WO2015030725A1 - Cellules bio-nano de puissance et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Cellules bio-nano de puissance et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015030725A1
WO2015030725A1 PCT/US2013/056759 US2013056759W WO2015030725A1 WO 2015030725 A1 WO2015030725 A1 WO 2015030725A1 US 2013056759 W US2013056759 W US 2013056759W WO 2015030725 A1 WO2015030725 A1 WO 2015030725A1
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bnpc
formula
tmc
moiety
groups
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PCT/US2013/056759
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English (en)
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Nathan R. Long
Jie Wang
Hosam Gharib ABDELHADY
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Bio-Nano Power, Llc
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Priority to PCT/US2013/056759 priority Critical patent/WO2015030725A1/fr
Publication of WO2015030725A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015030725A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns nano-scale power cells and power cell aggregates (bio-nano power cells or BNPC) that derive power from compounds found in biological systems and methods of their manufacture and use.
  • Bio-nano power cells include bio-nano sensors, bio-nano fuel cells, bio-nano batteries, biosensors, biofuel cells and biobatteries. More particularly, the present invention relates to the preparation of bio-nano power cells that are biocompatible and capable of producing flash, intermittent, or continuous power by electrolyzing compounds found in biological systems and methods of their manufacture and use.
  • Electrochemical sensors based on enzyme mediators, are widely used in the detection of analytes in agricultural and biotechnological, clinical, and environmental applications.
  • the electro-oxidation or electro-reduction of the enzyme is often facilitated by the presence of a redox mediator that assists in the electrical communication between the working electrode and the enzyme.
  • the redox mediator transports electrons from the substrate-reduced enzyme to the electrode; when the substrate is electro-reduced, the redox mediator transports electrons from the electrode to the substrate-oxidized enzyme.
  • Transition metal complexes developed by Michael Gratzel (e.g., described in US Patents 5,378,628; 5,393,903, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference) and developed by Adam Heller (e.g., described in US Patents 5,965,380;
  • the metal (M) in Formula A can be various metals, including iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium or vanadium.
  • the ligands (Li ' , L 2 ' , L3 ' , L 4 ' , L5' , L 6 ') can be various chelants, including monomelic, cyclic, bidentate, or polymeric entities which form a chelate with (M).
  • c is an integer selected from - 1 to -5, 0 or +1 to +5 indicating a negative, neutral or positive charge.
  • X represents a counter ion and d is an integer from 1 to 5 representing the number of counter ions.
  • Formula A is charge neutral.
  • biosensors can be functionalized by coupling targeting moieties, such as glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, and other moieties to form amperometric biosensors for the measurement of glucose, lactate and other analytes, respectively.
  • targeting moieties such as glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase, and other moieties to form amperometric biosensors for the measurement of glucose, lactate and other analytes, respectively.
  • Redox centers for example Os 2+ 3+
  • An example of such a coordination complex includes: two bipyridine ligands which form stable coordinative bonds; the pyridine of poly(4-vinylpyridine) which forms a weaker coordinative bond; or a chloride anion which forms the least stable coordinative bond.
  • redox centers such as Os 2+ 3+
  • redox centers can be coordinated with six heterocyclic nitrogen atoms in its inner coordination sphere.
  • the six coordinating atoms are preferably paired in the ligands; for example, each ligand is composed of at least two rings. Pairing of the coordinating atoms can influence the potential of an electrode used in conjunction with redox polymers.
  • Transition metal complexes can be directly or indirectly attached to a polymeric backbone, depending on the availability and nature of the reactive groups on the complex and the polymeric backbone.
  • the pyridine groups in poly(4-vinylpyridine) or the imidazole groups in poly(N-vinylimidazole) are capable of acting as monodentate ligands and thus can be attached to a metal center (M) directly.
  • the pyridine groups in poly(4-vinylpyridine) or the imidazole groups in poly(N-vinylimidazole) can be quaternized with a substituted alkyl moiety having a suitable reactive group, such as a carboxylate function, that can be activated to form a covalent bond with a reactive group, such as an amine, of the transition metal complex.
  • a suitable reactive group such as a carboxylate function
  • the potential at which the working electrode, coated with the redox polymer, is poised negative at about ⁇ 250 mV vs. SCE (standard calomel electrode).
  • the electrode is poised negative at about +150 mV vs. SCE. Poising the electrode at these potentials reduces the interfering electro-oxidation of constituents of biological solutions (such as, for example, urate, ascorbate and acetaminophen).
  • the potential can be modified by altering the ligand structure of the complex of Formula A.
  • the redox potential of a redox polymer is related to the potential at which the electrode is poised. Selection of a redox polymer with a desired redox potential allows tuning of the potential at which the electrode is best poised.
  • the redox potentials of a number of the redox polymers described herein are negative at about +150 mV vs. SCE and can be negative at about +50 mV vs. SCE to allow the poising of the electrode potentials negative at about +250 mV vs. SCE and preferably negative at about +150 mV vs.
  • the strength of the coordination bond can influence the potential of the redox centers in the redox polymers. Typically, the stronger the coordinative bond, the more positive the redox potential.
  • a shift in the potential of a redox center resulting from a change in the coordination sphere of the transition metal can produce a labile transition metal complex. For example, when the redox potential of an Os 2+ 3+ complex is downshifted by changing the coordination sphere, the complex becomes labile.
  • Such a labile transition metal complex may be undesirable when fashioning a metal complex polymer for use as a redox mediator and can be avoided through the use of weakly coordinating multidentate or chelating
  • heterocyclics as ligands.
  • TMC transition metal complexes
  • TMC of Formula A Some examples of TMC of Formula A are shown below:
  • TMC transition metal complex
  • Transition metal complexes described above in Formula A can also be used for the preparation of biological fuel cells (e.g., US Patents 6,294,281 ; 6,531 ,239; 7,018,735; 7,238,442 and US Published Patent Applications 20070248850 and 20080044721).
  • anode enzymes e.g., oxidase or dehydrogenase
  • cathode enzymes e.g., laccase, ascorbate oxidase, creuloplamine or bilirubin oxidase
  • dendritic polymers A wide range of dendritic polymers have been disclosed (see Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, eds. J.M.J. Frechet, D. A. Tomalia, pub. John Wiley and Sons, 2001).
  • dendrimers such as PAMAM dendrimers
  • PEI dendrimers [poly(ethyleneimine)]
  • PEHAM dendrimers [poly(ethyleneimine)]
  • dendritic polymers include dendrons, dendrigrafts, tectodendrimers, comb-branched polyethers and others known as dendritic polymers such as polylysine and hyperbranched polyethers.
  • dendritic polymers are hyper-branched polymers, developed by Donald A.
  • Nano-scale technologies offer considerable promise to create power cells with the necessary biocompatibility for nano-scale molecules and larger polymeric compounds without requiring secondary fabrication steps.
  • Dendritic bipyridines with reactive sites have been synthesized by Issberger and Vogtle, et al. and used to make ruthenium chelates. [See Jorg Issberger, Fritz Vogtle, Luisa DeCola, Vincenzo Balzani, Chem. Eur., J., 1997, 3 (5).]
  • Dendritic materials for enhanced performance of energy storage devices have been prepared by Newkome and Moorefield in US Patent 6,399,717 and Newkome in US Patent 7,250,534. These patents illustrate the use of dendritic building blocks to create metallo- based (macro) molecules for magneto resistive disk drive heads.
  • dendritic polymers can be used for a wide variety of applications, including those that require useful materials to be carried within the interstitial spaces of the dendritic polymer and/or on its surface for many uses, including but not limited to, for
  • chemotherapies controlled release, carried material delivery, drug releasing devices, polyvalent pharmaceutical moieties, targeted therapies, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
  • carried materials that offer great utility are agricultural materials, antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, bioactive agents, biological response modifiers, diagnostic opacifiers, fluorescent moieties, pharmaceuticals, scavenging agents, agricultural materials, hormones, immune-potentiating agents, pesticides, bioactive agents, signal absorbers, signal generators, metal ions, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, scavenging insecticides, bioactive agents, toxins, and many other materials.
  • any material can be carried within the dendritic polymer so long as it does not appreciably disturb the physical structure of the polymer and is compatible with it.
  • the material may be encapsulated or surface attached as explained in US Published Patent Application 20070298006. When these materials are present with a dendrimer then it is termed a conjugate.
  • Figure 2A with a carried material is a dendrimer conjugate
  • Figure 2B with a carried material is a dendrimer dimer aggregate conjugate.
  • the surface groups can be modified to have a targeting receptor moiety present and solubilizer groups to aid in the delivery of the carried material. Issues with Dendritic Polymers
  • dendritic polymers offer significant potential, delivery of carried material is not “on-demand” but rather involves changes in pH or slow diffusion to release the carried material at the desired site.
  • BNPC moieties of this invention are shown by the following formula:
  • [M] is an iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;
  • [L-RS] means a ligand or groups of ligands, including monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate ligands (as shown by Formula 1 hereinbelow) that have a Reactive Site [RS]; z is independently from 1 to 6;
  • [Q] means a linker moiety having at least 2 reactive sites and if more that 1 [Q] is present, they may be the same or different moieties;
  • f is independently 0 or from 1 to the number of [RS];
  • b is independently 0 or from 1 to at least the number of [L-RS] present;
  • x means 0 or an integer from 1 to 4000;
  • [PB] means polymer backbone
  • c is independently 0 or from 1 to 6;
  • [SF] means the surface functionality groups that can either react with or associate with an enzyme, analyte, biocompatible group, cross-linking group, or [CM], or be inert; y means from 1 to the total number of possible surface groups available, and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety; and
  • t is from 1 to 6, provided that when t is less than 6, the other available sites on [M] may be [L], H, F, CI, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 0, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy, heterocyclic compounds or polymer backbones that do not have reactive sites; and provided that for at least one entity where t is 1 or more, all z are at least 1 and b is 1.
  • the present invention concerns bio-nano power cells and methods of their manufacture and use. More particularly, the present invention relates to the preparation of bio-nano power cells that are biocompatible and capable of producing flash, intermittent, or continuous power by electrolyzing compounds in biological systems.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a known biosensor with membrane.
  • Figure 2 illustrates known dendritic polymers with a few surface groups modified;
  • Figure 2A is a dendrimer;
  • 2B is a dendrimer dimer aggregate where two dendrimers are covalently joined.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a BNPC with a TMC core and 6 [L] where 1 [L] has been reacted with a starting material for a Dendritic Polymer.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a TMC dimer
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a TMC network
  • Figure 6 illustrates "wired enzyme” biosensors coupled to a polymeric backbone through one or more of ligands [L].
  • Figure 7 illustrates a targeting receptor moiety that is quite large, even larger than the
  • Figure 8 illustrates a BNPC wherein the [TMC-C] has one of its ligands [L] as a polymer.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a BNPC Dimer Aggregate - 2 BNPC covalently joined.
  • Figure 10 illustrates a BNPC Anode-Cathode Aggregate and would have different enzymes or different ligands present on different parts of the molecule.
  • Figure 11 illustrates a BNPC Polymeric Aggregate.
  • Figure 12 illustrates a BNPC Conjugate or BNPC + [CM] or [TMC-C] + Dendritic Polymer + [CM].
  • Figure 13 illustrates a BNPC Polymeric Conjugate or BNPC + [CM] + Polymer Backbone (dendrigraft).
  • Figure 14 illustrates a BNPC Dimer Aggregate Conjugate or 2 BNPC + [CM].
  • Figure 15 illustrates a BNPC Anode-Cathode Aggregate Conjugate and would have different enzymes or different ligands present on different parts of the molecule.
  • Figure 16 illustrates a BNPC Polymeric Aggregate Conjugate or 2 BNPC + [CM] + Polymer Backbone (dendrigraft).
  • Figure 18 illustrates BNPC cyclic voltammetry results.
  • Figure 19 is a depiction of the chemical structure of an anode polymer complex + Gl dendrimer + glucose oxidase (color portion) of Example 9, Part C.
  • Figure 20 is a photograph illustrating anode polymer complex Gl dendrimer + GOX product of Example 9, Part C.
  • Figure 21 is a depiction of the chemical structure of a G2 dendrimer network + enzyme (color portion) of Example 12, Part C.
  • Figure 22 is a depiction of the chemical structure of a drug (indomethacin) encapsulated by BNPC. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • AEP means l,(2-aminoethyl)piperazine
  • Alkyl means a saturated, straight-chain or branch-chain hydrocarbon, including when it is part of another moiety such as alkoxy, alkylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl or similar moieties or a moiety substituted by an alkyl such as alkylaryl or heteroalkyl; examples are methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, i-butyl, neopentyl, and others; the number of carbon atoms present in any one alkyl group is from about
  • Ci-Cioo preferably from about C1-C50 and most preferred from about C1-C25
  • cycloalkoxyalkenyl examples are ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-me- thyl- 1 -propenyl, and the like; the number of carbon atoms present in any one alkenyl group is from about C2-C100, preferably from about C2-C50 and most preferred from about C2-C25
  • Alkynyl means a unsaturated, straight-chain or branch-chain hydrocarbon having at least one, but often more than one, C ⁇ C bond; including when part of a substitution on another moiety such as cycloalkynyl; arylalkynyl; cycloalkoxyalkynyl; examples are ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-methyl-l-propynyl, and the like; the number of carbon atoms present in any one alkynyl group is from about C2-C100, preferably from about C2-C50 and most preferred from about C2-C25
  • Aptamer means a specific synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotide that can bind to a
  • target molecule such as a protein or metabolite
  • Aryl means any number of carbon atoms containing an aromatic moiety and can be from about C5-C100 and may be substituted with one or more alkyl (optionally
  • alkenyl optionally substituted
  • alkynyl optionally substituted
  • halo CI, Br, F
  • hetero atoms in the ring such as N, O, S, P, B
  • azides and others (such as those in the present examples and taught in this specification)
  • BAA means Ws(allyl)amine or diallylamine
  • Biological Fluid means any body fluid or body fluid derivative in which a desired analyte can be measured, for example, blood, interstitial fluid, plasma, dermal fluid, sweat, and tears
  • BiPy means bipyridine (2,2'-dipyridyl)
  • BiPyDA means bipyridine-di(amino)
  • BiPyDADMe means 4,4'-&w(dimethylamino)-2,2'-bipyridine
  • BiPyDAE means bipyridine-di(aminoethane)
  • BiPyDBr means bipyridine-dibromo
  • BiPyDC9 means 4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-dipyridyl)
  • BiPyDCBOA3 means 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid
  • BiPyDCBOA4 means 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxyaldehyde
  • BiPyDCBOA5 means 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid
  • BiPyDCBOX means 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid
  • BiPyDCBOX means 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine
  • BiPyDCHMDA means bipyridine-di(carboxy-hexamethylenediamine)
  • BiPyDCl means 4,4' -dichloro-2,2' -bipyridine
  • BiPyDCPIPZ means bipyridine-di(carboxy-piperazine)
  • BiPyDCTMDA means bipyridine-di(carboxy-trimethylenediamine)
  • BiPyDDEDAOP means bipyridine-di(diethyl-diamino-oxopentanoate
  • BiPyDHMDA means bipyridine-di(hexamethylenediamine)
  • BiPyDMe means 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-dipyridyl)
  • BiPyDOH means 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3'-diol
  • BiPyDOMe means 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine
  • BiPyDPH means 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-dipyridyl)
  • BiPyDt-Bu means 4,4'-di-ieri-butyl-2,2'-bipyridyl
  • BiPyDTMDA means bipyridine-di(trimethylenediamine)
  • BiPynO means 2,2'-bipyridyl-N-oxide
  • BiPyn01N02 means 4'-nitro-2,2'-bipyridine-N-oxide
  • BiPyn02N02 means 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-bipyridine-N-oxide
  • BiPynOnO means 2,2'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide (2,2'-dipyridyl- N,N'-dioxide)
  • BNPC bio-nano power cells as shown by Formula 2 (also called dendritic power cells)
  • BOC means ieri-butoxycarbonyl
  • [BR] means a branch cell, which when more than 1 is present may be the same or different, and is a part of [DP] as described in US 2007-0298006
  • Counter Electrode means both a) counter electrodes and b) counter electrodes that also func- tion as reference electrodes (i.e., counter/reference electrodes), unless otherwise indicated
  • DBA dibenzylamine
  • DDEDA dodecylethylenediamine (1,12-diaminododecane)
  • DEIDA diethyliminodiacetate
  • Dendritic Conjugate means a Dendritic Polymer having a carried material present
  • Dendritic Polymer or [DP] means any repeating dendritic structure polymer such as
  • PAMAM dendrimers PEHAM dendrimers, PEI dendrimers, dendrons, dendrigraft polymers, tectodendrimers, hyperbranched polymers or other similar dendritic structures as described in Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, eds. J.MJ.
