WO2015038195A1 - Device with dual power sources - Google Patents
Device with dual power sources Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015038195A1 WO2015038195A1 PCT/US2014/035191 US2014035191W WO2015038195A1 WO 2015038195 A1 WO2015038195 A1 WO 2015038195A1 US 2014035191 W US2014035191 W US 2014035191W WO 2015038195 A1 WO2015038195 A1 WO 2015038195A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- power supply
- auxiliary
- wearable device
- power
- sensor
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
- A61B5/6821—Eye
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
- G02C7/00—Optical parts
- G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
- G02C7/04—Contact lenses for the eyes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2560/00—Constructional details of operational features of apparatus; Accessories for medical measuring apparatus
- A61B2560/02—Operational features
- A61B2560/0204—Operational features of power management
- A61B2560/0214—Operational features of power management of power generation or supply
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
- G02B2027/014—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising information/image processing systems
Definitions
- An electrochemical amperometric sensor measures a concentration of an analyte by measuring a current generated through electrochemical oxidation or reduction reactions of the analyte at a working electrode of the sensor.
- a reduction reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from the electrode to the analyte
- an oxidation reaction occurs when electrons are transferred from the analyte to the electrode.
- the direction of the electron transfer is dependent upon the electrical potentials applied to the working electrode.
- a counter electrode and/or reference electrode is used to complete a circuit with the working electrode and allow the generated current to flow.
- the output current can be proportional to the reaction rate, so as to provide a measure of the concentration of the analyte surrounding the working electrode.
- a reagent is localized proximate the working electrode to selectively react with a desired analyte.
- glucose oxidase can be fixed near the working electrode to react with glucose and release hydrogen peroxide, which is then electrochemically detected by the working electrode to indicate the presence of glucose.
- Other enzymes and/or reagents can be used to detect other analytes.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method that includes a wearable device receiving a signal indicative of an availability of an auxiliary power supply to provide power to the wearable device.
- the wearable device may include: at least one sensor, a primary power supply configured to harvest radio frequency (RF) radiation received from an external reader and use the harvested RF radiation to power the at least one sensor, and an auxiliary power supply configured to harvest energy other than that received from the external reader and use the harvested energy to supply power to the at least one sensor.
- the method may further include receiving a signal indicative of an availability of the auxiliary power supply to provide power to the wearable device, and responsive to receiving the signal, the wearable device enabling the auxiliary power supply.
- the method may further include the wearable device operating the auxiliary power supply to supply power to the at least one sensor.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a wearable device that includes a sensor, an antenna, and auxiliary electronics, including a memory storage unit.
- the wearable device may further include a first power supply configured to harvest radio frequency (RF) radiation received at the antenna from an external reader and a second power supply configured to harvest energy other man that received from the external reader.
- RF radio frequency
- Each power supply is configured to supply power to the sensor and the auxiliary electronics.
- the wearable device may further include a controller electrically connected to the first power supply and the second power supply.
- Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM) having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors associated with a wearable device, cause the wearable device to perform operations.
- Such operations may include receiving a signal indicative of an availability of an auxiliary power supply to provide power to the wearable device.
- the wearable device may include at least one sensor, a primary power supply configured to harvest radio frequency (RF) radiation received from an external reader and use the harvested RF radiation to power at least one sensor, and an auxiliary power supply configured to harvest energy other than that received from the external reader and use the harvested energy to supply power to the at least one sensor.
- the operations may further include responsive to receiving the signal, enabling the auxiliary power supply, and operating the auxiliary power supply to supply power to the at least one sensor.
- RF radio frequency
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of an example system that includes an eye- mountable device in wireless communication with an external reader, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 2A is a bottom view of an example eye-mountable device, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 2B is a side view of the example eye-mountable device shown in
- FIG. 2A in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 2D is a side cross-section view enhanced to show the tear film layers surrounding the surfaces of the example eye-mountable device when mounted as shown in Figure 2C, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 3 is a functional block diagram of an example system for electrochemically measuring a tear film analyte concentration, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 4A is a flowchart of an example process for operating an amperometric sensor in an eye-mountable device to measure a tear film analyte concentration, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 4B is a flowchart of an example process for operating an external reader to interrogate an amperometric sensor in an eye-mountable device to measure a tear film analyte concentration, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure 5B is a flowchart of an example process for operating the example electrochemical sensor of Figure 5 A, in accordance with one embodiment.
- Figure SC is a flowchart of an example process for operating the example electrochemical sensor of Figure 5 A, in accordance with one embodiment.
- An ophthalmic sensing platform or implantable sensing platform can include a sensor, control electronics and an antenna all situated on a substrate embedded in a polymeric material.
- the polymeric material can be incorporated in an ophthalmic device, such as an eye-mountable device or an implantable medical device.
- the control electronics can operate the sensor to perform readings and can operate the antenna to wirelessly communicate the readings from the sensor to an external reader via the antenna.
- the ophthalmic sensing platform can be powered via radiated energy harvested at the sensing platform. Power can be provided by light energizing photovoltaic cells included on the sensing platform. Additionally or alternatively, power can be provided by radio frequency energy harvested from the antenna. A rectifier and/or regulator can be incorporated with the control electronics to generate a stable DC voltage to power the sensing platform from the harvested energy.
- the antenna can be arranged as a loop of conductive material with leads connected to the control electronics. In some embodiments, such a loop antenna can also wirelessly communicate the sensor readings to an external reader by modifying the impedance of the loop antenna so as to modify backscatter radiation from the antenna.
- the sensing platform can be powered by an energy harvesting system to capture energy from incident radiation, rather than by internal energy storage devices requiring more space.
- power can be provided by light energizing photovoltaic cells included on the sensing platform.
- Power may also be provided by radio frequency (RF) energy harvested via a loop antenna.
- RF radio frequency
- a rectifier and/or regulator can be incorporated with the control electronics to generate a stable DC voltage to power the sensing platform from the harvested RF energy.
- the control electronics can wirelessly communicate the sensor readings to an external reader by modifying the impedance of the loop antenna so as to characteristically modify the backscatter from the antenna.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 that includes an eye-mountable device 110 in wireless communication with an external reader 180.
