WO2015004688A1 - Procédé et appareil d'extraction de nombres aléatoires vrais de structures spatiales complexes - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil d'extraction de nombres aléatoires vrais de structures spatiales complexes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015004688A1
WO2015004688A1 PCT/IT2013/000194 IT2013000194W WO2015004688A1 WO 2015004688 A1 WO2015004688 A1 WO 2015004688A1 IT 2013000194 W IT2013000194 W IT 2013000194W WO 2015004688 A1 WO2015004688 A1 WO 2015004688A1
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PCT/IT2013/000194
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English (en)
Inventor
Paolo Villoresi
Giuseppe VALLONE
Davide Giacomo MARANGON
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Universita 'degli Studi Di Padova
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Priority to PCT/IT2013/000194 priority Critical patent/WO2015004688A1/fr
Publication of WO2015004688A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015004688A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
    • G06F7/588—Random number generators, i.e. based on natural stochastic processes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to random number generation. More specifically this invention relates to the generation of random numbers with genuine statistical properties being effectively extracted from a high entropic physical process.
  • I Information Technology
  • MonteCarlo methods MonteCarlo methods
  • gambling games lotteries, slot machines, etc.
  • TRNG True Random Number Generator
  • TRNGs based on Classical Physics processes
  • TRNGs based on Quantum Physics processes
  • Generators belonging to the first class typically employ highly chaotic processes: voltage oscillations in resistors due to thermal noise; phase oscillations inside laser cavities, "chaotic maps" implemented inside programmable electronic processors.
  • Quantum Random Number Generators exploit the intrinsic randomness of those so-called “microscopically" systems: detection of single photons emitted by attenuated sources of light, detection of entangled photons, detection of photons emitted by decaying instable radioactive nuclei, sampling of current noise generated by the quadratures of the electromagnetic field.
  • TRNGs are challenged by issues of both theoretical origin as well as about their implementation.
  • the physical process used in the actual embodiment may have details which are hard to describe or not fully known.
  • the random source cannot span for all the possible states of the system. Practically this means that the generator, during its evolution, may reach periodic orbits in the space of phases, such that the output of the generator becomes completely predictable.
  • the source of noise is "weak" in the sense that it is sensitive to external factors.
  • a drift in device temperature may cause shifting of reference values for generators which sample the thermal noise of resistors.
  • Another example is dead time of photon detectors which does not allow to sample the arrival time of two photons close in time.
  • the present invention does not present the issues which affects other TRNGs, because the present method rely on a ultra-chaotic and macroscopical process:
  • the present random number generator produces random bits by exploiting the detection and the elaboration of a laser beam wave-front distortions induced by a turbulent medium: here a detailed description will follow with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • the preferred embodiment of this invention consists of: a transmitting unit (transmitter) which emits optical radiation; an optical link and turbulent medium the radiation propagates across; a receiving unit (receiver) which detects the radiation intensity distribution over a suitable area; a digital unit for the elaboration of the detected signal and the extraction of random numbers from it.
  • the main component of the transmitter is a LASER (FIG. 1) 1 which emits coherent radiation 2.
  • the LASER beam works as a probe for capturing the chaotic dynamic of the atmosphere.
  • the LASER is operated in a continuous wave (CW) mode.
  • the LASER can be operated in pulsed mode.
  • the wavelength of the LASER employed must be such that the electromagnetic field emitted can interact with the refractive index of the medium through the beam propagates across.
  • An appropriate optical apparatus 3 is set to focus the LASER beam to the receiver 4. More generally, this optical apparatus can comprise also technical solutions necessary to keep the transmitter aimed on the receiver unit (such as stepped motors controlled by a feedback system) and to minimize those physical effects which are not directly used for the generation of the numbers.
  • the optical setup can be designed for reducing the intrinsic geometrical distortions a beam suffers while propagating through free space such as the inherent spreading consequence of the spatial dependence of the wave-equation solutions in vacuum.
  • the medium between the transmitter and the receiver in is the terrestrial atmosphere 5.
  • an optical transparent medium characterized by a non-linear and chaotic dynamic can be used instead of the terrestrial atmosphere. Variations in the Earth surface temperature induces the motion of air masses. This physical system obey to non- linear dynamic which is practically unfeasible to be solved analytically. Statistical models were then introduced to approximate the behavior of the atmosphere. To describe the optical effects caused by the atmosphere, one can consider a collection of turbulent eddies 6 which have a continuous spectrum of sizes 78 9. According to the Kolmogorov model of the atmosphere, the energy of the larger eddies is transferred to the smaller ones and dissipated by viscosity.
  • the frame rate of the acquisition must be set in order that consecutive frames are not correlated.
  • a thick layer of random medium comprised between the transmitter and the receiver, allows to increase the frame rate of acquired images.
  • the captured frames are then sent to a computer 17 or some other kind of image processing unit which elaborate them in order to extract randomness.
  • the digital/electronic elaboration technique applies on every acquired frame (FIG. 3) 18 with the speckle patterns a grid 19 formed by N cells (FIG. 4) 20. Every cell must have the same area and the grid must cover only the region of the frame where the image of the pupil is given.
  • the cells are associated to the pixels of the image: a pixel a cell. However the cells can be formed by joining together more pixels, or by taking fractional areas of the pixels.
  • To every cell an unique numerical index / ' 6 ⁇ 1, ...,N ⁇ 21 is associated consecutively: in this way every cell is tagged univocally from 1 to N, where N is the total number of cells.
  • This step consists of evaluating the "centers of mass", the so-called first moments or centroids, of the spots composing the speckle pattern.
  • Typical algorithms for image analysis which allow to compute several digital moments can be employed. More precisely, given E the number of bits used by the acquisition software to encode the intensity (colour) levels of monochromatic light on the active *n (FIG.
  • the intensity of the speckles can be consi dered as a two variables function I(x f y) where x e ⁇ 0, ...m ⁇ e y E ⁇ 0, n] and l x,y) E ⁇ 0, 2 s — 1 ⁇ .
  • centroids of the speckles are evaluated.
  • the coordinates of the centroids are then compared with the reference grid of the frames (FIG. 6) 31 32
  • the electronic and/or digital system which generates the random number / has also the possibility to store and transmits the numbers.
  • the system then converts f in its binary conversion Hf).
  • the method and the apparatus presented allow to generate true random numbers with a high content of entropy.
  • the turbulent process is indeed ruled by a hyper chaotic dynamic whose initial conditions are unfeasible (practically impossible) to know. In this way it is not possible to compute the evolution of the system and how the wavefront of the beam would be corrupted by the variations of the refractive index of the air.
  • the analysis which is performed on the geometrical features of the acquired complex spatial patterns allow then to identify as a random variable, the possible arrangements of these features inside the grid
  • the Physics of the process can be regarding as choosing one of the possible configurations. These equiprobable configurations are the enumerated and converted in bits by a procedure which does not introduce bias.
  • bits produced in this way are then able to pass the most stringent tests of randomness.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé et un appareil de génération de nombres aléatoires vrais. Le procédé consiste à acquérir des images de structures spatiales complexes, à exploiter leurs caractéristiques géométriques pour dériver une série binaire, à associer une valeur entière univoque à chaque série binaire et à extraire une séquence binaire non polarisée de chaque valeur. L'invention concerne également un appareil qui génère des structures spatiales complexes par émission d'un faisceau de lumière à travers un milieu aléatoire, tel que l'atmosphère terrestre. Les images du profil d'intensité présentant une distorsion sont ensuite élaborées par le biais d'une unité de traitement qui analyse les caractéristiques géométriques et dérive une série binaire pour chaque image. Une chaîne de bits non polarisés est ensuite extraite de chaque série binaire par application d'une procédure de codage optimal. Les nombres extraits au moyen de cette approche ne sont pas affectés par les anomalies classiques, telles qu'une polarisation et des corrélations, introduites par des instabilités matérielles qui affectent des générateurs sur la base d'effets physiques microscopiquement.
PCT/IT2013/000194 2013-07-10 2013-07-10 Procédé et appareil d'extraction de nombres aléatoires vrais de structures spatiales complexes WO2015004688A1 (fr)

