WO2015053624A2 - Antisense oligonucleotide directed removal of proteolytic cleavage sites, the hchwa-d mutation, and trinucleotide repeat expansions - Google Patents
Antisense oligonucleotide directed removal of proteolytic cleavage sites, the hchwa-d mutation, and trinucleotide repeat expansions Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of genetic and acquired diseases.
- the invention in particular relates to the alteration of mRNA processing of specific pre-mRNA to remove a proteolytic cleavage site, the HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion from a protein encoded by said pre-mRNA.
- proteolytic processing is a major form of post translational modification which occurs when a protease cleaves one or more bonds in a target protein to modify its activity. This processing may lead to activation, inhibition, alteration or destruction of the protein's activity. Many cellular processes are controlled by proteolytic processing.
- the attacking protease may remove a peptide segment from either end of the target protein, but it may also cleave internal bonds in the protein that lead to major changes in the structure and function of the protein.
- proteolytic processing is a highly specific process. The mechanism of proteolytic processing varies according to the protein being processed, location of the protein, and the protease. Proteolytic processing can have various functions. For instance, proteolysis of precursor proteins regulates many cellular processes including gene expression, embryogenesis, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, intracellular protein targeting and endocrine/neural functions. In all of these processes, proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins is necessary. The proteolysis is often done by serine proteases in the secretory pathways. These proteases are calcium dependent serine endoproteases and are related to yeast and subtilisin proteases and therefore called Subtihsin-like Proprotein
- SPCs Convertases
- proteases Autocatalytic cleavage of an N-terminal propeptide activates these proteases, which is required for folding and activity also release of prodomain.
- Other examples of function associated with proteolytic processing are the blood clotting cascades, the metaloendopeptidases, the secretases and the caspases.
- Yet other examples are the viral proteases that specifically process viral polyproteins. The art describes various strategies to inhibit the various proteases.
- gamma-secretase inhibitors are presently being developed for the treatment of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Nature Medicine 2009: 15, 50 - 58).
- Caspase inhibitors are being developed for a variety of different applications (The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998: 273, 32608-32613) for instance in the treatment of sepsis (Nature Immunology 2000: 1, 496 - 501).
- protease inhibitors typically have a range of targets in the human body and associated therewith a range of effects. Inhibiting a protease in the human body through the action of a protease inhibitor thus not only inhibits the desired effect but typically also has a range of other effects which may or may not affect the utility of the protease inhibitor for the indicated disease.
- Another problem associated with protease inhibitors is that it is not always easy to produce an inhibitor that is sufficiently specific for the target protease and therefore may also inhibit other proteases.
- the present invention provides an alternative approach to interfere with the proteolytic processing of target proteins.
- the target protein itself is modified.
- it is known to modify a protease cleavage site in a target protein. This is typically done by introducing point mutations into the coding region of a protein. These mutations typically breakup the recognition sequence of the protease.
- These types of modification are usually introduced into a cDNA copy of the gene and this altered copy is inserted into the DNA of cells by recombinant DNA technology. Although this can be done in the laboratory it is difficult to implement such strategies in the clinic, if only because gene therapy applications that rely on the introduction of a complete gene are, at present, not very efficient and the original gene associated with the problem is not removed.
- the present disclosure provides a method for removing a proteolytic cleavage site from a protein comprising providing a cell that expresses a pre- mRNA encoding said protein with an antisense oligonucleotide (AON) that induces skipping of the exon sequence that encodes said proteolytic cleavage site, or partially removing said proteolytic cleavage site, rendering it inactive, the method further comprising allowing translation of mRNA produced from said pre-mRNA.
- AON antisense oligonucleotide
- the present disclosure also provides for methods for removing exons containing trinucleotide repeat expansions.
- Such expansions can lead to a number of conditions including fragile X syndrome, fragile XE syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, myotonic dystrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 8, spinobulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease), Huntington disease (HD), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and the SCA types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, and 17 (see tables la and lb).
- the trinucleotide repeat expansion is a CAG repeat expansion, i.e., a
- Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by CAG triplet repeat expansions in protein coding regions of the genome. This CAG repeat is translated into an extended glutamine stretch in the mutant protein, which causes a gain of toxic function inducing neuronal loss in various regions throughout the brain.
- a hallmark of all polyQ disorders is the formation of large insoluble protein aggregates containing the expanded disease protein. Exemplary polyQ disorders are listed in Table la.
- the most prevalent polyQ disorder Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the first exon of the HTT gene on chromosome 4pl6.
- the expanded CAG transcript is translated into a mutant huntingtin (htt) protein with an expanded polyQ tract at the N-terminus.
- Carriers of 39 or more CAG repeats will develop HD, whereas people with 35 to 38 repeats show reduced penetrance.
- SCA3 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
- JD Machado- Joseph disease
- PCQ polyglutamine
- chromosome 14q32.1 Healthy individuals have a CAG repeat ranging from 10 to 51, whereas SCA3 patients have an expansion of 55 repeats or more.
- the ATXN3 gene codes for the ataxin-3 protein of 45 kDa, which acts as an isopeptidase and is thought to be involved in deubiquitination and proteasomal protein degradation 8-10.
- the ataxin-3 protein contains an N-terminal Josephin domain that displays ubiquitin protease activity and a C-terminal tail with 2 or 3 ubiquitin interacting motifs (UIMs), depending on the isoform.
- Attempts at inhibiting the pathogenic effect of trinucleotide repeats have also focused on steric block antisense oligonucleotides.
- the trinucleotide repeat in the RNA sequesters the protein MBNL1 resulting in a loss-of -function phenotype for MBNL1.
- Small molecule compounds, as well as antisense oligonucleotides have been used to bind the trinucleotide repeat in an attempt to inhibit the binding of MBNL1.
- the present disclosure relates to oligonucleotides and methods for skipping an exon either partially on in its entirety. This is a completely different mechanism than that used by steric blocking antisense oligonucleotides.
- Methods are provided herein for treating trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders and for removing trinucleotide repeats from pre-mRNA, both in vivo and in vitro.
- methods are provided for treating a disease in an individual that is associated with a mutant gene that comprises a trinucleotide repeat expansion when compared to the gene of a normal individual.
- diseases are provided in, e.g., tables la and lb.
- the methods comprise providing to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-sense oligonucleotide that induces skipping of one or more exonic sequences that comprise the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the treatment may comprise of administering the anti-sense oligonucleotides or administering cells
- a trinucleotide repeat as used herein is at least 3, preferably at least
- a trinucleotide repeat expansion refers to an increase in number of trinucleotide repeats over the normal individual. The increase in repeats necessary to cause pathology differs depending on the protein (see, e.g., tables la and lb).
- the methods and compositions described herein are useful for removing trinucleotide repeat expansions.
- the removal of the expansion is the result of skipping the exonic sequence that comprises said trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the skipping of said exonic sequence may be achieved by the removal of the exon in its entirety.
- the exon may be partially skipped. This can occur, e.g., when an alternative splice site or a cryptic splice site is utilized.
- the examples in the disclosure describes the partial skipping of exon 9 from ATXN3. Regardless of whether the skipped exonic sequences represent an entire or partial exon, the trinucleotide repeat expansion is skipped in its entirety, i.e., the skipped exonic sequences fully comprise the trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- exons 9 and 10 are skipped partially or in their entirety.
- the disclosure further provides a set of oligonucleotides comprising a first oligonucleotide that induces skipping of exonic sequences of exon 9 and a second oligonucleotide that induces skipping of exonic sequences of exon 10.
- the CAG repeat is located in exon 5.
- sequences from exon 6 should also be removed. It is preferred that an exonic sequence from exon 5 and an exonic sequence from exon 6 are skipped.
- CACNA1A gene it is preferred that an exonic sequence from exon 47 is skipped.