- the exposed regions of the eye-mountable device 110 are made of a polymeric material 120 formed to be contact- mounted to a corneal surface of an eye.
- a substrate 130 is embedded in the polymeric material 120 to provide a mounting surface for a power supplies 140a and 14b, a controller ISO, bio-interactive electronics 160, and a communication antenna 170.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 are operated by the controller 150.
- Power supplies 140a and 140b supply operating voltages to the controller 150 and/or the bio-interactive electronics 160.
- the antenna 170 is operated by the controller 150 to communicate information to and/or from the eye-mountable device 110.
- the antenna 170, the controller 150, power supply 140a, power supply 140b, and the bio-interactive electronics 160 can all be situated on the embedded substrate 130. Because the eye-mountable device 110 includes electronics and is configured to be contact-mounted to an eye, it is also referred to herein as an ophthalmic electronics platform.
- the polymeric material 120 can have a concave surface configured to adhere ("mount") to a moistened corneal surface (e.g., by capillary forces with a tear film coating the corneal surface). Additionally or alternatively, the eye- mountable device 110 can be adhered by a vacuum force between the corneal surface and the polymeric material due to the concave curvature. While mounted with the concave surface against the eye, the outward-facing surface of the polymeric material 120 can have a convex curvature that is formed to not interfere with eye-lid motion while the eye-mountable device 110 is mounted to the eye.
- the polymeric material 120 can be a substantially transparent curved polymeric disk shaped similarly to a contact lens.
- the polymeric material 120 can include one or more biocompatible materials, such as those employed for use in contact lenses or other ophthalmic applications involving direct contact with the corneal surface.
- the polymeric material 120 can optionally be formed in part from such biocompatible materials or can include an outer coating with such biocompatible materials.
- the polymeric material 120 can include materials configured to moisturize the corneal surface, such as hydrogels and the like.
- the polymeric material 120 can be a deformable (“non-rigid") material to enhance wearer comfort.
- the polymeric material 120 can be shaped to provide a predetermined, vision-correcting optical power, such as can be provided by a contact lens.
- the substrate 130 includes one or more surfaces suitable for mounting the bio- interactive electronics 160, the controller 150, the power supplies 140a and 140b, and the antenna 170.
- the substrate 130 can be employed both as a mounting platform for chip-based circuitry (e.g., by flip-chip mounting to connection pads) and/or as a platform for patterning conductive materials (e.g., gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, copper, aluminum, silver, metals, other conductive materials, combinations of these, etc.) to create electrodes, interconnects, connection pads, antennae, etc.
- substantially transparent conductive materials e.g., indium tin oxide
- the antenna 170 can be formed by forming a pattern of gold or another conductive material on the substrate 130 by deposition, photolithography, electroplating, etc.
- interconnects 151, 157 between the controller 150 and the bio-interactive electronics 160, and between the controller 150 and the antenna 170, respectively can be formed by depositing suitable patterns of conductive materials on the substrate 130.
- a combination of micro fabrication techniques including, without limitation, the use of photoresists, masks, deposition techniques, and/or plating techniques can be employed to pattern materials on the substrate 130.
- the substrate 130 can be a relatively rigid material, such as polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) or another material configured to structurally support the circuitry and/or chip-based electronics within the polymeric material 120.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the eye-mountable device 110 can alternatively be arranged with a group of unconnected substrates rather than a single substrate.
- the controller 150 and a bio-sensor or other bio-interactive electronic component can be mounted to one substrate, while the antenna 170 is mounted to another substrate and the two can be electrically connected via the interconnects 157.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 (and the substrate
- the substrate 130 can be embedded around the periphery (e.g., near the outer circumference) of the disk.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 and the substrate 130 can be positioned in or near the central region of the eye-mountable device 110.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 and/or substrate 130 can be substantially transparent to rooming visible light to mitigate interference with light transmission to the eye.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 can include a pixel array 164 that emits and/or transmits light to be received by the eye according to display instructions.
- the bio-interactive electronics 160 can optionally be positioned in the center of the eye-mountable device so as to generate perceivable visual cues to a wearer of the eye-mountable device 110, such as by displaying information (e.g., characters, symbols, flashing patterns, etc.) on the pixel array 164.
- the substrate 130 can be shaped as a flattened ring with a radial width dimension sufficient to provide a mounting platform for the embedded electronics components.
- the substrate 130 can have a thickness sufficiently small to allow the substrate 130 to be embedded in the polymeric material 120 without influencing the profile of the eye- mountable device 110.
- the substrate 130 can have a thickness sufficiently large to provide structural stability suitable for supporting the electronics mounted thereon.
- the substrate 130 can be shaped as a ring with a diameter of about 10 millimeters, a radial width of about 1 millimeter (e.g., an outer radius 1 millimeter larger than an inner radius), and a thickness of about 50 micrometers.
- Power supply 140a is configured to harvest energy to power the controller 150 and bio-interactive electronics 160.
- a radio-frequency energy-harvesting antenna 142 can capture energy from incident radio radiation.
- the energy harvesting antenna 142 can optionally be a dual-purpose antenna that is also used to communicate information to the external reader 180. That is, the functions of the communication antenna 170 and the energy harvesting antenna 142 can be accomplished with the same physical antenna.
- power supply 140b may include a DC-DC converter that may convert a larger (or smaller) voltage supplied from photovoltaic cells 144, an inertial power scavenging system, a biofuel cell, and/or a charge storage device, as the case may be, to a more suitable unregulated voltage.
- the DC-DC converter may convert a 5V DC supply to 1.2V DC, thereby yielding additional power savings before it is regulated. Other examples of voltage conversion are possible as well.
- the controller 150 is turned on when the DC supply voltage 141a or 141b is provided to the controller 150, and the logic in the controller 150 operates the bio-interactive electronics 160 and the antenna 170.
- the controller 150 can include logic circuitry configured to operate the bio-interactive electronics 160 so as to interact with a biological environment of the eye-mountable device 110.
