
- the groups of the first and second unit cells alternately stacked and the groups of the second unit cells may also be the first secondary battery and the first battery. It can be regarded as a secondary battery.
- the first unit cell and the second unit cell include at least a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate, and a separator interposed therebetween.
- the first unit cell and the second unit cell have different electrochemical characteristics.
- the positive electrode plates and / or negative electrode plates of the first unit cell and the second unit cell may include different active material coating layers.
- the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery at least one unit cell having a negative electrode / separator / anode as a minimum unit, or at least two or more unit cells are connected in series and / or parallel And an assembly of stacked unit cells.
- the first secondary battery may include a secondary battery module in which a plurality of secondary batteries having first electrochemical characteristics individually packaged are connected in series and / or in parallel.
- the second secondary battery may include a secondary battery module in which a plurality of secondary batteries having individually packaged second electrochemical characteristics are connected in series and / or in parallel.
- the hybrid secondary battery 110 may be electrically connected to the load 140.
- the load 140 is included in various electric driving apparatuses, and means an energy consuming apparatus included in the electric driving apparatus operated by electric energy supplied when the secondary battery 110 is discharged.
- the electric drive device may include, but are not limited to, an electric drive mobile device such as an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), or an electric bicycle (E-bike); Hand held devices such as mobile phones, smartphones or smart pads; Mobile computers such as laptop computers; Mobile imaging devices such as camcorders or digital cameras; It may be a large capacity power storage device (ESS) used in a power grid or an uninterruptible power supply.
- ESS large capacity power storage device
- the load 140 is a non-limiting example and may be a rotary power device such as a motor, a power converter such as an inverter, etc.
- the present invention is not limited by the type of load.
- the state estimating apparatus 100 may further include a storage unit 160 selectively.
- the storage unit 160 is not particularly limited as long as it is a storage medium capable of recording and erasing information.
- the storage unit 160 may be a RAM, a ROM, a register, a hard disk, an optical recording medium, or a magnetic recording medium.
- the storage unit 160 may also be connected with the control unit 130 via, for example, a data bus so as to be accessible by the control unit 130.
- the storage unit 160 also stores and / or updates and / or erases and / or programs containing various control logics performed by the control unit 130 and / or data generated when the control logic is executed. send.
- the storage unit 160 may be logically divided into two or more, and is not limited to being included in the control unit 130.
- the state estimating apparatus 100 may further optionally further include a display unit 150.
- the display unit 150 is not particularly limited as long as it can display the information generated by the control unit 130 in a graphic interface.
- the display unit 150 may be a liquid crystal display, an LED display, an OLED display, an E-INK display, a flexible display, or the like.
- the display unit 150 may be directly or indirectly connected to the control unit 130. When the latter method is adopted, the display unit 150 may be located in an area physically separated from the area in which the control unit 130 is located.
- a third control unit (not shown) is interposed between the display unit 150 and the control unit 130 so that the third control unit can express the display unit 150 from the control unit 130.
- the information may be provided and displayed on the display unit 150. To this end, the third control unit and the control unit 130 may be connected through a communication interface.
- the sensor unit 120 repeatedly measures the operating voltage V and the operating current I applied to the negative electrode and the positive electrode of the hybrid secondary battery 110 at a time interval under the control of the control unit 130.
- the measured operating voltage V and the measured operating current I may be output to the control unit 130.
- the operating voltage V and the operating current I may be measured at the same time point or at different time points.
- the sensor unit 120 may include a voltage measuring unit and a current measuring unit.
- the voltage measuring unit may be configured as a circuit for measuring the voltage of the hybrid secondary battery 110 based on a reference potential.
- the current measuring unit may be formed of a sense resistor installed in a line through which a charging current or a discharge current flows.
- the present invention is not limited by the specific configurations of the voltage measuring unit and the current measuring unit.
- the voltage measuring unit and the current measuring unit may be included in one sensor unit 120, but may be physically separated from each other.
- the sensor unit 120 should be understood as a concept including a voltage measuring unit and a current measuring unit separated from each other.
