WO2015025333A1 - Multilayer solar cell - Google Patents

Multilayer solar cell Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015025333A1
WO2015025333A1 PCT/IN2014/000532 IN2014000532W WO2015025333A1 WO 2015025333 A1 WO2015025333 A1 WO 2015025333A1 IN 2014000532 W IN2014000532 W IN 2014000532W WO 2015025333 A1 WO2015025333 A1 WO 2015025333A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
solar cell
pcbm
p3ht
layers
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IN2014/000532
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Krishnamoorthy Kothandam
Original Assignee
Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research filed Critical Council Of Scientific & Industrial Research
Publication of WO2015025333A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015025333A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H10K30/57—Photovoltaic [PV] devices comprising multiple junctions, e.g. tandem PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, parallel photoactive bilayers and hole injection layers.
  • the present invention relates to a multilayer solar cell system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, parallel photoactive bilayers and hole injection layers.
  • BHJ Bulk heteroj unction
  • PSCs polymer solar cells
  • Voc low open- circuit voltage
  • morphological phase separation of the polymer: fullerene blend driven by thermal treatment hindering further advancement.
  • the morphology of the mixture forming the electrically active layer is of paramount importance to obtain good charge transfers and transports and thus high conversion efficiencies.
  • Solar cells employing an active layer made of organic materials are of particular interest, in view of the fact that they are based on potentially plentiful and inexpensive carbon- based materials rather than the various materials used in earlier devices.
  • One class of organic-based solar cells employs a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene), also known as P3HT, and [6,6]-phenyl C6rbutyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a fullerene-based nanoparticle having a diameter of about 0.7 nm.
  • PCBM plays the role of electron acceptor
  • P3HT a member of the polythiophene family of conducting polymers, serves as the electron donor.
  • the P3HT: PCBM layer may for example be deposited on a poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) : polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) hole conducting layer residing on an indium tin oxide (ITO) anode, in which the PEDOT: PSS layer aids in preventing efficiency-destroying charge recombination.
  • PEDOT: PSS polystyrene sulfonate
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • the internal morphology of P3HT:PCBM solar cells affects performance.
  • the vertical PCBM concentration profile formed directly after spin coating the P3HT: PCBM blend in typical devices is nearly opposite of that desired for an ideal device, inasmuch as the dense PCBM layer present at the interface with the hole- conducting layer results in charge transport problems.
  • These layers are both fully solution-processed, using orthogonal solvents for the layers of the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or prepared by thermally evaporating a C 60 layer onto P3HT films.
  • P3HT polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene)
  • PCBM fullerene phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester
  • the main objective of the present invention is to provide a system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers useful as a solar cell wherein the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
  • Another object of present invention is to provide a system useful as solar cell with high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
  • present invention provides a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers.
  • the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3- hexylthiophene) as electron donor and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer as electron acceptor.
  • the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
  • each photoactive bilayer positioned on the hole injection layer.
  • the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer positioned parallel to each other.
  • the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).
  • PEDOT polyethylene dioxythiophene
  • PSS polystyrene sulfonate
  • the system comprises two parallel photoactive bilayers.
  • the system comprises three parallel photoactive bilayers. in yet another embodiment of the present invention, the system comprises two hole injection layers.
  • the system comprises three hole injection layers.
  • P3HT PoIy(3-hexylthiophene)
  • PCBM Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester
  • PEDOT PSS: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : Polystyrene sulfonate
  • LBLSC Layer by layer solar cell
  • Fig l a shows system where the acceptor is not in direct contact with the electrodes.
  • Fig l b depicts the ideal scenario that can maximize efficiency i.e. where the. donor and acceptor are in direct contact with the electrodes.
  • Fig 1 c shows that the charges need to travel across donors and acceptors.
  • Fig I d Shows the cell schematic of the current invention.
  • Fig 2 shows the process of preparation of parallel electrodes with two different work functions.
  • Fig 2a depicts the parallel electrodes with one work function.
  • Fig 2b depicts the deposition of second work function electrode by electro chemical method.
  • Fig 2c depicts the image of two different work function electrodes with a distance of about 291 nm.
  • Fig 2d depicts the image of two different work function electrodes with a distance of about 174 nm.
  • Fig 3a is UV-Vis absorption spectra of multiple layers formed between anionic and cationic materials built on Sio2.
  • Fig 3b is the photo graph of one layer and nine layers as described in Figure 3a.
  • Fig 4 depicts UV-Vis absorption spectra of layers of chromophores Prepared on Si0 2 Substrates.
  • Fig 5 (a) Perpendicular and (b) Parallel contact Bilayer solar cell architectures, (c) photographic image of device AA_J AN 14 01 and (d) surface profilometer height image for the active layer ( ⁇ 300nm).