- the CAG repeat is located in exon 3 and for in- frame removal, sequences from exon 4 should also be skipped. It is preferred that an exonic sequence from exon 3 and an exonic sequence from exon 4 are skipped.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- the disclosure also provides methods and compounds useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- AD is characterized by the deposition of amyloid in extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
- the amyloid plaques are mainly composed of amyloid peptides which originate from the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by a series of proteolytic cleavage steps.
- APP Amyloid Precursor Protein
- Several alternative splicing forms of APP have been identified of which the most abundant are proteins of 695, 751 and 770 amino acids length. These are herein referred to as APP695, APP751, and APP770.
- beta and gamma-secretase The beta peptides are produced from APP through the sequential action of two proteolytic enzymes termed beta and gamma-secretase.
- Beta- secretase cleaves first in the extracellular domain of APP just outside of the trans-membrane domain to produce a C-terminal fragment of APP containing the the trans-membrane domain and cytoplasmic domain.
- the cytoplasmic domain is the substrate for gamma-secretase which cleaves at several adjacent positions within the trans-membrane domain to produce the A-beta peptides and the cytoplasmic fragment.
- gamma-secretase cleaves at several adjacent positions within the trans-membrane domain to produce the A-beta peptides and the cytoplasmic fragment.
- A-beta 42 is regarded to be the more pathogenic amyloid peptide because of its strong tendency to form neurotoxic aggregates.
- methods for removing a proteolytic cleavage site from APP comprising providing a cell that expresses pre-mRNA encoding APP with an anti-sense oligonucleotide that induces skipping of the exonic sequence that encodes said proteolytic cleavage site, the method further comprising allowing translation of mRNA produced from said pre-mRNA.
- APP751 is skipped.
- Preferred oligonucleotides are provided in Table 3.
- the invention further provides an oligonucleotide of 14-40 nucleotides comprising an AON sequence or a derivative thereof depicted in table 2 or table 3 for skipping an exon in a pre-mRNA produced by the corresponding gene of table 2 or table 3.
- the invention further provides an oligonucleotide of 14-40 nucleotides specific for the target sequence depicted in table 3 for skipping an exon in a pre-mRNA produced by the corresponding gene identified in table 3.
- methods for treating Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of an anti-sense oligonucleotide that induces skipping of an APP exonic sequence that encodes a proteolytic cleavage site a described herein.
- HCHWA-D hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis
- Dutch type HCHWA-D
- HCHWA-D is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a single basepair mutation in the APP gene that leads to a single amino acid substitution in APP (glutamine instead of glutamic acid)
- amyloid protein progressively deposits in cerebral blood vessel walls with subsequent degenerative vascular changes that usually result in spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic lesions, and progressive dementia.
- the principal clinical characteristic is recurring cerebral
- HCHWA-D comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more anti-sense oligonucleotides that induces skipping of the exonic sequences containing the HCHWA-D mutation.
- the HCHWA-D mutation is located in exon 16 of the APP751 transcripts isoform (see Figures 19 and 20) and exon 17 of the APP770 transcript isoform ( Figure 20).
- the oligonucleotides that induce skipping of the HCHWA-D mutation induce the skipping of exonic sequences corresponding to exon 16 of APP751.
- the exonic sequences corresponding to exon 16 of APP751 correspond to exon 17 in
- APP770 A skilled person can determine the location of the E22Q mutation in other APP transcripts.
- the skipping of said exonic sequences may remove an exon in its entirety.
- an exon may be removed partially, for example if a crytic splice site is utilized as a splice acceptor or donor. While not wishing to be bound by theory, removal of the exon containing the HCHWA-D mutation, is thought to reduce the formation or slow the progression of amyloid protein deposits in cerebral blood vessel walls.
- the disclosure also provides oligonucleotides which induce the skipping of the exonic sequences comprising the HCHWA-D mutation.
- Such oligonucleotides are useful for removing the HCHWA-D mutation from the APP mRNA, and in particular, in the treatment of HCHWA-D.
- Oligonucleotides corresponding to hAPPExl6_l-hAPPExl6_6 of table 3 are preferred.
- the methods of the invention are particularly useful for removing proteolytic cleavage sites, the HCHWA-D mutation, and the amino acids encoded by trinucleotide repeat expansions from proteins. It does not require removal or modification of the gene itself but rather prevents the incorporation of the genetic code for the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or trinucleotide repeat expansions into the coding region of the protein in the mature mRNA. In this way the process is reversible.
- the oligonucleotide has a finite life span in the cell and therefore has a finite effect on the removal. Another advantage is that the removal is not absolute. Not all pre-mRNA coding for the target protein that is generated by the cell is typically targeted. It is possible to achieve high levels of skipping. The skipping efficiency depends, for instance, on the particular target, the particular exon sequence to be skipped, the particular AON design and/or the amount of AON used.
- Skipping percentages are typically expressed as the ratio of mRNA that does not have the coding part of the proteolytic cleavage site (skipped mRNA) versus the sum of skipped mRNA and unmodified mRNA coding for the unmodified target protein (unmodified mRNA).
- the possibility of tailoring the percentage of skipping is advantageous. For instance when the unmodified protein is associated with a toxic phenotype but also has a positive function to perform that is not performed (as well) by the modified protein.
- the present invention modulates the splicing of a pre-mRNA into an mRNA such that an exonic sequence that codes for a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion that is present in the exons encoded by the pre-mRNA is not included in the mature mRNA produced from the pre-mRNA. Protein that is subsequently translated from this mRNA does not contain the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the invention thus does not actually remove a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion from a protein that has already been formed. Rather it promotes the production of a novel protein that does not contain the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the result of a method of the invention can be seen as removing a proteolytic cleave site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion from a protein.
- Unmodified target protein is gradually replaced by target protein that does not contain the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the invention also provides a method for producing a cell that contains a modified protein that lacks a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a
- the method comprising providing a cell that expresses pre-mRNA encoding said protein with an AON that induces skipping of the exon sequence or part of the exon sequence that encodes said proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a
- the method further comprising allowing translation of mRNA produced from said pre-mRNA in said cell.
- the novel mRNA from which the coding sequence for the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or trinucleotide repeat expansion is removed is a shortened or smaller coding sequence that codes for a shorter or smaller version of the unmodified protein.
- the modified protein is an internally deleted version of the unmodified protein wherein the internal deletion at least breaks-up and preferably deletes the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide expansion .
- the internally deleted protein lacks all the amino acids encoded by the expansion.
- Antisense-mediated modulation of splicing is one of the fields where AONs have been able to live up to their expectations.
- AONs are implemented to facilitate cryptic splicing, to change levels of alternatively spliced genes, or, in case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), to skip an exon in order to restore a disrupted reading frame.
- DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- the latter allows the generation of internally deleted, but largely functional, dystrophin proteins and would convert a severe DMD into a milder Becker muscular dystrophy phenotype.
- exon skipping is currently one of the most promising therapeutic tools for DMD, and a successful first-in-man trial has recently been completed.
- the antisense- mediated modulation of splicing has been diversified since its first introduction and now many different kinds of manipulations are possible. Apart from classical exon skipping where typically an entire exon is skipped from the mature mRNA, it is for instance possible to skip a part of an exon and also exon -inclusion is possible. The latter occurs when AONs targeted toward appropriate intron sequences are coupled to the business end of SR-proteins.
- Exon skipping has been used to restore cryptic splicing, to change levels of alternatively spliced genes, and to restore disrupted open reading frames.
- This approach has been employed with a number of genes including Apolipoprotein B, Bcl-X, Collagen type 7, dystrophin, dysferlin, prostate- specific membrane antigen, IL-5 receptor alpha, MyD88, Tau, TNFalpha2 receptor, Titin, WT1, beta-globulin, and CFTR.