  • DETA diethylenetriamine
  • DI water means deionized water
  • DMI dimethylitaconate (dimethyl 2-methylenesuccinate)
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • DNA or RNA or nucleic acids means synthetic or natural, single or double stranded DNA or RNA or PNA (phosphorous nucleic acid) or combinations thereof or aptamers, preferably from 4 to 9000 base pairs or from 500 D to 150 kD
  • D03A means 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-l,4,7,10-tris(acetic acid)
  • DOTA means 1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-l,4,7,10-tetra( acetic acid)
  • DTPA means diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
  • DTT means dithiothreitol
  • EA means ethylamine
  • EDA means ethylenediamine
  • Electrochemical Sensor means a device configured to detect the presence of or measure the concentration or amount of an analyte in a sample via electrochemical oxidation or reduction reactions. These reactions typically can be transduced to an electrical signal that can be correlated to an amount or concentration of analyte.
  • Electrolysis means the electro-oxidation or electro-reduction of a compound either directly at an electrode or via one or more electron transfer agents (e.g., redox mediators or enzymes).
  • electron transfer agents e.g., redox mediators or enzymes.
  • EPC means ethyl-N-piperazinecarboxylate
  • [EX] means extender, which if greater than 1 may be the same or a different moiety as part of [DP], as described in US Published Appln. 2007-0298006
  • Fe2BiPyDA means iron Ws(BiPy)(di-amino)
  • FeCl 2 -4H 2 0 means iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate
  • FITC means fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • G means a dendrimer generation, which is indicated by the number of concentric branch cell shells surrounding the core (usually counted sequentially from the core)
  • GOX means glucose oxidase
  • g means gram(s)
  • Halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo atom, ion or radical
  • HC1 mean hydrochloric acid
  • HMDA hexamethylenediamine (amino-hexylamine)
  • [IF] means interior functionality of a [DP] as described in US 2007-0298006
  • IMAE means 2-imidazolidyl -l -aminoethane
  • K 2 0sCl6 means potassium hexachloroosmate(IV)
  • KOH potassium hydroxide
  • LOX means lactate oxidase
  • mA milliamphere(s)
  • MEA monoethanolamine
  • MIPIEP means methylisopropyliminoethylpiperazine
  • mL means milliliter(s)
  • N-SIS means nanoscale sterically induced stoichiometry
  • Oligonucleotides means synthetic or natural, single or double stranded DNA or RNA or
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • ap tamers preferably from 4 to 100 base pairs
  • Orthogonal Chemistry means the chemical transformations that may be performed either in parallel or in sequence on a multi-functional reagent or substrate without cross- reactions or interference by other components of the reactants
  • Os2BiPyDA means osmium Ws(BiPy)(diamino)
  • Os2BiPyDAE means osmium Ws(BiPy)(diaminoethane)
  • Os2BiPyDCHMDA means osmium Ws(BiPy)(dicarboxy-hexamethylenediamine)
  • Os2BiPyDCPIPZ means osmium Ws(BiPy)(dicarboxy-piperazine)
  • Os2BiPyDCTMDA means osmium Ws(BiPy)(dicarboxy-trimethylenediamine)
  • Os2BiPyDEDAOP means osmium Ws(BiPy)(diethyl-diamino-oxopentanoate)
  • Os2BiPyDCHMDA means osmium Ws(BiPy)(dicarboxy-hexamethylenediamine)
  • Os2BiPyDCTMDA means osmium Ws(BiPy)(dicarboxy-trimethylenediamine)
  • Os3BiPyDA means osmium in ' ,y(BiPy)(diamino)
  • Os3BiPyDAE means osmium ira(BiPyXdiaminoethane)
  • Os3BiPyDCHMDA means osmium ira(BiPy)(dicarboxy-hexamethylenediamine)
  • Os3BiPyDCPIPZ means osmium in ' ,y(BiPy)(dicarboxy-piperazine)
  • Os3BiPyDCTMDA means osmium in ' i(BiPy)(dicarboxy-trimethylenediamine)
  • Os3BiPyDDEDAOP means osmium Zra(BiPy)(diethyl-diamino-oxopentanoate)
  • Os3BiPyDCHMDA means osmium ira(BiPy)(dicarboxy-hexamethylenediamine)
  • Os3BiPyDCTMDA means osmium in ' i(BiPy)(dicarboxy-trimethylenediamine)
  • PAMAM means poly(amidoamine), including linear and branched polymers or dendrimers with primary amine terminal groups
  • PB means polymer backbone and can be any linear polymer that has 1 or more groups that can react with [SF], [DP] or [RS]
  • PEGDE means poly(ethylene glycol (400) diglycidyl ether) (di-epoxide)
  • PEHAM means poly(etherhydroxylamine) dendrimer as described in US Published Patent Application 20070298006
  • PEI means poly(ethyleneimine)
  • PETAE means pentaerythritol tetraallyl ether
  • PETAZ means pentaerythritol tetraazide
  • PETGE means pentaerythritol tetraglycidyl ether
  • PETriAE means pentaerythritol triallyl ether
  • PETriGE means pentaerythritol triglycidyl ether
  • PGA means poly(glycidyl) aniline
  • PGE means poly(glycidyl)ether
  • PIPZ means piperazine or diethylenediamine
  • PPI poly(propyleneimine)dendrimer
  • PVAH means polyvinylanhydride
  • PVI means poly(vinylimidazole)
  • PVIPVA means poly(vinylimidazole-polyvinylaniline
  • PVPBAc means polyvinylpyridine-butyl acetate
  • PVPCEA means polyvinylpyridine-(butyl acetate + ethylenediamine)
  • PVPCTREN means poly vinylpyridine- (butyl acetate + in ' i(2-aminoethyl)amine)
  • PVPy polyvinylpyridine
  • PVPyBMAc means poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-butyl methacrylate)
  • PVPyPVA poly(vinypyridine-polyvinylaniline
  • PyMIMHAm means l-(6-aminohexyl)-2-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl) imidazole
  • PyMIMHPHI means 2-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)-l-(6-(phthalimido) hexyl)imidazole
  • Reactive Group means functional group of a first molecule that is capable of reacting with another compound to couple at least a portion of that other compound to the first molecule.
  • Reactive groups include, but are not limited to, carboxy, activated ester, sulfonyl halide, sulfonate ester, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, epoxide, aziridine, halide, aldehyde, ketone, amine, acrylamide, thiol, acyl azide, acyl halide, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, alkyl halide, imidazole, pyridine, phenol, alkyl sulfonate, halotriazine, imido ester, maleimide, hydrazide, hydroxy, and photo-reactive azido aryl groups.
  • Activated esters generally include esters of succinimidyl, benzotriazolyl, or aryl substituted by electron-withdrawing groups such as sulfo, nitro, cyano, or halo groups; or carboxylic acids activated by
  • Redox Mediator means an electron transfer agent for carrying electrons between an analyte or an analyte-reduced or analyte-oxidized enzyme and an electrode, either directly, or via one or more additional electron transfer agents.
  • Reference Electrode means both a) reference electrodes and b) reference electrodes that also function as counter electrodes (i.e., counter/reference electrodes), unless otherwise indicated.
  • [RS] means reactive site functionality on [L] and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety
  • RT means ambient temperature or room temperature, about 20-25 °C.
  • Ru2BiPyDA means ruthenium Ws(BiPy)(diamino)
  • Ru3BiPyDA means ruthenium in ' ,y(BiPy)(diamino)
  • RuC3 ⁇ 4 means ruthenium(III) chloride
  • SCE means standard calomel electrode
  • [SF] means surface functionality on a [DP] as described in US 2007-0298006 or on a [PB] SIS means sterically induced stoichiometry
  • Substituted Group means includes at least one substituent selected from the following: halogen, alkoxy, mercapto, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, NH 2 , alkylamino, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylthio, alkenyl, and other reactive groups.
  • substituents selected from the following: halogen, alkoxy, mercapto, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, NH 2 , alkylamino, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylthio, alkenyl, and other reactive groups.
  • TBAB means tetrabutyl ammonium bromide
  • TEA triethylamine
  • TEDA means triethylenediamine
  • TETA means triethylenetetraamine
  • THF means tetrahydrofuran
  • TMC means transition metal complex as shown by Formula 1
  • TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
  • TMPTGE means trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether
  • TREN ins(2-aminoethyl)amine
  • TRIS means ira(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
  • Tween means polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate
  • BNPC bio-nano power cell
  • Bio-nano power cells made with TMC and these nano-scale Dendritic
  • Polymers generate electrical power from compounds in biological systems, have surface functionalities that may undergo further reactions, and have void spaces that may entrap and carry materials for sensed delivery. Thus these systems have many advantages over either system known separately.
  • TMC can be reacted with each other through their ligands to form an agglomerate that can be used as nanowires which may be attached to a polymer backbone or coated with a Dendritic Polymer.
  • transition metal complexes [TMC] modified from Formula A above as shown below:
  • Li, L 2 , L3, L 4 , L5, L 6, collectively [L] can be the same or different ligand that is bound or associated with the metal [M]. At least one, and often all [L] have at their end terminus as a reactive site [RS] that enables their reaction with one another (e.g., to form dimers or aggregates), or to be cross-linked on their surface, or bound to a polymer backbone [PB] or a Dendritic Polymer.
  • ligands [L] can be any organic or inorganic moiety that can associate with [M].
  • a covalent or a strong bond is preferred as the [M] should remain associated with the [L] and not easily disassociate
  • c is an integer selected from - 1 to -5, 0 or +1 to +5 indicating a negative, neutral or positive charge
  • X represents a counter ion and d is an integer from 1 to 5 representing the number of counter ions.
  • Formula 1 is charge neutral.
  • Electron transport involves an exchange of electrons between segments of the redox polymers (e.g., one or more [TMC] coupled to a [PB], as described in Formula 2) in a crosslinked film disposed on an electrode.
  • the transition metal complex [TMC] can be bound to the polymer backbone [PB] though covalent, coordinative or ionic bonds, where covalent and coordinative binding are preferred.
  • Electron exchange occurs, for example, through the collision of different segments of the crosslinked redox polymer.
  • Electrons transported through the redox polymer can originate from, for example, electro-oxidation or electro-reduction of an enzymatic substrate, such as, for example, the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase.
  • the degree of crosslinking of the redox polymer can influence the transport of electrons or ions and thereby the rates of the electrochemical reactions. Excessive crosslinking of the polymer can reduce the mobility of the segments of the redox polymer. A reduction in segment mobility can slow the diffusion of electrons or ions through the redox polymer film. A reduction in the diffusivity of electrons, for example, can require a concomitant reduction in the thickness of the film on the electrode where electrons or electron vacancies are collected or delivered.
  • the degree of crosslinking in a redox polymer film can thus affect the transport of electrons from, for example, an enzyme to the transition metal redox centers of the redox polymer such as, for example, Os 2+ 3+ metal redox centers; between redox centers of the redox polymer; and from these transition metal redox centers to the electrode.
  • Excessive swelling can also result in the migration of the swollen polymer into the analyzed solution, in the softening of the redox polymer film, in the films susceptibility to removal by shear, or any combination of these effects.
  • Crosslinking can decrease the leaching of film components and can improve the mechanical stability of the film under shear stress.
  • a difunctional crosslinker such as polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether
  • a trifunctional crosslinker such as N,N-diglycidyl-4- glycidyloxyaniline
  • Examples of other bifunctional, trifunctional and tetrafunctional crosslinkers are the [EX], [BR] used for the [DP] growth, with the [EX] moieties and long chain diamines preferred.
  • the number of crosslinking sites can be increased by reducing the number of [TMC] attached to the [PB], thus making more polymer pendant groups available for crosslinking.
  • One important advantage of at least some of the redox polymers is the increased mobility of the pendant transition metal complexes, resulting from the flexibility of the pen- dant groups. As a result, in at least some embodiments, fewer transition metal complexes per polymer backbone are needed to achieve a desired level of diffusivity of electrons and current density of analyte electro-oxidation or electro-reduction.
  • Dendritic Polymers [DP] yields a more uniform rod-like structure (for example dendritic rods or dendrigrafts) with sufficient biocompatibility so that a separate membrane layer or other layer is not required. While greater structure ordering may reduce flexibility and transport of electrons or ions and thereby the rates of electrochemical reactions, the Dendritic Polymers and their surface groups improve biocompatibility so much that some electron transport reduction is acceptable. This molecule can be further polymerized to form larger molecules, aggregates and sheets.
