WO2015004120A2 - Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc) - Google Patents

Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc) Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015004120A2
WO2015004120A2 PCT/EP2014/064574 EP2014064574W WO2015004120A2 WO 2015004120 A2 WO2015004120 A2 WO 2015004120A2 EP 2014064574 W EP2014064574 W EP 2014064574W WO 2015004120 A2 WO2015004120 A2 WO 2015004120A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
converter
limb
terminal
circulation path
transmission link
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2014/064574
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2015004120A3 (fr
Inventor
Francisco Jose Moreno MUÑOZ
David Reginald Trainer
Kevin J DYKE
Thomas LÜTH
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alstom Technology Ltd filed Critical Alstom Technology Ltd
Priority to EP14739378.9A priority Critical patent/EP3020126A2/fr
Publication of WO2015004120A2 publication Critical patent/WO2015004120A2/fr
Publication of WO2015004120A3 publication Critical patent/WO2015004120A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0095—Hybrid converter topologies, e.g. NPC mixed with flying capacitor, thyristor converter mixed with MMC or charge pump mixed with buck

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a DC to DC converter assembly for interconnecting DC electrical networks, and a method of controlling a DC to DC converter assembly for interconnecting DC electrical networks.
  • HVDC high voltage direct current
  • DC direct current
  • a DC to DC converter assembly for interconnecting DC electrical networks, the DC to DC converter assembly comprising:
  • each converter including first and second DC terminals for connection to a respective one of the DC electrical networks, each converter including a converter limb extending between the corresponding first and second DC terminals, the converter limb of the first converter having a pair of first limb portions separated by a first AC terminal, the converter limb of the second converter having a pair of second limb portions separated by a second AC terminal, each limb portion including at least one switching element, at least one first limb portion including at least one first module, at least one second limb portion including at least one second module, the or each module including at least one switching element and at least one energy storage device, the or each switching element and the or each energy storage device in each module combining to selectively provide a voltage source, the or each switching element in each limb portion being switchable to switch the corresponding limb portion into or out of circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals to control the configuration of an AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal; an AC transmission link, the first AC terminal being connected to the second AC terminal via the AC transmission link, the
  • a controller configured to selectively control switching of the or each switching element in each limb portion to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal to:
  • the DC to DC converter assembly is operable to transfer power between the DC electrical networks. More particularly, to operate the DC to DC converter assembly to transfer power between the DC electrical networks, the switching elements of the limb portions of each converter are switched to selectively switch each limb portion into circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals over an operating cycle of the DC electrical networks.
  • Switching a limb portion into circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals enables the limb portion to be further operated to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal when the limb portion includes at least one module. More particularly, the or each module of the limb portion can be controlled to selectively provide a voltage source to "push up” (add voltage steps to) and/or “pull down” (subtract voltage steps from) a DC voltage at the corresponding DC terminal to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal. In this manner each converter is capable of generating a high quality AC voltage waveform at the corresponding AC terminal and thereby enabling the transfer of high quality power between the DC electrical networks.
  • energy transferred from one DC electrical network to the other DC electrical network flows through the or each energy storage device of the or each module that is controlled to selectively provide a voltage source during the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly to transfer power between the DC electrical networks.
  • Such a flow of energy through the or each energy storage device of the or each module could result in energy accumulation in (or energy loss from) at least one energy storage device, thus resulting in deviation of the energy level of at least one energy storage device from a reference value.
  • the formation of the current circulation path allows energy to be transferred between at least one first module and at least one second module, and so permits regulation of the energy stored in a given energy storage device, thereby obviating the problems associated with a deviation of the energy level of at least one energy storage device from the reference value.
  • the AC transmission link is only connected between the first and second converters and is not directly connected to an AC grid, it is not necessary to comply with grid electrical regulations when forming the current circulation path, thus avoiding any problems associated with non-compliance with grid electrical regulations.
  • the configuration of the current circulation path may vary depending on the configuration and operation of the DC to DC converter assembly.
  • each converter may further include an auxiliary limb extending between the corresponding first and second DC terminals, the auxiliary limb being connected in parallel with the corresponding converter limb, the current circulation path further including at least part of the auxiliary limb.
  • auxiliary limb in each converter provides an additional route through which current can flow in the converter, and so provides greater flexibility in terms of the number of possible configurations of the current circulation path.
  • the auxiliary limb of each converter may include an auxiliary terminal, and the auxiliary terminals of the first and second converters are electrically interconnected by a current return path, the current circulation path including the current return path.
  • the configuration of each auxiliary limb may vary.
  • each auxiliary limb may include a pair of DC link capacitors separated by the corresponding auxiliary terminal.
  • the inclusion of the current return path in the current circulation path allows transfer of energy between at least one first module and at least one second module through control of the configuration of the AC voltage at each AC terminal to inject a common mode current into the current return path. Additionally, aside from providing a means of transferring energy from at least one first module to at least one second module, the provision of the current return path is particularly useful when it is required to limit the number of limb portions that are connected in the current circulation path.
