WO2014210029A1 - Constructions à double liaison - Google Patents

Constructions à double liaison Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014210029A1
WO2014210029A1 PCT/US2014/043907 US2014043907W WO2014210029A1 WO 2014210029 A1 WO2014210029 A1 WO 2014210029A1 US 2014043907 W US2014043907 W US 2014043907W WO 2014210029 A1 WO2014210029 A1 WO 2014210029A1
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Prior art keywords
construct
drug
ligand
binding
ligands
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PCT/US2014/043907
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English (en)
Inventor
Hendrik Mario Geysen
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Riogin Corporation
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Priority to EP14744395.6A priority Critical patent/EP3013370A1/fr
Publication of WO2014210029A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014210029A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/643—Albumins, e.g. HSA, BSA, ovalbumin or a Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin [KHL]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
    • A61K47/542—Carboxylic acids, e.g. a fatty acid or an amino acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
    • A61K47/55—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound the modifying agent being also a pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent, i.e. the entire conjugate being a codrug, i.e. a dimer, oligomer or polymer of pharmacologically or therapeutically active compounds
    • A61K47/551—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound the modifying agent being also a pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent, i.e. the entire conjugate being a codrug, i.e. a dimer, oligomer or polymer of pharmacologically or therapeutically active compounds one of the codrug's components being a vitamin, e.g. niacinamide, vitamin B3, cobalamin, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin A or retinoic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent

Definitions

  • Short half-life and a narrow therapeutic window are common pitfalls for protein, peptide, and small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Short half-life is typically a result of clearance of the pharmaceutical, such as clearance via the kidneys in mammals. Narrow therapeutic window is a problem when side effects limit the upper tolerable dose of a therapeutic, yet efficacy limitations impose a minimum dosage. To overcome short half-life, it is common to administer a large dose of the therapeutic, although a larger dose increases the likelihood of side effects, patient non-compliance, etc. Accordingly, overcoming the dual and competing problems of short half-life and a narrow therapeutic window remains a concern in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • An active component is coupled to two functional components.
  • the first component also called a "molecular weight increasing moiety"
  • the second component is reversibly bound to the active component and inactivates or reduces the activity of the active component upon binding.
  • the inactivated, bound state therefore serves as a reservoir of the active moiety.
  • the concept of a reservoir of inactivated compounds i.e., active compound bound to two large circulating molecules is not taught in the art.
  • an active moiety has at least two binding moieties that are each capable of reversibly binding a large circulating molecule such as a protein.
  • an active moiety is covalently bound to a large component such as a protein or polymer, and further contains a binding moiety that is capable of reversibly binding a large circulating molecule such as a protein.
  • a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to first and second ligands having affinity for first and second binding partners, respectively, of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form, which retains most of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a ternary complex with the binding partners, which retains less of the drug's activity.
  • a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to a molecular weight increasing moiety that increases half life of the construct and a ligand having affinity for a binding partner of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form which retains relatively more of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a binary complex with the binding partner, which retains relatively less of the drug's activity.
  • a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to a ligand having affinity for a binding partner of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form which retains relatively more of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a binary complex with the binding partner, which retains relatively less of the drug's activity, wherein the drug has a molecular weight of at least 10,000 Da.
  • pharmacokinetics of a drug comprising the step of: incorporating the drug into a construct according to the above aspects.
  • the first and second binding partners are selected from human serum albumin (HSA), heat shock proteins (HSPs), Fc, ubiquitin, fibrinogens, immunoglobulins, oti -antitrypsin, ot2-macroglobulins, transferrin, prothrombin, avidin, and streptavidin.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • HSPs heat shock proteins
  • Fc Fc
  • ubiquitin ubiquitin
  • fibrinogens ubiquitin
  • fibrinogens ubiquitin
  • fibrinogens ubiquitin
  • immunoglobulins oti -antitrypsin
  • ot2-macroglobulins transferrin
  • prothrombin avidin
  • streptavidin streptavidin
  • first linker covalently attached to the drug via a first linker (LI) and wherein the second ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a second linker (L2).