- the control unit 130 is a component capable of executing at least one or more control logics necessary for estimating the state of the hybrid secondary battery 110 by using an extended Kalman filter.
- the extended Kalman filter algorithm may be used to estimate the state of the hybrid secondary battery 110.
- a state equation and an output equation may be defined by considering the hybrid secondary battery 110 as a system. There is a need.
- the state equation and the output equation can be derived from a circuit model.
- the circuit model may include at least one circuit unit connected in series and / or in parallel to simulate a voltage change of the hybrid secondary battery 110.
- FIG. 4 shows a circuit model 200 according to one embodiment of the invention from which the state equations and output equations of the Extended Kalman Filter can be derived.
- the circuit model 200 includes a first circuit unit 210 and a second circuit unit 220 connected in parallel to model a voltage change of the hybrid secondary battery 110.
- the first circuit unit 210 which simulates a voltage change of the first secondary battery, includes a first open voltage element 210a connected in series and a first impedance element 210b as an optional element. .
- the second circuit unit 220 is for simulating the voltage change of the second secondary battery, and the second impedance element 220b as an optional element with the second open voltage element 220a connected in series. It includes.
- a first open voltage whose magnitude varies depending on a first charged state z c1 of the first secondary battery at both ends of the first open voltage element 210a.
- OCV c1 (z c1 ) is formed, and at both ends of the second open voltage element 220a, a second open voltage (OCV c2 ) whose size is changed by a second charged state z c2 of the second secondary battery. (z c2 )) is formed.
- the first charged state z c1 and the second charged state z c2 have a value between 0 and 1, and gradually increase from 0 to 1 when the hybrid secondary battery 110 is charged and the hybrid secondary state. When the battery 110 is discharged, it gradually decreases from 1 to 0.
- the first charged state z c1 and the second charged state z c2 are hybrid secondary batteries 110. Depending on the state of charge thus shows a different change rate.
- the first charged state z c1 changes faster than the second charged state z c2 and then is in another charged state section. It can be the opposite.
- the first open voltage OCV c1 (z c1 ) may be determined from a predefined correlation between the first charged state z c1 and the open voltage of the first secondary battery corresponding thereto. .
- the second open voltage OCV c2 (z c2 ) may be determined from a predefined correlation between the second charged state z c2 and the open voltage of the second secondary battery corresponding thereto. .
- the predefined correlation may be obtained from an open voltage profile measured for each state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery.
- the predefined correlation may be a lookup table capable of mapping an open voltage corresponding to each state of charge.
- a lookup table may be obtained by using open voltage data measured for each state of charge of the first and second secondary batteries.
- the predefined correlation may be a lookup function that includes a state of charge and an open voltage as input and output variables, respectively.
- a lookup function may be obtained by numerically analyzing coordinate data included in an open voltage profile obtained by measuring the state of charge for each of the first and second secondary batteries.
- the first impedance element 210b and the second impedance element 220b each simulate an IR voltage and / or a polarization voltage generated when the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery operate.
- the IR voltage means a voltage generated by the internal resistance of the secondary battery when the secondary battery is charged or discharged.
- the voltage of the secondary battery is higher than the open voltage while the secondary battery is charged due to the IR voltage, and vice versa while the secondary battery is discharged.
- the number and type of circuit elements included in the first impedance element 210b and the second impedance element 220b, and the connection relationship between the circuit elements are determined by the electrochemical properties of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery. It can be determined according to, preferably through trial and error (trial & error) through the AC impedance measurement experiment.
- the electrical characteristic value of each circuit element is determined by an approximation value through an AC impedance measurement experiment, and then tuned to minimize the error between the state of the hybrid secondary battery estimated by the present invention and the state measured under precise experimental conditions. It can be adjusted to an optimal value.
- the first impedance element 210b and / or the second impedance element 220b may include at least one resistor, at least one capacitor, at least one inductor, and a combination thereof.
- each circuit element may be connected in series and / or in parallel with another circuit element.