  • the DC to DC converter assembly may include a plurality of AC transmission links, wherein each converter may include a plurality of converter limbs, each first AC terminal being connected to a respective one of the second AC terminals via a respective one of the plurality of AC transmission links, each first AC terminal being connected at a first end of the corresponding AC transmission link, each second AC terminal being connected at a second end of the corresponding AC transmission link, the current circulation path including a first current circulation path portion and at least one further current circulation path portion,
  • the first current circulation path portion includes: a first AC transmission link; at least one first limb portion connected at a first end of the first AC transmission link; and at least one second limb portion connected at a second end of the first AC transmission link, and
  • the or each further current circulation path portion includes: a further AC transmission link; at least one first limb portion connected at a first end of the further AC transmission link; and at least one second limb portion connected at a second end of the further AC transmission link.
  • first current circulation path portion and the or each further current circulation path portion permits the current circulation path to be formed within the converters and AC transmission links, thus obviating the need for inclusion of the above-described current return path in the current circulation path.
  • inclusion of the first current circulation path portion and the or each further current circulation path portion in the current circulation path enables multiple converter limbs of either or each converter to be connected in the current circulation path.
  • the controller may be configured to selectively control switching of the or each switching element in each limb portion to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal to concurrently form the current circulation path and transfer power between the DC electrical networks. More particularly, the current circulation path may be formed during a common conduction period of an AC transmission link in which at least one first limb portion and at least one second limb portion at both ends of the AC transmission link are both switched into conduction (i.e. switched into circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals) to transfer power between the DC electrical networks.
  • Configuration of the controller in this manner allows regulation of the energy level of one or more energy storage devices whilst power is being transferred between the DC electrical networks. This not only minimises or eliminates the need to bring the DC to DC converter assembly offline to enable formation of the current circulation path, but also enables optimal operation of the DC to DC converter assembly through real-time regulation of the energy level of the or each energy storage device in each converter.
  • the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly to transfer power between the DC electrical networks requires the AC voltage at the first AC terminal of the first converter to be phase-shifted relative to the AC voltage at the second AC terminal of the second converter. Accordingly the period in which each of the first and second limb portions are switched into conduction is longer than the common conduction period.
  • each converter includes a plurality of converter limbs and a plurality of AC transmission links
  • the AC voltage at each AC terminal of a given converter is also phase-shifted relative to the AC voltage at each other AC terminal of the given converter during the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly to transfer power between the DC electrical networks.
  • the current circulation path includes the first current circulation path portion and the or each further current circulation path portion
  • the current circulation path can only be formed during an overlap between the common conduction periods of the first AC transmission link and the or each further AC transmission link, so as to enable concurrent formation of the current circulation path and transfer of power between the DC electrical networks. This limits the period in which the period in which energy can be transferred to or from a given energy storage device to regulate its energy level during the transfer of power between the DC electrical networks.
  • the controller may be configured to selectively control switching of the or each switching element in each limb portion to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal to form a first current circulation path including the first current circulation path portion and a further current circulation path portion, followed by a second current circulation path including the first current circulation path portion and another further current circulation path portion.
  • Sequential formation of the first and second current circulation paths in this manner extends the period in which energy can be transferred to or from a given energy storage device to regulate its energy level during the transfer of power between the DC electrical networks.
  • a DC to DC converter assembly for interconnecting DC electrical networks, the DC to DC converter assembly comprising:
  • each converter including first and second DC terminals for connection to a respective one of the DC electrical networks, each converter including a converter limb extending between the corresponding first and second DC terminals, the converter limb of the first converter having a pair of first limb portions separated by a first AC terminal, the converter limb of the second converter having a pair of second limb portions separated by a second AC terminal, each limb portion including at least one switching element, at least one first limb portion including at least one first module, at least one second limb portion including at least one second module, the or each module including at least one switching element and at least one energy storage device, the or each switching element and the or each energy storage device in each module combining to selectively provide a voltage source, the or each switching element in each limb portion being switchable to switch the corresponding limb portion into or out of circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals to control the configuration of an AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal; and
  • the method comprises the step of switching the or each switching element in each limb portion to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal to:
  • the method according to the invention shares the advantages associated with the corresponding features of the DC to DC converter assembly according to the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows, in schematic form, a DC to DC converter assembly according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows, in schematic form, the structure of a module forming part of the DC to DC converter assembly of Figure 1 ;
  • FIG 3 illustrates the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly of Figure 1 to transfer power between DC electrical networks
  • Figures 4a to 4d illustrate the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly of Figure 1 to form a current circulation path during the transfer of power between DC electrical networks;
  • Figure 5 shows, in schematic form, a DC to DC converter assembly according to a second embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 6 illustrates the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly of Figure 5 to transfer power between DC electrical networks
  • FIGS 7 and 8 illustrate the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly of
  • Figure 5 to form a current circulation path during the transfer of power between DC electrical networks.