  • the ligands are selected from fatty acids, peptides, peptidomimetics, epitopes, antigens, metal ion containing complexes, pharmaceutically active moieties, and small organic moieties.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to two or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between the construct in free drug form, the construct in a binary-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with a single binding partner through a binding event, and the construct in a multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with two or more binding partners through two or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the construct can at least double the half- life of the drug in the fluid.
  • the binding partners bound to the ligands of the drug in the construct can include human serum albumin (HSA), heat shock proteins (HSPs), Fc, ubiquitin, fibrinogens, immunoglobulins, a i -antitrypsin, a2-macroglobulins, transferrin, and prothrombin.
  • the drug in the construct may be joined to two ligands.
  • the first ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a first linker (LI) and the second ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a second linker (L2).
  • LI first linker
  • L2 second linker
  • binding partners to the ligands of the drug in the construct can be the same or a different molecular species.
  • the drug in the construct is covalently joined to three ligands.
  • the Kd of the construct is not more than about 10 times the Kd of the free drug.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex, the construct in the binary- ligand complex, and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • At least one binding partner to the ligands of the drug is a molecular-weight-increasing moiety.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined, directly or indirectly via a linker, to (a) one or more molecular weight increasing moieties capable of increasing the half- life of the construct and (b) one or more ligands.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between the construct in free form and the construct in a binary- ligand or multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the drug in the construct may be covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a linker (L3).
  • the drug in the construct may be covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a first linker (LI) a second linker (L2), respectively.
  • the drug in the construct is joined to one or more molecular weight increasing moieties, and the molecular weight increasing moiety has a molecular weight greater than 10,000 Da.
  • the Kd of the construct is not more than about 10 times the Kd of the free drug.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex, the construct in the binary- ligand complex, and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • the drug has a molecular weight of at least 1,000 Da.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between between the construct in free drug form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the drug has a molecular weight of at least 2,000 Da.
  • the drug may have a molecular weight of at least 10,000 Da.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug directly or indirectly via a linker to two or more ligands, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct.
  • the method further comprises contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow the formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free drug form; the construct in a binary-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with a single binding partner through a binding event; and the construct in a multiple-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with two or more binding partners through two or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex, the construct in the binary-ligand complex, and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • the drug may be joined to two ligands.
  • the first ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a first linker (LI) and the second ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a second linker (L2).
  • LI first linker
  • L2 second linker
  • the concentration ratio between the different forms of the construct can be controlled by tailoring the Kds of the binding events between the ligands and their binding partners.
  • the amount of the construct that can be contacted with the physiological fluid is greater than at least 2 times maximum tolerated dose of the free drug.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug directly or indirectly via a linker to (a) one or more molecular weight increasing moieties capable of increasing half- life of the construct and (b) one or more ligands, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct; and contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow the formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the
  • the drug may be covalently joined to the one or more ligands and the one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a linker (L3).
  • the drug may be covalently joined to the one or more ligands and the one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a first linker (LI) a second linker (L2), respectively.
  • the concentration ratio between the different forms of the construct can be controlled by tailoring the Kds of the binding events between the ligands and their binding partners.
  • the amount of the construct that can be contacted with the physiological fluid is greater than at least 2 times maximum tolerated dose of the free drug.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct.
  • the drug has a molecular weight of at least 1,000 Da.
  • the next step involves contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free drug form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the ligands are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex or the binary-ligand complex and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • the drug has a molecular weight of at least 2,000 Da.
  • the drug may have a molecular weight of at least 10,000 Da.
  • Figure 1 depicts single binding of a drug having a ligand to a binding partner. The drug remains active while bound.
  • Figure 2 depicts single binding of a drug having a ligand to a binding partner. The drug is inactive while bound.
  • Figure 3 depicts double binding of a drug having two ligands to two binding partners. The drug is inactive while bound to the first binding partner.
  • Figure 4 depicts double binding of a drug having two ligands to two binding partners. The drug is inactive while bound to the first binding partner.
  • Figure 5 depicts double binding of a drug having two ligands to two binding partners. The drug remains active while bound to the first binding partner but is inactive when bound to the second binding partner.
  • Figure 6 depicts single binding of a construct having a ligand and a molecular weight increasing moiety, wherein the latter is bound to a drug via a covalent linkage.
  • the drug is inactive when bound to the binding partner.