- the first impedance element 210b may include at least one RC circuit RC n, c1 connected in parallel with a resistor and a capacitor, and a resistor R 0, c1 connected in series with the resistor.
- n is an index indicating the nth RC circuit.
- N is a natural number selected from 1 to p, and the minimum value of p is 1.
- the second impedance element 220b may include at least one RC circuit RC m, c2 connected in parallel with a resistor and a capacitor, and a resistor R 0, c2 connected in series with the second impedance element 220b.
- m is an index indicating the m-th RC circuit.
- M is a natural number selected from 1 to q, and the minimum value of q is 1.
- the RC circuits RC n, c1 , RC m, and c2 correspond to circuit elements for simulating polarization voltages generated when the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery operate.
- the number of the RC circuit (RC n, c1, RC m ,, c2) a number of electric characteristic value of the device resistance and the capacitor, and the RC circuit (RC n, c1, RC m ,, c2) is included in the It may vary depending on the polarization voltage characteristics of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery.
- the RC circuits RC n, c1 , RC m, and c2 may be omitted.
- the series resistors R 0, c 1 , R 0, c 2 correspond to circuit elements for simulating IR voltages generated when the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery operate.
- the electrical characteristic values of the series resistors R 0, c 1 , R 0, c 2 may vary according to IR voltage characteristics.
- the number of series resistors R 0, c 1 , R 0, c 2 may be two or more as necessary. If the IR voltages of the first and second secondary batteries are negligibly small, the series resistors R 0, c 1 , R 0, c 2 may be omitted.
- the control unit 130 is formed by the first impedance element using a first impedance voltage calculation formula derived from the connection characteristic and electrical characteristic values of the circuit elements included in the first impedance element 210b.
- the first impedance voltage Vi, c1 may be determined.
- the control unit 130 may use the second impedance element 220b by using a second impedance voltage equation derived from a connection characteristic and an electrical characteristic value of a circuit element included in the second impedance element 220b. It is possible to determine the second impedance voltage (V i, c2 ) formed by.
- the electrical characteristic value of each circuit element is determined by the type of the circuit element, and may be any one of a resistance value, a capacitance value, and an inductance value.
- the first impedance voltage Vi, c1 may be determined as a sum of voltages formed by series circuit elements included in the first impedance element 210b, and the second impedance voltage Vi, c2 may be determined. Is determined by the sum of the voltages formed by the series circuit elements included in the second impedance element 220b.
- the first impedance voltage Vi and c1 and the second impedance voltage Vi and c2 are provided. ) May not consider the voltage formed by the series resistance.
- the voltage formed by each RC circuit is a discrete time equation such as Equation (1) below. Can be determined by. The following discrete time equations are known in the art, so specific derivation steps are omitted.
- Equation (1) k denotes a time index, ⁇ t denotes a time interval between the time index k and the time index k + 1, and R and C each represent a resistance value and a capacitance value of a circuit element included in the RC circuit.
- I RC [k] denotes a current flowing through the circuit RC
- RC V [k] represents the voltage in the RC circuit formed by the current I RC [k].
- the operating current I is equal to the sum of the first current I c1 flowing through the first circuit unit 210 and the second current I c2 flowing through the second circuit unit 220. Therefore, at any time, the relationship between the operating current (I), the first current (I c1 ) and the second current (I c2 ) can be represented by the following formula (2).
- Equation (2) when the hybrid secondary battery 110 is being charged, I [k], I c1 [k] and I c2 [k] have positive values. Conversely, when the hybrid secondary battery 110 is being discharged, I [k], I c1 [k] and I c2 [k] have negative values.
- the control unit 130 may use the first current I c1 [k] and the second current I c2 using a first current distribution equation and a second current distribution equation derived from the circuit model 200. [k]) can be determined respectively.
- the first current and the second current can be expressed by the following equations (3) and (4).
- V [k] represents the voltage of the hybrid secondary battery. Is a sum of voltages formed by at least one RC circuit RC n, c1 included in the first circuit unit 210, and V n RC, c1 represents a voltage formed in the nth RC circuit. Similarly, Is a sum of voltages formed by at least one RC circuit RC m, c2 included in the second circuit unit 220, and V m RC, c2 represents a voltage formed in the m-th RC circuit.