- methods are provided for removing a proteolytic cleavage site from a protein, wherein the protein is not Apolipoprotein B, Bcl-X, Collagen type 7, dystrophin, dysferlin, prostate-specific membrane antigen, IL-5 receptor alpha, MyD88, Tau, TNFalpha2 receptor, Titin, WT1, beta-globulin, or CFTR, more preferably is the protein not dystrophin.
- the present invention provides a method for removing a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA- D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansions in order to treat an individual, restore function to a protein, or reduce toxicity of a protein.
- the methods and oligonucleotides described herein are particularly useful for removing proteolytic cleavage sites, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by trinucleotide repeat expansions from a protein, wherein the protein is involved in a neurogenerative disorder.
- Antisense oligonucleotides for exon-skipping typically enable skipping of an exon or the 5' or 3' part of it.
- Antisense oligonucleotides can be directed toward the 5' splice site, the 3' splice, to both splice sites, to one or more exon-internal sites and to intron sequences, for instance specific for the branch point. The latter enables skipping of the upstream exon.
- proteolytic cleavage site Skipping of the nucleotides that code for the proteolytic cleavage site is typically achieved by skipping the exon that contains the nucleotides that code for the proteolytic cleavage site. This results in removal of the proteolytic recognition motif from the protein.
- the proteolytic cleavage site comprises the recognition sequence for the specific protease and the two amino acids between which the peptide linkage is cleaved by the protease.
- the proteolytic cleavage site can overlap the boundary of two adjacent exons or if a part of the exon is skipped, overlap the exon sequence that contains the cryptic splice
- a recognition sequence for a protease is actually used in nature depends not only on the presence of the recognition sequence itself but also on the location of the site in the folded protein. An internally located recognition site is typically not used in nature.
- a proteolytic cleavage site is an active proteolytic cleavage site that is actually used in nature.
- Skipping of exonic sequences that contain the nucleotides that code for the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion is preferably achieved by means of an AON that is directed toward an exon internal sequence.
- An oligonucleotide is said to be directed toward an exon internal sequence if the complementarity region that contains the sequence identity to the reverse complement of the target pre-mRNA is within the exon boundary.
- all exons that have been targeted by means of exon-skipping can be induced to be skipped from the mature mRNA. Often with one AON and sometime with two AON directed toward the exon. However, not all AON that can be designed induce detectable amounts of skipping.
- the factors that improve the success ratio include among others: the predicted structure of the exon RNA at the target site, the exact sequence targeted and the predicted presence or absence of specific SR-protein binding sites in the target site (ibidem).
- Skipping of an exonic sequence that codes for a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion is preferably such that downstream amino acids of the target protein are present in the newly formed protein. In this way the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a
- the functionality of the modified protein is at least part of the functionality of the protein as present in normal individuals.
- the modified protein contains an "in frame" deletion of the proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- said "in frame” deleted protein has at least 20%, preferably at least 50% of the functionality of the unmodified protein in a normal individual.
- the number of nucleotides that is skipped is dividable by three.
- Skipping of an exon sequence that codes for a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion is typically achieved by skipping the exon that contains this sequence. Skipping of the target exon is sufficient if this exon contains a number of nucleotides that is dividable by three. If the exon contains another number, it is preferred to also skip an adjacent exon such that the total number of skipped nucleotides is again dividable by three.
- skipping of an adjacent exon is sufficient, however, if this also does not result in a number of skipped nucleotides that is dividable by three the skipping of yet a further exon, adjacent to the two mentioned, may be necessary. Skipping of four or more exons is possible but often does not yield a lot of the correct protein. Sometimes it is possible to skip only a part of an exon. This is either the 5' part of the 3' part of the exon. This occurs when the exon contains a cryptic 3' or 5' splice site that can be activated.
- pre-mRNA refers to a non-processed or partly processed precursor mRNA that is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by transcription.
- inducing and/or promoting skipping of an exon sequence that codes for a proteolytic cleavage site as indicated herein means that at least 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the mRNA encoding the targeted protein in a cell will not contain the skipped exon sequence
- An AON of the invention that induces skipping of an exon sequence that encodes a proteolytic cleavage site, HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion preferably comprises a sequence that is complementary to said exon.
- the AON induces skipping of an exon in its entirety.
- the AON induces skipping of a part of an exon, preferably, said part encodes a
- the AON contains a continuous stretch of between 8-50 nucleotides that is complementary to the exon.
- An AON of the invention preferably comprises a stretch of at least 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 , 28 , 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides that is
- said AON contains a continuous stretch of between 12-45 nucleotides that is complementary to the exon. More preferably a stretch of between 15-41 nucleotides. Depending on the chemical modification introduced into the AON the complementary stretch may be at the smaller side of the range or at the larger side.
- a preferred antisense oligonucleotide according to the invention comprises a T-O alkyl phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, such as 2'-O-methyl modified ribose (RNA), 2'-0-ethyl modified ribose, 2'-O-propyl modified ribose, and/or substituted derivatives of these modifications such as halogenated derivatives.
- RNA 2'-O-methyl modified ribose
- a most preferred AON according to the invention comprises of 2'-0-methyl phosphorothioate ribose.
- Such AON typically do not need to have a very large complementary stretch.
- Such AON typically contain a stretch of between 15-25 complementary nucleotides.
- another preferred AON of the invention comprises a morpholino backbone.
- AON comprising such backbones typically contain somewhat larger stretches of complementarity.
- Such AON typically contain a stretch of between 25-40 complementary nucleotides.
- range of nucleotides this range includes the number(s) mentioned.
- An AON of the invention that is complementary to a target RNA is capable of hybridizing to the target RNA under stringent conditions.
- the reverse complement of the AON is at least 90% and preferably at least 95% and more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 100% identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target at the targeted sited.
- An AON of the invention thus preferably has two or less mismatches with the reverse complement of the target RNA, preferably it has one or no mismatches with the reverse complement of the target RNA.
- the AON may be specifically designed to have one or more mismatches, preferably one or two mismatches, e.g.
- a mismatch is defined herein as a nucleotide or nucleotide analogue that does not have the same base pairing capacity in kind, not necessarily in amount, as the nucleotide it replaces. For instance the base of uracil that replaces a thymine and vice versa, is not a mismatch.
- a preferred mismatch comprises an inosine.
- An inosine nucleotide is capable of pairing with any natural base in an RNA, i.e. capable of pairing with an A, C, G or U in the target RNA.
- the nucleotide analogue or equivalent comprises a modified backbone.
- backbones are provided by morpholino backbones, carbamate backbones, siloxane backbones, sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones, formacetyl and thioform acetyl backbones, methyleneform acetyl backbones, riboacetyl backbones, alkene containing backbones, sulfamate, sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones, methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones, and amide backbones.
- Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers are modified backbone
- Morpholino oligonucleotides that have previously been investigated as antisense agents. Morpholino oligonucleotides have an uncharged backbone in which the deoxyribose sugar of DNA is replaced by a six membered ring and the phosphodiester linkage is replaced by a phosphorodiamidate linkage.
- Morpholino oligonucleotides are resistant to enzymatic degradation and appear to function as antisense agents by arresting translation or interfering with pre-mRNA splicing rather than by activating RNase H. Morpholino oligonucleotides have been successfully delivered to tissue culture cells by methods that physically disrupt the cell membrane, and one study comparing several of these methods found that scrape loading was the most efficient method of delivery; however, because the morpholino backbone is uncharged, cationic lipids are not effective mediators of morpholino ohgonucleotide uptake in cells.
- a modified backbone is typically preferred to increase nuclease resistance of the AON, the target RNA or the AON/target RNA hybrid or a combination thereof.