  • Figures 7A and 7B schematically depict in vivo concentrations for a drug having a single ligand (and no molecular weight increasing moiety) and for a drug having two ligands.
  • Figure 8 provides calculated values for: in vivo concentrations for a drug having a single ligand and no molecular weight increasing moiety (8A); in vivo concentrations for a drug having two ligands (8B); and % activity for a drug having two ligands (8C).
  • Figures 9A and 9B provide example constructs prepared according to the invention.
  • the invention provides a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to first and second ligands having affinity for first and second binding partners, respectively, of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form, which retains most of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a ternary complex with the binding partners, which retains less of the drug's activity.
  • the invention provides a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to a molecular weight increasing moiety that reduces kidney clearance of the construct and a ligand having affinity for a binding partner of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form which retains relatively more of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a binary complex with the binding partner, which retains relatively less of the drug's activity.
  • a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to a ligand having affinity for a binding partner of a physiological fluid, wherein in the fluid an equilibrium is formed between (a) the construct in free form which retains relatively more of the drug's activity, and (b) the construct in a binary complex with the binding partner, which retains relatively less of the drug's activity, wherein the drug has a molecular weight of at least 10,000 Da.
  • the drug moiety is large enough (i.e., is a macromolecule) to provide a desirable half- life.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to two or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between the construct in free drug form, the construct in a binary-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with a single binding partner through a binding event, and the construct in a multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with two or more binding partners through two or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined, directly or indirectly via a linker, to (a) one or more molecular weight increasing moieties capable of increasing the half- life of the construct and (b) one or more ligands.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between the construct in free form and the construct in a binary- ligand or multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a construct comprising a drug covalently joined to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • An equilibrium is formed in the physiological fluid between between the construct in free drug form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight of at least 1,000 Da.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight of at least 2,000 Da, at least 6,000 Da, or at least 10,000 Da.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight ranging from about 1,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, from about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or from about 3,000 Da to about 4,000 Da.
  • the drug or pharmaceutically active moiety incorporated into the subject constructs may be small organic moieties, peptides, proteins, or polynucleotides, and may be naturally occurring or synthetic.
  • drugs include hormones, antibacterials, interferon, antibodies and antibody fragments (e.g., an antibody fragment comprising a Fab or a F(ab') 2 ), blood clotting factors, G-CSF, GLP-1 agonists, aviptadil, bivalirudin, calcitonin, carperitide, desmopressin, enfurivirtide, eptifibatide, exenatide, lanreotide, liraglutide, mifamurtide, nesirtide, pramlintide, romiplostim, taltirelin, teriparatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, lixinsenatide, taspoglutide, iodipamide,
  • the subject constructs may include the entire peptide or a pharmaceutically active subset of the peptide.
  • the drug is a macromolecule
  • the drug moiety is a protein, or pegylated peptide, or pegylated small molecule, or the like (further examples of macromolecular drugs are known in the art).
  • Kd Drug activity is typically measured by Kd; hence, a convenient way to confirm that the construct retains most of the drug's activity is to show that the Kd of the construct is no more than about 10 times the Kd of the unmodified drug (i.e., the drug not joined to first and second ligands).
  • the Kd of the construct comprising first and second ligands is less than about 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1.25, or 1.1 times the Kd of the unmodified drug.
  • Methods for measuring Kd values are commonly known in the art, and generally involve preparing a dose response curve.
  • the Kd of the construct is not more than about 10 times the Kd of the free drug.
  • Formation of a construct from a drug can be based on one or more of the following mechanisms: affinity between a ligand joined to the drug and the ligand's binding partner; chemical ligation having moieties liganded to the drug; or chimeric expression as a fusion protein containing the drug. Other means known in the art can also be used.
  • the drug can be covalently joined to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker. Each of these ligands has binding affinity for a binding partner from a physiological fluid.
  • the binding partners to the ligands of the drug in the construct can be the same or a different molecular species. Suitable binding partners bound to the ligands of the drug in the construct include human serum albumin (HSA), heat shock proteins (HSPs), Fc, ubiquitin, fibrinogens, immunoglobulins, ai- antitrypsin, a 2 -macroglobulins, transferrin, and prothrombin.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • HSPs heat shock proteins
  • Fc Fc
  • ubiquitin ubiquitin
  • fibrinogens immunoglobulins
  • immunoglobulins ai- antitrypsin
  • transferrin transferrin
  • prothrombin prothrombin
  • the first and second ligands of the subject constructs selectively bind to binding partners.