- z c1 [k] and z c2 [k] indicate the state of charge of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery, respectively.
- R 0, c 1 and R 0, c 2 represent resistance values of series resistors included in the first circuit unit 210 and the second circuit unit 220, respectively.
- Equation (5) a voltage equation as in Equation (5) can be obtained.
- Equation (5) the first current distribution equation (6) and the second current distribution equation (7) can be obtained as follows.
- Equations (6) and (7) can be used to quantitatively determine the magnitude of each current when the operating current I of the hybrid secondary battery flows separately into the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery.
- OCV c1 (z c1 [k]) and OCV c2 (z c2 [k]) are the open voltages determined in advance through experiments on the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery. Can be determined using a profile, and May be determined using Equation (1), the first current (I c1 [k]) and the second current (I c2 [k]).
- the state of charge (z c1 [k]) of the first secondary battery and the state of charge (z c2 [k]) of the second secondary battery are determined by the following equations (8) and (9) according to the ampere counting method. Can be updated.
- I c1 [k] and I c2 [k] are currents flowing through the first circuit unit 210 and the second circuit unit 220, respectively, and are determined by the above formulas (6) and (7). Can be.
- Q c1 and Q c2 represent the capacity of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery, respectively.
- ⁇ t is a time interval between the time indices k and k + 1 and corresponds to the time update period of the first charged state z c1 [k] and the second charged state z c2 [k].
- I c1 and I c2 have positive values.
- I c1 [k] and I c2 [k] have negative values.
- a plurality of equations derived from the circuit model 200 are used to derive the state equation and output equation of the Extended Kalman Filter.
- the extended Kalman filter is a software algorithm capable of statistically estimating the state of the system in consideration of externally measurable variables and system disturbances for the dynamic system.
- the state of the system refers to an electrochemical variable having a characteristic that changes with time, and when the hybrid secondary battery 110 is viewed as one system, the first charge state (z c1 [k] ]), The second charged state z c2 [k], the voltage formed by the at least one circuit element included in the first impedance element 210b and the at least one circuit included in the second impedance element 220b. It may include at least one variable selected from the group comprising the voltage formed by the element.
- -u k is the scalable Kalman filter input as a measurable variable for the system
- the extended Kalman filter is, as is well known, using the state equation and the output equation, by repeating the following steps 1 to 6 while increasing k by 1 each time the update time ⁇ t elapses. State of ( ) Can be estimated.
- the steps 1 to 6 are named as Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm.
- the state equation and the output equation of the extended Kalman filter may be defined in the form of a time-discrete equation as follows using a plurality of equations derived from the circuit model 200.
- the present invention is not limited to the state equations and output equations described below.
- the process noise w k may be defined as a column vector including w c1 [k] and w c2 [k] as noise variables.
- the I c1 [k] and the I c2 [k] may be time updated by Equations (6) and (7), respectively.
- the w c1 [k] and w c2 [k] correspond to process noise, and are variables related to errors resulting from not considering other factors affecting the state of the system.
- the process noise is a value that is tuned in consideration of the accuracy and sensitivity of the Extended Kalman Filter, and is a constant value or a value that varies depending on the state of charge, degeneration, temperature, and the like of the hybrid secondary battery.
- the state variables can be omitted.
- the impedance element included in the first circuit unit or the second circuit unit can be ignored, variables related to the impedance element may be excluded from the state variable.
- that variable can also be excluded from the state variable.
- you can incorporate a variable as part of another variable you can exclude that variable as well. In this way, as the number of state variables decreases, the dimension of the state equation decreases, which simplifies the calculation of the extended Kalman filter algorithm and makes the tuning of the filter easier.
- the state variable may further include other variables unlike the above.
- the output is the operating voltage V [k] of the hybrid secondary battery.
- I [k] is a value which can be measured as an operating current of a hybrid secondary battery.
- I [k] can be represented by I c1 [k] and I c2 [k].