  • a first DC to DC converter assembly 20 according to a first embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 1.
  • the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 comprises first and second converters 22,24.
  • Each converter 22,24 includes first and second DC terminals 26,28, and a converter limb 30 extending between the corresponding first and second DC terminals 26,28.
  • the first and second DC terminals 26,28 of the first converter 22 are respectively connected to first and second terminals of a first DC electrical network 32
  • the first and second DC terminals 26,28 of the second converter 24 are respectively connected to first and second terminals of a second DC electrical network 34.
  • the first terminal of each DC electrical network 32,34 carries a positive DC voltage
  • the second terminal of each DC electrical network 32,34 carries a negative DC voltage.
  • the converter limb 30 of the first converter 22 has a pair of first limb portions 36a, 36b separated by a first AC terminal 40. More particularly, in the converter limb 30 of the first converter 22, an "upper" first limb portion 36a is connected between the first DC terminal 26 and the first AC terminal 40, and a “lower” first limb portion 36b is connected between the second DC terminal 28 and the first AC terminal 40.
  • the converter limb 30 of the second converter 24 has a pair of second limb portions 38a, 38b separated by a second AC terminal 42. More particularly, in the converter limb 30 of the second converter 24, an "upper" second limb portion 38a is connected between the first DC terminal 26 and the second AC terminal 42, and a “lower” second limb portion 38b is connected between the second DC terminal 28 and the second AC terminal 42.
  • Each first limb portion 36a, 36b includes a director switch 44 connected in series with a plurality of series-connected first modules 46a.
  • Each second limb portion 38a,38b includes a director switch 44 connected in series with a plurality of series-connected second modules 46b.
  • Each director switch 44 is in the form of a single switching element. It is envisaged that, in other embodiments of the invention, each director switch may include a plurality of series-connected switching elements.
  • Each module 46a,46b includes two pairs of switching elements and an energy storage device 48 in the form of a capacitor. The pairs of switching elements are connected in parallel with the capacitor in a full-bridge arrangement.
  • Each switching element of the director switch 44 and modules 46a, 46b in each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b includes a single switching device. Each switching element further includes a passive current check element that is connected in anti-parallel with each switching device.
  • Each switching device is in the form of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) 50. It is envisaged that, in other embodiments of the invention, each IGBT may be replaced by a gate turn-off thyristor, a field effect transistor, an injection-enhanced gate transistor, an integrated gate commutated thyristor or any other self-commutated switching device.
  • the number of switching devices in each switching element may vary depending on the required voltage rating of that switching element.
  • Each passive current check element includes a passive current check device in the form of a diode 52. It is envisaged that, in other embodiments, each diode may be replaced by any other device that is capable of limiting current flow in only one direction. The number of passive current check devices in each passive current check element may vary depending on the required voltage rating of that passive current check element.
  • each capacitor may be replaced by another type of energy storage device that is capable of storing and releasing energy, e.g. a fuel cell or battery.
  • the plurality of series-connected modules 46a,46b in each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b defines a chain-link converter 54.
  • each module 46a,46b is selectively bypassed or inserted into the corresponding chain-link converter 54 by changing the states of the switching elements. This selectively directs current through the capacitor or causes current to bypass the capacitor, so that the module 46a,46b provides a negative, zero or positive voltage.
  • the capacitor of the module 46a, 46b is bypassed when the switching elements in the module 46a,46b are configured to form a short circuit in the module 46a,46b. This causes current in the chain-link converter 54 to pass through the short circuit and bypass the capacitor, and so the module 46a,46b provides a zero voltage, i.e. the module 46a,46b is configured in a bypassed mode.
  • the capacitor of the module 46a,46b is inserted into the chain-link converter 54 when the switching elements in the module 46a,46b are configured to allow the current in the chain-link converter 54 to flow into and out of the capacitor. The capacitor then charges or discharges its stored energy so as to provide a non-zero voltage, i.e.
  • the module 46a,46b is configured in a non-bypassed mode.
  • the full-bridge arrangement of the module 46a, 46b permits configuration of the switching elements in the module 46a, 46b to cause current to flow into and out of the capacitor in either direction, and so the module 46a,46b can be configured to provide a negative or positive voltage in the non- bypassed mode.
  • the pairs of switching elements are connected in parallel with the capacitor in a full-bridge arrangement to define a 4-quadrant bipolar module 46a,46b that can provide negative, zero or positive voltage and can conduct current in two directions. It is possible to build up a combined voltage across the chain-link converter 54, which is higher than the voltage available from each of its individual modules 46a, 46b, via the insertion of the capacitors of multiple modules 46a, 46b, each providing its own voltage, into the chain-link converter 54. In this manner switching of the switching elements in each module 46a,46b causes the chain-link converter 54 to provide a stepped variable voltage source, which permits the generation of a voltage waveform across the chain-link converter 54 using a step-wise approximation. As such the chain-link converter 54 is capable of providing a wide range of complex voltage waveforms.