  • the binding partners are circulating molecules (i.e., compounds found circulating in a patient, such as in the blood or lymph), examples of which include proteins, lipoproteins, enzymes, polynucleotides, and the like. Specific examples include human serum albumin (HSA), heat shock proteins (HSPs), Fc, ubiquitin, fibrinogens, immunoglobulins, ai-antitrypsin, ot 2 - macroglobulins, transferrin, prothrombin, avidin, streptavidin, and the like.
  • the two binding partners are the same (e.g., two HSA molecules), and in other embodiments, the two binding partners are different (e.g., an HSA molecule and avidin).
  • Ligands suitable for the subject constructs are moieties capable of binding to the binding partners described herein, and the ligands are typically selected based on the desired binding partner for a particular application.
  • ligands include fatty acids, peptides, peptidomimetics, epitopes, antigens, metal ion containing complexes, pharmaceutically active moieties, small organic moieties, and the like.
  • Pharmaceutically active moieties are suitable as ligands because many such compounds bind to binding partners as described herein.
  • fatty acids include those capable of binding HSA, such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleaic acid, diacids such as undecanedioic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and the like.
  • a lysine residue in a drug can be modified to include a fatty acid side chain suitable for binding to a binding partner. See Curry et al., "Fatty Acid Binding" Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1441 (1999) 131-140 as well as Knudsen et al., "Potent derivatives" J. Med. Chem., 43, (2000) 1664-1669), the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
  • small organic molecules include biotin, ATP/ADP, 4-(p-iodophenyl)-butanoic acid and derivatives thereof, ibuprofen, diazepam, warfarin, CMPF, azapropazone, iodipamide, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, 3-indoxyl sulfate, diflunisal, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, indomethacin, and the like.
  • peptides include Fc regions, polyhistidine tags, albumin affinity peptides, and synthetic peptides such as those described herein.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex, the construct in the binary- ligand complex, and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium.
  • the selected ligands can reduce the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • an equilibrium can form between the construct in free drug form, the construct in a binary-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with a single binding partner through a binding event, and, if present, the construct in a multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with two or more binding partners through two or more binding events.
  • a binding event refers to an event (or interaction) wherein a binding partner of a ligand binds to the ligand, e.g., wherein a binding partner binds to a drug (or a construct) through the drug (or the construct)' s ligand.
  • therapeutic window refers to a concentration range of the sum total of all species of an administered therapeutic agent (i.e., drug) contributing to the effective activity of the therapeutic agent (e.g., drug's active, circulating concentration in the fluid).
  • the lower limit of the therapeutic window is defined by the minimum desired activity necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect.
  • the upper limit of the therapeutic window is defined as the maximum desired activity consistent with an effective therapeutic effect.
  • the desirable upper limit of the therapeutic window is a maximum desired concentration of the therapeutic agent's activity, above which undesirable side-effects in a subset of patients would be observed and/or experienced.
  • the desirable upper limit is a maximum desired concentration of the therapeutic agent's activity, above which an undesirable over-stimulation of the relevant receptor or target of the therapeutic agent would be achieved.
  • the "undesirable side-effects” cover a diverse undesirable set of scenarios, including off-target effects and other side effects known to those of skill in the art.
  • total fraction of inactive drug i.e., a form of the construct that inactivates or substantially inactivates the drug
  • At any piont of an equilibrium in a physiological fluid at least four species of the construct can be present: two of which are singly -bound drug, of which one retains more or most of the drug's activity and one retains less of the drug's activity (or is inactivated or substantially inactivated); one of which is an unbound, active free drug; and one of which is a doubly-bound drug.
  • ligands should be chosen so that the total fraction of inactive drug (or substantially inactivated drug) (1-fi) is adjusted to dominate (control more than 50%) the equilibrium.
  • controlling the concentration ratio between the construct in the different forms of the multiple- ligand complex (or the binary-ligand complex) and the free drug form at the equilibrium can then modulate the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window.