  • Fig 6 I-V curves for the devices with efficiency and area, (a) I-V curves for bilayer device with conventional perpendicular contact, (b-c) I-V curves for bilayer device with parallel contact.
  • Fig 7 Cartoon showing the Layer by layer device architecture made by 2 layers (a), 4 layers (b) and 6 layers (c) of active materials.
  • Blue layers represents PEDOT:PSS
  • Fig 8 (a) UV spectrum showing the dissolution of PCBM (underneath layer) by third layer P3HT spin coating in ODCB solution (b) UV spectrum showing the LBL growth dependent absorbance changes with PEDOT:PSS interlayers in quartz plate (upto 12 successive layers).
  • Fig 9 (a) The %transmittance measurement after LBL coating on quartz slides and (b) Photographic image shows the spin coated quartz slides.
  • Fig 10 (a) Device AA_DEC 13_13 gives 0.43V under normal lighting conditions (Front illumination from Aluminum contact side), (b) J-V curve for the shorted devices (c) J-V curves for the standard silicon solar cell and (d) the performance of the devices under 1 SUN intensity (back side illumination).
  • Fig 1 1 (a) Device AA_DEC 13_14 architecture used for cell stability test, (b) the stability of LBLSC with respect to no. of days shows unchanged efficiencies over the period of 3 days in open atmosphere, (c) poor stability for an unsealed P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells shows reduction in device parameters within a day* and (d) moderate stability of an sealed P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells shows reduction in the device parameters in a day*. (* after 24 hrs these devices not shown any IV curves by keeping in an open atmosphere).
  • Fig 12 (a) P3HT spin coated FET device performance, (b) PCBM coated on top of P3HT Layer to produce bilayer FET, (c) Device annealed at 150°C shows ambipolar FET characteristics and (d) Selective removal of PCBM by using orthogonal solvent producing regenerated p type IV characteristics with enhanced mobility.
  • Fig 13 Overall FET device performance with orthogonal solvent treatment.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell such that the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes wherein the system comprising: a substrate, a first electrode; a second electrode; at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell and has high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
  • the present invention provides a system comprising: a substrate, polymers and two electrodes wherein the two electrodes are of different materials separated by at least 60 nm by layers of polymers with a charge or hydrogen bonding wherein each polymer layer is connected to the two electrodes.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell comprising: a substrate, polymers and two electrodes where the two electrodes are of different materials separated by . at least 60 nm by layers of polymers w'ith a charge or hydrogen bonding wherein each polymer layer is connected to the two electrodes.
  • the present invention provide a system, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers wherein each photoactive bilayer positioned on the hole injection layer.
  • FIG. 1 a layer by layer solar cell with a standard structure is illustrated in figure I .
  • This cell is made of a multi-layer stack comprising successively:
  • a substrate 1 made for example of glass or plastic,
  • a first electrode 2 for example a thin layer made of indium tin oxide (ITO),
  • a hole injection layer 3 made for example out of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulphonate) known under the name PEDOT:PSS, an photoactive bilayer 4, obtained by mixing p-type and n-type semiconductor organic materials, for example P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer and PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl- C61 -methyl butyrate) layer
  • a second electrode 5 made of electrically conducting material such as a thin aluminum layer.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the substrate is selected from metal, salts of metal, non-metal, polymeric material and such like.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the electrode materials is selected from inorganic substances i.e. metal oxides, polymer, non-metal, C dots, organic biomaterials or metals.
  • the photoactive bilayers of instant invention are made of at least two components, a polymer component as an electron donor and a fullerene component as an electron acceptor wherein the donor, and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
  • the polymers as an electron donor include, but are not limited to derivatives of polyacetylene (PA), polyisothianaphthene (PITN), polythiophene (PT), polypyrrol (PPr), polyfluorene (PF), poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), and poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV).
  • the fullerene component as an acceptors include but are not limited to poly(cyanophenylenevinylene), fullerenes such as C60 and its functional derivatives (such as PCBM) and organic molecules, organometallic molecules or inorganic nanoparticles (such as, for example, CdTe, CdSe, CdS, CIS).
  • the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) layer and poly(3- hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer (PCBM) and the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate known under the name PEDOT: PSS.
  • P3HT Poly(3-hexylthiophene
  • PCBM poly(3- hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer
  • the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate known under the name PEDOT: PSS.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell and has high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the two electrodes are separated in the range of 60 to 300 nm, preferably 100 nm ( Figure 2 and 14).
  • the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the thickness of polymer layers or the length scale between the donor and acceptor is 10 nm.
  • the layer by layer P3HT and PCBM solar cells is made by spin coating p and n type semiconductors using an orthogonal solvent approach, orthogonal solvents have the difference in solubility for both P3HT and PCBM semiconductors.
  • the P3HT solution is prepared in o-dichlorobenzene and kept for stirring at 60°C for 2h.