  • TMC + Dendritic Polymer bio-nano power cell (BNPC). Both of these components have been described earlier in the specification and are modifications of known entities. However, for the present invention these two components are joined by covalent bonds and modified for making the BNPC having the present utilities.
  • BNPC have a TMC of Formula 1 as their core that provide the electron transfer mechanism for the BNPC and then are enveloped by a Dendritic Polymer to protect the core and provide the required solubility, biocompatibility, and/or structural properties for the BNPC.
  • TMC of Formula 1
  • Dendritic Polymer to protect the core and provide the required solubility, biocompatibility, and/or structural properties for the BNPC.
  • the BNPC moieties of this invention are shown by the following formula:
  • [M] is an iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;
  • [L-RS] means a ligand or groups of ligands, including monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate ligands (as shown by Formula 1 above) that have a Reactive Site [RS];
  • z is independently from 1 to 6;
  • [Q] means a linker moiety having at least 2 reactive sites and if more that 1 [Q] is present, they may be the same or different moieties;
  • f is independently 0 or from 1 to the number of [RS];
  • b is independently 0 or from 1 to at least the number of [L-RS] present;
  • x means 0 or an integer from 1 to 4000;
  • [PB] means polymer backbone; c is independently 0 or from 1 to 6;
  • [SF] means the surface functionality groups that can either react with or associate with an enzyme, analyte, cross-linking group, or [CM], or be inert;
  • y means from 1 to the total number of possible surface groups available, and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety;
  • t is from 1 to 6, provided that when t is less than 6, the other available sites on [M] may be [L], H, F, CI, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 0, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy, heterocyclic compounds or polymer backbones that do not have reactive sites; and provided that for at least one entity where t is 1 or more, all z are at least 1 and b is 1.
  • BNPC n-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-phenyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • [M] is an iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;
  • k means an integer of 2 where [M] can be the same or different metal ions;
  • [L-RS] means a ligand or groups of ligands, including monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate ligands as shown by the following Formula 1 :
  • Li, L 2 , L3, L 4 , L5, L 6, collectively [L] means the same or different ligand that is bound or associated with the metal [M] and is any organic or inorganic moiety that can associate with [M]; and provided that at least one [L] have at its end terminus a reactive site [RS];
  • z is independently from 1 to 6;
  • [Q] means a linker moiety having at least 2 reactive sites and if more than 1 [Q] is present, they may be the same or different moieties;
  • f is independently 0 or from 1 to the number of [RS];
  • x means 0 or an integer from 1 to 4000;
  • [SF] means the surface functionality groups that can either react with or associate with an enzyme, analyte, cross-linking group, [CM], or be inert;
  • y means from 1 to the total number of possible surface groups available, and if greater than 1 may be the same or different moiety;
  • t is from 1 to 6, provided that when t is less than 6, the other available sites on [M] are [L], H, F, CI, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 0, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy, or heterocyclic compounds; and provided that for at least one entity where t is 1 or more, all z are at least 1.
  • Formula 2 A and one moiety is bound to [M], and configured such that an anode and a cathode are present.
  • BiPyDA BiPyDADme, BiPyDAE, BiPyDCBOA4, BiPyDCBOX, BiPyDCHMDA,
  • BiPyDCPIPZ BiPyDCTMDA, BiPyDDEDAOP, BiPyDTMDA or BiPyDHMDA; or wherein [M] is osmium; or wherein [Q] is DDEDA, DETA, HMD A, TREN, EDA,
  • At least one [L] by its reactive site [RS] may be covalently bonded to at least one other TMC ligand (see Figure 4) or to a [DP] (see Figure 3) or between two [L] reactive sites [RS] and a [DP] or [PB] (see Figure 8).
  • Transition metal complexes shown by Formula 1 above, that are useful as Redox Mediators consist of the following:
  • [M] is a transition metal and is typically iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, or vanadium metal ion;
  • [L g ] that form TMC cores g is from 2- 6 ligands via coordinative bonds as illustrated below:
  • the six ligands of [L g ], Li, L 2 , L3, L 4 , L5, and L 6 in Formula 1 are, in any combination, monodentate, bidentate, tridentate, or tetradentate ligands, as described by a) - h) below: a) six independent monodentate ligands, Li, L 2 , L3, L 4 , L5, and L 6 , which can be the same or different, in combination, as illustrated by Formula 1 above;
  • Li and L 2 in combination are a bidentate ligand
  • L3, L 4 , L5 and L 6 are the same or different mono-dentate ligands, in combination, as illustrated by Formula 1-
  • Formula 1-A c) Li and L 2 in combination are a bidentate ligand, L3 and L 4 in combination are a bidentate ligand, and L5 and L 6 are the same or different mono-dentate ligands, in combination, as illustrated by Formula 1-B below:
  • Formula 1-C is a monodentate ligand, L 2 , L3 and L 4 in combination form a tridentate ligand, and L5 and L 6 in combination form a bidentate ligand, in combination, as illustrated by Formula 1 -D below:
  • Formula 1-D Li, L5 and L 6 in combination form atridentate ligand and L 2 , L3 and L 4 combination form a tridentate ligand, in combination, as illustrated by Formula 1-E below:
  • Some suitable monodentate ligands of Formula 1 include, but are not limited to, F, CI, Br, I, CN, SCN, OH, H 2 0, NH 3 , alkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamine, alkoxy or heterocyclic compounds.
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the ligands are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a Reactive Group.
  • Any alkyl portions of the monodentate ligands generally contain 1 to 12 carbons. More typically, the alkyl portions contain 1 to 6 carbons.
  • the monodentate ligands are heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atom.
  • suitable heterocyclic monodentate ligands include imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyridine, pyrazine and derivatives thereof.
  • One suitable heterocyclic monodentate ligand is substituted or unsubstituted imidazole for Formula 3 below:
  • Ri is generally a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl group. Typically, Ri is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl or alkenyl.
  • Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, N0 2 , CN, C0 2 H, S0 3 H, NHNH 2 ,
  • SH aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, NH 2 , alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxyamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • R3 and R 4 in combination, form a fused 5 or 6-membered ring that is saturated or unsaturated.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9> are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, N0 2 , CN, C0 2 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, NH 2 ,
  • alkylamino dialkylamino, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxyamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino,
  • R5, R 6 , R7, Rs and R9 are H, methyl, Ci -C 2 alkoxy, Ci -C 2 alkylamino, C 2 -C 4 dialkylamino, or a Ci -C 6 lower alkyl substituted with a Reactive Group.
  • Suitable bidentate ligands of Formula 1 include, but are not limited to, amino acids (D, L or both), oxalic acid, acetylacetone, diaminoalkanes, ortho- diaminoarenes, 2,2-biimidazole, 2,2-bioxazole, 2,2-bithiazole, 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole, and 2,2-bipyridine and derivatives thereof.
  • Particularly suitable bidentate ligands for Redox Mediators include substituted and unsubstituted 2,2-biimidazole, 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole and 2,2-bipyridine.
  • the substituted 2,2 biimidazole and 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole ligands can have the same substitution patterns described above for the other 2,2-biimidazole and 2-(2- pyridyl)imidazole ligand.
  • bidendate ligand is a 2,2-biimidazole having the following Formula 5 below:
  • Rio, Rn, Ri 2 , R13, R14, and R15 are substituents attached to carbon atoms of the 2,2-biimidazole and are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, N0 2 , CN, C0 2 H, SO 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, NH 2 , alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxyamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • R14 and R15 in combination or Ri 2 and R1 3 in combination independently form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring.
  • An example of this ring is a 2,2-bibenzoimidazole derivative.
  • the alkyl and alkoxy portions are Ci-Ci 2 .
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a reactive group.
  • Rio, Rn, Ri 2 , R1 3 , R14, and R15 are H, C0 2 H, SO 3 H,
  • Rio, Rn, Ri 2 , R1 3 , Ri4, and R15 are H, methyl, C0 2 H, SO 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, or NH 2 , to provide reactive site functionality [RS] for subsequent branching reactions.
  • Another example of a bidendate ligand is a 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole having the following Formula 6:
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkenyl, or alkyl.
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl.
  • Ri 6 is typically methyl or a C1-C12 alkyl that is optionally substituted with a Reactive Group.
  • Ri7, Ri8, R19, R20, R21, and R 22 are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, N0 2 , CN, C0 2 H, SO 3 H, NHNH2, SH, alkoxylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, N3 ⁇ 4, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxylamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • Ris and R19 in combination or R21 and R22 in combination can form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring.
  • the alkyl and alkoxy portions are C1-C12.
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by H, F, CI, Br, I, CO2H, SO 3 H,
  • R 17 , Ris, R19, R2 0 , R21 and R22 are independently H or unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R21 and R 22 are H, methyl, C0 2 H, S0 3 H,
  • alkoxycarbonyl alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, or N3 ⁇ 4, to provide reactive site functionality [RS] for subsequent branching reactions.
  • Another example of a bidendate ligand is 2,2-bipyridine that has the following
  • R23, R 24 , R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 and R30 are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, NO2, CN, C0 2 H, SO 3 H, NHNH 2 , SH, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, N3 ⁇ 4, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxylamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, or alkyl.
  • R23, R2 4 , R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 and R30 are H, methyl, CO2H, SO 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, or N3 ⁇ 4, to provide reactive site functionality [RS] for subsequent branching reactions.
  • R 2 3, R2 4 , R25, R26, R27, R2 8 , R29 and R 30 include R2 3 and R 30 as H or methyl; R2 4 and R29 as the same and H or methyl; and R26 and R27 as the same and H or methyl.
  • R2 3 and R2 4 on the one hand, and R29 and R 30 , on the other hand, independently form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring.
  • Another combination includes R 26 and R 2 7 forming a saturated or unsaturated five or six membered ring.
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a Reactive Group.
  • Ris and R21 can be the same or different and typically are H, methyl, CO2H, SO 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, or N3 ⁇ 4, to provide reactive site functionality [RS] for subsequent branching reactions.
  • tridentate ligands examples include, but are not limited to,
  • 2,2,2"-terpyridine 2,6-bis(N-pyrazolyl)pyridine, and derivatives of these compounds.
  • 2,2,2"-terpyridine and 2,6-bis(N-pyrazolyl)pyridine have the following general Formulae 8 and 9, respectively:
  • R 3 i , R 32 and R 33 are independently H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl. Typically, R 3 i , R 32 and R 33 are H, methyl, C0 2 H, S0 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl,
  • R 34 , R 5 and R 36 are independently H, F, CI, Br, I, N0 2 , CN, C0 2 H, S0 H, NHNH 2 ,SH, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, alkoxy, NH 2 , alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, alkanoylamino, arylcarboxamido, hydrazino, alkylhydrazino, hydroxylamino, alkoxylamino, alkylthio, alkenyl, aryl, or alkyl.
  • alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a Reactive Group.
  • R 34 , R 3 ⁇ 4 and R 36 are H, methyl, C0 2 H, SO 3 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, OH, or NH 2 , to provide reactive site functionality [RS] for subsequent branching reactions.
  • tridentate ligands examples include, but are not limited to,
  • Reactive site functionality [RS] moieties must be attached to at least one [L] to enable branching, crosslinking and other reactions to occur with Dendritic Polymers, Polymer Backbones or other surface functionalities [SF].
  • the focal point functionality [FF] moieties serve to enable a dendron to be used as a reactive site at its focal point that is further reacted, including but not limited to joining two or more dendrons together or reacting with a TMC through [L-RS] or in place of [L-RS], another branching agent [BR], or extender [EX] and [BR].
  • the maximum [FF] moieties possible are N 0 -l of the TMC (in place of [L] but at least one [L] must be present) but also on the number of available reactive [L-RS]. When all [L-RS] reactive entities are not reacted, then [RS] is present and observed.
  • a Dendritic Polymer is formed where the core is TMC and the dendrons completely covalently surround it in the usual dendritic manner.
  • a is from 1 to the valence of the metal [M], especially from lto 6 [RS] moieties.
  • Preferred [RS] moieties to react with a dendron are hydrogen, thiols, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, cyclic ethers (e.g., crown ethers, cryptands), porphyrins, hydroxyl, maleimides, alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls, alkyl halides, arylalkyl halides, phosphinos, phosphines, boranes, alcohols, aldehydes, acrylates, cyclic anhydrides, aziridines, pyridines, nitriles, itaconates, cyclic thiolactones, thioranes, azetidines, cyclic lactones, macrocyclics (e.g., DOTA, D03A), chelating ligands (e.g., DTP A) isocyanates, isothiocyanates, oligonucleotides
  • siloxanes or its derivatives e.g., BOC or ketone solvent protected
  • siloxanes or its derivatives e.g., BOC or ketone solvent protected
  • siloxanes or its derivatives e.g., BOC or ketone solvent protected
  • substituted derivatives or combinations thereof e.g., groups suitable for click chemistry (e.g., polyazido or polyalkyne functionality).
  • the number of carbons present in each of these hydrocarbon moieties, when present, is from at least 1 to 25; halo means chloro, bromo, fluoro, or iodo; hetero means S, N, O, Si, B, or P.
  • Preferred groups are mercapto, amino, carboxyl and carboxyl esters, oxazoline, isothiocyanates, isocyanates, hydroxyl, epoxy, orthoester, acrylates, methacrylates, styrenyl, and vinylbenzylic moieties.
  • the ability of the [FF] group(s) on the dendron to react further can be estimated by N-SIS.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a BNPC with a TMC core and 6 [L] where 1 [L] has been reacted with a starting material for a Dendritic Polymer.
  • the BNPC of the present invention is formed by the reaction of TMC and Dendritic Polymers as shown in Formula 2.
  • TMC is the core TCI of the BNPC
  • a transition metal complex core [TMC-C] includes a simple transition metal complex core [TMC]-[C], a multiple transition metal complex core [m-TMC-C], a scaffolding transition metal complex core [s-TMC-C], a super transition metal complex core [sp-TMC-C] and a carried material transition metal complex core [CM-TMC-C].
  • These cores may be electrophilic (E), nucleophilic (N) or other (O) moiety as described hereafter.
  • the core [C] must be capable of further reaction. Additionally, one or more, but less than all, of the core functionalities N 0 may be temporarily or permanently capped with a non- reactive group (e.g., ⁇ -BOC, esters, acetals, ketals, etc.).
  • a simple transition metal complex core [TMC]-[C] is virtually any core having at least two reactive ends can be used.