- the interaction could involve the use of one or more components, such an analyte bio-sensor 162, in bio-interactive electronics 160 to obtain input from the biological environment. Additionally or alternatively, the interaction could involve the use of one or more components, such as pixel array 164, to provide an output to the biological environment.
- the controller 150 includes a sensor interface module 152 that is configured to operate analyte bio-sensor 162.
- the analyte bio-sensor 162 can be, for example, an amperometric electrochemical sensor that includes a working electrode and a reference electrode.
- a voltage can be applied between the working and reference electrodes to cause an analyte to undergo an electrochemical reaction ⁇ e.g., a reduction and/or oxidation reaction) at the working electrode.
- the electrochemical reaction can generate an amperometric current that can be measured through the working electrode.
- the amperometric current can be dependent on the analyte concentration.
- the amount of the amperometric current mat is measured through the working electrode can provide an indication of analyte concentration.
- the sensor interface module 152 can be a potentiostat configured to apply a voltage difference between working and reference electrodes while measuring a current through the working electrode.
- the controller 150 can optionally include a display driver module 154 for operating a pixel array 164.
- the pixel array 164 can be an array of separately programmable light transmitting, light reflecting, and/or light emitting pixels arranged in rows and columns.
- the individual pixel circuits can optionally include liquid crystal technologies, microelectromechanical technologies, emissive diode technologies, etc. to selectively transmit, reflect, and/or emit light according to information from the display driver module 154.
- Such a pixel array 164 can also optionally include more than one color of pixels (e.g., red, green, and blue pixels) to render visual content in color.
- the display driver module 154 can include, for example, one or more data lines providing programming information to the separately programmed pixels in the pixel array 164 and one or more addressing lines for setting groups of pixels to receive such programming information.
- a pixel array 164 situated on the eye can also include one or more lenses to direct light from the pixel array to a focal plane perceivable by the eye.
- the controller 150 can also include logic configured to couple to and operate other auxiliary electronics 166 that may be mounted on substrate 130.
- auxiliary electronics 166 can include a radio transceiver, configured to communicate via Bluetooth, WiFi, cellular, or another type of communications protocol.
- auxiliary electronics 166 can include a type of memory storage, such a volatile or nonvolatile memory. Other types of auxiliary electronics are possible as well.
- Controller 150 is connected to the auxiliary electronics via interconnects 153.
- the DC supply voltage 141a or 141b that is provided to the controller 150 from power supplies 140a or 140b can be a supply voltage that is provided to components on a chip by rectifier and/or regulator components located on the same chip. That is, the functional blocks in Figure 1 shown as the power supply blocks 140a and 140b and controller block 150 need not be implemented as physically separated modules. Moreover, one or more of the functional modules described in Figure 1 can be implemented by separately packaged chips electrically connected to one another.
- the energy harvesting antenna 142 and the communication antenna 170 can be implemented with the same physical antenna.
- a loop antenna can both harvest incident radiation for power generation and communicate information via backscatter radiation.
- the memory 182 can also include program instructions 184 for execution by the processor 186 to cause the external reader 180 to perform processes specified by the instructions 184.
- the program instructions 184 can cause external reader 180 to provide a user interface that allows for retrieving information communicated from the eye-mountable device 110 (e.g., sensor outputs from the analyte bio-sensor 162).
- the external reader 180 can also include one or more hardware components for operating the antenna 188 to send and receive the wireless signals 171 to and from the eye-mountable device 110. For example, oscillators, frequency injectors, encoders, decoders, amplifiers, filters, etc. can drive the antenna 188 according to instructions from the processor 186.
- the external reader 180 can be a smart phone, digital assistant, or other portable computing device with wireless connectivity sufficient to provide the wireless communication link 171.
- the external reader 180 can also be implemented as an antenna module that can be plugged in to a portable computing device, such as in an example where the communication link 171 operates at carrier frequencies not commonly employed in portable computing devices.
- the external reader 180 is a special-purpose device configured to be worn relatively near a wearer's eye to allow the wireless communication link 171 to operate with a low power budget.
- the external reader 180 can be integrated in a piece of jewelry such as a necklace, earing, etc. or integrated in an article of clothing worn near the head, such as a hat, headband, etc.
- the system 100 can operate to non-continuous ly
- radio frequency radiation 171 can be supplied to power the eye-mountable device 110 long enough to carry out a tear film analyte concentration measurement and communicate the results.
- the supplied radio frequency radiation can provide sufficient power to apply a potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode sufficient to induce electrochemical reactions at the working electrode, measure the resulting amperometric current, and modulate the antenna impedance to adjust the backscatter radiation in a manner indicative of the measured amperometric current.
- the supplied radio frequency radiation 171 can be considered an interrogation signal from the external reader 180 to the eye-mountable device 110 to request a measurement.
- the external reader 180 can accumulate a set of analyte concentration measurements over time without continuously powering the eye-mountable device 110.
- some embodiments of the system may include privacy controls which may be automatically implemented or controlled by the wearer of the device.
- privacy controls may be automatically implemented or controlled by the wearer of the device.
- the data may be treated in one or more ways before it is stored or used, so that personally identifiable information is removed.
- a wearer's identity may be treated so mat no personally identifiable information can be determined for the wearer, or a wearer's geographic location may be generalized where location information is obtained (such as to a city, ZIP code, or state level), so that a particular location of a user cannot be determined.
- wearers of a device may be provided with an opportunity to control whether or how the device collects information about the wearer (e.g., information about a user's medical history, social actions or activities, profession, a wearer's preferences, or a wearer's current location), or to control how such information may be used.
- the wearer may have control over how information is collected about him or her and used by a clinician or physician or other user of the data.
- a wearer may elect mat data, such as health state and physiological parameters, collected from his or her device may only be used for generating an individual baseline and recommendations in response to collection and comparison of his or her own data and may not be used in generating a population baseline or for use in population correlation studies.
- Figure 2A is a bottom view of an example eye-mountable electronic device
- FIG. 2B is an aspect view of the example eye- mountable electronic device shown in Figure 2A. It is noted that relative dimensions in Figures 2A and 2B are not necessarily to scale, but have been rendered for purposes of explanation only in describing the arrangement of the example eye-mountable electronic device 210.