  • First P3HT layer was spin coated at l OOOrpm for a min on PEDOT:PSS coated ITO substrates and kept for drying in closed petridish for half an hour, then the PCBM layer was spin coated as a second layer on top of P3HT at 4000 rpm for a min and dried for l Omin. comparitively high spinning speed has been utilized for PCBM coating is to avoid the dissolution of underneath P3HT layers. Then the third P3HT layer was spin coated on top of PCBM, which shows the dissolution of PCBM in P3HT solution during spiining. This is likely to be dissolution of PCBM in ODCB solvent.
  • the insolubility of hole transport layer in both DCM and ODCB provides the possibility of successive coating of P3HT and PCBM.
  • HTL coating below the P3HT layer renders the possible charge collection to the anodes. Since the LBL coating will always provides high thickness of active materials, the transparency of the cell might get affect.
  • the %Transmittance was monitored by spin coating LBL films of P3HT and PCBM. This shows maximum of 40% total transmittance at wavelength of 560 nm after 12 layers coated on quartz plate. This can be varied with the concentration of the P3HT and PCBM.
  • the layer by layer cell of present invention made by alternative layers of P3HT and PCBM with PEDOT:PSS interlayers shows considerable volatge generation even in normal room light conditions.
  • the layer by layer solar cell hows high open circuit voltage as compared to bulk heteroj unction solar cells.
  • the thermal annealing provide the mixing of P3HT and PCBM to form bulk heterojunction across the active layers.
  • the same devices were kept in an open atmosphere for several days and the measured efficiencies were unaltered (-2.0%) over the period of three days.
  • This stability by the layer by layer stacking of active layers provides an environmental protection to the devices to some extent.
  • the stability of such LBL devices were found to be higher than that of bulk heterojunction devices.
  • a silicon substrate coated with 210 nm thick Si0 2 was used as substrate.
  • the substrate has interdigitated gold electrodes separated by 2.5 ⁇ . Using one of these electrodes, Platinum was deposited electrochemically. 0.1 M Chloroplatinic acid was used as electroplating solution and the reference electrode was Ag/AgCl. Deposition was carried out from 1 cycle to 1000 potential cycles (+0.4 V to -0.4 V). On the other electrode gold electrode was deposited from a solution containing Au +1 to deposit gold. By varying the deposition time, one can adjust the distance between the two electrodes.
  • the Layer by layer P3HT and PCBM solar cells has been made by spin coating p and n type semiconductors using an orthogonal solvent approach, orthogonal solvents should have the difference in solubility for both P3HT and PCBM semiconductors.
  • the proposed device architecture was given in Fig. 1, P3HT solutions were prepared in o- Dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and kept for stirring at 60°C for 2hrs. the orthogonal solvent Dichloromethane (DCM) has been used to prepare PCBM solution and kept for stirring at 45°C for an hour and then cooled to room temperature before spinning on the substrates.
  • ODCB o- Dichlorobenzene
  • DCM orthogonal solvent Dichloromethane
  • First P3HT layer was spin coated at l OOOrpm for a min on PEDOT:PSS coated ITO substrates and kept for drying in closed petridish for half an hour, then the PCBM layer was spin coated as a second layer on top of P3HT at 4000 rpm for a min and dried for l Omin. comparitively high spinning speed has been utilized for PCBM coating is to avoid the dissolution of underneath P3HT layers. Then the third P3HT layer was spin coated on top of PCBM, which shows the dissolution of PCBM in P3HT solution during spiining. This is likely to be d issolution of PCBM in ODCB solvent. This dissolution can be monitored in UV spectrum (Fig.
  • HTL coating below the P3HT layer renders the possible charge collection to the anodes. Since the LBL coating will always provides high thickness of active materials, the transparency of the cell might get affect.
  • the %Transmittance was monitored by spin coating LBL films of P3HT and PCBM (Fig. 3). This shows maximum of 40% total transmittance at wavelength of 560nm after 12 layers coated on quartz plate. This can be varied with the concentration of the P3HT and PCBM.
  • the solar cell device performances were compiled in Figure 4 and Table 1.
  • the LBLSC made by alternative layers of P3HT and PCBM with PEDOT:PSS interlayers, these cells were measured in Solar Simulators (SS) in l OOmW/cm 2 power input.
  • SS Solar Simulators
  • the reference cell shows PCE of 13.6% with V oc of 0.61 (Fig. 4c), some of the cells were shorted due to the contact between anode and cathode terminals (Fig. 4b) and some cells has shown considerable volatge generation even in normal room light conditions (Fig. 4a) have shown linear increase in the V 0 c with respect to increase in the p-n junctions.
  • the Voc was found to be 0.92V, 2.51 V and 3.63V for two, four and six layers of p-n junctions solar cells, respectively (Fig. 4d and Table 1). Then the 6 layers cell was subjected to thermal annealing at 130°C for 10 min in glove box shown maximum PCE% of 2.2%, which shows 40% improved efficiency than unannealed devices efficiency ( 1.49%). This can be explaind by the thermal annealing will provide the mixing of P3HT and PCBM to form bulk heteroj unction across the active layers (from FET data Fig. 6). Then the same devices were kept in an open atmosphere for several days and the measured efficiencies were unaltered ( ⁇ 2.0%) over the period of three days (Fig. 5b). This stability could be explained by the layer by layer stacking of active layers provides an environmental protection to the devices to some extent. The stability of such LBL devices were found to be higher than that of bulk heteroj unction devices (Fig. 5c and 5d).
  • Disclosed system is useful as solar cell.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention discloses a system useful as solar cell and has a high open circuit voltage and excellent stability. The system comprising: a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers connected directly to electrodes and at least two hole injection layers.