- I [k] substantially corresponds to the input u k of the Extended Kalman Filter.
- v [k] corresponds to sensor noise involved in measuring current and / or voltage of the secondary battery.
- v [k] is tuned to a fixed value in consideration of the accuracy and sensitivity of the Extended Kalman Filter, or to a value that can vary depending on the state of charge, degradation, temperature, etc. of the hybrid secondary battery.
- the electrical characteristic values of the circuit elements included in the impedance element may be measured directly by experiment or tuned by trial and error method in consideration of the accuracy and sensitivity of the extended Kalman filter.
- initial condition setting of each state variable included in a state is required.
- the initial condition of the state variable is preferably set such that the Extended Kalman Filter well follows the state of the actual system.
- the initial conditions of the state variable need not necessarily be limited to specific conditions.
- the initial condition of the state variable can be arbitrarily set to satisfy the condition that the state of the system estimated by the Extended Kalman Filter should not diverge.
- the initial condition of the state variable may be set as in the following equation (10).
- V n RC, c1 [0] 0 (n is the sequence index of the RC circuit)
- V m RC, c2 [0] 0 (m is the sequence index of the RC circuit)
- V [0] is the operating voltage measured for the first time when the charging or discharging of the hybrid secondary battery starts, and approximately the opening when the charging or discharging of the hybrid secondary battery starts.
- the operator OCV c1 -1 is an inverse conversion operator of OCV c1 (z c1 [k]), which is an operator that converts the first charged state z c1 of the first secondary battery to the first open voltage, and is determined first through experiments. It can be determined from the open voltage profile of the cell.
- the operator OCV c2 -1 is an inverse conversion operator of OCV c2 (z c2 [k]), which is an operator that converts the second charged state z c2 of the second secondary battery to the second open voltage, which is previously determined through experiments. It can be determined from the open voltage profile of the secondary battery.
- the open voltage profiles may be predefined in the form of a lookup table or a lookup function, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- control unit 130 repeatedly executes an extended Kalman filter algorithm by using the state equation and the output equation, so that the update period ⁇ t starts immediately after charging or discharging of the secondary battery is started.
- a method of estimating the state of the hybrid secondary battery each time will be described in more detail.
- step S10 the control unit 130 monitors the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through the hybrid secondary battery 110 by using the sensor unit 120 to operate (charge or discharge) the hybrid secondary battery. Determine if initiated.
- control unit 130 When it is determined that the operation of the hybrid secondary battery 110 is started, the control unit 130 initializes the time index k to 0 in step S20.
- step S30 V [0] corresponding to the operation start voltage of the hybrid secondary battery 110 and I [0 corresponding to the operation start current through the sensor unit 120. ] Is measured and stored in the storage unit 160 (S30).
- the control unit 130 after measurement and storage of V [0] and I [0], sets initial conditions for the state variables of the system as follows (S40).
- control unit 130 determines I c1 [0] and I c2 [0] by using Equations (6) and (7) and the operation start current I [0] in step 50.
- the control unit 130 may refer to electrical characteristic values of various circuit elements included in the first circuit unit 210 and the second circuit unit 210 when the initial condition is set.
- the electrical characteristic values are preferably stored in the storage unit 160 in advance.
- the electrical characteristic values of each circuit element can be stored as fixed values or as values that can be varied.
- the electrical characteristic value may vary according to the state of charge, temperature, capacity deterioration, etc. of the hybrid secondary battery.
- control unit 130 increases the time index k by 1 in step S60, and then sequentially performs step 6 of configuring an extended Kalman filter algorithm.
- step S70 the control unit 130 executes a time update for state estimation using the initial condition of the state variable and the I c1 [0] and I c2 [0] as follows.
- control unit 130 executes a time update for the error covariance of the state using the following equation.
- Jacobian matrix And Is a time-updated state variable And the initial condition u 0 , the predetermined electrical characteristic values, and the open voltage profiles of the input variable can be determined by the partial differential equation below.
- the Can be expressed by the following equation, and the diagonal component can be tuned to an appropriate value through trial and error.