  • each module may be replaced by another type of module that includes at least one switching element and at least one energy storage device, the or each switching element and the or each energy storage device in the or each module combining to selectively provide a voltage source.
  • the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 further includes an AC transmission link 56.
  • the first AC terminal 40 is connected to the second AC terminal 42 via the AC transmission link 56.
  • the first AC terminal 40 is connected at a first end of the AC transmission link 56
  • the second AC terminal 42 is connected at a second end of the AC transmission link 56.
  • the AC transmission link 56 includes a inductor 58.
  • Each converter 22,24 further includes an auxiliary limb 60 extending between the corresponding first and second DC terminals 26,28. In each converter 22,24, the auxiliary limb 60 is connected in parallel with the corresponding converter limb 30.
  • Each auxiliary limb 60 includes a pair of "upper" and “lower” DC link capacitors 62a, 62b separated by an auxiliary terminal 64, which can optionally be connected to ground.
  • auxiliary terminals 64 of the first and second converters 22,24 are electrically interconnected by a current return path 66.
  • the "upper" DC link capacitor 62a is connected between the first DC terminal 26 and the auxiliary terminal 64, while the “lower” DC link capacitor 62b is connected between the second DC terminal 28 and the auxiliary terminal 64.
  • the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 further includes a controller 65 that is configured to control switching of the director switch 44 and switching elements in each module 46a,46b of each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b.
  • the first and second DC terminals 26,28 of the first converter 22 are respectively connected to first and second terminals of a first DC electrical network 32
  • the first and second DC terminals 26,28 of the second converter 24 are respectively connected to first and second terminals of a second DC electrical network 34
  • the first terminal of each DC electrical network carries a positive DC voltage
  • the second terminal of each DC electrical network carries a negative DC voltage.
  • the director switches 44 in the "upper” and “lower” first and second limb portions 36a, 36b, 38a, 38b are switchable to switch the corresponding limb portion 36a, 36b, 38a, 38b into or out of circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals 26,28,40,42. Accordingly the director switches 44 in the "upper” and “lower” first and second limb portions 36a,36b,38a,38b dictate which limb portion 36a, 36b, 38a, 38b is in conduction and thereby is in use to control the configuration of the AC voltage 66,68 at the corresponding AC terminal 40,42. The configuration of the AC voltage 66,68 at each AC terminal 40,42 is controlled by combining first and second AC voltage components.
  • the operation of the first converter 22 to combine first and second AC voltage components to control the configuration of the AC voltage 66 at the first AC terminal 40 is described as follows.
  • the "upper" first limb portion 36a is in a conducting state by way of its director switch 44 being switched on, and the controller 65 controls the switching of the switching elements in each first module 46a of the "upper” first limb portion 36a to "push up” (add voltage steps to) and “pull down” (subtract voltage steps from) the positive DC voltage at the first DC terminal 26.
  • the first AC voltage component is constructed to be in the form of a positive, half-sinusoidal voltage waveform. Meanwhile the "lower" first limb portion 36b is in a non-conducting state by way of its director switch 44 being switched off.
  • the "lower" first limb portion 36b is in a conducting state by way of its director switch 44 being switched on, and the controller 65 controls the switching of the switching elements in each first module 46a of the "lower” first limb portion 36b to "push up” (add voltage steps to) and “pull down” (subtract voltage steps from) the negative DC voltage at the second DC terminal 28.
  • the second AC voltage component is constructed to be in the form of a negative, half-sinusoidal voltage waveform. Meanwhile the "upper" first limb portion 36a is in a non-conducting state by way of its director switch 44 being switched off.
  • the AC voltage 66 at the first AC terminal 40 is phase-shifted relative to the AC voltage 68 at the second AC terminal 42 to generate a voltage 70 across the inductor 58 of the AC transmission link 56 and thereby cause a current 72 to flow from the first AC terminal 40 to the second AC terminal 42, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 is operated to transfer power from the first DC electrical network 32 to the second DC electrical network 34.
  • the energy transferred from the first DC electrical network 32 to the second DC electrical network 34 flows through the energy storage device 48 of each module 46a,46b that is controlled to selectively provide a voltage source during the operation of the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 to transfer power from the first DC electrical network 32 to the second DC electrical network 34.
  • Such a flow of energy through the energy storage device 48 of each module 46a, 46b could result in energy accumulation in (or energy loss from) at least one energy storage device 48, thus resulting in deviation of the energy level of at least one energy storage device 48 from a reference value.
  • Such a deviation is undesirable because, if too little energy is stored within a given energy storage device 48 then the voltage the corresponding module 46a,46b is able to generate is reduced, whereas if too much energy is stored in a given energy storage device 48 then over-voltage problems may arise.