Description

MULTILAYER SOLAR CELL
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, parallel photoactive bilayers and hole injection layers. Particularly, the present invention relates to a multilayer solar cell system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, parallel photoactive bilayers and hole injection layers. BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART OF THE INVENTION
Solar cells also known as photovoltaic devices are of increasing interest as electrical energy sources. Bulk heteroj unction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) on the basis of polymer: fullerene blends have delivered numerous impressive results in the last decade and thus have drawn much attention of the scientific and industrial communities. However, BHJ PSCs often suffer from several intrinsic problems, such as the low open- circuit voltage (Voc), energetically-unfavorable and chemically-incompatible interfaces, and morphological phase separation of the polymer: fullerene blend driven by thermal treatment, hindering further advancement. In particular, in the case of bulk heteroj unction organic solar cells, the morphology of the mixture forming the electrically active layer is of paramount importance to obtain good charge transfers and transports and thus high conversion efficiencies.
Solar cells employing an active layer made of organic materials are of particular interest, in view of the fact that they are based on potentially plentiful and inexpensive carbon- based materials rather than the various materials used in earlier devices. One class of organic-based solar cells employs a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene), also known as P3HT, and [6,6]-phenyl C6rbutyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a fullerene-based nanoparticle having a diameter of about 0.7 nm. PCBM plays the role of electron acceptor and P3HT, a member of the polythiophene family of conducting polymers, serves as the electron donor. The P3HT: PCBM layer may for example be deposited on a poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) : polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) hole conducting layer residing on an indium tin oxide (ITO) anode, in which the PEDOT: PSS layer aids in preventing efficiency-destroying charge recombination. The internal morphology of P3HT:PCBM solar cells affects performance. Unfortunately, the vertical PCBM concentration profile formed directly after spin coating the P3HT: PCBM blend in typical devices is nearly opposite of that desired for an ideal device, inasmuch as the dense PCBM layer present at the interface with the hole- conducting layer results in charge transport problems. It is difficult to make the morphological changes needed to overcome this problem using traditional methods, however, because the close proximity of the crystallization and degradation temperatures of P3HT make it difficult to effect such changes by melting the polymer. Thus, devices annealed near or above the melting temperature of P3HT have exceptionally poor performance. Alternatively, efforts to effect the desired morphological changes by adjusting solvent casting conditions are complicated by the high volume fractions of PCBM needed to make a device, such that solubility limitations of both the P3HT and the PCBM dominate the structures formed upon film casting. Proper selection of processing parameters such as solvent choice, annealing- methods and polymer molecular weight can enhance device performance, but, due to the nature of solution casting the degree of control offered by standard techniques is severely limited. Thus, methods and compositions providing control over P3HT: PCBM solar cell morphology would be of benefit in the solar cell industry.
Article titled "Discriminating between bilayer and bulk heteroj unction polymer: Fullerene solar cells using the external quantum efficiency" by VS Gevaerts et al. published in ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, July 20, 201 1 , 3 (9), pp 3252-3255 reports the comparison between bilayer poly-(3-hexylthiophene)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) solar cell devices produced from orthogonal solvents before and after thermal annealing with P3HT:PCBM bulk heteroj unction solar cells produced from a single solvent. Article titled "Reappraising the need for bulk heterojunctions in polymer-fullerene photovoltaics: the role of carrier transport in all-solution-processed P3HT/PCBM bilayer solar cells" by AL Ayzner et al. published in J. Phys. Chem. C, October 27, 2009, 1 13 (46), pp 20050-20060 reports that BHJ geometry is not necessary for high efficiency, and that all-solution-processed P3HT/PCBM bilayer solar cells can be nearly as efficient as BHJ solar cells fabricated from the same materials.
Article titled "Photoinduced charge carrier generation and decay in sequentially deposited polymer/Fullerene layers: bulk heteroj unction vs planar interface" by AM Nardes et al. , published in J. Phys. Chem. C, March 6, 2012, 1 16 (13), pp 7293-7305 reports the me- resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique to study the dynamics of charge carrier generation in sequentially deposited conjugated polymer/fullerene layers. These layers are both fully solution-processed, using orthogonal solvents for the layers of the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or prepared by thermally evaporating a C60 layer onto P3HT films.
Article titled "Investigating the morphology of polymer / fullerene layers coated using orthogonal solvents" by CW Rochester et al. published in J. Phys. Chem. C, March 2, 2012, 1 16 ( 13), pp 7287-7292 reports the fabrication of P3HT/PCBM bilayer samples by spin coating PCBM dissolved in CH2C12 onto P3HT films. Dissolution of the P3HT does not occur because CH2C12 is a nonsolvent for P3HT.
Article titled "Morphology of all-solution-processed "bilayer" organic solar cells" by KH Lee published in Advanced Materials, 201 1 , 23 (6), pages 766-770, article first published online: 9 Dec 2010 report the evolution of the vertical morphology in a solution- processed P3HT/PCBM "bilayer" organic solar cell using a combination of techniques, including neutron reflectometry. By correlating the device performance with the active layer morphology and also establish that the solution processed bilayer concept is a misnomer and sequential solution processing is an elegant way to make bulk heteroj unction organic solar cells with high efficiency. There remains a need in the art to enhance photo-electric conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic cells. The aim of the present invention is precisely the same .i.e. the development of cost effective and efficient polymer solar cells using P3HT and PCBM bi layer structure.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION
The main objective of the present invention is to provide a system comprising a substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers useful as a solar cell wherein the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
Another object of present invention is to provide a system useful as solar cell with high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, present invention provides a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers. In an embodiment of the present invention, the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3- hexylthiophene) as electron donor and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer as electron acceptor.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, each photoactive bilayer positioned on the hole injection layer.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer positioned parallel to each other.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the system comprises two parallel photoactive bilayers.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the system comprises three parallel photoactive bilayers. in yet another embodiment of the present invention, the system comprises two hole injection layers.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the system comprises three hole injection layers.
ABBREVIATIONS
P3HT: PoIy(3-hexylthiophene)
PCBM: Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester
PEDOT: PSS: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) : Polystyrene sulfonate