  • the Dendritic Polymer is a PEHAM then, when there are only two such reactive ends, a branch cell [BR] group is reacted at some point during the formation of the BNPC and either an interior functionality [IF] or extender [EX] or both are also present in the final BNPC.
  • a multiple transition metal complex core [m-TMC-C] is virtually any core with at least two reactive ends can be used, provided that when there are only two such reactive ends, two or more [M] and [L] complexes, a [BR] group is reacted at some point during the formation of the BNPC and either a [IF] or [EX] or both are also present in the final BNPC.
  • Multiple transition metal complex cores may have the same or different enzyme receptors as [SF] such that, in some iterations, an anode and a cathode are contained within the same core.
  • a scaffolding transition metal complex core [s-TMC-C] is one where the simple core has other moieties or entities attached which then serve as the platform for the Dendritic Polymer growth to the first generation.
  • Examples of [s-TMC-C] include, but are not limited to, capped materials, such as TMPTA capped with ⁇ , PETGE, TMPTGE, TPEGE, or TPMTGE, each capped with one or more aminoethylpiperazine, azides, propargyl functionalities, piperazine, di-imminodiacetic acids, or epoxide surface PEHAMS or mixtures thereof.
  • One of the most useful scaffolding cores is where a TMC is attached to a reactive end containing polymer, via direct covalent connection or by connecting group reactions. The reactive end of either the TMC or the polymer can be used for dendritic branching reactions or other reactions to protect the core.
  • a super transition metal complex core [sp-TMC-C] is where a TMC serves as the core functionality and other dendritic structures may be attached or grown from its surface.
  • Some examples of super cores are: [TMC-C] as the core with PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; [TMC-C] as the core with PEHAM grown on or attached to its surface; [TMC-C] as the core with PEHAM and PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; [m-TMC-C] as the core with PEHAM and PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; [m-TMC-C] as the core with PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; [m- TMC-C] as the core and PEHAM is grown on or attached to its surface; [s-TMC-C] as the core with PEHAM and PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; [s-TMC-C] as the core with PAMAM grown on or attached to its surface; or [s-TMC-C] as the core with PEHAM is
  • a [sp-TMC-C] is also where a TMC serves as the core functionality and other dendritic structures are attached or grown from its surface (e.g., at [L-RS]).
  • Carried materials [CM] such as zero valent metal particles (e.g., Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt), gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods, colloids, latex particles, metal oxides, micelles, vesicles, liposomes, buckyballs, carbon nanotubes (single and multi wall), carbon fibers, silica or bulk metal surfaces, or other structures, are attached to or grown from the carried material transition metal complex core [CM-TMC-C] surface.
  • CM transition metal complex core
  • TMC cores of any of the above types are referred to as [TMC-C] and have at least one nucleophilic (Nu) or one electrophilic (E) moiety; or a polyvalent core bonded to at least two ordered dendritic branches (O); or a core atom or molecule that may be any monovalent or monofunctional moiety or any polyvalent or polyfunctional moiety, prefer- ably a polyfunctional moiety having 2-2300 valence bonds of functional sites available for bonding with dendritic branches.
  • Nu nucleophilic
  • E electrophilic
  • O ordered dendritic branches
  • core atom or molecule that may be any monovalent or monofunctional moiety or any polyvalent or polyfunctional moiety, prefer- ably a polyfunctional moiety having 2-2300 valence bonds of functional sites available for bonding with dendritic branches.
  • the [M] or the [L] must have a reactive group that is able to further react and bond with a Dendritic Polymer.
  • Nucleophilic core examples present on the TMC include ammonia, water, hydrogen sulfide, phosphine, poly(alkylenediamines) such as EDA, HMDA, dodecyl diamines, polyalkylene polyamines such as DETA, TETA, tetraethylenepentaamine,
  • pentaethylenehexamine poly(propyleneimine), linear and branched poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(amidoamines), primary amines such as methylamine, hydroxyethylamine,
  • octadecylamine poly(methylenediamines), macrocyclic/ cryptand polyamines,
  • arylmethyl halides e.g., benzylic halides
  • hyperbranched e.g., polylysine
  • Zra-2-(aminoethylamine) e.g., Zra-2-(aminoethylamine
  • heterocyclic amines star/combbranched polyamines
  • nucleophilic cores are polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl amines, ethylene glycol, polyalkylene polyols, polyalkylene polymercaptans, thiophenols and phenols. Any of these cores may be as capped cores [e.g., ieri-butoxycarbonyl (BOC)] where at least one N 0 valence is uncapped.
  • BOC ieri-butoxycarbonyl
  • electrophilic cores present on the TMC include those where the core is converted to an (E) with Bronsted/Lewis acids or alkylation/acylation agents and is cyclic ethers (e.g., epoxides), oxiranes, cyclic sulfides (epichlorosulfide), aziridines, azetidines, siloxanes, oxetanes, oxazolines, oxazines, carbamates, caprolactones, carboxyanhydrides, thiolactones, sultones, ⁇ -lactams, ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic esters such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, (C 2 -C 18 alkyl)methacrylate esters, acrylonitrile, methyl ita- conate, dimethyl fumarates, maleic anhydride, and amides such as acrylamide or any of these
  • polyfunctional initiator cores for (O) as (C) that can be present in the TMC that are compounds capable of generating a polyvalent core or free- radical receptor groups (e.g., olefinics), or 1 ,3-dipolar cyclo-addition moieties (e.g., polyalkynes and polyazides). Also included are star/combbranched polyamines.
  • Preferred moieties of these cores are triacrylate, tetraacrylates, triaziridine, tetraaziridine, triazide, tetraazide, trithiorane, tetrathiorane, trioxazoline, tetraoxazoline, triepoxide, tetraepoxide, diglycidyl aniline, aminoalkylol such as aminoethanol, alkylenediamine such as ethylenediamine, triphenylmethane, neopentyl alcohols, triglycidylether, triarylmethane, tetraarylmethane, tetraglycidylether, Ws(glycidoxyphenyl)alkane, methylene
  • the metal osmium is complexed to two substituted 2,2-biimidazole ligands and one substituted or unsubstituted 2,2-bipyridine ligand.
  • Rio and Rn are methyl; R12, R13, R14, R15, R23, R24, R26, R27, R29 and R30 are H; R25 and R28 are independently H, methyl, C1-C12 alkylamino, C2-C24 dialkylamino, carboxylic acid, activated ester, or amine.
  • the alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a reactive group.
  • R25 and R28 are a C1-C12 alkylamino or C2-C24 dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, the alkyl portion(s) of which are substituted with a Reactive Group, such as a carboxylic acid, activated ester, or amine.
  • a Reactive Group such as a carboxylic acid, activated ester, or amine.
  • the alkylamino group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the dialkylamino group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • Formula 11 wherein: the metal osmium is complexed to two substituted 2,2-biimidazole ligands and one substituted or unsubstituted 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole ligand.
  • Rio, Rn, R12, R1 3 , R14, Ri5, Ri6, Rn, Ri8, R19, R20, R21, R22, c, d, and X are the same as described above.
  • Rio and Rn are methyl; R12, R1 3 , R14, R15, R2 0 , R21 , and R22 are independently H or methyl; Rn . and R19 are the same and are H; R 1 ⁇ 2 , and Ris are
  • alkyl or aryl portions of any of the substituents are optionally substituted by F, CI, Br, I, alkylamino, dialkylamino, diaminoalkanes, trialkylammonium (except on aryl portions), alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or a reactive group.
  • the TMC of Formula 1 also include TMC that form dimers and larger networks of TMC by directed coordination by one or more of ligands [L], Li, L2, L3, L 4 , L5, and L 6 , or through coupling reactions through one or more of ligands [L], Li, L2, L3, L 4 , L5, and L 6 .
  • the TMC of Formula 1 also include TMC that are coupled to a polymeric backbone through one or more of ligands [L], Li, L 2 , L 3 , L 4 , L5, and L 6 as depicted by Figure 6.
  • the polymeric backbone has functional groups that act as ligands [L] of the TMC.
  • Such polymeric backbones include, for example, poly(N-vinylpyridine) and poly(N-vinylimidazole) in which the pyridine and imidazole groups, respectively, can act as monodentate ligands [L] of the TMC.
  • the TMC can be the reaction product between a reactive group on a precursor polymer and a reactive group on a ligand of a precursor transition metal complex (such as a complex of Formula 1 above where one of L, Li, L2, L3 and L 4 includes a Reactive Group).
  • Suitable precursor polymers include, for example, poly(acrylic acid), styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, methylvinylether/maleic anhydride copolymer (GANTREX polymer), poly(vinylbenzylchloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, carboxy- poly(vinylpyridine, and poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate).
  • the TMC can have Reactive Group(s) for immobilization or conjugation of the complexes to other substrates or carriers, examples of which include, but are not limited to, macromolecules (e.g., enzymes) and surfaces (e.g., electrode surfaces).
  • the transition metal complex precursor includes at least one reactive group [RS] that reacts with a reactive group on the polymer, substrate, or carrier.
  • RS reactive group
  • covalent bonds are formed between the two reactive groups to generate a linkage. Examples of such linkages are provided in Table 1 , below.
  • one of the reactive groups is an electrophile (E) and the other reactive group is a nucleophile (N). These groups are well known in the art.
  • esters generally include esters of succinimidyl, benzotriazolyl, or aryl substituted by electron-withdrawing groups such as sulfo, nitro, cyano, or halo; or carboxylic acids activated by carbodiimides.
  • BNPC is TTMC-Cl + Dendritic Polymer
  • BNPC of the present invention may have one or more of the following
  • redox potentials in a particular range the ability to exchange electrons rapidly with electrodes, the ability to rapidly transfer electrons to or rapidly accept electrons from an enzyme to accelerate the kinetics of electro-oxidation or electro-reduction of an analyte in the presence of an enzyme or another analyte-specific redox catalyst.
  • a redox mediator may accelerate the electro-oxidation of glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase or PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase, a process that can be useful for the selective assay of glucose in the presence of other electrochemically oxidizable species.
  • Compounds having Formula 2 are examples of BNPC of the present invention.
  • BNPC of the present invention can be soluble in water or other aqueous solutions, or in organic solvents.
  • the BNPC can be made soluble in either aqueous or organic solvents by having an appropriate counter ion or ions, X.
  • X counter ion or ions
  • TMC complexed with small counter anions, such as F “ , CI " , and Br " tend to be water soluble.
  • TMC with bulky counter anions, such as I “ , BF 4 " and PF 6 " tend to be soluble in organic solvents.
  • the solubility of TMC and BNPC of the present invention is greater than about 0.1 M (moles/liter) at 25°C for a desired solvent.
  • TMC discussed above are useful as Redox Mediators in electrochemical sensors for the detection of analytes in bio-fluids.
  • TMC as Redox Mediators is described, for example, in US Patents 5,262,035; 5,262,305; 5,320,725; 5,365,786;
  • TMC used in the present BNPC of Formula 2 have been modified from those TMC of Formula A as known in the prior art for this invention.
  • the BNPC is an improved system for the use of TMC.
  • the Redox Mediator is disposed on or in proximity to (e.g., in a solution surrounding) a working electrode.
  • the Redox Mediator transfers electrons between the working electrode and an analyte.
  • an enzyme is also included to facilitate the transfer.
  • the Redox Mediator transfers electrons between the working electrode and glucose (typically via an enzyme) in an enzyme- catalyzed reaction of glucose.
  • Redox polymers are particularly useful for forming non- leachable coatings on the working electrode. These can be formed, for example, by crosslinking the redox polymer on the working electrode, or by crosslinking the redox polymer and the enzyme on the working electrode.
  • One of the advantages of the present BNPC is that the Dendritic Polymer aids the retention of the TMC on the working electrode without crosslinking.
  • TMC or BNPC can enable accurate, reproducible and quick or continuous assays.
  • TMC Redox Mediators accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes or analytes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with an electrode. Typically, the rate of self exchange, the process in which a reduced Redox Mediator transfers an electron to an oxidized Redox Mediator, is rapid. At a defined Redox Mediator concentration, this provides for more rapid transport of electrons between the enzyme (or analyte) and electrode, and thereby shortens the response time of the sensor. Additionally, the novel TMC Redox Mediators are typically stable under ambient light and at the temperatures encountered in use, storage and transportation.
  • the transition metal complex redox mediators do not undergo chemical change, other than oxidation and reduction, in the period of use or under the conditions of storage, though the redox mediators can be designed to be activated by reacting, for example, with water or the analyte.
  • the TMC can be used as a Redox Mediator in combination with a redox enzyme to electro-oxidize or electro-reduce the analyte or a compound derived of the analyte, for example by hydrolysis of the analyte.
  • the redox potentials of the Redox Mediators are generally more positive (i.e. more oxidizing) than the redox potentials of the redox enzymes when the analyte is electro-oxidized and more negative when the analyte is electro-reduced.
  • the redox potentials of the preferred TMC Redox Mediators used for electro- oxidizing glucose with glucose oxidase or PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase as enzyme is between about -200 mV and +200 mV versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and the most preferred mediators have redox potentials between about -100 mV and about +100 mV versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
  • Transition Metal Complex core covalently attached to a Polymer Backbone [TMC- Cl+fPBl.
  • Dendritic Polymers [DP] are well known as indicated by the above cited patents and references.
  • the Dendritic Polymer is used to grow to nano-scale the TMC (of any of the types discussed above) using various surface reactive groups to covalently bind the Dendritic Polymer to the TMC.
  • the [BR] reagent may be formed in situ from a precursor of a [BR].
  • These [BR] moieties must be able to undergo such a reaction and result in a covalent presentation of a multiplicity or amplification of reactive groups that [BR] of the lower generation product to grow the dendrimer to the next generation.
  • the [BR] may react with a co-reactant to form a core adduct and further reacted with a second co-reactant.
  • the co-reactants can be [TMC-C] as a core, [FF], [BR] or [EX].
  • the [BR] can be selected to react and form bonds with the [TMC-C] or terminal functionalities [TF] groups of the prior lower generation dendrimer which is now being further reacted to grow the next higher generation.
  • any multifunctional [TMC- C] may also serve as a [BR].
  • [BR] occurs in more than one generation, it may be the same or different [BR] moiety.