  • the former would require the addition of a power supply to restore the energy level of the affected energy storage device 48 to the reference value, while the latter would require an increase in voltage rating of one or more energy storage devices 48 to prevent the over-voltage problems, thus adding to the overall size, weight and cost of the first DC to DC converter assembly 20.
  • the controller 65 is configured to selectively control switching of the director switch and switching elements in each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b to control the configuration of the AC voltage 66,68 at the corresponding AC terminal to form a current circulation path 74 and inject a circulation current 76 into the current circulation path 74.
  • the controller 65 controls switching of the director switch 44 and switching elements in each module 46a,46b of the "upper" first and second limb portions 36a,38a to generate a voltage 78a,78b across each chain-link converter 54 of the "upper" first and second limb portions 36a,38a, as shown in Figure 4a, so as to generate a differential AC voltage between the first and second AC terminals 40,42.
  • the current circulation path 74 is formed during a common conduction period 80 of the AC transmission link 56.
  • the common conduction period 80 of the AC transmission link 56 is the period in which the "upper" first and second limb portions 36a,38a are both switched into conduction (i.e. switched into circuit between the corresponding AC and DC terminals 26,28,40,42) to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34.
  • the period in which each of the "upper" first and second limb portions 36a, 38a are switched into conduction is longer than the common conduction period 80., as shown in Figure 4b. Meanwhile, during the formation of the current circulation path 74, the "lower" first and second limb portions 36b,38b are switched out of circuit by virtue of their director switches 44 being switched off.
  • the current circulation path 74 passes through the "upper" first limb portion 36a, the AC transmission link 56, the “upper” second limb portion 38a, the “upper” DC link capacitor 62a of the auxiliary limb 60 of the second converter 24, the current return path 66 and the “upper” DC link capacitor 62a of the auxiliary limb 60 of the first converter 22.
  • the differential AC voltage between the first and second AC terminals 40,42 results in injection of a common mode current 76 into the current return path 66 (and therefore injection of a circulation current 76 into the current circulation path 74).
  • the circulation current 76 (as shown in Figure 4d) combines with the voltage 82a,82b across the chain-link converter 54 of each "upper” limb portion 36a,38a during the common conduction period 80 to modify the power 84a, 84b generated in each "upper” limb portion 36a, 38a and, in turn, affect the energy 86a,86b stored in the chain-link converter 54 of each "upper” limb portion 36a, 38a.
  • the polarity of the voltage 82a across the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper" first limb portion 36a is opposite to the polarity of the voltage 82b across the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper” second limb portion 38a. Consequently the circulation current 76 flowing through the current circulation path 74 has an opposite effect on each of the powers 84a,84b generated in each of the "upper” limb portions 36a, 38a (as shown in Figure 4d).
  • the flow of the circulation current 76 through the current circulation path 74 results in an increase in energy 86a stored in the chain- link converter 54 of the "upper" first limb portion 36a at the end of the common conduction period 80, and in a decrease in energy 86b stored in the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper" second limb portion 38a at the end of the common conduction period 80.
  • the current circulation path 74 can be formed by the controller 65 controlling switching of the director switch 44 and switching elements in each module 46a,46b of the "lower" first and second limb portions 38 to generate a voltage across each chain-link converter 54 of the "lower” first and second limb portions 38, and thereby generate a differential AC voltage between the first and second AC terminals 40,42.
  • the current circulation path 74 is formed during a common conduction period 88 of the AC transmission link 56 in which the "lower" first and second limb portions 36b, 38b are both switched into conduction to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34. Meanwhile, during the formation of the current circulation path 74, the "upper" first and second limb portions 36a,38a are switched out of circuit by virtue of their director switches 44 being switched off.
  • the current circulation path 74 passes through the "lower" first limb portion 36b, the AC transmission link 56, the "lower” second limb portion 38b, the “lower” DC link capacitor 62b of the auxiliary limb 60 of the second converter 24, the current return path 66 and the "lower” DC link capacitor 62b of the auxiliary limb 60 of the first converter 22.
  • Injection of a circulation current 76 into the current circulation path 74 causes transfer of energy from the chain-link converter 54 of the "lower” second limb portion 38b to the chain-link converter 54 of the "lower” first limb portion 36b in the same manner as the above-described transfer of energy from the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper” second limb portion 38a to the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper” first limb portion 36a.
  • the AC transmission link 56 is only connected between the first and second converters 22,24 and is not directly connected to an AC grid, it is not necessary to comply with grid electrical regulations when forming the current circulation path 74, thus avoiding any problems associated with non-compliance with grid electrical regulations.
  • the formation of the current circulation path 74 therefore allows energy to be transferred between at least one first module 46a and at least one second module 46b, and so permits regulation of the energy stored in a given energy storage device 48, thereby obviating the problems associated with a deviation of the energy level of at least one energy storage device 48 from the reference value.
  • a second DC to DC converter assembly 120 according to a second embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 5.
  • the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 of Figure 5 is similar in structure and operation to the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 of Figure 1 , and like features share the same reference numerals.