LBLSC: Layer by layer solar cell
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig l a: shows system where the acceptor is not in direct contact with the electrodes. Fig l b: depicts the ideal scenario that can maximize efficiency i.e. where the. donor and acceptor are in direct contact with the electrodes. ,
Fig 1 c: shows that the charges need to travel across donors and acceptors.
Fig I d: Shows the cell schematic of the current invention.
Fig 2: shows the process of preparation of parallel electrodes with two different work functions.
Fig 2a: depicts the parallel electrodes with one work function.
Fig 2b: depicts the deposition of second work function electrode by electro chemical method.
Fig 2c: depicts the image of two different work function electrodes with a distance of about 291 nm.
Fig 2d: depicts the image of two different work function electrodes with a distance of about 174 nm.
Fig 3a: is UV-Vis absorption spectra of multiple layers formed between anionic and cationic materials built on Sio2.
Fig 3b: is the photo graph of one layer and nine layers as described in Figure 3a.
Fig 4: depicts UV-Vis absorption spectra of layers of chromophores Prepared on Si02 Substrates. Fig 5 : (a) Perpendicular and (b) Parallel contact Bilayer solar cell architectures, (c) photographic image of device AA_J AN 14 01 and (d) surface profilometer height image for the active layer (~300nm).
Fig 6: I-V curves for the devices with efficiency and area, (a) I-V curves for bilayer device with conventional perpendicular contact, (b-c) I-V curves for bilayer device with parallel contact.
Fig 7: Cartoon showing the Layer by layer device architecture made by 2 layers (a), 4 layers (b) and 6 layers (c) of active materials. (Blue layers represents PEDOT:PSS) Fig 8: (a) UV spectrum showing the dissolution of PCBM (underneath layer) by third layer P3HT spin coating in ODCB solution (b) UV spectrum showing the LBL growth dependent absorbance changes with PEDOT:PSS interlayers in quartz plate (upto 12 successive layers).
Fig 9: (a) The %transmittance measurement after LBL coating on quartz slides and (b) Photographic image shows the spin coated quartz slides.
Fig 10: (a) Device AA_DEC 13_13 gives 0.43V under normal lighting conditions (Front illumination from Aluminum contact side), (b) J-V curve for the shorted devices (c) J-V curves for the standard silicon solar cell and (d) the performance of the devices under 1 SUN intensity (back side illumination).
Fig 1 1 : (a) Device AA_DEC 13_14 architecture used for cell stability test, (b) the stability of LBLSC with respect to no. of days shows unchanged efficiencies over the period of 3 days in open atmosphere, (c) poor stability for an unsealed P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells shows reduction in device parameters within a day* and (d) moderate stability of an sealed P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells shows reduction in the device parameters in a day*. (* after 24 hrs these devices not shown any IV curves by keeping in an open atmosphere). Fig 12: (a) P3HT spin coated FET device performance, (b) PCBM coated on top of P3HT Layer to produce bilayer FET, (c) Device annealed at 150°C shows ambipolar FET characteristics and (d) Selective removal of PCBM by using orthogonal solvent producing regenerated p type IV characteristics with enhanced mobility.
Fig 13 : Overall FET device performance with orthogonal solvent treatment.
Fig 14: SEM images of the channels after Pt and Au deposition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell such that the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes wherein the system comprising: a substrate, a first electrode; a second electrode; at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers.
In an aspect, the present invention provides a system useful as solar cell and has high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
The present invention provides a system comprising: a substrate, polymers and two electrodes wherein the two electrodes are of different materials separated by at least 60 nm by layers of polymers with a charge or hydrogen bonding wherein each polymer layer is connected to the two electrodes.
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell comprising: a substrate, polymers and two electrodes where the two electrodes are of different materials separated by .at least 60 nm by layers of polymers w'ith a charge or hydrogen bonding wherein each polymer layer is connected to the two electrodes.
The present invention provide a system, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers wherein each photoactive bilayer positioned on the hole injection layer.
As an example, a layer by layer solar cell with a standard structure is illustrated in figure I . This cell is made of a multi-layer stack comprising successively:
a substrate 1 , made for example of glass or plastic,
a first electrode 2, for example a thin layer made of indium tin oxide (ITO),
a hole injection layer 3, made for example out of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulphonate) known under the name PEDOT:PSS, an photoactive bilayer 4, obtained by mixing p-type and n-type semiconductor organic materials, for example P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer and PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl- C61 -methyl butyrate) layer
and a second electrode 5 made of electrically conducting material, such as a thin aluminum layer.
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the substrate is selected from metal, salts of metal, non-metal, polymeric material and such like. The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the electrode materials is selected from inorganic substances i.e. metal oxides, polymer, non-metal, C dots, organic biomaterials or metals.
The photoactive bilayers of instant invention are made of at least two components, a polymer component as an electron donor and a fullerene component as an electron acceptor wherein the donor, and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes. The polymers as an electron donor include, but are not limited to derivatives of polyacetylene (PA), polyisothianaphthene (PITN), polythiophene (PT), polypyrrol (PPr), polyfluorene (PF), poly(p-phenylene) (PPP), and poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV).
The fullerene component as an acceptors include but are not limited to poly(cyanophenylenevinylene), fullerenes such as C60 and its functional derivatives (such as PCBM) and organic molecules, organometallic molecules or inorganic nanoparticles (such as, for example, CdTe, CdSe, CdS, CIS).
For the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) layer and poly(3- hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer (PCBM) and the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate known under the name PEDOT: PSS.
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell and has high open circuit voltage and excellent stability.
The performance of the LBL solar cell was compared and the results are also listed in
Table 1.
Table: 1
Figure imgf000010_0001
5 AA_DEC 13_15 3 3 3 3.60 0.67 60.0 1.51
6 After annealing 3 3 3 3.39 1.05 62.1 2.21
7 After 1 day 3 3 3 3.63 0.92 62.0 2.05
8 After 3 days 3 3 3 3.57 0.95 57.4 1.96
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the two electrodes are separated in the range of 60 to 300 nm, preferably 100 nm (Figure 2 and 14).
The present invention provides a system useful as solar cell wherein the thickness of polymer layers or the length scale between the donor and acceptor is 10 nm.