  • co-reactants for bonding with the electrophilic cores include nucleophilic moieties such as uncapped or partially protected polyamines both branched and linear, primary and secondary, DETA, IMAE, DEA, DBA, TETA, tetraethylenepentaamine, PEI, methylamine, BAA, hydroxyethylamine, octadecylamine, DEIDA,
  • nucleophilic moieties such as uncapped or partially protected polyamines both branched and linear, primary and secondary, DETA, IMAE, DEA, DBA, TETA, tetraethylenepentaamine, PEI, methylamine, BAA, hydroxyethylamine, octadecylamine, DEIDA,
  • poly(methylenediamines) such as HMDA, polyaminoalkylarenes, ins(aminoalkyl)amines such as TREN, TRIS, linear and branched PEI, linear and branched PAMAM, heterocyclic amines such as imidazolines, piperidines, aminoalkyl PIPZ, PEA, PETGE, and various other amines such as hydroxyethylaminoethylamine, HEDA, mercaptoalkylamines,
  • nucleophilic reactants include polyols such as pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol, polyalkylene polyols such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1 ,2-dimercaptoethane and polyalkylene polymercaptans; thiophenols and phenols.
  • nucleophilic reactants are acetylenic polyepoxides, hydroxyalkyl azides, alkyl azides, tri- and tetra-aziridines, tri- and tetra-oxazolines, thiol alkyls, thiol [FF] dendrons, allyl groups, acrylates, methacrylates. Any of the above moieties may have olefinic functionality or capped moieties.
  • Preferred are the triacrylate, tetraacrylates, triepoxide, tetraepoxide, diallyl amine, diethanol amine, diethyliminodiacetate, bis(2- haloalkyl)amine, ins(hydroxymethylamine), protected DETA, or methyl acrylate may be used, including in situ.
  • cyclic ethers epoxides
  • oxiranes epichlorosulfide
  • aziridines azetidines
  • siloxanes oxetanes
  • oxazolines oxazines
  • carbamates caprolactones
  • carboxyanhydrides thiolactones
  • ⁇ -lactams or derivatives thereof.
  • triacrylate More preferred are triacrylate, tetraacrylates, triepoxide, tetraepoxide, triazides, tetraazides, BAA, DEA, DEIDA, PETGE, PETriGE, PETriAE, HEDA, PEA, TREN, TRIS, dimethyliminodiacetate, protected DETA (with ketonic solvents), or methyl acrylate, including in situ.
  • a nucleophilic moiety can be reacted with an electrophilic reactant to form a core adduct [TMC + adduct] which is then reacted with a suitable second coreactant to form the dendrimer.
  • Suitable reagents are those that may undergo free radical additions or participate in 1 ,3-cyclo-addition reactions, that is "click" chemistry that include but are not limited to acetylenic polyepoxides, hydroxyalkyl azides, alkyl azides, triazoles, thiol alkyls, thio [FF] dendrons, allyl groups, acrylates,
  • [BR] When the [BR] moiety is part of a ring-opening reaction such [BR] may be cyclic ethers (epoxides), oxiranes, sulfides (epichlorosulfide), aziridines, azetidines, siloxanes, oxetanes, oxazolines, oxazines, carbamates, caprolactones, carboxyanhydrides, thiolactones, and betalactams. When this reaction occurs, in addition to the branching function, the [BR] may also form an [IF] in situ as a result of unreacted groups left on the [BR].
  • cyclic ethers epoxides
  • oxiranes oxiranes
  • sulfides epichlorosulfide
  • aziridines azetidines
  • siloxanes oxetanes
  • oxazolines oxazolines
  • Preferred [BR] moieties are triacrylate, tetraacrylates, triepoxide, tetraepoxide, diallyl amine (BAA), diethanol amine (DEA), diethyliminodiacetate (DEIDA),
  • methyl acrylate may be used, as an electrophilic reagent to generate [BR] in situ by addition to amines or thiols.
  • Interior functionality [IF] is a unique feature of the PEHAM dendrimers created by the reaction of appropriate branch cell reagents leading to the [BR] that are growing from generation to generation, G.
  • the interior reactive sites ⁇ i.e. hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, amine, phosphine, alkylsilane, silane, boranes, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, chloro, bromo, alkene, alkyne, or alkyl- or aryl-amide, etc.
  • This provides an interior covalent chemistry handle which may be further reacted, while maintaining the important internal functionality suitable for association with a further group, chelation or encapsulation.
  • [IF] also provide unique attachment sites for adjusting the hydro- phobic/hydrophilic features of the interior of the Dendritic Polymer, for introduction of polymerization initiators or sites, or for attachment of or association with therapeutic entities as pro-drugs.
  • Preferred [IF] moieties are: hydroxyl, thiol, an alkylene ester and amine.
  • Extenders [EX] may be present in the interior of the dendrimer. They provide a means to lengthen the distance and thereby increase the space between the core [TMC-C] and subsequent generations, G, of the dendrimer and preferably must have two or more reactive sites, unless the [EX] is in the last G when it can have one reactive site and effectively terminates further G growth or caps the Dendritic Polymer for [TF] or only partially caps it. These enhancements in interior space volume increase the capacity for the dendrimer to encapsulate carrier materials [CM] further described below. These [EX] may occur prior to or after the [BR] moiety or both prior to and after the [BR] moiety. These [EX] may also have an [IF] moiety present. These [EX] have at least two reactive sites and optionally may contain an [IF] or may form [IF] in situ. It is possible to consecutively react [EX] before any other reaction in any G; and in that case [EX] may be the same or different.
  • Preferred extenders [EX] are poly(amino acids) such as polylysine, other poly(amino acids), lysine, other amino acids, oligoethyleneglycols, diethylenetetraamine and higher amine analogs, oligoalkylenamines protected as 5-membered imidazolidyl derivatives [see Araki et al., 21(7), 1995-2001 (1988)], fatty acids with di- or greater heterogeneous or homogenous functionality, unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic difunctional or polyfunctional moieties, EA, morpholine, dicarboxylic acids, EPC, 1,2,3-triazoles, EVIAE, aryl
  • dimercaptans dimercaptoalkanes, DMI, diazides, diacetylenes, pyrrolidone, pyrrolidone esters, aminoalkyl imidazolines, imidazolines, poly(alkyleneimidazolidines),
  • mercaptoalkylamines hydroxyalkylamines, and heterogeneous unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic difunctional or polyfunctional moieties (e.g., imidazolidyl moieties).
  • Additional preferred [EX] are diaminoalkanes, diphenols, dithiophenols, aromatic poly(carboxylic acids), mercaptoamines, mercaptoethanol, allylamines, PEA, PIPZ, polyPIPZs, AEP, EPC, cyclic pyrrolidine derivatives, EDA, DEIDA, and hyperbranched dendritic polymers such as those derived from polylysine, poly(esteramide), hyperbranched dendritic polymers such as those derived from polylysine, poly(esteramide), poly(amidoam- ine), poly(ethyleneimine) or poly(propyleneimine) moieties.
  • PEA More preferred are PEA, DMI, methyl acrylate, EPC, 1 ,2, 3-triazoles, IMAE, PIPZ, aminoalkyl piperazines, poly- (alkylenepiperazines), diamines possessing disulfide moieties, MIPIEP,
  • Terminal functional groups [SF] are moieties that are sufficiently reactive to undergo addition or substitution reactions, or ring-opening, or any functionally active moiety that can be used to propagate the dendritic branch to the next generation including but not limited to free radical and 1,3-dipolar cyclo-addition reactive moieties. Some but not all [SF] moieties may react to form the next generation, G, dendrimer and the [SF] groups may be the same or different.
  • the [SF] can be polymer initiation groups. When the [SF] moiety is the last G, then that [SF] may be unreactive.
  • the (y) term refers to the number of surface groups mathematically defined by the G.
  • terminal groups [SF] are, including but not limited to, amino groups [including primary and secondary, which may be capped, but has at least one uncapped amino group present (e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, hydrazino groups, benzylamino, glucosamine, an amino acid, mercaptoethylamino), tertiary amino (e.g., dimethylamino, diethylamino, Ws(hydroxyethyl)amino), quaternary amino groups, trialkyl ammonium, Ws(hydroxyethyl)amino, Ws(2-haloethyl)amino, N-alkylated, N-arylated, N-acylated derivatives]; hydroxyl, mercpato, carboxyl, alkenyl, allyl, aryl, meth- alkyl, vinyl, amido, halo, urea,
  • Preferred surface groups [SF] are polyethyleneglycol, pyrrolidone, pyrrolidone esters, carboxypiperidines, piperidines, piperazines, substituted piperazines, aminoalkyl piperazines, hexylamides, aldehydes, azides, oxetanes, dyes (e.g., near infrared
  • fluorchromes such as cyanine derivatives, FrTC), colorimetric (e.g., Nile red),
  • photochromic moieties e.g., sydnones, phorphines
  • amidoethylethanolamines carbomethoxypyrrolidinone
  • succinamic acid amidoethanol
  • amino acids protected amino acids
  • antibodies and fragments, proteins, peptides, cyclopep tides, cationic steroids macrocyclic groups, azacrown ethers,
  • antibiotics/antibacterials e.g., aminoglycosides, amphenicols, ansamycins, ⁇ -lactams (such as penicillin, cephalosporins, cephamycins, oxacephems, carbapenems), tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, nitrofurans, quinolones, sulfonamides, sulfones], antineoplastics [e.g., alkyl sulfonates, aziridines, epoxides, ethyleneimines and methylmelamines, nitrogen mustards, nitroureas, purine analogs, androgens, antiadrenals, antiandrogens, antiestrogens, estrogens, LHRH analogs, progestogens and others], folic acid and analogs, epoxides, acrylates, methacrylates, amines,
  • SF can be further reacted with any carried material [CM] that can be associated with the [SF] entity and may be from one [CM] to the maximum possible z present on the surface, only limited by N-SIS. Additionally some [SF] can be further reacted with [BR] or [EX] to grow the surface more.
  • CM carried material
  • preferred [SF] groups are PIPZ and its derivatives, alkyl PIPZ, aminoalkyl PIPZ, 1 ,2,3-triazoles, IMEA, acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamides, alkynes, hydroxyl, epoxide, oxazoline, alkyleneimines, lactones, azalactones, polyethylene oxides, amino, ethyl imines, carboxylates, alkyl, aziridine, azides, ethyl imines, alkyl esters, epoxides, alcohol groups, alkylthiols, thiols, thioranes, morpholines, amines, hydrazinyl, carboxyl, allyl, azidyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxylalkylamino, protected DETA, carboxyalkyl, pyrrolidone (and its esters), and succimidyl esters.
  • Divergent dendritic growth can be precisely controlled to form ideal dendritic polymers which obey mathematical formulas, at least through the first several generations of growth.
  • the radii of dendrimer molecules increase in a linear manner as a function of generation during ideal divergent growth, whereas the surface cells amplify according to a geometric progression law, ideal dendritic growth does not extend indefinitely.
  • the surface becomes so crowded with terminal functional groups that, although the terminal groups are chemically reactive, they are sterically prohibited from participating further in ideal dendritic growth.
  • the de Gennes dense-packed stage is reached in divergent dendrimer synthesis when the average free volume available to the reactive terminal group decreases below the molecular volume required for the transition state of the desired reaction to extend the dendritic growth to the next generation.
  • the appearance of the de Gennes dense-packed stage in divergent synthesis does not preclude further dendritic growth beyond this point. It has been demonstrated by mass spectrographic studies that further increase in the molecular weight can occur beyond the de Gennes dense-packed stage. However, this occurs in a non-ideal fashion that no longer adheres to values predicted by dendritic mathematics.
  • the moieties [TMC-C], [BR], [IF], [RS] and [EX] can contain atoms that are radioactive isotopes when desired.
  • 3 H or 14 C can be used to trace the location of the BNPC in a biopathway or location of by-product or metabolite of the BNPC.
  • the BNPC of Formula 2 can be reacted with a wide variety of compounds to produce polyfunctional compounds with unique characteristics.
  • a BNPC having terminal amine moieties may be reacted with unsaturated nitriles to yield a polynitrile, or with an a, ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated amide to form a polyamide, ⁇ , ⁇ - ethylenically unsaturated ester to form an ester terminated BNPC, an oxirane to form a polyol, ethylenically unsaturated sulfide to form a thiol terminated BNPC.
  • a BNPC having terminal hydroxyl moieties may be reacted with a carboxylic acid to form an ester terminated BNPC, with an alcohol or alkylhalide to form an ether terminated BNPC, with isocyanate to form a urethane terminated BNPC, with thionyl chloride to a chloride terminated BNPC, and with tosylate to form a tosyl-terminated BNPC.
  • TMC or BNPC Enzyme Receptors [SF]
  • TMC Proper selection of the [RS] groups of ligands [L] can greatly enhance the electron transfer properties of the TMC.
  • TMC that generate negative voltages are particularly useful for anodes, while TMC that generate positive voltages are particularly useful for cathodes.
  • a negative voltage TMC with a reducing enzyme such as glucose oxidase (GOX) or lactate oxidase (LOX)
  • a positive voltage TMC with an oxidizing enzyme such as bilirubin oxidase (BOD) can further enhance the cathode's positive voltage.
  • a reducing enzyme such as glucose oxidase (GOX) or lactate oxidase (LOX)
  • LOX lactate oxidase
  • BOD bilirubin oxidase
  • Redox potentials of the preferred TMC Redox Mediators used for electro-oxidizing glucose with glucose oxidase or PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase as enzyme is between about - 200 mV and +200 mV versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and the most preferred mediators have redox potentials between about -100 mV and about +100 mV versus a
  • receptors can be attached to the [SF] moieties of the BNPC to promote attraction of the BNPC to specific target sites. Once the BNPC has been attracted to the target site, its active enzyme receptors (above) can generate power to deliver [CM] to the target site. In some cases, the generation of localized power to the target site will have therapeutic properties, without the need to deliver [CM].
  • BNPC useful for the present invention
  • TMC transfer electrons and power generation
  • Dendritic Polymer structure that protects the TMC for biocompatibility and [CM] delivery, Formula 2 above.
  • some of the targeting receptor moieties can be quite large, even larger than the [TMC-C] and Dendritic Polymer of the BNPC.
  • TMC wherein one of the ligands [L] is a polymer
  • This molecule can be further polymerized to form larger molecules.
  • Figure 8 only the first layer of Dendritic Polymer is shown; additional layers can be added and the epoxide moieties can be functionalized to improve solubility and biocompatibility.
  • Electron transport involves an exchange of electrons between segments/components of the BNPC (e.g., one or more [TMC-C] coupled to a Dendritic Polymeric as a backbone, as described above) in a film disposed on an electrode.
  • the BNPC can be bound to the Dendritic Polymer backbone though covalent, coordinative or ionic bonds, where covalent and coordinative binding are preferred. Electron exchange occurs, for example, through the collision of different segments of the Dendritic Polymer and the [TMC-C].