- the eye-mountable device 210 is formed of a polymeric material 220 shaped as a curved disk.
- the polymeric material 220 can be a substantially transparent material to allow incident light to be transmitted to the eye while the eye-mountable device 210 is mounted to the eye.
- the polymeric material 220 can be a biocompatible material similar to those employed to form vision correction and/or cosmetic contact lenses in optometry, such as polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polymethyl methacrylate (“PMMA”), polyhydroxyethylmetnacrylate (“polyHEMA”), silicone hydrogels, combinations of these, etc.
- the polymeric material 220 can be formed with one side having a concave surface 226 suitable to fit over a corneal surface of an eye.
- the opposite side of the disk can have a convex surface 224 that does not interfere with eyelid motion while the eye-mountable device 210 is mounted to the eye.
- a circular outer side edge 228 connects the concave surface 224 and convex surface 226.
- the polymeric material 220 can be formed with a curved shape in a variety of ways. For example, techniques similar to those employed to form vision-correction contact lenses, such as heat molding, injection molding, spin casting, etc. can be employed to form the polymeric material 220.
- the convex surface 224 faces outward to the ambient environment while the concave surface 226 faces inward, toward the corneal surface.
- the convex surface 224 can therefore be considered an outer, top surface of the eye-mountable device 210 whereas the concave surface 226 can be considered an inner, bottom surface.
- the "bottom" view shown in Figure 2A is facing the concave surface 226. From the bonom view shown in Figure 2A, the outer periphery 222, near the outer circumference of the curved disk is curved to extend out of the page, whereas the central region 221, near the center of the disk is curved to extend into the page.
- a substrate 230 is embedded in the polymeric material 220.
- the substrate 230 can be embedded to be situated along the outer periphery 222 of the polymeric material 220, away from the central region 221.
- the substrate 230 does not interfere with vision because it is too close to the eye to be in focus and is positioned away from the central region 221 where incident light is transmitted to the eye-sensing portions of the eye.
- the substrate 230 can be formed of a transparent material to further mitigate effects on visual perception.
- the substrate 230 can be shaped as a flat, circular ring (e.g., a disk with a centered hole).
- the flat surface of the substrate 230 (e.g., along the radial width) is a platform for mounting electronics such as chips (e.g., via flip-chip mounting) and for patterning conductive materials (e.g., via microfabrication techniques such as photolithography, deposition, plating, etc.) to form electrodes, antenna(e), and/or interconnections.
- the substrate 230 and the polymeric material 220 can be approximately cylindrically symmetric about a common central axis.
- a loop antenna 270, controller 250, and bio-interactive electronics 260 are disposed on the embedded substrate 230.
- the controller 250 can be a chip including logic elements configured to operate the bio-interactive electronics 260 and the loop antenna 270.
- the controller 250 is electrically connected to the loop antenna 270 by interconnects 257 also situated on the substrate 230.
- the controller 250 is electrically connected to the bio-interactive electronics 260 by an interconnect 251.
- the interconnects 251, 257, the loop antenna 270, and any conductive electrodes can be formed from conductive materials patterned on the substrate 230 by a process for precisely patterning such materials, such as deposition, photolithography, etc.
- the conductive materials patterned on the substrate 230 can be, for example, gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, carbon, aluminum, copper, silver, silver-chloride, conductors formed from noble materials, metals, combinations of these, etc.
- situated on the substrate 230 can be mounted to either the "inward" facing side (e.g., situated closest to the concave surface 226) or the "outward" facing side (e.g., situated closest to the convex surface 224).
- some electronic components can be mounted on one side of the substrate 230, while other electronic components are mounted to the opposing side, and connections between the two can be made through conductive materials passing through the substrate 230.
- the loop antenna 270 is a layer of conductive material patterned along the flat surface of the substrate to form a flat conductive ring.
- the loop antenna 270 can be formed without making a complete loop.
- the antenna 270 can have a cutout to allow room for the controller 250 and bio-interactive electronics 260, as illustrated in Figure 2A.
- the loop antenna 270 can also be arranged as a continuous strip of conductive material that wraps entirely around the flat surface of the substrate 230 one or more times.
- a strip of conductive material with multiple windings can be patterned on the side of the substrate 230 opposite the controller 250 and bio-interactive electronics 260. Interconnects between the ends of such a wound antenna (e.g., the antenna leads) can then be passed through the substrate 230 to the controller 250.
- Figure 2C is a side cross-section view of the example eye-mountable electronic device 210 while mounted to a corneal surface 22 of an eye 10.
- Figure 2D is a close-in side cross-section view enhanced to show the tear film layers 40, 42 surrounding the exposed surfaces 224, 226 of the example eye-mountable device 210.
- relative dimensions in Figures 2C and 2D are not necessarily to scale, but have been rendered for purposes of explanation only in describing the arrangement of the example eye-mountable electronic device 210.
- the total thickness of the eye-mountable device can be about 200 micrometers, while the thickness of the tear film layers 40, 42 can each be about 10 micrometers, although this ratio may not be reflected in the figures.
- the eye 10 includes a cornea 20 that is covered by bringing the upper eyelid
- the eye 10 Incident light is received by the eye 10 through the cornea 20, where light is optically directed to light sensing elements of the eye 10 (e.g., rods and cones, etc.) to stimulate visual perception.
- the motion of the eyelids 30, 32 distributes a tear film across the exposed corneal surface 22 of the eye 10.
- the tear film is an aqueous solution secreted by the lacrimal gland to protect and lubricate the eye 10.
- the eye-mountable device 210 When the eye-mountable device 210 is mounted in the eye 10, the tear film coats both the concave and convex surfaces 224, 226 with an inner layer 40 (along the concave surface 226) and an outer layer 42 (along the convex layer 224).
- the tear film layers 40, 42 can be about 10 micrometers in thickness and together account for about 10 microliters.
- the tear film layers 40, 42 are distributed across the corneal surface 22 and/or the convex surface 224 by motion of the eyelids 30, 32.