The layer by layer P3HT and PCBM solar cells (LBLSC) is made by spin coating p and n type semiconductors using an orthogonal solvent approach, orthogonal solvents have the difference in solubility for both P3HT and PCBM semiconductors. The P3HT solution is prepared in o-dichlorobenzene and kept for stirring at 60°C for 2h. The orthogonal solvent dichloromethane used to prepare PCBM solution and kept for stirring at 45°C for an hour and then cooled to room temperature before spinning on the substrates. First P3HT layer was spin coated at l OOOrpm for a min on PEDOT:PSS coated ITO substrates and kept for drying in closed petridish for half an hour, then the PCBM layer was spin coated as a second layer on top of P3HT at 4000 rpm for a min and dried for l Omin. comparitively high spinning speed has been utilized for PCBM coating is to avoid the dissolution of underneath P3HT layers. Then the third P3HT layer was spin coated on top of PCBM, which shows the dissolution of PCBM in P3HT solution during spiining. This is likely to be dissolution of PCBM in ODCB solvent. This dissolution can be monitored in UV spectrum, after spin coating P3HT (3rd layer) on PCBM layers (2nd layer) the peak at 380 nm was diminished which shows that the LBL may not be stable after 2nd PCBM layers. This can be circumvent by introducing PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTL) above the PCBM, for that PEDOT:PSS has been spin coated on PCBM at 5000rpm for a minute. After PEDOT:PSS interlayers we could able to make six layers of P3HT and PCBM.
The insolubility of hole transport layer in both DCM and ODCB provides the possibility of successive coating of P3HT and PCBM. In addition to that, HTL coating below the P3HT layer renders the possible charge collection to the anodes. Since the LBL coating will always provides high thickness of active materials, the transparency of the cell might get affect. The %Transmittance was monitored by spin coating LBL films of P3HT and PCBM. This shows maximum of 40% total transmittance at wavelength of 560 nm after 12 layers coated on quartz plate. This can be varied with the concentration of the P3HT and PCBM.
The layer by layer cell of present invention made by alternative layers of P3HT and PCBM with PEDOT:PSS interlayers shows considerable volatge generation even in normal room light conditions. The layer by layer solar cell hows high open circuit voltage as compared to bulk heteroj unction solar cells. The thermal annealing provide the mixing of P3HT and PCBM to form bulk heterojunction across the active layers. Then the same devices were kept in an open atmosphere for several days and the measured efficiencies were unaltered (-2.0%) over the period of three days. This stability by the layer by layer stacking of active layers provides an environmental protection to the devices to some extent. The stability of such LBL devices were found to be higher than that of bulk heterojunction devices.
EXAMPLES
Following examples are given by way of illustration therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1: Preparation of electrodes for solar cells
A silicon substrate coated with 210 nm thick Si02 was used as substrate. The substrate has interdigitated gold electrodes separated by 2.5μ. Using one of these electrodes, Platinum was deposited electrochemically. 0.1 M Chloroplatinic acid was used as electroplating solution and the reference electrode was Ag/AgCl. Deposition was carried out from 1 cycle to 1000 potential cycles (+0.4 V to -0.4 V). On the other electrode gold electrode was deposited from a solution containing Au+1 to deposit gold. By varying the deposition time, one can adjust the distance between the two electrodes.
Example 2: Preparation of organic polymer layers
In a Si02 substrate, the surface was modified with positive charge using a silane. Then a Phthalocyaine with negative charge was immobilized by dipping the substrate into the solution. Then, the substrate was dipped in a solution containing cationic polymer poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride). By repeating these steps, layers of organic materials that convert light into electricity have been deposited on the substrate suitable for organic solar cells. (This is the key to the invention. The organic layer absorbs light and converts to electricity).
Example 3: Preparation of Layer by layer solar cells
The Layer by layer P3HT and PCBM solar cells (LBLSC) has been made by spin coating p and n type semiconductors using an orthogonal solvent approach, orthogonal solvents should have the difference in solubility for both P3HT and PCBM semiconductors. The proposed device architecture was given in Fig. 1, P3HT solutions were prepared in o- Dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and kept for stirring at 60°C for 2hrs. the orthogonal solvent Dichloromethane (DCM) has been used to prepare PCBM solution and kept for stirring at 45°C for an hour and then cooled to room temperature before spinning on the substrates. First P3HT layer was spin coated at l OOOrpm for a min on PEDOT:PSS coated ITO substrates and kept for drying in closed petridish for half an hour, then the PCBM layer was spin coated as a second layer on top of P3HT at 4000 rpm for a min and dried for l Omin. comparitively high spinning speed has been utilized for PCBM coating is to avoid the dissolution of underneath P3HT layers. Then the third P3HT layer was spin coated on top of PCBM, which shows the dissolution of PCBM in P3HT solution during spiining. This is likely to be d issolution of PCBM in ODCB solvent. This dissolution can be monitored in UV spectrum (Fig. 2 a), after spin coating P3HT (3RD layer) on PCBM layers (2nd layer) the peak at 380nm was diminished which shows that the LBL may not be stable after 2nd PCBM layers. This can be circumvent by introducing PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTL) above the PCBM, for that PEDOT:PSS has been spin coated on P.CBM at 5000rpm for a minute. After PEDOT:PSS interlayers we could able to make six layers of P3HT and PCBM.
The insolubility of HTL in both DCM and ODCB provides the possibility of successive coating of P3HT and PCBM (Fig. 2 b). In addition to that, HTL coating below the P3HT layer renders the possible charge collection to the anodes. Since the LBL coating will always provides high thickness of active materials, the transparency of the cell might get affect. The %Transmittance was monitored by spin coating LBL films of P3HT and PCBM (Fig. 3). This shows maximum of 40% total transmittance at wavelength of 560nm after 12 layers coated on quartz plate. This can be varied with the concentration of the P3HT and PCBM. The solar cell device performances were compiled in Figure 4 and Table 1.
The LBLSC made by alternative layers of P3HT and PCBM with PEDOT:PSS interlayers, these cells were measured in Solar Simulators (SS) in l OOmW/cm2 power input. Before carry out the measurements, the standard NREL Si cells has been used to calibrate the SS. The reference cell shows PCE of 13.6% with Voc of 0.61 (Fig. 4c), some of the cells were shorted due to the contact between anode and cathode terminals (Fig. 4b) and some cells has shown considerable volatge generation even in normal room light conditions (Fig. 4a) have shown linear increase in the V0c with respect to increase in the p-n junctions. The Voc was found to be 0.92V, 2.51 V and 3.63V for two, four and six layers of p-n junctions solar cells, respectively (Fig. 4d and Table 1). Then the 6 layers cell was subjected to thermal annealing at 130°C for 10 min in glove box shown maximum PCE% of 2.2%, which shows 40% improved efficiency than unannealed devices efficiency ( 1.49%). This can be explaind by the thermal annealing will provide the mixing of P3HT and PCBM to form bulk heteroj unction across the active layers (from FET data Fig. 6). Then the same devices were kept in an open atmosphere for several days and the measured efficiencies were unaltered (~ 2.0%) over the period of three days (Fig. 5b). This stability could be explained by the layer by layer stacking of active layers provides an environmental protection to the devices to some extent. The stability of such LBL devices were found to be higher than that of bulk heteroj unction devices (Fig. 5c and 5d).
The performance of the LBL solar cell was compared and the results are also listed in Table 1 .
Table: 1
Figure imgf000014_0001
cell
2 AA_DEC 13_12 1 1 1 0.92 0.81 34.8 0.26
3 AA_DEC 13_13 2 2 2 2.51 0.70 65.5 1.12
4 AA_DEC 13_14 3 3 3 3.63 0.69 59.4 1.49
5 AA_DEC 13_15 3 3 3 3.60 0.67 60.0 1.51
6 After annealing 3 3 . 3 3.39 1.05 62.1 2.21
7 After 1 day 3 3 3 3.63 0.92 62.0 2.05
8 After 3 days 3 3 3 3.57 0.95 57.4 1.96
ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
1 . Preparation of two electrodes which are separated in the range of 60-300 nm from each other.
2. Disclosed system is useful as solar cell.
3. Deceptively simple electrode preparation makes the process simple and cheap.