- a modified backbone can also be preferred because of its altered affinity for the target sequence compared to an
- An unmodified backbone can be RNA or DNA, preferably it is an RNA backbone.
- the linkage between the residues in a backbone does not include a phosphorus atom, such as a linkage that is formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.
- a preferred nucleotide analogue or equivalent comprises a Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA), having a modified polyamide backbone (Nielsen, et al.
- PNA Peptide Nucleic Acid
- PNA-based molecules are true mimics of DNA molecules in terms of base-pair recognition.
- the backbone of the PNA is composed of 7V-(2-aminoethyl)- glycine units linked by peptide bonds, wherein the nucleobases are linked to the backbone by methylene carbonyl bonds.
- An alternative backbone comprises a one- carbon extended pyrrolidine PNA monomer (Govindaraju and Kumar (2005) Chem. Commun, 495-497).
- PNA- RNA hybrids are usually more stable than RNA-RNA or RNA-DNA hybrids, respectively (Egholm et al (1993) Nature 365, 566-568).
- a further preferred backbone comprises a morpholino nucleotide analog or equivalent, in which the ribose or deoxyribose sugar is replaced by a 6-membered morpholino ring.
- PMO phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- a nucleotide analogue or equivalent of the invention comprises a substitution of one of the non-bridging oxygens in the phosphodiester linkage. This modification slightly destabilizes base- pairing but adds significant resistance to nuclease degradation.
- a preferred nucleotide analogue or equivalent comprises phosphorothioate, chiral phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphotriester,
- phosphonate including 3'-alkylene phosphonate, 5'-alkylene phosphonate and chiral phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphoramidate including 3'-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidate, thionophosphoramidate, thionoalkylphosphonate, thionoalkylphosphotriester, selenophosphate or boranophosphate.
- a further preferred nucleotide analogue or equivalent of the invention comprises one or more sugar moieties that are mono- or
- disubstituted at the 2', 3' and/or 5' position such as a -OH; -F; substituted unsubstituted, linear or branched lower (C1-C1O) alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, allyl, aryl, or aralkyl, that may be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms; 0-, S-, or N-alkyl; 0-, S-, or N-alkenyl; 0-, S-or N-alkynyl; 0-, S-, or N-allyl; O-alkyl-O-alkyl, -methoxy, -aminopropoxy; -amino xy;
- the sugar moiety can be a pyranose or derivative thereof, or a deoxypyranose or derivative thereof, preferably a ribose or a derivative thereof, or a
- Such preferred derivatized sugar moieties comprise Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA), in which the 2'-carbon atom is linked to the 3' or 4' carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety.
- LNA Locked Nucleic Acid
- a preferred LNA comprises 2'-0,4'-C-ethylene-bridged nucleic acid (Morita et al. 2001. Nucleic Acid Res Supplement No. 1: 241-242). These substitutions render the nucleotide analogue or equivalent RNase H and nuclease resistant and increase the affinity for the target RNA.
- oligonucleotides bind to the pre- mRNA of said protein to form a double-stranded nucleic acid complex and are chemically modified to render said double-stranded nucleic acid complex RNAse H resistant.
- an antisense oligonucleotide of the invention has at least two different types of analogues or equivalents.
- a preferred AON according to the invention comprises a T-O alkyl phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, such as 2'-0-methyl modified ribose (RNA), 2'-0-ethyl modified ribose, 2'-0- propyl modified ribose, and/or substituted derivatives of these modifications such as halogenated derivatives.
- RNA 2'-0-methyl modified ribose
- a most preferred AON according to the invention comprises of 2'-0-methyl phosphorothioate ribose.
- An AON of the invention can be linked to a moiety that enhances uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide in cells.
- moieties are cholesterols, carbohydrates, vitamins, biotin, lipids, phospholipids, cell- penetrating peptides including but not limited to antennapedia, TAT, transportan and positively charged amino acids such as oligoarginine, poly- arginine, ohgolysine or polylysine, antigen-binding domains such as provided by an antibody, a Fab fragment of an antibody, or a single chain antigen binding domain such as a cameloid single domain antigen-binding domain.
- additional flanking sequences are used to modify the binding of a protein to said AON, or to modify a thermodynamic property of the AON, more preferably to modify target RNA binding affinity.
- AON administration is humans is typically well tolerated.
- Clinical manifestations of the administration of AON in human clinical trials have been limited to the local side effects following subcutaneous (SC) injection (on the whole intravenous (i.v.) administration seems to be better tolerated) and generalized side effects such as fever and chills that similar to the response to interferon administration, respond well to paracetamol.
- SC subcutaneous
- i.v. intravenous
- generalized side effects such as fever and chills that similar to the response to interferon administration, respond well to paracetamol.
- More than 4000 patients with different disorders have been treated so far using systemic delivery of first generation AON (phosphorothioate backbone), and
- the typical dosage used ranged from 0.5 mg/kg every other day for 1 month in Crohn's disease, to 200 mg twice weekly for 3 months in rheumatoid arthritis, to higher dosages of 2 mg/kg day in other protocols dealing with malignancies.
- Fewer patients (approx. 300) have been treated so far using new generation AON (uniform phosphorothioated backbone with flanking 2' methoxyethoxy wing) delivered systemically at doses comprised between 0.5 and 9 mg/kg per week for up to 3 weeks.
- new generation AON uniform phosphorothioated backbone with flanking 2' methoxyethoxy wing
- AON to cells of the brain can be achieved by various means. For instance, they can be delivered directly to the brain via
- the AON can be coupled to a single domain antibody or the variable domain thereof (VHH) that has the capacity to pass the Blood Brain barrier.
- VHH variable domain of oligonucleotides
- Nanotechnology has also been used to deliver oligonucleotides to the brain, e.g., a nanogel consisting of cross-linked PEG and polyethylenimine. Encapsulation of AON in liposomes is also well-known to one of skill in the art. The AONs can also be introduced into the cerebral spinal fluid.
- An AON of the invention preferably comprises a sequence that is complementary to part of said pre-mRNA as defined herein.
- the length of said complementary part of said oligonucleotide is of at least 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 , 28 , 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 nucleotides.
- additional flanking sequences are used to modify the binding of a protein to said molecule or oligonucleotide, or to modify a thermodynamic property of the oligonucleotide, more preferably to modify target RNA binding affinity.
- An AON of the invention may further comprise additional nucleotides that are not
- an AON contains between 8-50 nucleotides.
- An AON of the invention preferably comprises a stretch of at least 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 , 28 , 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 nucleotides.
- said AON contains a continuous stretch of between 12-45 nucleotides, more preferably a stretch of between 15-41 nucleotides.
- an AON of the invention contains between 15-25 nucleotides.
- An AON of the invention with a morpholino backbone typically contains a stretch of between 25-40 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment the indicated amounts for the number of
- nucleotides in the AON refers to the length of the complementarity to the target pre-mRNA, preferably to an exon internal sequence, however, the target sequence can also be a 5' or a 3' splice site of an exon or an intron sequence, such as preferably a branch point. In another preferred embodiment the indicated amounts refer to the total number of nucleotides in the AON.
- the complementary part is at least 50% of the length of the oligonucleotide of the invention, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90% or even more preferably at least 95%, or even more preferably 98% and most preferably up to 100% of the length of the oligonucleotide of the invention.
- oligonucleotide of the invention with the putative exception of deliberately introduced specific mismatches, e.g. for downregulating affinity when necessary.
- the total number of nucleotides typically does not exceed 50, and the additional nucleotides preferably range in number from between 5-25, preferably from 10- 25, more preferably from 15-25.
- the additional nucleotides typically are not complementary to the target site on the pre-mRNA but may be complementary to another site on said pre-mRNA or may serve a different purpose and not be complementary to the target pre-mRNA, i.e., less than 95% sequence identity of the additional nucleotides to the reverse complement of the target pre- mRNA.