  • the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 differs from the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 in that the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 includes a plurality of AC transmission links 56a,56b,56c and each converter 22,24 includes three converter limbs 30.
  • Each first AC terminal 40 is connected to a respective one of the second AC terminals 42 via a respective one of the plurality of AC transmission links 56a, 56b, 56c. Each first AC terminal 40 is connected at a first end of the corresponding AC transmission link 56a,56b,56c. Each second AC terminal 42 is connected at a second end of the corresponding AC transmission link 56a, 56b, 56c.
  • the operation of the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34 is similar to the operation of the first DC to DC converter assembly 20 to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34 in that:
  • the AC voltage 66a,66b,66c,68a,68b,68c at each AC terminal 40,42 of a given converter 22,24 is also phase-shifted by 120 electrical degrees relative to the AC voltage 66a,66b,66c,68a,68b,68c at each other AC terminal 40,42 of the given converter 22,24 during the operation of the DC to DC converter assembly to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34.
  • a current circulation path 74 may be formed in the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 in respect of each AC transmission link 56 and the corresponding limb portions in the same manner as the current circulation path 74 formed in the first DC to DC converter assembly 20.
  • Formation of a current circulation path 74 in the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 in this manner not only provides a means of transferring energy from at least one first module 46a to at least one second module 46b, but also is particularly useful when it is required to limit the number of limb portions 36a, 36b, 38a, 38b that are connected in the current circulation path 74.
  • Another way of enabling regulation of the energy level of each energy storage device 48 in each module 46a, 46b of the first and second converters 22,24 of the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 is by forming an alternative current circulation path 90 with a different configuration. To form the alternative current circulation path 90, the controller 65 controls:
  • the alternative current circulation path 90 is formed during an overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a, 80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b, so as to enable concurrent formation of the alternative current circulation path 90 and transfer of power between the DC electrical networks 32,34. Accordingly, as shown in Figure 7, the alternative current circulation path 90 passes through a first current circulation path portion, a second current circulation path portion and the auxiliary limbs 60 of the first and second converters 22,24.
  • the first current circulation path portion includes the first AC transmission link 56a, the "upper" first limb portion 36a connected at a first end of the first AC transmission link 56a, and the "upper" second limb portion 38a connected at a second end of the first AC transmission link 56a.
  • the second current circulation path portion includes the second AC transmission link 56b, the "lower” first limb portion 36b connected at a first end of the second AC transmission link 56b, and the "lower” second limb portion 38b connected at a second end of the second AC transmission link 56b.
  • the respective differential AC voltage between the first and second AC terminals 40,42 connected at both ends of a respective one of the first and second AC transmission links 56a,56b results in injection of a circulation current 76 into the alternative current circulation path 90.
  • the circulation current 76 (as shown in Figure 8) combines with the voltage 94a,94b,94c,94d across the chain-link converter 54 of each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b in the alternative current circulation path 90 during an overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a,80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b to modify the power 96a, 96b, 96c, 96d generated in each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b in the alternative current circulation path 90 and, in turn, affect the energy 98a,98b,98c,98d stored in the chain-link converter 54 of each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b in the alternative current circulation path 90.
  • the polarities of the voltages 94a,94c across the chain-link converters 54 of the first limb portions 36a,36b of the first converter 22 that are connected in the alternative current circulation path 90 are opposite to the polarities of the voltages 94b, 94d across the chain-link converters 54 of the second limb portions 38a,38b of the second converter 24 that are connected in the alternative current circulation path 90.
  • the circulation current 76 flowing through the alternative current circulation path 90 not only has an opposite effect on each of the powers 96a, 96b generated in each of the "upper" limb portions 36a,38a connected at both ends of the first AC transmission link 56a, but also has an opposite effect on each of the powers 96c, 96d generated in each of the "lower” limb portions 36b,38b connected at both ends of the second AC transmission link 56b.
  • the flow of the circulating current 76 through the alternative current circulation path 90 results in an increase in energy 98a stored in the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper" first limb portion 36a connected to the first AC transmission link 56a at the end of the overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a, 80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b, and in a decrease in energy 98b stored in the chain-link converter 54 of the "upper" second limb portion 38a connected to the first AC transmission link 56a at the end of the overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a, 80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b.
  • the flow of the circulating current 76 through the alternative current circulation path 90 results in an increase in energy 98c stored in the chain-link converter 54 of the "lower" first limb portion 36b connected to the second AC transmission link 56b at the end of the overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a,80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a,56b, and in a decrease in energy 98d stored in the chain-link converter 54 of the "lower" second limb portion 38b connected to the second AC transmission link 56b at the end of the overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a,80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a,56b.
  • the inclusion of the first and second current circulation path portions in the alternative current circulation path 90 permits the alternative current circulation path 90 to be formed within the converters 22,24 and first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b, thus obviating the need for inclusion of the above-described current return path 66 in the alternative current circulation path 90. Therefore, the second DC to DC converter assembly 120 may omit the current return path 66.