Claims

WE CLAIM
1. A solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, at least two parallel photoactive bilayers and at least two hole injection layers.
2. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene) as electron donor and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer as electron acceptor.
3. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 and 2, wherein the donor and acceptor domains are connected directly to electrodes.
4. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein each photoactive bilayer positioned on the hole injection layer.
5. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the photoactive bilayer comprises Poly(3-hexylthiophene) layer and Phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester layer, positioned parallel to each other.
6. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the hole injection layer comprises polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS).
7. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the system comprises two parallel photoactive bilayers.
8. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the system comprises three parallel photoactive bilayers.
9. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the system comprises two hole injection layers.
10. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the system comprises three hole injection layers.
PCT/IN2014/000532 2013-08-20 2014-08-20 Multilayer solar cell WO2015025333A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IN2458/DEL/2013 2013-08-20
IN2458DE2013 2013-08-20

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015025333A1 true WO2015025333A1 (en) 2015-02-26

Family

ID=51743527

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IN2014/000532 WO2015025333A1 (en) 2013-08-20 2014-08-20 Multilayer solar cell

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2015025333A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106918658A (en) * 2017-01-22 2017-07-04 合肥拓锐生物科技有限公司 About the analysis method of material in a kind of pazopanib raw material and its preparation
US11111586B2 (en) 2016-02-23 2021-09-07 South Dakota Board Of Regents Self-organized and electrically conducting PEDOT polymer matrix for applications in sensors and energy generation and storage

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0252756A2 (en) * 1986-07-10 1988-01-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Semiconductor device comprising an organic material
WO2011027124A1 (en) * 2009-09-04 2011-03-10 University Of Warwick Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0252756A2 (en) * 1986-07-10 1988-01-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Semiconductor device comprising an organic material
WO2011027124A1 (en) * 2009-09-04 2011-03-10 University Of Warwick Organic photosensitive optoelectronic devices