- the proteolytic cleavage site that is to be removed from a protein by a method or AON of the invention is preferably a serine endoprotease cleavage site, a metaloendopeptidase cleavage site, a secretase cleavage site and/or a caspase cleavage site.
- said cleavage site is a caspase cleavage site or secretase cleavage site.
- Caspases are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that play a central role in the initiation and execution of programmed cell death.
- caspases is a short form for Cystein Aspartate-specific Proteases: their catalytical activity depends on a critical cystein-residue within a highly conserved active-site pentapeptide QACRG, and the caspases specifically cleave their substrates after Asp residues (also the serine-protease granzyme B has specificity for Asp in the PI position of substrates). More than ten different members of the caspase-family have been identified in mammals.
- Caspase- 1 is ICE (Interleukin-lbeta-Converting Enzyme), the first aspartate-specific cystein protease described.
- the secretase family of proteases is subdivided into three groups, the alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases. In a preferred embodiment said secretase is a gamma-secretase.
- the protein from which the proteolytic cleavage site or one or more trinucleotide repeats is to be removed can be any protein that contains a proteolytic cleavage site or trinucleotide repeat.
- said protein is a mammalian protein, more preferably a primate protein.
- said protein is a human protein.
- said protein is associated with a disease in humans.
- said protein is associated with a triplet repeat disease in humans.
- a polyglutamine repeat disease Preferably, a polyglutamine repeat disease.
- said protein comprises a caspase cleavage site or secretase cleavage site.
- the protein comprises a caspase-3 or -6 proteolytic cleavage site.
- the protein is a protein that is normally present in the brain of a mammal.
- the gene encoding said protein is a mutant gene that encodes a trinucleotide repeat expansion when compared to the gene of a normal individual.
- said protein is a protein encoded by one of the genes listed in table la or lb.
- said gene is a mutant gene that is the causative gene in a polyglutamine disorder, preferably a gene of table la.
- said gene is the huntingtin (Htt) gene.
- Htt is expressed in all mammalian cells. The highest concentrations are found in the brain and testes, with moderate amounts in the liver, heart, and lungs. The function of Htt in humans is as yet not entirely resolved. Htt interacts among others with proteins which are involved in transcription, cell signaling and intracellular transporting. In humans the gene, and in particular mutants thereof is associated with Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a progressive
- HD is the most common genetic cause of abnormal involuntary writhing movements called chorea and is much more common in people of Western European descent than in those from Asia or Africa.
- the disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation of the Htt- gene. A child of an affected parent has a 50% risk of inheriting the disease.
- the caspase-6 proteolytic cleavage site encoded by exon Htt exon 12 is removed from the Huntingtin protein. It is preferred that the coding region that codes for the proteolytic cleavage site is removed "in frame", so as to allow incorporation of the normal downstream amino acid sequence into the mutant protein. In one embodiment said "in frame” removal is achieved by providing the cell with an AON that enables skipping of exon 12 and an AON that enables skipping of exon 13 of the Htt gene.
- said "in frame" removal is achieved by providing the cell with an AON capable of inducing exon skipping directed toward the region delimited by nucleotides 269 - 297 of exon 12 of the Htt gene.
- said AON is directed toward region delimited by nucleotides 207 until 341 of exon 12. It is preferred that said AON is directed toward the internal region delimited by nucleotides 207 until 341 of exon 12. This includes nucleotides 207 and 341.
- AON directed toward the preferred regions induce skipping of the last 135 nucleotides of exon 12, thereby producing an "in frame" complete deletion of two active caspase 3 cleavage sites at amino acid 513 and 552, and removal of the first amino acid of an active caspase 6 site partially located in exon 12 and partially in exon 13.
- AON HDExl2_l (table 2 ) activates a cryptic splice site at nucleotide 206 in exon 12, leading to the absence of the remainder of exon 12 from the formed mRNA.
- the invention further provides an isolated and/or recombinant modified Htt mRNA having a deletion of at least nucleotides 207 until 341 of exon 12.
- the modified Htt mRNA preferably comprises the exons 1-11, the first 206 nucleotides of exon 12 and exons 13-67.
- said modified Htt mRNA comprises the exons 1-11, 14-67.
- the invention comprises an isolated and/or recombinant modified Htt protein comprising a deletion of amino acids 538- 583.
- the modified Htt protein preferably comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by exons 1-11, the first 206 nucleotides of exon 12, and exons 13-67.
- said modified Htt protein comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by exons 1-11, 14-67.
- the invention provides an isolated and/or recombinant cell comprising a modified Htt mRNA and/or a modified Htt protein as indicated herein above.
- said cell comprises an Htt gene comprising a coding region of a polyglutamine repeat, the length of which is associated with HD.
- the calpain cleavage sites in exon 7 is removed from the protein. It is preferred that the coding region that codes for the proteolytic cleavage site is removed "in frame", so as to allow incorporation of the normal downstream amino acid into the mutant protein. In one embodiment said "in frame” removal is achieved by providing the cell with an AON that enables skipping of exon 7 and an AON that enables skipping of exon 8 of the ATXN3 gene.
- calpain and caspase cleavage sites in exons 8 and 9 are removed from the protein. Accordingly, a cell is provided with an anti-sense oligonucleotide(s) that induces skipping of exons 8 and 9, for removing said proteolytic cleavage site from said protein in a cell that produces pre-mRNA encoding said protein.
- the caspase 3 cleavage site near the N-terminus of the protein and the polyglutamine tract ( 106 DSLD 109 ) in exon 5 is removed from the protein. It is preferred that the coding region that codes for the proteolytic cleavage site is removed "in frame", so as to allow incorporation of the normal downstream amino acid into the mutant protein. In one embodiment said "in frame” removal is achieved by providing the cell with an AON that enables skipping of exon 5 and an AON that enables skipping of exon 6 of the ATN1 gene. In a preferred embodiment said AON comprises a sequence as depicted in table 2 under DPRLA AON.
- Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar degeneration caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in the atrophin-1 protein.
- the invention further provides an AON of the invention of preferably between 14-40 nucleotides that induces skipping of an exonic sequence that encodes a proteolytic cleavage site in a protein, the HCHWA-D mutation, or the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion.
- the invention provides an AON as indicated herein above comprising a sequence as depicted in table 2.
- the AON is suitable for skipping the indicated exon of the gene.
- said AON comprises the sequence of HDExl2_l of table 2.
- the invention provides an AON as indicated herein above that is specific for the region identified by a sequence of an AON depicted in table 2.
- said AON comprises at least 10 consecutive nucleotides of the region identified by an oligonucleotide as depicted in table 2.
- the invention provides an AON as indicated herein above that is specific for the region identified by a sequence of HDExl2_l of table 2.
- the invention further provides the use of exon-skipping in a cell for removing a proteolytic cleavage site from a protein. Further provided is the use of an AON that induces skipping of an exon that encodes a proteolytic cleavage site in a protein, for removing said proteolytic cleavage site from said protein in a cell that produces pre-mRNA encoding said protein.
- the invention further provides an oligonucleotide of between 14-40 nucleotides that induces skipping of an exon that encodes a proteolytic cleavage site in a protein for use in the treatment of a disease that is associated with a proteolytic cleavage product of said protein.
- the invention provides a method for altering the proteolytic processing of a protein that comprises a proteolytic cleavage site comprising providing a cell that produces a pre-mRNA that codes for said protein with an AON that is specific for said pre-mRNA; and that prevents inclusion of the code for said proteolytic cleavage site into mature mRNA produced from said pre-mRNA, the method further comprising allowing translation of said mRNA to produce the protein of which the proteolytic processing is altered.
- the invention further provides the use of exon-skipping in a cell for removing the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion from a protein. Further provided is the use of an AON that induces skipping of an exonic sequence that comprises a trinucleotide repeat in a pre-mRNA.