  • the alternative current circulation path 90 may be formed to further include a third current circulation path portion in addition to the first and second current circulation path portion, wherein the third current circulation path portion includes a third AC transmission link 56c, at least one first limb portion 36a, 36b connected at a first end of the third AC transmission link 56c, and at least one second limb portion 38a, 38b connected at a second end of the third AC transmission link 56c.
  • the alternative current circulation path 90 is formed during an overlap between the common conduction periods 80a, 80b, 80c of the first, second and third AC transmission links 56a,56b,56c.
  • the combination of the first and second current circulation path portions in the alternative current circulation path 90 may be replaced by a combination of the second and third current circulation path portions, or a combination of the first and third current circulation path portions.
  • Forming the alternative current circulation path 90 during an overlap 92 between the common conduction periods 80a,80b of the first and second AC transmission links 56a, 56b limits the period in which energy can be transferred to or from a given energy storage device 48 to regulate its energy level during the transfer of power between the DC electrical networks 32,34.
  • the controller 65 is configured to selectively control switching of the director switches 44 and switching elements in each module 46a,46b of each limb portion 36a,36b,38a,38b to control the configuration of the AC voltage at the corresponding AC terminal 40,42 to first form a first current circulation path, the first current circulation path being identical to the aforementioned alternative current circulation path 90, followed by a second current circulation path.
  • the second current circulation path passes through a first current circulation path portion, a third current circulation path portion and the auxiliary limbs 60 of the first and second converters 22,24.
  • the first current circulation path portion includes the first AC transmission link 56a, the "upper” first limb portion 36a connected at a first end of the first AC transmission link 56a, and the "upper” second limb portion 38a connected at a second end of the first AC transmission link 56a.
  • the third current circulation path portion includes the third AC transmission link 56c, the "lower” first limb portion 36b connected at a first end of the third AC transmission link 56c, and the "lower” second limb portion 38b connected at a second end of the third AC transmission link 56c.
  • Sequential formation of the first and second current circulation paths in this manner extends the period in which energy can be transferred to or from a given energy storage device 48 of the limb portions 36a, 38a connected at both ends of the first AC transmission link 56a to regulate its energy level during the transfer of power between the DC electrical networks 32,34.
  • first and second current circulation paths are described above with respect to the first AC transmission link 56a
  • the described formation of the first and second current circulation paths applies mutatis mutandis to each of the second and third AC transmission links 56b,56c to extend the period in which energy can be transferred to or from a given energy storage device 48 of the limb portions 36a,36b,38a,38b connected at both ends of each of the second and third AC transmission links 56b, 56c.
  • the current circulation path 74,90 is described as being concurrently formed during the transfer of power between the DC electrical networks 32,34 for optimal performance of the DC to DC converter assembly 20,120, it will be appreciated that the current circulation path 74,90 may be formed when the DC to DC converter assembly 20,120 is not being operated to transfer power between the DC electrical networks 32,34.
  • the number of converter limbs and AC transmission links in the DC to DC converter assembly may vary in number.
  • the number of converter limbs and AC transmission links would depend on the requirements of the DC to DC converter assembly (such as converter voltage rating, active filtering capability).
  • each limb portion may omit the director switch. Omission of the director switch from each limb portion would require the plurality of series-connected modules to provide a voltage to offset the DC voltage at the corresponding DC terminal so as to configure the limb portion in a nonconducting state.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un ensemble convertisseur courant continu (CC)-courant continu (CC) (20) pour interconnecter des réseaux électriques en courant continu (32, 34). L'ensemble convertisseur courant continu–courant continu (20) comporte : des premier et second convertisseurs (22, 24), chaque convertisseur (22, 24) comprenant des première et seconde bornes de courant continu (26, 28) destinées à être connectées à un réseau électrique en courant continu respectif parmi les réseaux électriques en courant continu (32, 34), chaque convertisseur (22, 24) comprenant un bras de convertisseur (30) s'étendant entre les première et seconde bornes de courant continu (26, 28) correspondantes, le bras de convertisseur (30) du premier convertisseur (22) ayant une paire de premières parties de bras (36a, 36b) séparées par une première borne de courant alternatif (40), le bras de convertisseur (30) du second convertisseur (24) ayant une paire de secondes parties de bras (38a, 38b) séparées par une seconde borne de courant alternatif (42), chaque partie de bras (36a, 36b, 38a, 38b) comprenant au moins un élément de commutation, au