- the eyelids 30, 32 raise and lower, respectively, to spread a small volume of tear film across the corneal surface 22 and/or the convex surface 224 of the eye-mountable device 210.
- the tear film layer 40 on the corneal surface 22 also facilitates mounting the eye-mountable device 210 by capillary forces between the concave surface 226 and the corneal surface 22.
- the eye- mountable device 210 can also be held over the eye in part by vacuum forces against corneal surface 22 due to the concave curvature of the eye-facing concave surface 226.
- the substrate 230 can be inclined such that the flat mounting surfaces of the substrate 230 are approximately parallel to the adjacent portion of the concave surface 226.
- the substrate 230 is a flattened ring with an inward-facing surface 232 (closer to the concave surface 226 of the polymeric material 220) and an outward-facing surface 234 (closer to the convex surface 224).
- the substrate 230 can have electronic components and/or patterned conductive materials mounted to either or both mounting surfaces 232, 234.
- the bio-interactive electronics 260, controller 2S0, and conductive interconnect 251 are mounted on the inward-facing surface 232 such that the bio-interactive electronics 260 are relatively closer in proximity to the corneal surface 22 than if they were mounted on the outward-facing surface 234.
- FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a system 300 for electrochemically measuring a tear film analyte concentration.
- the tear film is an aqueous layer secreted from the lacrimal gland to coat the eye.
- the tear film is in contact with the blood supply through capillaries in the structure of the eye and includes many biomarkers found in blood that are analyzed to characterize a person's health conditions).
- the tear film includes glucose, calcium, sodium, cholesterol, potassium, other biomarkers, etc.
- the biomarker concentrations in the tear film can be systematically different than the corresponding concentrations of the biomarkers in the blood, but a relationship between the two concentration levels can be established to map tear film biomarker concentration values to blood concentration levels.
- system 300 depicts a select set of components in order to illustrate certain functionality. It should be understood that system 300 can include other components not depicted here.
- system 300 includes an eye-mountable device 310 with embedded electronic components powered by an external reader 340.
- the eye-mountable device 310 includes an antenna 312 for capturing radio frequency radiation 341 from the external reader 340.
- the eye-mountable device 310 includes a rectifier 314, an energy storage 316, and regulator 318 for generating power supply voltages 330, 332 to operate the embedded electronics.
- the eye-mountable device 310 includes an electrochemical sensor 320 with a working electrode 322 and a reference electrode 323 driven by a sensor interface 321.
- the eye-mountable device 310 includes hardware logic 324 for communicating results from the sensor 320 to the external reader 340 by modulating the impedance of the antenna 312.
- An impedance modulator 325 (shown symbolically as a switch in Figure 3) can be used to modulate the antenna impedance according to instructions from the hardware logic 324.
- the eye-mountable device 310 can include a mounting substrate embedded within a polymeric material configured to be mounted to an eye.
- an electrochemical sensor can be situated on a mounting surface of such a substrate distal the surface of the eye (e.g., corresponding to the outward-facing side 234 of the substrate 230) to measure analyte concentration in a tear film layer coating the exposed surface of the eye-mountable device 310 (e.g., the outer tear film layer 42 interposed between the convex surface 224 of the polymeric material 210 and the atmosphere and/or closed eyelids).
- the electrochemical sensor 320 measures analyte concentration by applying a voltage between the electrodes 322, 323 that is sufficient to cause products of the analyte catalyzed by the reagent to electrochemically react (e.g., a reduction and/or oxidization reaction) at the working electrode 322.
- the electrochemical reactions at the working electrode 322 generate an amperometric current that can be measured at the working electrode 322.
- the sensor interface 321 can, for example, apply a reduction voltage between the working electrode 322 and the reference electrode 323 to reduce products from the reagent-catalyzed analyte at the working electrode 322.
- the rectifier 314, energy storage 316, and voltage regulator 318 operate to harvest energy from received radio frequency radiation 341.
- the radio frequency radiation
- the rectifier 314 is connected to the antenna leads and converts the radio frequency electrical signals to a DC voltage.
- the energy storage 316 ⁇ e.g., capacitor) is connected across the output of the rectifier 314 to filter out high frequency components of the DC voltage.
- the regulator 318 receives the filtered DC voltage and outputs both a digital supply voltage 330 to operate the hardware logic 324 and an analog supply voltage 332 to operate the electrochemical sensor 320.
- the analog supply voltage can be a voltage used by the sensor interface 321 to apply a voltage between the sensor electrodes 322, 323 to generate an amperometric current.
- the digital supply voltage 330 can be a voltage suitable for driving digital logic circuitry, such as approximately 1.2 volts, approximately 3 volts, etc. Reception of the radio frequency radiation 341 from the external reader 340 (or another source, such as ambient radiation, etc.) causes the supply voltages 330, 332 to be supplied to the sensor 320 and hardware logic 324. While powered, the sensor 320 and hardware logic 324 are configured to generate and measure an amperometric current and communicate the results.
- the sensor results can be communicated back to the external reader 340 via backscatter radiation 343 from the antenna 312.
- the hardware logic 324 receives the output current from the electrochemical sensor 320 and modulates (325) the impedance of the antenna 312 in accordance with the amperometric current measured by the sensor 320.
- the antenna impedance and/or change in antenna impedance is detected by the external reader 340 via the backscatter signal 343.
- the external reader 340 can include an antenna front end
- the external reader 340 associates the backscatter signal 343 with the sensor result ⁇ e.g., via the processing system 346 according to a pre-programmed relationship associating impedance of the antenna 312 with output from the sensor 320).
- the processing system 346 can then store the indicated sensor results (e.g., tear film analyte concentration values) in a local memory and/or an external memory (e.g., by communicating with the external memory through a network).
- one or more of the features shown as separate functional blocks can be implemented ("packaged") on a single chip.
- the eye- mountable device 310 can be implemented with the rectifier 314, energy storage 316, voltage regulator 318, sensor interface 321, and the hardware logic 324 packaged together in a single chip or controller module.
- a controller can have interconnects ("leads") connected to the loop antenna 312 and the sensor electrodes 322, 323.