- control unit 130 measures the current I [1] of the secondary battery through the sensor unit 120 in step S90, and uses the current I [1] to determine the first current and the second current. Update the input to u 1 by updating the current to I c1 [1] and I c2 [1], respectively, using the output equation, the time updated state variable and the measured current of the secondary battery I [1].
- the operating voltage V of the hybrid secondary battery corresponding to the system output is estimated.
- I a sensor noise tuned through trial and error, and may be set as a fixed value or a variable value.
- control unit 130 calculates the Kalman gain using the following formula in step S100.
- the Can be represented by the following formula, Can be tuned to an appropriate value through trial and error.
- control unit 130 executes the measurement update of the state estimation using the following formula in step S110.
- the control unit 130 measures the voltage V [1] of the hybrid secondary battery through the sensor unit 120, then the measured voltage and the voltage estimated as the output of the system in the third step.
- the measurement update of the state estimate is executed by multiplying the difference of and the Kalman gain L 1 determined in the fourth step and adding the result to the time update of the state estimate determined in the first step.
- the matrix on the left and right sides is a column vector matrix having a dimension of (2 + p + q) * 1.
- p represents the number of RC circuits included in the first circuit unit
- q represents the number of RC circuits included in the second circuit unit.
- the equation used to update the measurement of the state estimate may be modified according to the change of the state variable. For example, when the state variable related to the first impedance element included in the first circuit unit is excluded from the state variable, the dimension of the matrix may be adjusted by excluding related factors from the matrix included in the equation.
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- control unit 130 performs a measurement update for the error covariance using the following equation.
- the items on the right side of the following formula are all determined in the above-described steps, and I corresponds to a unit matrix.
- control unit 130 counts the time in step S130 to determine whether the update period ⁇ t of the system state has elapsed.
- control unit 130 monitors the direction and magnitude of the current flowing in the secondary battery through the sensor unit 120 in step S140 to determine whether the charging or discharging of the secondary battery continues. do.
- control unit 130 increases the time index k by one by shifting the process to step S60 and repeats the execution of the extended Kalman filter algorithm again.
- the recursive algorithm as described above is repeated whenever a predetermined time ⁇ t elapses under the condition that the secondary battery is charged or discharged.
- the state of the system estimated by the extended Kalman filter closely follows the actual state of the hybrid secondary battery as the recursive algorithm is repeated.
- step S140 if it is determined in step S140 that the charging or discharging is substantially terminated, the control unit 130 ends the estimation of the state of the secondary battery using the extended Kalman filter.
- substantially means a state in which the voltage of the hybrid secondary battery is stabilized after sufficient time has elapsed after the charging or discharging is completed.
- the control unit 130 may store the result determined in each step in the storage unit 160, transmit it to another external control unit, or display the result via the display unit 150 in a graphic interface.
- the graphic interface includes a character, a picture, a graphic, or a combination thereof.
- control unit 130 may use the operating voltage of the hybrid secondary battery estimated in the third step of the extended Kalman filter algorithm to control the charging or discharging of the hybrid secondary battery.
- control unit 130 may refer to determining the state of charge or capacity degradation of the hybrid secondary battery using the estimated operating voltage.
- control unit 130 may be included as part of a battery management system that generally controls the operation of the hybrid secondary battery.
- control unit 130 may transmit the operating voltage estimated in the third step of the extended Kalman filter algorithm to the control unit in charge of controlling the charging or discharging of the hybrid secondary battery.
- control unit 130 may transmit the estimated operating voltage to the central control unit of the vehicle.
- ⁇ and ⁇ represent the ratio of the capacity of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery, respectively, to the total capacity of the hybrid secondary battery. For example, when the capacity of the first secondary battery and the second secondary battery is 20% and 80% of the total capacity, the ⁇ and ⁇ are 0.2 and 0.8, respectively.
- control unit 130 the state of charge of the hybrid secondary battery May be stored in the storage unit 160, output as a graphical interface through the display unit 150, or transmitted to an external control unit through a communication interface or a data transmission interface.