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
AL AYZNER ET AL.: "Reappraising the need for bulk heterojunctions in polymer-fullerene photovoltaics: the role of carrier transport in all-solution-processed P3HT/PCBM bilayer solar cells", J. PHYS. CHEM. C, vol. 113, no. 46, 27 October 2009 (2009-10-27), pages 20050 - 20060
AM NARDES ET AL.: "Photoinduced charge carrier generation and decay in sequentially deposited polymer/Fullerene layers: bulk heterojunction vs planar interface", J. PHYS. CHEM. C, vol. 116, no. 13, 6 March 2012 (2012-03-06), pages 7293 - 7305, XP055152638, DOI: doi:10.1021/jp212390p
CW ROCHESTER ET AL.: "Investigating the morphology of polymer / fullerene layers coated using orthogonal solvents", J. PHYS. CHEM. C, vol. 116, no. 13, 2 March 2012 (2012-03-02), pages 7287 - 7292
HADIPOUR A ET AL: "Organic tandem and multi-junction solar cells", ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, WILEY - V C H VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, DE, vol. 18, no. 2, 24 January 2008 (2008-01-24), pages 169 - 181, XP001510282, ISSN: 1616-301X, DOI: 10.1002/ADFM.200700517 *
KH LEE: "Morphology of all-solution-processed ''bilayer'' organic solar cells", ADVANCED MATERIALS, vol. 23, no. 6, 9 December 2010 (2010-12-09), pages 766 - 770
TETSUYA TAIMA ET AL: "Tandem Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Low-Molecular-Weight Semiconductors", JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, JAPAN SOCIETY OF APPLIED PHYSICS, JP, vol. 49, no. 1 pt.2, 1 January 2010 (2010-01-01), pages 1AC04 - 1, XP001551703, ISSN: 0021-4922, [retrieved on 20100120], DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.49.01AC04 *
VS GEVAERTS ET AL.: "Discriminating between bilayer and bulk heterojunction polymer: Fullerene solar cells using the external quantum efficiency", ACS APPL. MATER. INTERFACES, vol. 3, no. 9, 20 July 2011 (2011-07-20), pages 3252 - 3255

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11111586B2 (en) 2016-02-23 2021-09-07 South Dakota Board Of Regents Self-organized and electrically conducting PEDOT polymer matrix for applications in sensors and energy generation and storage
US11905609B2 (en) 2016-02-23 2024-02-20 South Dakota Board Of Regents Self-organized and electrically conducting PEDOT polymer matrix for applications in sensors and energy generation and storage
CN106918658A (en) * 2017-01-22 2017-07-04 合肥拓锐生物科技有限公司 About the analysis method of material in a kind of pazopanib raw material and its preparation

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Rezaee et al. Dopant‐free hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells
Girtan et al. Role of ITO and PEDOT: PSS in stability/degradation of polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunctions solar cells
Wang et al. Research progress on polymer heterojunction solar cells
Yin et al. Interface control of semiconducting metal oxide layers for efficient and stable inverted polymer solar cells with open-circuit voltages over 1.0 volt
EP3249709A1 (en) Organic photovoltaic cells
US9634261B2 (en) Organic photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using same
US20080142079A1 (en) Photovoltaic cell
KR100986159B1 (en) Organic solar cell enhancing energy conversion efficiency and method for preparing the same
US8742253B1 (en) Device configurations for CIS based solar cells
US8840771B2 (en) Electrochemical method for depositing nanofibrilar poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) hole extraction layer in organic solar cells
EP2707907A2 (en) Tandem photovoltaic cells
KR20110098303A (en) Organic solar cells with fused ring compounds
Raïssi et al. Enhancing the short-circuit current, efficiency of inverted organic solar cells using tetra sulfonic copper phthalocyanine (TS-CuPc) as electron transporting layer
Moustafa et al. Stability enhancement of high-performance inverted polymer solar cells using ZnO electron interfacial layer deposited by intermittent spray pyrolysis approach
KR100971113B1 (en) Method for fabricating organic photovoltaic device with improved conversion efficiency by partitioned active area and organic photovoltaic device fabricated thereby
Sacramento et al. Inverted polymer solar cells using inkjet printed ZnO as electron transport layer: Characterization and degradation study
WO2010107261A2 (en) Solar cell and a production method therefor
US20130263916A1 (en) All spray see-through organic solar array with encapsulation
Arenas et al. Influence of poly3-octylthiophene (P3OT) film thickness and preparation method on photovoltaic performance of hybrid ITO/CdS/P3OT/Au solar cells
US10008669B2 (en) Organic photovoltaic array and method of manufacture
Mohd-Nasir et al. Review of Polymer, Dye‐Sensitized, and Hybrid Solar Cells
Nagata et al. Highly conductive DMSO-treated PEDOT: PSS electrodes applied to flexible organic solar cells
JP5304448B2 (en) Organic photoelectric conversion element
Inaba et al. Eco-Friendly Push-Coated Polymer Solar Cells with No Active Material Wastes Yield Power Conversion Efficiencies over 5.5%
WO2015025333A1 (en) Multilayer solar cell

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 14786369

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

DPE1 Request for preliminary examination filed after expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101)
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 14786369

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1