- Such a controller operates to harvest energy received at the loop antenna 312, apply a voltage between the electrodes 322, 323 sufficient to develop an amperometric current, measure the amperometric current, and indicate the measured current via the antenna 312 (e.g. , through the backs carter radiation 343).
- the device described herein is described as comprising the eye- mountable device 110 and/or the eye-mountable device 310, the device could comprise other devices that are mounted on or in other portions of the human body.
- the body-moun table device may comprise a tooth-mountable device.
- the tooth-mountable device may take the form of or be similar in form to the eye-mountable device 110 and/or the eye-mountable device 310.
- the tooth-mountable device could include a polymeric material or a transparent polymer that is the same or similar to any of the polymeric materials or transparent polymers described herein and a substrate or a structure that is the same or similar to any of the substrates or structures described herein.
- the tooth- mountable device may be configured to detect at least one analyte in a fluid (e.g., saliva) of a user wearing the tooth-mountable device.
- a fluid e.g., saliva
- the body-mountable device may comprise a skin-mountable device.
- the skin-mountable device may take the form of or be similar in form to the eye-mountable device 110 and/or the eye-mountable device 310.
- the skin-mountable device could include a polymeric material or a transparent polymer that is the same or similar to any of the polymeric materials or transparent polymers described herein and a substrate or a structure that is the same or similar to any of the substrates or structures described herein.
- the skin- mountable device may be configured to detect at least one analyte in a fluid (e.g., perspiration, blood, etc.) of a user wearing the skin-mountable device.
- a fluid e.g., perspiration, blood, etc.
- a potentiostat can apply a voltage between the working and reference electrodes while measuring the resulting amperometric current through the working electrode.
- the measured amperometric current is wirelessly indicated with the antenna (410).
- backscatter radiation can be manipulated to indicate the sensor result by modulating the antenna impedance.
- FIG 4B is a flowchart of a process 420 for operating an external reader to interrogate an amperometric sensor in an eye-mountable device to measure a tear film analyte concentration.
- Radio frequency radiation is transmitted to an electrochemical sensor mounted in an eye from the external reader (422).
- the transmitted radiation is sufficient to power the electrochemical sensor with energy from the radiation for long enough to perform a measurement and communicate the results (422).
- the radio frequency radiation used to power the electrochemical sensor can be similar to the radiation 341 transmitted from the external reader 340 to the eye-mountable device 310 described in connection with Figure 3 above.
- the external reader then receives backscatter radiation indicating the measurement by the electrochemical analyte sensor (424).
- the backscatter radiation can be similar to the backscatter signals 343 sent from the eye- mountable device 310 to the external reader 340 described in connection with Figure 3 above.
- the backscatter radiation received at the external reader is then associated with a tear film analyte concentration (426).
- the analyte concentration values can be stored in the external reader memory (e.g., in the processing system 346) and/or a network-connected data storage.
- the sensor result ⁇ e.g., the measured amperometric current
- the sensor result can be encoded in the backscatter radiation by modulating the impedance of the backscattering antenna.
- the external reader can detect the antenna impedance and/or change in antenna impedance based on a frequency, amplitude, and/or phase shift in the backscatter radiation.
- the sensor result can then be extracted by associating the impedance value with the sensor result by reversing the encoding routine employed within the eye-mountable device.
- the reader can map a detected antenna impedance value to an amperometric current value.
- the amperometric current value is approximately proportionate to the tear film analyte concentration with a sensitivity (e.g., scaling factor) relating the amperometric current and the associated tear film analyte concentration.
- the sensitivity value can be determined in part according to empirically derived calibration factors, for example.
- FIG. 5A is a functional block diagram of an example electrochemical sensor system 500 including a measurement power supply 510 and an auxiliary power supply 520.
- the electrochemical sensor system 500 can also include a working electrode 502, a reference electrode 504, an antenna 522, measurement and communication electronics 524, photocell 526 and auxiliary electronics 528.
- the functional block diagram of the system 500 shown in Figure 5A illustrates separate functional modules, they are not necessarily implemented as physically distinct modules.
- the measurement power supply 510 and measurement and communication electronics 524 can be packaged in a common chip that includes terminals connected to the antenna 522 and the sensor electrodes 502, 504.
- a reagent layer can be provided on or near the working electrode 502 to sensitize the electrochemical sensor to an analyte of interest.
- glucose oxidase may be fixed around the working electrode 502 (e.g., by incorporating glucose oxidase in a gel or medium) to cause the electrochemical sensor system 500 to detect glucose.
- measurement power supply 510 and auxiliary power supply 520 are electrically connected to the measurement and control electronics 524 in order to supply power (e.g., a DC supply voltage) to the system 500.
- power e.g., a DC supply voltage
- the measurement and control electronics 524 is alternately referred to herein as the “measurement electronics” or the “measurement module.”
- the measurement and control electronics 524 which receive power from the measurement power supply 510 and/or the auxiliary power supply 520, may apply a voltage across the sensor electrodes 502, 504 while obtaining an amperometric current measurement (e.g., similar to the operation of a potentiostat).
- the measurement power supply 510 depicted in Figure 5A operates to harvest energy from incident radio frequency radiation and generate a DC supply voltage to turn on the measurement and communication electronics 524, thereby causing the system 500 to obtain an amperometric current measurement through the working electrode 502 and communicate the sensor result through antenna 522.
- the measurement power supply 510 may be a power supply that is dedicated to providing power to the measurement and control electronics 524.
- the terminals of the photovoltaic cell 526 can then be connected to the measurement and communication electronics 524, so that voltage output from the photovoltaic cell 526 can turn on the measurement and communication electronics 524, thereby causing the system 500 to obtain an amperometric current measurement through the working electrode 502.
- the photovoltaic cell 526 can be, for example, a solar cell or a combination of such solar cells.
- the photovoltaic cell can be activated in response to the receipt of light at a range of different wavelengths, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, near infrared light, etc. Although, a particular photovoltaic cell may be configured to be activated at a selected range of wavelengths as desired.