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PCT/IT2013/000194 WO2015004688A1 (fr) 2013-07-10 2013-07-10 Procédé et appareil d'extraction de nombres aléatoires vrais de structures spatiales complexes

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PCT/IT2013/000194 WO2015004688A1 (fr) 2013-07-10 2013-07-10 Procédé et appareil d'extraction de nombres aléatoires vrais de structures spatiales complexes

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111596892A (zh) * 2020-05-11 2020-08-28 南京西觉硕信息科技有限公司 一种软随机数发生方法及发生器

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1887459A2 (fr) * 2004-10-15 2008-02-13 Nxp B.V. Circuit intégré à générateur de vrais nombres aléatoires
WO2013003943A1 (fr) * 2011-07-07 2013-01-10 Muise Joseph Gerard Procédé de mise en oeuvre d'un générateur portatif de nombres purement aléatoires sur la base de la microstructure et du bruit présent dans des images numériques

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1887459A2 (fr) * 2004-10-15 2008-02-13 Nxp B.V. Circuit intégré à générateur de vrais nombres aléatoires
WO2013003943A1 (fr) * 2011-07-07 2013-01-10 Muise Joseph Gerard Procédé de mise en oeuvre d'un générateur portatif de nombres purement aléatoires sur la base de la microstructure et du bruit présent dans des images numériques

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
AA KORIÄ B: "On the entropy of keys derived from laser speckle; statistical properties of Gabor-transformed speckle", JOURNAL OF OPTICS. A, PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS, INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING, BRISTOL, GB, vol. 10, no. 5, 1 May 2008 (2008-05-01), pages 55304, XP020138051, ISSN: 1464-4258 *
P. ELIAS: "Efficient construction of an unbiased random sequence", THE ANNALS OF MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS, vol. 43, no. 3, 1972, pages 865 - 870
ROARKE HORSTMEYER ET AL: "Markov speckle for efficient random bit generation", OPTICS EXPRESS, VOL. 20,. NO. 24, 19 November 2012 (2012-11-19), pages 1 - 17, XP055107622, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.opticsinfobase.org/view_article.cfm?gotourl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticsinfobase.org%2FDirectPDFAccess%2FB403B801-0D4F-6518-466EE595D91BF677_245420%2Foe-20-24-26394.pdf%3Fda%3D1%26id%3D245420%26seq%3D0%26mobile%3Dno&org=> [retrieved on 20140313] *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111596892A (zh) * 2020-05-11 2020-08-28 南京西觉硕信息科技有限公司 一种软随机数发生方法及发生器
CN111596892B (zh) * 2020-05-11 2023-06-23 南京西觉硕信息科技有限公司 一种软随机数发生方法及发生器

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