- the protein is encoded by a gene listed in table la or lb.
- the invention further provides an oligonucleotide of between 14-40 nucleotides that induces skipping of an exonic sequence that comprises a trinucleotide repeat expansion in a pre-mRNA for use in the treatment of a disease that is associated with the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion of said protein (see, e.g., Tables la and lb).
- the invention further provides the use of exon-skipping in a cell for removing the HCHWA-D mutation from an APP pre-mRNA. Further provided is the use of an AON that induces skipping of an exonic sequence that contains the HCHWA-D mutation in a mutant APP protein, for removing said HCHWA-D mutation from said protein in a cell that produces pre-mRNA encoding said protein.
- the invention further provides an oligonucleotide of between 14-40 nucleotides that induces skipping of an exonic sequence that encodes the HCHWA-D mutation in APP protein for use in the treatment of HCHWA-D.
- the invention further provides a non-human animal comprising an oligonucleotide of the invention.
- said non-human animal comprises a mutant gene that encodes a trinucleotide repeat expansion when compared to the gene of a normal individual.
- the invention further provides a modified human protein from which a proteolytic cleavage site is removed by means of exon skipping.
- the invention further provides a modified human APP protein from which the HCHWA-D mutation is removed by means of exon skipping. Further provided is an mRNA encoding a modified human APP protein from which a the HCHWA-D mutation is removed by means of exon skipping.
- the invention further provides a cell encoding a human protein comprising a proteolytic cleavage site, wherein said cell contains an AON of the invention for removing said proteolytic cleavage site from said protein in said cell.
- the invention further provides a cell encoding a human protein comprising the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion, wherein said cell contains an AON of the invention for removing the amino acids encoded by a trinucleotide repeat expansion from said protein in said cell.
- the protein is encoded by a gene listed in table la or lb.
- the invention further provides a cell encoding a human APP protein comprising the HCHWA-D mutation, wherein said cell contains an AON of the invention for removing said the HCHWA-D mutation from said protein in said cell.
- the general nomenclature of cleavage site positions of the substrate were formulated by Schecter and Berger, 1967-68 [Schechter and Berger, 1967], [Schechter and Berger, 1968]. They designate the cleavage site between Pl- ⁇ , incrementing the numbering in the N-terminal direction of the cleaved peptide bond (P2, P3, P4, etc.). On the carboxyl side of the cleavage site numbering are likewise incremented ( ⁇ , P2', P3' etc. ). Brief description of the drawings
- HDExl2_l AON A) Patient derived HD fibroblasts were treated with 1, 25, 150, and ⁇ HDExl2_l. ⁇ -Actin was taken along as loading control.
- HDExl2_l exon 12 skip was also seen in another HD and control fibroblast cell line and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.
- Figure 2 Log dose response curve of HDExl2_l AON in a HD fibroblast cell line.
- X-axis displays the log concentration (nM) and y-axis the percentage of skip.
- the half maximum inhibitory value (IC50) of the HDExl2_l AON was found to be 40nM.
- Figure 3 Sanger sequencing of normal (A) and skipped (B) PCR product.
- HDExl2_l AON transfection in a HD fibroblast cell line resulted in an in- frame skip of 135 nucleotides, which corresponds with 45 amino acids.
- the observed skip is caused by the activation of an alternative splice site
- Figure 5 Schematic diagram of huntingtin.
- Figure 6 Schematic representation of caspase motif hotspot in the htt protein and the skipping of exon 12 and 13.
- IVLD active caspase-6 site at amino acid position 586
- Exon 12 also encodes two active caspase-3 sites at amino acids 513 (DSVD) and 552 (DLND).
- DSVD active caspase-3 sites at amino acids 513
- DLND DLND
- B To remove all three proteolytic cleavage sites from the htt protein, both exon 12 and 13 have to be skipped by using 3 AONs.
- AON12.1 targets a region in the 3' part of htt exon 12.
- Figure 8 Transfection to induce double and single exon skipping. Control and HD patient fibroblasts were transfected with htt AONs, control AON, and non- transfected cells (Mock) and RNA was isolated after 24 hours. (A) Agarose gel analysis of the htt transcript with primers flanking exon 12 and 13.
- Figure 9 Formation of modified htt protein after partial exon 12 skipping that is resistant to caspase-6 cleavage.
- Human control fibroblasts were transfected with 50nM AON12.1 and control AONs.
- A Transfection with AON 12.1 resulted in the appearance of a htt protein that is shorter than the full length protein and runs around 343 kDa.
- B Levels of normal (black bars) and shorter (white bar) htt protein after transfection with AON 12.1
- Figure 10 Skipping murine htt exon 12 and 13 in vitro.
- Mouse C2C12 cells were transfected with murine htt AONs, control AON, scrambled AON, and not transfected (Mock).
- A Agarose gel analysis of the htt transcript with primers flanking exon 12 and 13. Skipping of htt exon 12 and 13 is seen after transfection with mAON12.1, mAON12.2, and mAON13.
- Figure 12 Reduction of mouse htt exon 12 and 13 after a single local injection into the mouse striatum. A single injection consisting of mAON12.1,
- Figure 13 Single exon skipping of ataxin-3 pre-mRNA in vitro.
- Control fibroblasts were transfected with ataxin-3 AONs, control AON, and non- transfected (mock) and RNA was isolated after 24 hours, (a) Agarose gel analysis of the ataxin-3 transcript with primers flanking exon 9 and 10 (full- length, grey arrowhead).
- Transfection with 50 nM AON against exon 9 resulted in a product lacking the entire exon 9 (AON9.1, white arrowhead) or lacking the 3' part of exon 9 (AON9.2, two white arrowheads).
- Transfection with 50 nM AON10 resulted in a product lacking exon 10 (three white arrowheads).
- Fibroblasts were transfected with concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 nM per ataxin-3 AON and Lab-on-a-Chip analysis was performed to calculate exon skip levels for (b) AON9.1, (c) AON9.2, and (d) AON10.
- Figure 14 Double exon skipping of ataxin-3 pre-mRNA in vitro, (a) Schematic representation of two approaches to induce in-frame skipping of the CAG repeat-containing exon.
- Figure 15 Modified ataxin-3 protein after exon 9 and 10 skipping.
- Human control and SCA3 fibroblasts were transfected with 50nM of each AON.
- (a) Transfection with AON9.1 and AON10, or AON9.2 and AON10 resulted in modified ataxin-3 proteins of 35 kDa (ataxin-3 A72aa) and 37 kDa (ataxin-3 A59aa), respectively.
- the modified protein products were shown using an ataxin-3 specific antibody.
- the reduction in polyQ-containing mutant ataxin-3 was shown with the polyQ antibody 1C2. Densitometric analysis was used after transfection with AONs.
- FIG. 16 Full-length and modified ataxin-3 protein displays identical ubiquitin binding, (a) Schematic representation of the known functional domains of the ataxin-3 protein involved in deubiquitination.
- the ataxin-3 protein consists of an N-terminal (Josephin) domain with ubiquitin protease activity and a C-terminal tail with the polyQ repeat and 3 ubiquitin
- Mouse C2C12 cells were transfected with murine ataxin-3 AONs, control AON, scrambled AON, and not transfected (Mock), (a) Agarose gel analysis of the ataxin-3 transcript with primers flanking exon 9 and 10. Skipping of ataxin-3 exon 9 and 10 was seen after transfection with mAON9.1 and mAONlO. (b) Sanger sequencing confirmed the precise skipping of exon 9 and 10. (c)
- Figure 19 schematic of APP pre-mRNA and HCHWA-D mutation. The exon- intron structure of APP751 is depicted in this pre-mRNA schematic
- the shape of the exon-boxes depict the reading frame.