- the electrochemical sensor is included in an eye-mountable device (e.g., embedded in a transparent polymeric material configured to be contact-mounted to an eye surface)
- the photovoltaic cell 526 can be embedded in the eye- mountable device and can receive incident light radiation that is transmitted through the eye- mountable device.
- the auxiliary power supply 520 is additionally or alternatively powered via another energy harvesting source, such as an inertial motion energy harvesting system, a biofuel cell, and/or a charge storage device.
- the biofuel cell may be configured to facilitate a chemical reaction and generate a responsive electric potential.
- the biofuel cell facilitates oxidation of the ascorbate naturally present in tear fluid.
- the auxiliary power supply may comprise a charge storage device, such as a rechargeable battery or an arrangement of capacitors.
- the charge storage device may be arranged to store electric charge generated by the photovoltaic cell, inertial motion energy harvesting system, biofuel cell, antenna, or other charge generating device.
- the measurement power supply 510 and the auxiliary power supply 520 include components similar to the voltage regulator and/or rectifier 314, 318 described in connection with Figure 3 that outputs both an analog voltage 332 to the sensor interface 321, and a DC supply voltage 330 to the circuit logic 324.
- the voltage applied across the sensor electrodes 502, 504 may be analogous to the analog voltage output of the energy harvesting system, while the DC supply voltage provided to the measurement and communication electronics 524 can be analogous to the digital voltage output of the energy harvesting system
- some embodiments of the measurement power supply 510 and auxiliary power supply 520 may include a rectifier, a low-pass filter (e.g., one or more capacitors), and/or voltage regulation/conditioning modules that may be similar in some respects to the rectifier 314, energy storage 316, and/or voltage regulator/conditioner 318 described in connection with Figure 3 above.
- system 500 also includes auxiliary electronics 528.
- Auxiliary electronics 528 are shown and described in connection with Figure 5A as a functional module that receives a DC supply voltage from auxiliary power supply 520.
- the auxiliary electronics 528 may include one or more of the functional modules shown and described in connection with Figure 1 above, such a pixel array, radio transceiver, memory storage, and/or logic elements configured to cause the auxiliary electronics 528 to function as described.
- auxiliary electronics 528 are shown as a single physical module, it is noted that the auxiliary electronics 528 can include a combination of one or more modules, or can be combined with other modules (e.g., rectifier, regulator and/or other related power supply modules) in a single physical implementation, such as an integrated circuit or chip.
- modules e.g., rectifier, regulator and/or other related power supply modules
- auxiliary power supply 520 may recognize when the biofuel cell is producing a voltage level (e.g., 5.0V) that is sufficient enough to operate the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528. In embodiments in which the auxiliary power supply is powered by a charge storage device, auxiliary power supply 520 may determine whether the charge storage device has stored a sufficient level of electric charge (e.g., 5.0V) to operate the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528.
- a voltage level e.g., 5.0V
- auxiliary power supply 520 may determine whether the charge storage device has stored a sufficient level of electric charge (e.g., 5.0V) to operate the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528.
- the auxiliary power supply 520 may contain a motion detector that operates to determine when there is motion sufficient enough for the motion detector to provide an operating voltage (e.g., 5.0V) to the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528.
- an operating voltage e.g., 5.0V
- other mechanisms for determining whether the auxiliary power supply 520 is able to provide power to the system 500 are possible as well.
- the auxiliary power supply 520 may operate to enable the auxiliary power supply 520. In some embodiments, this is carried out by providing to a switch or other logic a signal indicative of the availability of the auxiliary power supply 520 to provide power to the system 500. The switch or other logic may responsively enable and operate the auxiliary power supply 520 to provide power to the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528 (e.g., by closing a circuit, thereby electrically coupling the auxiliary power supply to either or both of the measurement and communication electronics 524 and the auxiliary electronics 528).
- a switch or other logic may responsively enable and operate the auxiliary power supply 520 to provide power to the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528 (e.g., by closing a circuit, thereby electrically coupling the auxiliary power supply to either or both of the measurement and communication electronics 524 and the auxiliary electronics 528).
- other ways of enabling the auxiliary power supply 520 are possible as well.
- auxiliary power supply 520 may allow the measurement power supply 510 to reduce the amount of power it supplies to the system 500.
- the auxiliary power supply 520 powers the system 500, power may be preserved at the measurement power supply 510 and/or an external reader associated with the measurement power supply 510.
- the auxiliary power supply 520 in conjunction with the measurement and communication electronics 524 include logic configured for determining whether the auxiliary power supply 520 is supplying power to the system 500 and responsively causing the measurement power supply 510 to reduce the amount of power supplied to the system 500.
- the measurement and communication electronics 524 operate to characteristically modify RF backscatter at antenna 526 to communicate with an external reader. Accordingly, this communication may cause the external reader to temporarily reduce or stop the external reader's transmission of power to the measurement power supply 510.
- other ways of conserving power are possible as well.
- enabling auxiliary power supply 520 to provide power to auxiliary electronics 528 may allow system 500 to retain an operating state during periods in which the measurement power supply 510 is unable to provide power to the system 500.
- auxiliary electronics 528 include a volatile memory storage unit (i.e., a memory storage unit that loses its contents when power is removed from the memory storage unit) that stores certain operating parameters (e.g., measurement results)
- those parameters may be lost when power is removed from the volatile memory storage unit. Therefore, when the auxiliary power supply 520 provides power to the volatile memory storage unit, the operating parameters contained therein may not be lost when the measurement power supply 510 stops providing power to system 500.
- system 500 may contain logic configured for detennining that the auxiliary power supply is unable to currently supply power and responsively entering a lower power mode in which the system 500 disables all auxiliary electronics but for the sensor 501. Entering a low power mode, such as mis one, may help the system 500 generally, and the measurement power supply 510 (as well as an associated external reader) in particular, conserve power.