  • Electrons transported through the Dendritic Polymer can originate from, for example, electro- oxidation or electro-reduction of an enzymatic substrate, such as, for example, the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase.
  • an enzymatic substrate such as, for example, the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase.
  • the [CM] is an enzyme in a BNPC-[CM] entity.
  • Preferred anode enzymes for the electro-oxidation of the anode reductant include, for example, PQQ glucose dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, PQQ fructose dehydrogenase, quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase, pyranose oxidase, oligosaccharide dehydrogenase, and lactate oxidase.
  • Preferred cathode enzymes for the electro-reduction of the cathode oxidant include, for example, tyrosinase, horseradish peroxidase, soybean peroxidase, other peroxidases, laccases, RuBisCo, and/or cytochrome C peroxidases.
  • the choice of Dendritic Polymer can influence the transport of electrons or ions and thereby the rates of the electrochemical reactions.
  • a reduction in segment mobility can slow the diffusion of electrons or ions through the Dendritic Polymer film.
  • a reduction in the diffusivity of electrons can require a concomitant reduction in the thickness of the film on the electrode, where electrons or electron vacancies are collected or delivered.
  • Os metal [TMC-C] with a dendrigraft or PEHAM as the Dendritic Polymer facilitates the transport of electrons to the electrode. Because the [TMC] can be interior in the Dendritic Polymer this BNPC can reduce leaching and shear problems of the film on the electrode. Because a dendrigraft can carry many [TMC] moieties, it makes more [TMC] groups available for use and the number can be regulated.
  • Dendritic Polymers yields a more uniform rod-like structure (e.g., spherelike structures in a row, rods, or dendrigrafts) with sufficient biocompatibility so that a separate membrane layer or other layer is not required.
  • This molecule can be further polymerized to form larger molecules.
  • Various BNPC can be used for this purpose such as a BNPC Dimer Aggregate (Figure 9), a BNPC Anode-Cathode Aggregate ( Figure 10), and a BNPC Polymeric Aggregate ( Figure 11). These molecules can be polymerized into larger molecules that have unique geometric shapes, such as sheets, aggregates, larger spheres, rods, etc. that are at least nano-scale.
  • [CM] can be attached and/or encapsulated by this drug delivery molecule.
  • the BNPC can be activated by the targeting receptor moieties to facilitate "on-demand" [CM] delivery.
  • TMC targeting receptor moieties to facilitate "on-demand" [CM] delivery.
  • BNPC Conjugate Figure 12
  • BNPC Polymeric Conjugate Figure 13
  • BNPC Dimer Aggregate Conjugate Figure 14
  • BNPC Anode-Cathode Aggregate Conjugate Figure 15
  • BNPC Polymeric Aggregate Conjugate Figure 16
  • TMC that transfer electrons to generate power
  • TMC generally have redox potentials in a particular range, exchange electrons rapidly, and transfer electrons to or accept electrons from an enzyme or other analyte- specific redox catalyst.
  • Glucose oxidase (GOX), lactate oxidase (LOX) or bilirubin oxidase (BOD) is particularly useful to accelerate the kinetics of electro-reduction or electro-oxidation.
  • BNPC with simple and multiple [TMC-C] are particularly useful for localized power generation. Localized power generation is useful for therapeutic, carried material [CM] delivery and other applications.
  • BNPC with multiple, scaffolding, or super [TMC-C] are particularly useful for distributed power generation.
  • Distributed power generation is useful for biosensor, biofuel cell, carried material [CM] delivery and other applications.
  • BNPC BNPC are useful for therapeutic applications and with carried material [CM] delivery for in vivo localized use.
  • BNPC are very useful for transporting carried materials [CM] such as therapeutics to targeted sites; when the transition metal complex core is activated by an enzyme receptor, the energized BNPC releases the therapeutic "on-demand". This property is particularly useful for scavenging metastatic cancer cells so that cancer therapeutics can be delivered only at the targeted site, thus reducing the need for systemic cancer treatments.
  • CM carried materials
  • the wide variety of targeting receptors, enzyme receptors and carried materials make BNPC's localized power distribution properties useful for a broad range of applications.
  • BNPC are also useful generating therapeutic levels of energy at targeted sites; when the transition metal complex core is activated by an enzyme receptor, the BNPC molecule becomes energized, providing therapeutic properties.
  • the BNPC discussed above are useful as Redox Mediators in electrochemical sensors for the detection of analytes in bio-fluids.
  • the BNPC that include a polymeric backbone and are Redox Mediators can also be referred to as "Redox Polymeric Power Cells".
  • Redox Mediators may accelerate the electro-oxidation of glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase or PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase; a process that can be useful for the selective assay of glucose in the presence of other electrochemically oxidizable species.
  • Compounds having the Formula 1 are examples of TMC of the present invention.
  • the Redox Mediator is disposed on or in proximity to ⁇ e.g., in a solution surrounding) a working electrode.
  • the Redox Mediator transfers electrons between the working electrode and an analyte.
  • an enzyme is also included to facilitate the transfer.
  • the Redox Mediator transfers electrons between the working electrode and glucose (typically via an enzyme) in an enzyme- catalyzed reaction of glucose.
  • Redox polymers are particularly useful for forming non- leachable coatings on the working electrode. These can be formed, for example, by crosslinking the redox polymer on the working electrode, or by crosslinking the redox polymer and the enzyme on the working electrode.
  • TMC Redox Mediators accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes or analytes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with an electrode. Typically, the rate of self exchange, the process in which a reduced Redox Mediator transfers an electron to an oxidized Redox Mediator, is rapid. At a defined Redox Mediator concentration, this provides for more rapid transport of electrons between the enzyme (or analyte) and electrode, and thereby shortens the response time of the sensor. Additionally, the novel TMC Redox Mediators are typically stable under ambient light and at the temperatures encountered in use, storage and transportation.
  • the TMC Redox Mediators do not undergo chemical change, other than oxidation and reduction, in the period of use or under the conditions of storage, though the Redox Mediators can be designed to be activated by reacting, for example, with water or the analyte.
  • the TMC can be used as a Redox Mediator in combination with a redox enzyme to electro-oxidize or electro-reduce the analyte or a compound derived of the analyte, for example by hydrolysis of the analyte.
  • the redox potentials of the Redox Mediators are generally more positive (i.e. more oxidizing) than the redox potentials of the redox enzymes when the analyte is electro-oxidized and more negative when the analyte is electro-reduced.
  • the redox potentials of the preferred TMC Redox Mediators used for electro- oxidizing glucose with glucose oxidase or PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase as enzyme is between about -200 mV and +200 mV versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and the most preferred mediators have redox potentials between about -100 mV and about +100 mV versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
  • Anode enzymes e.g., oxidase or dehydrogenase
  • cathode enzymes e.g., laccase, ascorbate oxidase, creuloplamine or bilirubin oxidase
  • An excipient in this invention is defined as a material that interacts with the pharmaceutical active material [CM] and enhances its solubility in the desired solvent.
  • the presence of the excipient might alter the pharmacological profile of the respective drug, reduce its toxicity or its retention time within the body, although these activities are not its main purpose. Any known excipients can be used with the BNPC for the use intended.
  • CM carried material(s) [CM] can be physically encapsulated or entrapped within the interior of the Dendritic Polymer, dispersed partially or fully throughout the Dendritic Polymer, or attached or linked to the Dendritic Polymer or any combination thereof, whereby the attachment or linkage is by means of covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, adsorption, absorption, metallic bonding, van der
  • Suitable connecting groups are groups which link a targeting director (i.e., T) to the Dendritic Polymer (i.e., dendrimer) without significantly impairing the effectiveness of the director or the effectiveness of any other carried material(s) (i.e., [CM]) present in the combined BNPC-[CM] ("conjugate").
  • connecting groups may be cleavable or non-cleavable and are typically used in order to avoid steric hindrance between the target director and the Dendritic Polymer, preferably the connecting groups are stable (i.e., non-cleavable) unless the site of delivery would have a cleavable linker present (e.g., an acid-cleavable linker at the cell surface). Since the size, shape and functional group density of these dendrimers can be rigorously controlled, there are many ways in which the [CM] can be associated with the Dendritic Polymer.
  • the Dendritic Polymer can be prepared to have an interior which is predominantly hollow allowing for physical entrapment of the [CM] within the interior (void volume), wherein the release of the [CM] can optionally be controlled by congesting the surface of the Dendritic Polymer with diffusion controlling moieties, (d) where the Dendritic Polymer has internal functionality groups [IF] in a PEHAM dendrimer present which can also associate with the [CM], or (e) various combinations of the aforementioned phenomena can be employed.
  • the carried material [CM] that is encapsulated or associated with these Dendritic Polymers may be a very large group of possible moieties that meet the desired purpose.
  • Such materials include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutical materials for in vivo or in vitro or ex vivo use as diagnostic or therapeutic treatment of animals or plants or microorganisms, viruses and any living system, which material can be associated with these Dendritic Polymers without appreciably disturbing the physical integrity of the BNPC.
  • the carried materials, herein represented by [CM] are pharmaceutical materials.
  • Such [CM] which are suitable for use in the present BNPC-[CM] conjugates include any materials for in vivo or in vitro use for diagnostic or therapeutic treatment of mammals which can be associated with the Dendritic Polymer without appreciably disturbing the physical integrity of the BNPC, for example: drugs, such as antibiotics, analgesics, hypertensives, cardiotonics, steroids and the like, such as acetaminophen, acyclovir, alkeran, amikacin, ampicillin, aspirin, bisantrene, bleomycin, neocardiostatin, chloroambucil, chloramphenicol, cytarabine, daunomycin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, fluorouracil, taxol, gemcitabine, gentamycin, ibuprofen, kanamycin, meprobamate, methotrexate
  • drugs
  • the carried materials are agricultural materials.
  • Such materials which are suitable for use in these BNPC- [CM] conjugates include any materials for in vivo or in vitro treatment, diagnosis, or application to plants or non-mammals (including microorganisms) which can be associated with the Dendritic Polymer without appreciably disturbing the physical integrity of the BNPC.
  • the [CM] can be toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, gelonin, exotoxin A, abrin, modeccin, ricin, or toxic fragments thereof; metal ions, such as the alkali and alkaline earth metals; radionuclides, such as those generated from actinides or lanthanides or other similar transition elements or from other elements, such as 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 67 Ga, 82 Rb, 89 Sr, 88 Y, 90 Y, 99m Tc, 105 Rh, 109 Pd, m In, 115m In, 125 I, 131 I, 140 Ba, 140 La, 149 Pm, 153 Sm, 159 Gd, 166 Ho, 175 Yb, 177 Lu, 186 Re, 188 Re, 194 Ir, and 199 Au; signal generators, which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities and
  • the carried material herein represented by [CM] are immuno-potentiating agents.
  • Such materials which are suitable for use in these BNPC- [CM] conjugates include any antigen, hapten, organic moiety or organic or inorganic compounds which will raise an immuno-response which can be associated with the
  • the [CM] can be synthetic peptides used for production of vaccines against malaria (US Patent 4,735,799), cholera (US Patent 4,751,064) and urinary tract infections
  • Pesticides or pollutants capable of eliciting an immune response such as those containing carbamate, triazine or organophosphate constituents
  • Antibodies produced to the desired pesticide or pollutant can be purified by standard procedures, immobilized on a suitable support and be used for subsequent detection of the pesticide or pollutant in the environment or in an organism.
  • the carried materials, herein represented by [CM], which are suitable for use in these BNPC-[CM] conjugates include any materials other than agricultural or pharmaceutical materials which can be associated with these Dendritic Polymers without appreciably disturbing the physical integrity of the BNPC, for example: metal ions, such as the alkali and alkaline-earth metals; signal generators, which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities, infrared, near infrared, and radiation; signal reflectors, such as paramagnetic entities, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn; signal absorbers, such as contrast agents and an electron beam opacifiers, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn; pheromone moieties; fragrance moieties; dye moieties; and the like.
  • [CM] include scavenging agents such as chelants or any moieties capable of selectively scavenging a
  • the carried materials [CM] are bioactive agents.
  • bioactive refers to an active entity such as a molecule, atom, ion and/or other entity which is capable of detecting, identifying, inhibiting, treating, catalyzing, controlling, killing, enhancing or modifying a targeted entity such as a protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, lipid, a targeted disease site or targeted cell, a targeted organ, a targeted organism [for example, a microorganism, plant or animal (including mammals such as humans)] or other targeted moiety.
  • bioactive agents are genetic materials (of any kind, whether oligonucleotides, fragments, or synthetic sequences) that have broad applicability in the fields of gene therapy, siRNA, diagnostics, analysis, modification, activation, anti-sense, silencing, diagnosis of traits and sequences, and the like.
  • conjugates include effecting cell transfection and bioavailability of genetic material comprising a complex of a dendritic polymer and genetic material and making this complex available to the cells to be transfected.
  • conjugates may be used in a variety of in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
  • Some examples are the treatment of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disease, genetic defects, central nervous system disorders, infectious diseases and cardiac disorders, diagnostic uses such as radioimmunossays, electron microscopy, PCR, enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assays, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, contrast imaging, immunoscintography, and delivering pesticides, such as herbicides, fungicides, repellants, attractants, antimicrobials or other toxins.
  • Non-genetic materials are also included such as interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, and other protein or fragments of any of these, antiviral agents.
  • conjugates may be formulated into a tablet using binders known to those skilled in the art. Such dosage forms are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th ed. 1990, pub. Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA. Suitable tablets include compressed tablets, sugar-coated tablets, film-coated tablets, enteric-coated tablets, multiple compressed tablets, controlled-release tablets, and the like. Ampoules, ointments, gels, suspensions, emulsions, injections (intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal) may also be used as a suitable formulation. Customary pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, adjuvants, diluents and excipients may be used in these formulations. For agricultural uses these conjugates may be formulated with the usual suitable vehicles and agriculturally acceptable carrier or diluent, such as emulsifiable concentrates, solutions, and suspensions.
  • PEHAM Dendritic Polymers as described in WO/2006/065266 PCT, as a part of BNPC, can be utilized as excipients for the enhancement of water solubility of poorly water soluble (hydrophobic) drugs or enhancement of oil solubility of poorly oil soluble (hydrophilic) drugs.
  • Drugs can be associated with dendrimers by adsorption onto the surface or encapsulation into the dendrimer interior or a mixture of both. These interactions a driven by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding between dendrimer and drug and hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions or mixtures of these interactions, to name a few forces.
  • Drugs can be associated with dendrimers through chemical bounding to the surface [SF] or internal functionalities [IF] of PEHAM dendritic polymers in a [BNPC]-[CM] or both.