- the control unit 130 selectively selects a processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit, a register, a communication modem, a data processing device, or the like, which are known in the art, to execute the various control logics described above. It may include.
- the control logic when the control logic is implemented in software, the control unit 130 may be implemented as a set of program modules.
- the program module may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor.
- the memory may be internal or external to the processor and may be coupled to the processor through various well known computer components.
- the memory may be included in the storage unit 160 of the present invention.
- the memory refers to a device that stores information regardless of the type of device, and does not refer to a specific memory device.
- control logics of the control unit 130 may configure a process of the method for estimating the voltage of the hybrid secondary battery according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- control unit 130 may be combined, and the combined control logics may be written in a computer readable code system and stored in a computer readable recording medium.
- the recording medium is not particularly limited as long as it is accessible by a processor included in the computer.
- the recording medium includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a ROM, a RAM, a register, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a hard disk, a floppy disk, and an optical data recording device.
- the code system may be modulated into a carrier signal to be included in a communication carrier at a specific point in time, and may be distributed and stored and executed in a networked computer.
- functional programs, code and code segments for implementing the combined control logics can be easily inferred by programmers in the art to which the present invention pertains.
- control unit 140 load
Abstract
Description
Claims (22)
- 서로 다른 전기화학적 특성을 가지며 병렬 연결되어 있는 제1 및 제2이차 전지를 포함하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태를 추정하는 장치에 있어서,시간 간격을 두고 상기 이차 전지의 동작 전압과 동작 전류를 측정하는 센서 유닛; 및상기 센서유닛과 전기적으로 연결되고, 상기 제1이차 전지의 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2이차 전지의 제2충전 상태 중에서 적어도 하나를 상태 변수로서 포함하는 상태 방정식과 상기 하이브리드 이차 전지의 동작 전압을 출력 변수로서 포함하는 출력 방정식을 사용하여 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘을 실행함으로써 상기 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2충전 상태 중 적어도 하나를 포함하는 상기 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태를 추정하는 제어 유닛을 포함하고,상기 상태 방정식과 상기 출력 방정식은, 상기 제1이차 전지 및 상기 제2이차 전지에 각각 대응되고 서로 병렬 연결된 제1 및 제2회로 유닛으로부터 유도된 것이고,상기 제1회로 유닛과 상기 제2회로 유닛 중 적어도 하나는, 대응되는 이차 전지의 충전 상태에 따라 전압이 변화되는 개방 전압 요소 및, 선택적으로 대응되는 회로 유닛에 흐르는 전류에 의해 전압이 변화되는 임피던스 요소를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 상태 변수는,상기 제1회로 유닛에 포함된 임피던스 요소에 의해 형성되는 전압; 및상기 제2회로 유닛에 포함된 임피던스 요소에 의해 형성되는 전압 중에서 적어도 하나를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 상태 방정식은, 입력 변수로서, 상기 제1회로 유닛을 통해 흐르는 제1전류와 상기 제2회로 유닛을 통해 흐르는 제2전류를 포함하고,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 회로 모델로부터 유도된 전류 분배 방정식과 상기 센서 유닛에 의해 측정된 전류를 이용하여 상기 제1전류 및 상기 제2전류를 결정하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 출력 방정식은, 상기 회로 모델의 전압 해석에 의해 유도된 것으로서, 복수의 입력 변수를 포함하고,상기 복수의 입력 변수는,상기 센서 유닛에 의해 측정된 전류;상기 제1회로 유닛의 개방 전압;상기 제2회로 유닛의 개방 전압;선택적으로, 상기 제1회로 유닛의 임피던스 전압; 및선택적으로, 상기 제2회로 유닛의 임피던스 전압;을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 상태 방정식은, 상기 제1회로 유닛 및 제2회로 유닛에 흐르는 전류를 각각 시간에 따라 적산하여 상기 