- the system 500 may determine that the auxiliary power supply 520 is unable to supply power by detecting that there is insufficient light for the photovoltaic cell 526 to provide an operating voltage (e.g., 5.0V) to the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528, the biofuel cell is not producing a voltage level (e.g., 5.0V) that is sufficient enough to operate the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528, the charge storage device has stored an insufficient level of electric charge (e.g., ⁇ 5.0V) to operate the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528, there is not sufficient enough motion for the motion detector to provide an operating voltage (e.g., 5.0V) to the measurement and communication electronics 524 and/or the auxiliary electronics 528, or in other ways as well.
- an operating voltage e.g., 5.0V
- Figure 5B is a flowchart of an example process 530 for operating the example electrochemical sensor system 500 of Figure 5 A.
- the example process 530 may include one or more operations, functions, or actions, as depicted by one or more of blocks 532, 534, and/or 536, each of which may be carried out by any of the systems described herein; however, other configurations could be used.
- each block of each flow diagram may represent a module, a segment, or a portion of program code, which includes one or more instructions executable by a processor (e.g., a processor of controller 150 described above with respect to Figure 1) for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process.
- the program code may be stored on any type of computer readable medium (e.g., computer readable storage medium or non-transitory media), for example, such as a storage device mcluding a disk or hard drive.
- each block may represent circuitry that is wired to perform the specific logical functions in the process.
- Alternative implementations are included within the scope of the example embodiments of the present application in which functions may be executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrent or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art.
- the process 530 begins at block 532 where the system 500 receives a signal indicative of the availability of the auxiliary power supply to supply power to the system 500.
- a signal may take the form of the output of an ambient light detector.
- the signal comprises a determination that the level of ambient light incident upon the photovoltaic cell is at or above a threshold level of ambient light.
- the threshold level of ambient light is a level at which the photovoltaic cell and the auxiliary power supply can provide a sufficient DC voltage (e.g., 5.0 Volts) to operate the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics.
- the signal may be one that is generally indicative of that device's ability to imminently provide a DC power supply to the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics sufficient to power such electronics.
- enabling the auxiliary power supply includes a switch or other actuating device that can electrically couple the auxiliary power supply to the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics upon receipt of the signal described in connection with block 532.
- the system operates the auxiliary power supply to provide power to the electrochemical sensor.
- operating the auxiliary power supply to provide power may include receiving incident light at the photovoltaic cell and converting the light into a DC supply voltage.
- operating the auxiliary power supply to provide power may include harvesting motion energy and converting such energy into a DC supply voltage.
- other energy harvesting devices are possible and in those embodiments, operating the auxiliary power supply generally includes converting the harvested energy into a DC supply voltage.
- Figure 5C is another flowchart of an example process 540 for operating the example electrochemical sensor system 500 of Figure 5A.
- the example process 540 may include one or more operations, functions, or actions, as depicted by one or more of blocks 542, 544, and/or 546, each of which may be carried out by any of the systems described herein; however, other configurations could be used.
- the process 540 begins at block 542 where the system 500 receives a signal indicative of an intention to operate an auxiliary device.
- a signal may take the form of an instruction to operate the pixel array.
- mis instruction may be generated at a controller of system 500 (e.g., controller 150 described in connection with Figure 1). Additionally or alternatively, this instruction may be received from an external reader (e.g., external reader 180 described in connection with Figure 1).
- the process continues at block 544, where the system 500 enables the auxiliary power supply.
- the auxiliary power supply may include a switch or other actuating device that can electrically couple the auxiliary power supply to the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics upon receipt of the signal described in connection with block 542.
- the system operates the auxiliary power supply to provide power to the auxiliary device.
- operating the auxiliary power supply to provide power may include receiving incident light at the photovoltaic cell and converting the light into a DC supply voltage.
- operating the auxiliary power supply to provide power may include harvesting motion energy and converting such energy into a DC supply voltage.
- other energy harvesting devices are possible and in those embodiments, operating the auxiliary power supply generally includes converting the harvested energy into a DC supply voltage.
- Figure 5D is a flowchart of an example process 550 for operating the example electrochemical sensor system 500 of Figure 5A.
- the example process 550 may include one or more operations, functions, or actions, as depicted by one or more of blocks 552 and/or 554, each of which may be carried out by any of the systems described herein; however, other configurations could be used.
- the process 550 begins at block 552 where the system 500 receives a signal indicative of the inability of the auxiliary power supply to supply power to the system 500.
- a signal may take the form of the output of an ambient light detector.
- the signal comprises a determination that the level of ambient light incident upon the photovoltaic cell is below a threshold level of ambient light.
- the threshold level of ambient light is a level at which the photovoltaic cell and the auxiliary power supply can provide a sufficient DC voltage (e.g., 5.0 Volts) to operate the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics.
- the signal may be one that is generally indicative of that device's inability to imminently provide a DC power supply to the auxiliary electronics and/or the measurement and communication electronics sufficient to power such electronics.
- the process continues at block 554, where the system 500 enters a low power mode in which it disables all the auxiliary electronics but for the sensor 501.
- entering the low power mode may enable the system 500 generally and the measurement power supply in particular to conserve power by not having to power the auxiliary electronics.
- the example computer program product 600 is provided using a signal bearing medium 602.
- the signal bearing medium 602 may include one or more programming instructions 604 that, when executed by one or more processors may provide functionality or portions of the functionality described above with respect to Figures 1-5C.
- the signal bearing medium 602 can be a non-transitory computer- readable medium 606, such as, but not limited to, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, memory, etc.
- the signal bearing medium 602 can be a computer recordable medium 608, such as, but not limited to, memory, read/write (R/W) CDs, R/W DVDs, etc.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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US20150076909A1 (en) | 2015-03-19 |
EP3047327A1 (en) | 2016-07-27 |
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AU2016259353A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 |
AU2016259353B2 (en) | 2018-04-05 |
CA2923731C (en) | 2018-08-28 |
AU2014318324A1 (en) | 2016-03-17 |
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US9692230B2 (en) | 2017-06-27 |
JP6185671B2 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
JP2016537149A (en) | 2016-12-01 |
CA2923731A1 (en) | 2015-03-19 |
AU2018204407B2 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
JP2017221688A (en) | 2017-12-21 |
AU2018204407A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
JP6611763B2 (en) | 2019-11-27 |
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