  • This bonding can be done directly between PEHAM dendrimers and drug molecules or via a linker that can have a hydrolysable bond to the drug, i.e., acid or base or enzyme or temperature or light (e.g., IR light, which can penetrate tissue) labile.
  • Drug bonding can cover all active functionalities available on PEHAM surface/interior or only a fraction of these functionalities.
  • a chemical entity with strong interaction to the drug and [DP] can be associated with the dendrimer through physical means prior to drug adsorption or encapsulation or together with the drug.
  • the entity will act as a co-excipient or co-encapsulant and enhance drug adsorption or encapsulation efficiency.
  • a chemical entity with strong interaction to the drug and dendrimer can be chemically attached to [IF] prior to drug adsorption or encapsulation.
  • [BNPC]-PEHAM-[CM] formulations can be stored and provided as a powder mixture and re-dissolved prior to application.
  • [BNPC]-PEHAM-[CM] formulations can be prepared as a solid mixture and pressed into tablets.
  • [BNPC]-PEHAM-[CM] formulations can be prepared by concentration of mixed solutions and stored and provided as a suspension or paste filled into a capsule.
  • [BNPC]-PEHAM-[CM] formulations can be administered by an oral route, ampoule, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, transdermal application, intranasal application, intraperitoneal administration, subcutaneous injection, ocular application, as wipes, sprays, gauze or other means for use at a surgical incision, near scar formation sites, or site of a tumor growth or removal or near or within a tumor.
  • [BNPC]-PEHAM-[CM] formulations can provide a more desirable pharmacological profile of the respective drug.
  • Dendritic Polymers of Formula 2 are accomplished by known methods as described for Dendritic Polymers discussed above in the referenced patents and Dendrimers and Other Dendritic Polymers, eds. J.M.J. Frechet, D. A. Tomalia, pub. John Wiley and Sons, 2001, which for the preparation of [DP] is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • [DP] for PEHAMs in US Published Appln. 2007- 0298006, which hereby incorporated by reference for the teachings of making these PEHAM [DP].
  • N-SIS appears to affect the reactivity of a [TMC-C] with a [BR] or [EX] or [FF] of a dendron with a [RS] due to the relative sizes and the dimensions of the reactants concerned. If the [BR] is larger than the [TMC-C], then fewer [BR] can physically find space to allow chemical bonding and there results a large definable N-SIS effect. On the other hand, if the [TMC-C] is substantially larger than the [BR], then a smaller N-SIS effect results and more [BR] will be able to bond with the [TMC-C] due to enhanced space around the core, thus lessening SIS effects. To mitigate the effects of N-SIS, the present invention uses [EX]. Such [EX] allow more physical room between the [TMC-C] and the [BR] so the N-SIS effect is lessened.
  • the surface becomes so crowded with surface functional groups [SF] that, although the surface groups are chemically reactive, they are sterically prohibited from participating further in ideal dendritic growth.
  • the de Gennes dense-packed stage is reached in divergent dendrimer synthesis when the average free volume available to the reactive surface group decreases below the molecular volume required for the transition state of the desired reaction to extend the dendritic growth to the next generation. Nevertheless, the appearance of the de Gennes dense-packed stage in divergent synthesis does not preclude further dendritic growth beyond this point. It has been demonstrated by mass spectrographic studies that further increase in the molecular weight can occur beyond the de Gennes dense-packed stage. However, this occurs in a non- ideal fashion that no longer adheres to values predicted by dendritic mathematics.
  • nucleophilic addition reactions (2) nucleophilic ring-opening reactions, (3) 1 ,3- cyclo- addition reaction types involving azides and acetylenes, and (4) free radical additions of thio to olefins.
  • the addition reaction examples include but are not limited to Michael's addition reactions where acrylates are reacted with amines.
  • the ring-opening reactions examples include but are not limited to ring-opening reactions where amines react with epoxy, thiorane, aziridine or oxazoline functional groups.
  • the amines, acrylates, epoxies, thioranes, aziridines or oxazoline groups can be functional parts of the core [TMC-C], including simple core, multiple core, scaffolding core, or supercore, extender [EX], branch cell reagent [BR] or surface functional group [SF].
  • Reaction conditions for these two classes of reactions, addition reactions and ring-opening reactions can be described by the range of conditions established in the literature for addition to a carbon-carbon double bond [See for example, R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Chapter 6, pub. Allyn and Bacon, Inc, New York, N.Y, (1966) or general nucleophilic ring-opening reactions also at Chapter 6; and numerous other sources].
  • the mole ratio of the molecule to be added to the moles of reactive functional groups on the [TMC-C] or current generation product is an important parameter.
  • the mole ratio of [EX]/[TMC-C] is defined as the moles of extender molecules [EX] to the moles of reactive functional groups [RS] on the [TMC-C] or current generation structure (i.e. N 0 ).
  • branch cell [BR] to a [TMC-C] or current generation structure (BR)/ [TMC-C] is defined as the moles of branch cell molecules [BR] to the moles of reactive functional groups [RS] on the [TMC-C] or current generation structure (i.e. N 0 ).
  • level of addition of branch cells or extenders to a [TMC- C] or current generational product can be controlled by the mole ratio added or by sterically induced stoichiometry (N-SIS). Preferred is using a excess of the molecules of the group being added, such as the extender or branch cell reagent to the functional groups on the [TMC-C] if full surface coverage is desired.
  • Order of addition can be addition of the [TMC-C] or current generation product to the branch cell or extender, or addition of the branch cell or extender to the [TMC-C] or current generation product.
  • Preferred is addition of the [TMC-C] or current generation product to the extender or branch cell reagent.
  • Reaction times would vary depending on the reaction conditions, solvent, temperature, activity of the reagents and other factors, but can be generally classified by the breadth of reaction conditions sufficient to achieve nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of a strained epoxy, aziridine or other ring functional group. Reaction times can range from 1 minute to several days with longer reaction times needed for reaction of sterically bulky groups or reactions to crowded surfaces, such as addition of surface groups to higher generation [DP].
  • Reaction temperatures can be in the range typical for strained ring-opening addition reactions. The temperature range is limited by the thermal stability of the reagents in the reactions and the time of reaction.
  • Any organic solvents or water suitable for ring-opening addition reactions include typical solvents for nucleophilic ring-opening reactions. Any solvent mixture sufficient to dissolve the reagents to concentrations suitable to allow reaction can be used. Preferred solvents are polar, protic solvents. Also useful are mixtures of solvents containing both polar and nonpolar solvents, and protic and aprotic solvents or combinations thereof. Solvents can be a nonprotic solvent with sufficient catalytic quantities of protic solvent to allow reaction. The concentration of the reagents in the solvent can range significantly. In some cases the excess reagents for the reaction may be used as the solvent. Solvent mixtures can be predominantly nonprotic solvents with sufficient catalytic quantities of protic solvent to catalyze the reaction.
  • Methods of isolation and purification of the products for both of these classes of reactions include typical methods of isolation for carbon-carbon double bond addition reactions and strain ring-opening addition reactions. Additionally, known methods of isolation of typical [DP] are used. Preferred are ultrafiltration, dialysis, column separations using silica gels or SephadexTM, precipitation, solvent separation or distillation. The method of isolation may vary with the size and generation of the product. As the polymer particle grows in size, more preferred methods of [DP] separation include ultrafiltration and dialysis. In some cases the differential solubility between the reacted and unreacted species can be used to assist in separation and isolation of the products. For example, the solubility differences between the epoxides, which are fairly non-polar, and the ring-opened polyols, which are more polar, can be utilized in the separation process.
  • BNPC i.e., bio-nano power cell aggregates
  • bio-nano power cell aggregates may be used as mentioned below and described further in this specification. It is believed that, based on knowledge of these BNPC may display all of these mentioned uses and many others.
  • BNPC can be used for many applications in many markets, including:
  • ⁇ fuel cells e.g., membranes, catalysts
  • energy storage hydrogen, solid state lighting, thermal management for devices, light emitting diodes, displays, electronic inks, interlayer dielectric, photoresist, molecular electronics, telecom devices (waveguides), photonics, photographic materials, and stealth enhancement of materials
  • ⁇ electrical devices such as a pacemaker, a nerve growth stimulator,
  • fluid- flow control valve such as a valve in a duct or in the urinary tract
  • clean water e.g., ion exchange
  • coatings and surface modifiers such as to provide scratch resistance, an antimicrobial surface, color changing, texture modifier, dirt resistant, water resistant
  • in-vivo diagnostic imaging e.g., targeted control with increased contrast
  • diagnostic sensing e.g., signal booster simultaneous targeting
  • ⁇ drug delivery e.g., enhanced oral, venous, dermal, nasal, etc.
  • drug discovery e.g., miniaturization, bioarrays
  • magnetic bioreactors e.g., cell growth and harvesting
  • controlled release e.g. , therapeutics, nutritionals, etc.
  • sensory amplification materials e.g., taste, smell, sound, sight, and feel
  • BNPC-[CM] conjugates can be used for many applications in many carried materials markets, including:
  • antibiotics such as antibiotics, analgesics, hypertensives, cardiotonics, steroids and the like, such as acetaminophen, acyclovir, alkeran, amikacin, ampicillin, aspirin, bisantrene, bleomycin, neocardiostatin, chloroambucil, chloramphenicol, cytarabine, daunomycin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, fluorouracil, taxol, gemcitabine, gentamycin, ibuprofen, kanamycin, meprobamate, methotrexate, novantrone, nystatin, Oncovin, phenobarbital, polymyxin, probucol, procarbabizine, rifampin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, Symmetrel, thioguanine, tobramycin, trimethoprim, and valbanl;
  • toxins such as diphtheria toxin, gelonin, exotoxin A, abrin, modeccin, ricin, or toxic fragments thereof;
  • metal ions such as the alkali and alkaline-earth metals
  • radionuclides such as those generated from actinides or lanthanides or other similar transition elements or from other elements, such as 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 67 Ga, 82 Rb, 89 Sr, 88 Y, 90 Y, 99m Tc, 105 Rh
  • signal generators which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities and radiation;
  • signal reflectors such as paramagnetic entities, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn
  • chelated metal such as any of the metals given above, whether or not they are radioactive, when associated with a chelant
  • ⁇ signal absorbers such as near infrared, contrast agents (such as imaging agents and
  • MRI agents and electron beam opacifiers, for example, Fe, Gd or Mn;
  • antibodies including monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and anti-idiotype antibodies; antibody fragments; aptamers; hormones; biological response modifiers such as interleukins, interferons, viruses and viral fragments; diagnostic opacifiers; and fluorescent moieties.
  • Carried pharmaceutical materials include scavenging agents such as chelants, antigens, antibodies, aptamers, or any moieties capable of selectively scavenging therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
  • scavenging agents such as chelants, antigens, antibodies, aptamers, or any moieties capable of selectively scavenging therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
  • agricultural materials in vivo or in vitro treatment, diagnosis, or application to plants or non-mammals (including microorganisms) such as toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, gelonin, exotoxin A, abrin, modeccin, ricin, or toxic fragments thereof;
  • radionuclides such as those generated from actinides or lanthanides or other similar transition elements or from other elements, such as toxins, such as diphtheria toxin, gelonin, exotoxin A, such as 47 Sc, 67 Cu, 67 Ga, 82 Rb, 89 Sr, 88 Y, 90 Y, 99m Tc, 105 Rh
  • ⁇ signal generators which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities and radiation;
  • signal reflectors such as paramagnetic entities, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn;
  • absorbers such contrast agents and as electron beam opacifiers, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn; hormones; biological response modifiers, such as interleukins, interferons, viruses and viral fragments;
  • pesticides including antimicrobials, algaecides, arithelmetics, acaricides, ⁇ insecticides, attractants, repellants, herbicides and/or fungicides, such as acephate, acifluorfen, alachlor, atrazine, benomyl, bentazon, captan, carbofuran, chloropicrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorsulfuron cyanazine, cyhexatin, cypermithrin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dalapon, dicamba, diclofop methyl, diflubenzuron, dinoseb, endothall, ferbam, fluazifop, glyphosate, haloxyfop, malathion, naptalam; pendimethalin, permethrin, picloram, propachlor, propanil, sethoxydin, warmthphos, terbufos, trifluralin, triflu
  • Carried agricultural materials include scavenging agents such as chelants, chelated metal (whether or not they are radioactive) or any moieties capable of selectively scavenging therapeutic or diagnostic agents.
  • immuno-potentiating agents including any antigen, hapten, organic moiety or organic or inorganic compounds which will raise an immuno-response.
  • the carried materials can be synthetic peptides used for production of vaccines against malaria
  • pesticides or pollutants capable of eliciting an immune response such as those containing carbamate, triazine or organophosphate constituents
  • any materials other than agricultural or pharmaceutical materials which can be associated with a BNPC without appreciably disturbing the physical integrity of the BNPC for example: metal ions, such as the alkali and alkaline-earth metals; signal generators, which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities, infrared, near infrared, and radiation; signal reflectors, such as paramagnetic entities, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn; signal absorbers, such as contrast agents and an electron beam opacifiers, for example, Fe, Gd, or Mn; pheromone moieties;
  • metal ions such as the alkali and alkaline-earth metals
  • signal generators which includes anything that results in a detectable and measurable perturbation of the system due to its presence, such as fluorescing entities, phosphorescence entities, infrared, near infrared, and radiation
  • signal reflectors
  • fragrance moieties
  • Carried materials include scavenging agents such as chelants or any moieties capable of selectively scavenging a variety of agents.
  • bioactive agents such as a molecule, atom, ion and/or other entity which is capable of detecting, identifying, inhibiting, treating, catalyzing, controlling, killing, enhancing or modifying a targeted entity such as a protein, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, lipid, a targeted disease site or targeted cell, a targeted organ, a targeted organism [for example, a microorganism, plant or animal (including mammals such as humans)] or other targeted moiety.
  • bioactive agents are genetic materials (of any kind, whether oligonucleotides, fragments, or synthetic sequences) that have broad applicability in the fields of gene therapy, siRNA, diagnostics, analysis,
  • conjugates include effecting cell transfection and bioavailability of genetic material comprising a complex of a BNPC and genetic material and making this complex available to the cells to be transfected.
  • diagnostic or therapeutic applications such as cancer, autoimmune disease, genetic defects, central nervous system disorders, infectious diseases and cardiac disorders, diagnostic uses such as radioimmunossays, electron microscopy, PCR, enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assays, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, contrast imaging, immunoscintography, and delivering pesticides, such as herbicides, fungicides, repellants, attractants, antimicrobials or other toxins.
  • pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, repellants, attractants, antimicrobials or other toxins.
  • Non- genetic materials are also included such as interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, and other protein or fragments of any of these, antiviral agents.
  • Pentaerythritol (15.03 g, 110 mmol) (Sigma- Aldrich) and 250 mL of THF were mixed in a 1-L 3-neck round bottom flask with condensor.
  • KOH 85.93 g 1.35 mol 3.0 equiv. per OH
  • TBAB tetrabutyl ammonium bromide
  • allyl bromide (106.6 g, 1.35 mol, 3.0 equiv. per OH) via a 250-mL addition funnel over 10 mins.
  • the reaction was then immediately placed into an oil bath at 70° C. for 24 hs.
  • the reaction mixture was vacuum- filtered through a 150-mL coarse glass-fritted Buchner funnel.
  • the organic layer was diluted with diethyl ether (2x150 mL).
  • the organic layer was washed with 5% K2CO 3 (5x300 mL) and dried over MgS0 4 .
  • Volatiles were removed by a rotary evaporator (40 °C. bath temperature) to yield the pentaerythritol tetraallyl ether, (28.88 g; 88% yield); and has the following spectra:
  • PETAE 9.87 g, 33.0 mmol
  • 150 mL of chloroform were added to a 1-L 3-neck flask equipped with mechanical stirring.
  • m-CPBA 70%) (37.53 g, 153 mmol, 1.14 equiv. per alkene) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added over 10 mins. via an addition funnel.
  • the reaction flask became warm within 30 mins. of the peracid addition.
  • the reaction was stirred for 72 hs. at 22° C, then diluted with 300 mL DCM and transferred to a 1-L separatory funnel.
  • the organic layer was washed with 3% Na 2 S205 (3x300 mL) and 3% NaHCC>3 (3x300 mL).
  • the reaction was then immediately placed into an oil bath at 70° C. for 24 hs.
  • the reaction mixture was vacuum- filtered through a 150-mL coarse glass-fritted Buchner funnel.
  • the organic layer was diluted with diethyl ether (2x250 mL).
  • the organic layer was washed with 5% K2CO 3 (5x300 mL) and dried over MgS0 4 .
  • Volatiles were removed by a rotary evaporator (40° C. bath temperature) to yield the trimethylolpropane allyl ether (TMPTAE), (11.95 g; 90% yield); and has the following spectra:
  • TMPTGE trimethylolpropane glycidyl ether
  • PVI was prepared by the method of Chapiro, et ah, Eur. Polym. J., 24: 1019-1028 (1988), using AIBN as initiator.
  • Vinylimidazole (15 mL, 166 mmol) was added to a 250 mL round-bottomed flask, which contained 150 mL of toluene. After it was degassed by nitrogen gas for 5 mins., AIBN (Azobisisobutyronitrile) (150 mg , 0.913 mmol) was added, and then degassed for another 1 min.
  • the reaction was heated for two hs. by an external oil bath which temperature was set up at 120°C. When reaction finished, the precipitated white polymer was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under reduced pressure. (PVI: 10.53 g, yield: 67.5 %) and its spectra are:
  • MIPIEP Methylisopropyliminoethylpiperazine
  • PEA methyl isobutyl protected l-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine
  • MIPIEP methylisopropyliminoethylpiperazine
  • the solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with deionized water (3 x 20mL), refrigerated methanol (10 mL), and diethyl ether (120 mL), respectively.
  • the solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with deionized water (3 x 20mL), refrigerated methanol (10 mL), and diethyl ether (120 mL) respectively.
  • the black powder, ruthenium Ws(4,4'-diamino-2,2'- bipyridine) dichloro was collected and dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 24 hs. (product: 2.38 g, yield: 75 ) and its spectra are:
  • the reaction mixture in the beaker was cooled in an ice bath for 1.5 hs.
  • the solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with deionized water (3 x 20mL), refrigerated methanol (10 mL), and diethyl ether (120 mL) respectively.
  • FeClO 4 (0.21 mmol) is added to 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine [BiPy (di- amino)] (0.42 mmol)(Carbosynth).
  • the mixture is refluxed for at least 4 h under a nitrogen atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature between 150° and 155°C.
  • the solution is cooled to RT and solvent is removed by rotary evaporation.
  • Cold water is added and the complex iron Ws(BiPy)(diamino) perchlorate is isolated by filtration.
  • FeClO 4 (0.21 mmol) is added to 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine [BiPy (di- amino)] (0.63 mmol)(Carbosynth).
  • the mixture is refluxed for at least 4 h under a nitrogen atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature between 150° and 155°C.
  • the solution is cooled to RT and solvent is removed by rotary evaporation.
  • Cold water is added and the complex iron ira(BiPy)(di-amino) perchlorate is isolated by filtration.
  • Osmium Ws(BiPy)(di-amino) dichloro (0.28 g, 0.45 mmol)(from Example 1) was added to a three-neck flask, containing 150 mL of ethanol, and then it was flushed by nitrogen gas for 30 mins.
  • Poly (l-vinylimidazole)(from Example C) solution (0.51 g of polymer dissolved in 25 mL of ethanol) was added into flask, and the reaction was refluxed for 24 hs. When reaction finished, filtration was carried to remove solid materials. The filtrate was dripped to 1000 mL of diethyl ether to crystallize product. Its spectra are:
  • Part C Synthesis of Anode Polymer Complex + Gl Dendrimer + Glucose Oxidase; see Figure 19 for the chemical structure of the product.
  • dendrimer 0.5 g (from Example 9B) were added a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 20 mL of methanol. The reaction was carried out at 55°C for 8 hs., then solvent was removed by rotary evaporator.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one dendron molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding chemical structure as attached to a portion of the backbone.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of a dendron molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding chemical structure as attached to a portion of the backbone, a) Ethyl N-Piperazinecarboxylate (2.72 g, 17.23 mmol) and Anode Polymer G2
  • dendrimer (0.42 g) (from Example 9E) were added a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 20 mL of methanol. The reaction was carried out at 55°C for 8 hs., then solvent was removed by rotary evaporator,
  • Anode Polymer Complex + G2.5 Dendrimer + PIPZ (from Example 9F) and PETGE (7.17 g, 17.15 mmol) were added to a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 30 mL of methanol. The reaction was carried out at RT for 6 hs. When reaction finished, the crude was dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Anode Polymer G3 dendrimer. Yield: 1.68 g
  • Dendrimer (0.56 g) (from Example 10, Part B) is added a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 20 mL of methanol. The reaction is carried out at 55°C for 12 hs., then solvent is removed by rotary evaporator.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of a dendron molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding chemical structure as attached to the core.
  • Anode Complex G1.5 Dendrimer-PIPZ made from Example 10, Part C
  • PETGE 1.27g, 3.52 mmol
  • the reaction is carried out at RT for 6 hs.
  • the crude is dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Anode Complex G2 Dendrimer.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of a dendron molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding chemical structure as attached to the core.
  • Anode Complex G2 Dendrimer (2 mmol, made from Example 10, Part D), MeOH and a solution of DEIDA (7.5 mmol) (Aldrich) in MeOH. Heat at 60° C. for 24 hs.
  • Part A S nthesis of Cathode Transition Metal Complex
  • the above chemical structure illustrates two arms of a dendrimer molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding dendrimer chemical structure as attached the core.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of a dendrimer molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding dendrimer chemical structure as attached the core.
  • Ethyl N-Piperazinecarboxylate (0.44 g, 2.78 mmol)
  • Cathode Gl Dendrimer (0.54 g) (from Example 11, Part B) is added a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 20 mL of methanol. The reaction is carried out at 55 °C for 8 hs., then solvent is removed by rotary evaporator.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of a dendrimer molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding dendrimer chemical structure as attached the core.
  • Cathode G1.5 Dendrimer- PIPZ (0.57 g, 0.53 mmol) (made from Example 11, Part C) and PETGE (1.0 g, 2.8 mmol) is added to a 50 mL round- bottomed flask, followed by 30 mL of methanol.
  • the reaction is carried out at RT for 6 hs.
  • the crude is dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Cathode Complex G2 Dendrimer.
  • Part E Synthesis of Cathode G2 Dendrimer + DEIDA Surface
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one dendron of a dendrimer molecule as enlarged from the immediately preceding dendrimer chemical structure as attached the core.
  • Part A Synthesis of Anode G2 Dendrimer made by Example 10, Part D
  • the above chemical structure illustrates two dendron arms of one of the dendrimer molecules as attached to the core and as enlarged from the immediately preceding dendrimer chemical structure.
  • 4,4'-Dipiperazine-2,2'-bipyridine (1.16 g, 4.36 mmol)(from Example C) is dissolved in 7 mL ethylene glycol and 25 mL DMF, followed by K 2 0sCl 6 (1.0 g, 2.08 mmol). The reaction mixture is refluxed for 1 h. It is then cooled to RT and transferred to a 500mL beaker. Na 2 S 2 04 solution (7.2 g Na 2 S0 4 in 150 mL water) is dripped to reaction mixture over a period of a half h. The reaction mixture in the beaker is cooled in an ice bath for 1.5 hs.
  • the solid product is collected by vacuum filtration and washed with deionized water (3 x 20mL), refrigerated methanol (10 mL), and diethyl ether (120 mL) respectively. It is dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 24 hs.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of the dimer dendrimer molecule as attached to the core and as enlarged from the immediately preceding dimer dendrimer chemical structure.
  • Dimer Complex (Anode-Cathode), (0.76 g, 0.33 mmol) (made from Example 13, Part C) and PETGE (2.8 g, 7.89 mmol) is added to a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 30 mL of methanol. The reaction is carried out at RT for 6 hs. When the reaction is finished, the crude is dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Dimer Gl Dendrimer.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of the dimer dendrimer molecule attached to the core and as enlarged from the immediately preceding dimer dendrimer chemical structure.
  • Ethyl N-Piperazinecarboxylate 0.52 g, 3.29 mmol
  • Dimer Gl Dendrimer (0.48 g) (from Example 13, Part D) is added a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 20 mL of methanol. The reaction is carried out at 55°C for 8 hs., then solvent is removed by rotary evaporator.
  • a 10 mL of potassium hydroxide solution (0.40 g of KOH dissolved in 10 mL H 2 0) and 10 mL of methanol are added to flask, and then refluxed for 24 hs.
  • the pH of reaction crude is adjusted to 8 by HCl, and then dried by rotary evaporator.
  • a 15 mL of methanol is added to dissolve product, and insoluble materials are removed by filtration. The filtrate is dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Dimer G1.5 Dendrimer PIPZ.
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of the dimer dendrimer molecule as attached to the core and as enlarged from the immediately preceding dimer dendrimer chemical structure.
  • Dimer G1.5 Dendrimer PIPZ (0.76 g, 0.33 mmol) (made from Example 13, Part C) and PETGE (2.8 g, 7.89 mmol) is added to a 50 mL round-bottomed flask, followed by 30 mL of methanol. The reaction is carried out at RT for 6 hs. When the reaction is finished, the crude is dripped into 400 mL diethyl ether to crystallize Dimer G2 Dendrimer. Part G: Synthesis of Dimer G2 Dendrimer + Tris [SF]
  • the above chemical structure illustrates one arm of the dimer dendrimer molecule as attached to the core and as enlarged from the immediately preceding dimer dendrimer chemical structure.
  • Dimer Complex G2 Dendrimer (2 mmol, made from Example 13, Part E), is added to a solution of Tris (7.5 mmol) (Aldrich) in MeOH. It is heated at 60° C. for 24 hs. Carried Materials with BNPC
  • Example 14 Drug Encapsulation by BNPC, Using the Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drug (NSAID) Indomethacin as a Model Drug; [BNPC]-[CM]; see Figure 22 for the product structure
  • NSAID Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drug
  • BNPC (0.2% w/v) in 5.0 mL of DI water solutions. These suspensions were briefly exposed to ultrasonication, then incubated overnight at 37°C and 100 rpm in a shaking water bath, and allowed to equilibrate at RT. The BNPC-indomethacin suspensions were filtered through a 0.2 nm, 13-mm in diameter nylon syringe filter to remove excess drug. By UV spectroscopy at 220nm on UPLC from Waters, after 6 mins., we found a new peak for the mixture of the BNPC-indomethacin. The peak for Indomethacin by itself was at 4.8 mins. and peak for the dendrimer was at 5.02 mins.
  • Example Anode Polymer G2 Dendrimer + copper 2+ ((0.0038 mmol), made from Example 15, a) was dissolved in DI water as a BNPC stock solution.
  • the reducing agent hydrazine monohydrate (0.1 mL, 99%) was mixed with 0.1 mL of water. Then the hydrazine solution was then slowly added to form the copper(O) nanoparticles inside the BNPC.
  • Color change results were consistent with encapsulation of copper and reduction to Cu(0).
  • the color of the Anode Polymer G2 Dendrimer was faint orange. This color changed to bluish-orange after the addition of the Cu(2+). After the addition of hydrazine and filtration of the solution, the color became very dark orange with a blue hue.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des cellules bio-nano de puissance et des procédés pour les fabriquer et les utiliser. Plus particulièrement, cette invention concerne la préparation de cellules bio-nano de puissance qui sont biocompatibles et capables de produire une puissance flash, intermittente, ou continue par électrolyse des composés dans des systèmes biologiques.
PCT/US2013/056759 2013-08-27 2013-08-27 Cellules bio-nano de puissance et leurs utilisations WO2015030725A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080044721A1 (en) * 2002-05-02 2008-02-21 Adam Heller Miniature biological fuel cell that is operational under physiological conditions, and associated devices and methods
US20110130478A1 (en) * 2008-01-14 2011-06-02 Scott Warren Ordered porous mesostructured materials from nanoparticle-block copolymer self-assembly
US20120132525A1 (en) * 1999-11-15 2012-05-31 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Redox polymers for use in analyte monitoring
US20130078534A1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2013-03-28 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130078534A1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2013-03-28 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Biological Fuel Cell and Methods
US20120132525A1 (en) * 1999-11-15 2012-05-31 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Redox polymers for use in analyte monitoring
US20080044721A1 (en) * 2002-05-02 2008-02-21 Adam Heller Miniature biological fuel cell that is operational under physiological conditions, and associated devices and methods
US20110130478A1 (en) * 2008-01-14 2011-06-02 Scott Warren Ordered porous mesostructured materials from nanoparticle-block copolymer self-assembly

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
CERONI, PAOLA ET AL.: "Luminescence as a tool to investigate dendrimer properties.", PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE, vol. 30.3, 2005, pages 453 - 473 *

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