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2충전 상태를 결정하도록 정의되고,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 상태 방정식을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [상태 추정 시간 업데이트 단계]를 실행하여 상기 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2충전 상태를 시간 업데이트하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 상태 방정식은, 상기 제1회로 유닛 및 상기 제2회로 유닛에 포함되어 있는 임피던스 요소의 회로 해석에 의해 유도된 임피던스 전압 계산식에 의해 임피던스 요소에 의해 형성되는 전압이 시간에 따라 변화되도록 정의되고,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 상태 방정식을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [상태 추정 시간 업데이트 단계]를 실행하여 각 임피던스 요소에 의해 형성된 전압을 시간 업데이트하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 상태 방정식으로부터 유도되는 자코비안 행렬을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [오차 공분산 시간 업데이트 단계]를 실행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 출력 방정식을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [출력 추정 단계]를 실행하여 하이브리드 이차 전지의 동작 전압을 추정하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제8에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 출력 방정식으로부터 유도되는 자코비안 행렬과 상기 시간 업데이트된 오차 공분산을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [칼만 이득 결정 단계]를 실행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제9항에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 측정된 동작 전압과, 상기 추정된 동작 전압의 차이에 상기 결정된 칼만 이득을 반영하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [상태 추정 측정 업데이트 단계]를 실행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 시간 업데이트된 오차 공분산과 상기 결정된 칼만 이득을 이용하여 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘의 [오차 공분산 측정 업데이트 단계]를 실행하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 상태 방정식은 프로세스 노이즈를 포함하고,상기 출력 방정식은 센서 노이즈를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 유닛은, 상기 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2충전 상태를 이용하여 하이브리드 이차 전지의 충전 상태를 추정하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제1회로 유닛 또는 상기 제2회로 유닛에 포함되는 임피던스 요소는, 적어도 하나의 저항, 적어도 하나의 커패시터, 적어도 하나의 인덕터 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 임피던스 요소는 저항과 커패시터가 병렬 연결된 적어도 하나의 RC 회로 및 선택적으로, 이와 직렬 연결된 저항을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 개방 전압 요소와 상기 임피던스 요소는 직렬로 연결된 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치.
- 서로 다른 전기화학적 특성을 가지며 병렬 연결된 제1이차 전지 및 제2이차 전지를 포함하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법에 있어서,시간 간격을 두고 상기 하이브리드 이차 전지의 동작 전압과 동작 전류를 측정하는 단계;상기 제1이차 전지의 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2이차 전지의 제2충전 상태 중에서 선택된 적어도 하나를 상태 변수로서 포함하는 상태 방정식과 상기 하이브리드 이차 전지의 동작 전압을 출력 변수로서 포함하는 출력 방정식을 사용하여 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘을 실행함으로써 상기 제1충전 상태 및 제2충전 상태 중에서 적어도 하나를 포함하는 상기 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태를 추정하는 단계;를 포함하고,상기 상태 방정식과 상기 출력 방정식은, 회로 모델로부터 유도된 것으로서, 상기 회로 모델은, 상기 제1이차 전지에 대응되는 개방 전압 요소 및 선택적으로 임피던스 요소를 포함하는 제1회로 유닛과, 상기 제2이차 전지에 대응되는 개방 전압 요소 및 선택적으로 임피던스 요소를 포함하고 상기 제1 회로 유닛과 병렬로 연결된 제2회로 유닛을 포함하는 것임을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법.
- 제17항에 있어서,상기 제1충전 상태 및 상기 제2충전 상태를 이용하여 하이브리드 이차 전지의 충전 상태를 추정하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 추정된 하이브리드 이차 전지의 충전 상태를 저장하거나, 전송하거나, 표시하는 단계를 더 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법.
- 제18항에 있어서, 상기 확장 칼만 필터 알고리즘은,상태 추정 시간 업데이트 단계;오차 공분산 시간 업데이트 단계;출력 추정 단계;칼만 이득 결정 단계;상태 추정 측정 업데이트 단계; 및오차 공분산 측정 업데이트 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법.
- 제1항에 따른 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 장치를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 전기 구동 장치.
- 제17항에 따른 하이브리드 이차 전지의 상태 추정 방법을 프로그램화하여 수록한 컴퓨터로 읽을 수 있는 기록 매체.
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