- the HCHWA-D mutation is located in exon 16 of APP751.
- Figure 20 APP isoforms in human and mouse
- HCHWA-D mutation-containing exon where the HCHWA-D mutation is indicated with a blue box, and the gamma-secretase cleavage site with a red box.
- AON-mediated exon skipping in neurodegenerative diseases to remove proteolytic cleavage sites AON-mediated exon skipping in Huntington's disease to remove proteolytic cleavage sites from the huntingtin protein
- All AONs consisted of 2'-O-methyl RNA and full length phosphorothioate backbones.
- fibroblast cells and human neuroblastoma cells were transfected with AONs at concentrations ranging between 1 - 1000 nM. using Polyethylenemine (PEI) ExGen500 according to the manufacturer's instructions, with 3,3 ⁇ PEI per pg of transfected AON. A second transfection was performed 24 hours after the first transfection. RNA was isolated 24 hours after the second transfection and cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer primers.
- PEI Polyethylenemine
- Quantitative Real-Time PCR was carried out using the
- Protein was isolated from cells 72 hours after the first transfection and run on a Western blots, transferred onto a PVDF membrane and immunolabelled with primary antibodies recognizing htt, 1H6 or 4C8 (both 1: 1,000 diluted)
- HDExl2_l CGGUGGUGGUCUGGGAGCUGUCGCUGAUG
- HDExl2_2 UCACAGCACACACUGCAGG
- HDExl3_l GUUCCUGAAGGCCUCCGAGGCUUCAUCA
- HDExl3_2 GGUCCUACUUCUACUCCUUCGGUGU
- Patient fibroblast cell lines GM04022 and GM02173 were obtained from
- Recent mouse model data showed that the preferred site of in vivo htt cleavage to be at amino acid 552, which is used in vitro by either caspase-3 or caspase-2 1 and that mutation of the last amino acid of the caspase 6 cleavage site at amino acid position 586 reduces toxicity in an HD model 2 .
- Functional analysis will be performed to determine whether AON HDExl2_l can reduce the toxicity of mutant huntingtin and to determine the level of prevention of formation of toxic N-terminal huntingtin fragments. Also other AONs will be tested to completely skip exons 12 and 13 of the huntingtin transcript.
- the caspase-6 site at amino acid position 586 previously shown to be important in disease pathology is encoded partly in exon 12 and partly in exon 13.
- Exon 12 also encodes two active caspase-3 sites at amino acids 513 and 552 (10,33). Skipping of both exon 12 and 13 would maintain the open reading frame and therefore is anticipated to generate a shorter htt protein lacking these 3 caspase sites (see Figure 6).
- the AONs used in this study are shown below.
- AONs were transfected in human fibroblasts, total RNA was isolated after 24 hours and cDNA was amplified using htt primers flanking the skipped exons to examine skipping efficiencies. When transfected individually, none of the AONs induced exon 12 skipping.
- a complete exon 12 skip of 341 base pairs could be achieved by combining two AONs (hHTTExl2_7 and hHTTExl2_5). The most efficient complete exon 12 skip of 30.9% ( ⁇ 0.3%) was achieved by transfecting ⁇ of each hHTTExl2_7 and hHTTExl2_5 (Fig. 7A).
- Skipping efficiency of htt exon 13 by hHTTExl3_l was (45.2% ⁇ 3.4%) at a concentration of 50nM (Fig. 7B). Skipped products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. With a full skip of both exon 12 and 13 the mRNA reading frame is maintained. With a combination of three AONs we achieved an efficient skip of htt exon 12 and exon 13. This resulted in a skip of 465 base pairs (Fig. 8A) that was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Fig 8F). The efficiency of this double skip was 62.4% ( ⁇ 3.2%) and 58.0% ( ⁇ 19.1%) in HD and control cells, respectively (Fig. 8C and D).
- Partial exon 12 skipping results in a shorter htt protein resistant to caspase 6 cleavage Interestingly, hHTTExl2_7, targeting the 3' part of exon 12 resulted in a partial skip of exon 12 of 135 base pairs (Fig. 8A) that was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Fig. 8E).
- the highest skipping percentage of hHTTExl2_7 in control cells was 59.9% ( ⁇ 0.7%) at a concentration of 50 nM (Fig. 8B).
- the efficiency of this partial skip in HD cells was 62.2% ( ⁇ 3.6%) (Fig. 8C).
- This partial exclusion of the 3' part of htt exon 12 can be explained by activation of a cryptic 5' splice site present within exon 12 (AG I GTCAG).
- first amino acid of the 586 amino acid caspase-6 motif is sufficient to prevent proteolytic cleavage.
- mice do not exhibit the cryptic splice site that is responsible for the partial skip in human cells, we investigated the full skip of exon 12 and 13 as was described for the human cells. Transfection of 200nM of each mouse specific htt AON targeting exon 12 and 13 in mouse C2C12 cells showed a skip of both exons with an efficiency of 86.8% ( ⁇ 5.6) (Fig. 10A and B).
- a single dose of 30 pg scrambled AON or 30 pg AON mix (10 pg per AON) was injected bilaterally into the mouse striatum. After 7 days the mice were sacrificed and expression levels of exon 12 and 13 in the mouse htt transcript were assessed by qRT-PCR (Fig. 12). Exon 12 was significantly reduced by 21.5% ( ⁇ 8.5%) and exon 13 was significantly reduced by 23.1% ( ⁇ 8.3%). Exon 27, downstream of the area targeted for skipping, was not reduced showing that a single intrastriatal administration of AONs already resulted in a skip of htt exon 12 and 13.
- mice were injected in anesthetized C57bl/6j male mice between the ages of 12-14 weeks (Janvier SAS, France). Animals were singly housed in individually ventilated cages (JVC) at a 12 hour light cycle with lights on at 7 am. Food and water were available ad libitum. Animals were anesthetized with a cocktail of Hypnorm-Dormicum-demineralized water in a volume ratio of 1.33: 1:3. The depth of anesthesia was confirmed by examining the paw and tail reflexes.
- JVC individually ventilated cages
- mice When mice were deeply anesthetized they were mounted on a Kopf stereotact (David Kopf instruments, Tujunga, USA). A total of 30 pg AON mix diluted in 2.5 ⁇ sterile saline was bilaterally injected at the exact locations 0.50mm frontal from bregma, ⁇ 2.0mm medio-lateral,
- mice were sacrificed by intraperitoneal injection of overdose Euthasol (ASTfarma, Oudewater, the Netherlands) and brain tissue isolated and snap frozen till further analysis.
- overdose Euthasol ASTfarma, Oudewater, the Netherlands
- mice were sacrificed, perfused and brain isolated and frozen till further analysis.
- Brains were cut into 30 pm sections on a Leica cryostat and sections stored in 0.1% sodium azide in PBS. Sections were stained free floating and after three washes in PBS containing 0.2% Triton X- 100 (PBS-Triton) were incubated overnight at 4°C with mouse anti-NeuN (Millipore) or rabbit anti-GFAP (Sigma), both diluted 1:5000 in PBS-Triton with 1% normal goat serum and 0.4% Thimerosal (Sigma). Next, sections were washed, incubated for 3 hours with rabbit anti-Alexa594 (Invitrogen Life
- Skipping% (Molarity skipped product / (Total molarity full length product + skipped product)) * 100%.
- the 95 kDa N-terminal htt fragment levels were calculated using the 35 kDa caspase-6 fragment as reference.
- the skipping percentages were analyzed using a paired two-sided Student t test. Differences were considered significant when P ⁇ 0.05.