moins une première partie de bras (36a, 36b) comprenant au moins un premier module (46a), au moins une seconde partie de bras (38a, 38b) comprenant au moins un second module (46b), le ou chaque module (46a, 46b) comprenant au moins un élément de commutation et au moins un dispositif de stockage d'énergie, le ou chaque élément de commutation et le ou chaque dispositif de stockage d'énergie dans chaque module (46a, 46b) se combinant pour fournir de manière sélective une source de tension, le ou chaque élément de commutation dans chaque partie de bras (36a, 36b, 38a, 38b) pouvant être commuté pour commuter la partie de bras (36a, 36b, 38a, 38b) correspondante en ou hors circuit entre les bornes de courant alternatif et de courant continu (26, 28, 40, 42) correspondantes pour commander la configuration d'une tension alternative (66, 68) au niveau de la borne de courant alternatif (26, 28, 40, 42) correspondante ; une liaison de transmission en courant alternatif (56), la première borne de courant alternatif (40) étant connectée à la seconde borne de courant alternatif (42) par l'intermédiaire de la liaison de transmission en courant alternatif (56), la première borne de courant alternatif (40) étant connectée à une première extrémité de la liaison de transmission en courant alternatif (56), la seconde borne de courant alternatif (42) étant connectée à une seconde extrémité de la liaison de transmission en courant alternatif (56) ; un dispositif de commande (65) configuré pour commander de manière sélective la commutation du ou de chaque élément de commutation dans chaque partie de bras (36a, 36b, 38a, 38b) pour commander la configuration de la tension alternative (66, 68) au niveau de la borne de courant alternatif (40, 42) correspondante pour : former un chemin de circulation de courant qui comprend la liaison de transmission en courant alternatif (56), au moins une première partie de bras (36a, 36b) et au moins une seconde partie de bras (38a, 38b) ; pour injecter un courant de circulation dans le chemin de circulation de courant pour transférer de l'énergie entre au moins un premier module (46a) et au moins un second module (46b) dans le chemin de circulation.
PCT/EP2014/064574 2013-07-10 2014-07-08 Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc) WO2015004120A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14739378.9A EP3020126A2 (fr) 2013-07-10 2014-07-08 Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1312376.5A GB2516068B (en) 2013-07-10 2013-07-10 DC to DC converter assembly
GB1312376.5 2013-07-10

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015004120A2 true WO2015004120A2 (fr) 2015-01-15
WO2015004120A3 WO2015004120A3 (fr) 2015-05-14

Family

ID=49033615

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2014/064574 WO2015004120A2 (fr) 2013-07-10 2014-07-08 Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc)

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3020126A2 (fr)
GB (1) GB2516068B (fr)
WO (1) WO2015004120A2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2017060393A (ja) * 2015-09-16 2017-03-23 ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ 電力用電子デバイスおよび方法
US10027217B2 (en) 2013-12-12 2018-07-17 General Electric Technology Gmbh Converter and method of controlling a converter

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2755315A1 (fr) 2013-01-11 2014-07-16 Alstom Technology Ltd Convertisseur hybride et modulaire
EP2887529A1 (fr) 2013-12-23 2015-06-24 Alstom Technology Ltd Module de phase d'un convertisseur modulaire multi-niveaux avec flat-top MLI, convertisseur et circuit convertisseurs hybrides

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2740204B1 (fr) * 2011-08-01 2020-09-30 General Electric Technology GmbH Ensemble convertisseur continu-continu

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10027217B2 (en) 2013-12-12 2018-07-17 General Electric Technology Gmbh Converter and method of controlling a converter
JP2017060393A (ja) * 2015-09-16 2017-03-23 ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ 電力用電子デバイスおよび方法
US10137788B2 (en) 2015-09-16 2018-11-27 General Electric Company Power electronic device and method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2516068B (en) 2015-11-18
GB201312376D0 (en) 2013-08-21
WO2015004120A3 (fr) 2015-05-14
GB2516068A (en) 2015-01-14
EP3020126A2 (fr) 2016-05-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR101594013B1 (ko) 컨버터
US9344010B2 (en) Power electronic converter
EP2781015B1 (fr) Convertisseur c.a./c.c. hybride pour des transmission h.t.c.c.
EP2975723B1 (fr) Régulateur de flux de courant
US20160352239A1 (en) Power electronic converter
US10693388B2 (en) Power converter
US9847642B2 (en) Control circuit
WO2014108225A2 (fr) Convertisseur
EP2750271A1 (fr) Circuit de commande
WO2012041380A1 (fr) Convertisseur modulaire aux exigences de protection réduites qui évite d'endommager les composants en éteignant les courants de défaut
WO2015004120A2 (fr) Ensemble convertisseur courant continu (cc)-courant continu (cc)
EP2849330A1 (fr) Convertisseur modulaire à plusieurs niveaux et module
US10027238B2 (en) Electrical assembly
WO2015158402A1 (fr) Améliorations apportées à des modules de puissance destinés à être utilisés dans des réseaux de transmission de puissance, ou améliorations concernant de tels modules
WO2015063108A1 (fr) Ensemble convertisseur courant continu -courant continu
US9755550B2 (en) Converter
EP2828967B1 (fr) Convertisseur électronique de puissance

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2014739378

Country of ref document: EP

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 14739378

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2