- Modified ataxin-3 protein maintains it ubiquitin binding capacity
- the partial exon skip resulted in a novel 37 kDa protein (ataxin-3 A59aa) ( Figure 15a). 27.1% ( ⁇ 9.0%) and 15.9% ( ⁇ 3.2%) of total ataxin-3 protein levels consisted of this 59 amino acids shorter ataxin-3 protein, in respectively control and SCA3 cells ( Figure 15 b and c). The ataxin-3 A72aa protein was also formed, suggesting that AON9.2 and AON 10 transfection also resulted in some ataxin-3 A72aa protein. The consistent lower percentage of exon skipping in SCA3 cells were caused by the lower AON transfection efficiencies in the diseased cells as compared to control cells.
- the polyQ repeat in the ataxin-3 protein is located between the second and third UIM ( Figure 16a). Both full and partial exon skip approaches resulted in removal of the polyQ repeat, preserving the Josephin domain, nuclear export signal (NES), and UIMs.
- NES nuclear export signal
- UIMs ubiquitin binding capacities of the UIMs in ataxin-3 are still intact after protein modification.
- mice do not exhibit the cryptic splice site that is responsible for the partial exon 9 skip in the human transcript, we only investigated the full skip of exon 9 and 10. Transfection of 200 nM of each murine AON9
- Glutamax Glutamax (Gibco) and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) (Gibco).
- Mouse myoblasts C2C12 ATCC, Teddington, UK) were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Gibco) with 10% FBS, 1% glucose, 2% Glutamax and 100 U/ml P/S.
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- AON transfection was performed in a 6-well plate with 3 ⁇ of Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK) per well. AON and Lipofectamine 2000 were diluted in MEM to a total volume of 500 Dl and mixtures were prepared according to the manufacturer's instruction. Four different transfection conditions were used: 1) transfection with 1-200 nM AONs, 2) transfection with non-relevant h40AON2 directed against exon 40 of the DMD gene
- HDExl2_l CGGUGGUGGUCUGGGAGCUGUCGCUGAUG HDExl2_2: UCACAGCACACACUGCAGG
- HDExl3_l GUUCCUGAAGGCCUCCGAGGCUUCAUCA
- HDExl3_2 GGUCCUACUUCUACUCCUUCGGUGU HDExl2_2 is a comparative example of an oligonucleotide having the nucleotide sequence of Htt in the sense strand.
- HDEx AON are oligonucleotides for skipping exons 12 or 13 of the Htt gene.
- DRPLA AON are oligonucleotides for skipping exons 5 or 6 of the
- Table 3 provides further oligonucleotides for exon skipping.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- ATNl Atrophin 1 in DRPLA
- ATNX3 Ataxin 3 for SCA3
- ATXN7 Ataxin 7 in SCA7
- TBP TATA binding protein for SCA17
- HTT Huntington's disease
- AD hAPPExl5_ _2 CGGAGGAGATCTCTGAAGTGAAG CUUCACUUCAGAGAUCUCCUCCG
- AD hAPPExl5_ _4 CTCAGGATATGAAGTTCATCATC GAUGAUGAACUUCAUAUCCUGAG
- AD hAPPExl6_ _1 GCAATCATTGGACTCATGGT ACCAUGAGUCCAAUGAUUGC
- AD hAPPExl6_ 6 TCATCATGGTGTGGTGGAGGTAG CUACCUCCACCACACCAUGAUGA
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _1 CTCCCTCGGCCACAGTCTCCCT AGGGAGACUGUGGCCGAGGGAG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _3 AGCAGCGACCCTAGGGATATCG CGAUAUCCCUAGGGUCGCUGCU
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _4 AGGAC AAC C GAAGC AC GTC C C GGGACGUGCUUCGGUUGUCCU
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _8 CTCGAATGTTCCAGGCTCCTCC GGAGGAGCCUGGAACAUUCGAG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _10 TGGACCCCCAATGGGTCCCAAG CUUGGGACCCAUUGGGGGUCCA
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _11 AGGGGCTGCCTCATCAGTGG CCACUGAUGAGGCAGCCCCU
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _12 AAGCTCTGGGGCTAGTGGTGCTC GAGCACCACUAGCCCCAGAGCUU
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _24 CTCCCTGGGGTCTCTGAGGCC GGCCUCAGAGACCCCAGGGAG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _33 CAGGCCCAGGGACCTTCAAGCC GGCUUGAAGGUCCCUGGGCCUG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _36 CCATCGCTGCCACCACCACCT AGGUGGUGGUGGCAGCGAUGG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _37 CCTGCCTCAGGGCCGCCCCTG CAGGGGCGGCCCUGAGGCAGG
- DRPLA hATNlEx5_ _38 GCCGGCTGAGGAGTATGAGACC GGUCUCAUACUCCUCAGCCGGC
- DRPLA hATNlEx6_ _2 CCTGTACTTCGTGCCACTGGAGG CCUCCAGUGGCACGAAGUACAGG
- DRPLA hATNlEx6_ _3 GACCTGGTGGAGAAGGTGCGGCG CGCCGCACCUUCUCCACCAGGUC
- DRPLA hATNlEx6_ _4 CGCGAAGAAAAGGAGCGCGAGCG CGCUCGCGCUCCUUUUCUUCGCG
- SCA17 hTBPEx3_2 CCTATCTTTAGTCCAATGATGC GCAUCAUUGGACUAAAGAUAGG
- SCA17 hTBPEx3_3 TATGGCACTGGACTGACCCCAC GUGGGGUCAGUCCAGUGCCAUA
- SCA17 hTBPEx3_9 GGCACCACTCCACTGTATCCCT AGGGAUACAGUGGAGUGGUGCC
- SCA17 hTBPEx3_10 CATCACTCCTGCCACGCCAGCT AGCUGGCGUGGCAGGAGUGAUG
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WO2017053781A1 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for modulating ataxin 3 expression |
WO2017064308A1 (en) * | 2015-10-16 | 2017-04-20 | Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. | Antisense oligonucleotides for use in treating alzheimer's disease |
WO2019043027A1 (en) * | 2017-09-01 | 2019-03-07 | Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. | Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of huntington's disease |
WO2021230286A1 (en) | 2020-05-12 | 2021-11-18 | 田辺三菱製薬株式会社 | Compound, method and pharmaceutical composition for regulating expression of ataxin 3 |
EP3759127A4 (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2022-03-30 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds and methods for the modulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein |
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DK2601294T3 (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2019-02-18 | Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden | ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CALCULATED FOR THE REMOVAL OF PROTEOLYTIC DIVISION PLACES FROM PROTEINS |
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WO2017053781A1 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2017-03-30 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for modulating ataxin 3 expression |
EP3353303A4 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2019-08-07 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for modulating ataxin 3 expression |
US10533175B2 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2020-01-14 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for modulating Ataxin 3 expression |
US11293025B2 (en) | 2015-09-25 | 2022-04-05 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions and methods for modulating Ataxin 3 expression |
WO2017064308A1 (en) * | 2015-10-16 | 2017-04-20 | Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. | Antisense oligonucleotides for use in treating alzheimer's disease |
US10900041B2 (en) | 2015-10-16 | 2021-01-26 | Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. | Antisense oligonucleotides for use in treating Alzheimer's disease |
US11583548B2 (en) | 2016-11-10 | 2023-02-21 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds and methods for reducing ATXN3 expression |
WO2019043027A1 (en) * | 2017-09-01 | 2019-03-07 | Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. | Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of huntington's disease |
EP3759127A4 (en) * | 2018-03-02 | 2022-03-30 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds and methods for the modulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein |
US11732260B2 (en) | 2018-03-02 | 2023-08-22 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds and methods for the modulation of amyloid-β precursor protein |
US11434488B2 (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2022-09-06 | Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds and methods for reducing ATXN3 expression |
WO2021230286A1 (en) | 2020-05-12 | 2021-11-18 | 田辺三菱製薬株式会社 | Compound, method and pharmaceutical composition for regulating expression of ataxin 3 |
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