  • binding of the first binding partner to a construct forms a binary complex.
  • the increase in mass of the construct due to the first binding partner results in an increase in the half life of the construct, wherein the mass increase may be sufficient to decrease the rate of clearance of the construct (e.g., clearance by kidneys).
  • the half life of the construct is increased (relative to the drug without the ligand and therefore without the first binding partner) by 10%, 25%, 75%, or 100%, or by a factor of greater than or equal to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or 100 compared with the construct without the first binding partner.
  • the binary complex retains most of the activity of the unmodified drug, and also retains most of the activity of the construct in free form.
  • the Kd value of the binary complex is less than about 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1.25, or 1.1 times the Kd of the unmodified drug.
  • half life refers to the total amount of a subject construct present in the physiological fluid (in all of the various forms of the construct, such as the free form and the bound form or forms).
  • the increase in mass from the drug to the construct results in an increase in the half life of the drug in the construct, wherein the mass increase may be sufficient to decrease the rate of clearance of the construct.
  • the construct can at least double the half- life of the drug in the fluid.
  • Binding of the second binding moiety to a binary complex forms a tertiary complex.
  • the tertiary complex retains the increased half life of the binary complex (and, in fact, may have a half life that is even greater than that of the binary complex), but retains less activity compared with the binary complex, the construct in free form, and the unmodified drug.
  • the pharmacological activity of the tertiary complex is, in some embodiments, less than about 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the binary complex as measured, for example, by Kd values.
  • the Kd of the tertiary complex may be greater than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100 times that of the binary complex.
  • the drug in the construct is covalently joined to three or more ligands.
  • inventive constructs are not limited to one or two ligands.
  • the subject constructs contain a third ligand that binds a third binding partner.
  • At least one binding partner to the ligand of the drug can serve as a molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • small drugs e.g., a drug having a molecular weight of less than 1,000 dalton
  • the molecular weight increasing moiety serves a function similar to the first ligand and first binding partner as described herein - i.e., the molecular weight increasing moiety provides sufficient mass to the construct to increase the construct's half life.
  • a construct rather than having first and second ligands, a construct has a first ligand and a molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • the mass of the molecular weight increasing moiety is sufficient to increase the half life of the construct, such as by decreasing the rate of clearance of the construct (e.g., clearance by kidneys).
  • the half life of the construct is increased (relative to the drug without the molecular weight increasing moiety) by 10%, 25%, 75%, or 100%, or by a factor of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10.
  • the drug in the construct is joined to one or more molecular weight increasing moieties.
  • the molecular weight increasing moiety has a molecular weight greater than 10,000 Da. For instance, when the drug moiety is large enough, a molecular weight increasing moiety may not be needed, and a binding partner that reduces drug's activity may itself be used to modulate drug's therapeutic window.
  • the drug before bound to a ligand has a molecular weight ranging from 500 to 10,000 Dalton.
  • Insulin for example, has a molecular weight of about 6,000 Dalton, and GLP-1 has a molecular weight between 3,000 and 4,000 Dalton.
  • constructs having a molecular weight increasing moiety have only one ligand that is covalently attached to the drug via a linking moiety and that is for binding to a binding partner.
  • binding of a construct having a molecular weight increasing moiety to a binding partner forms a binary complex (which may also be referred to herein as a "binary complex having a molecular weight increasing moiety" so as to distinguish it from a binary complex having two ligands but only one ligand bound to a binding partner).
  • a binary complex retains the increased half life of the construct, but retains less activity compared with the construct in free form or the unmodified drug.
  • pharmacological activity of such a binary complex is, in some embodiments, less than about 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the construct in free form as measured, for example, by Kd values.
  • the Kd of such a binary complex may be greater than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100 times that of the construct in free form.
  • the molecular weight increasing moiety causes minimal reduction of the pharmaceutical activity of the drug.
  • the Kd value of a construct having a ligand and a molecular weight increasing moiety is less than about 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1.25, or 1.1 times the Kd of the unmodified drug.
  • molecular weight increasing moieties include large molecules such as proteins (e.g., HSA, etc.), polysaccharides (e.g., CMC, hyaluronic acid, etc.), synthetic polymers (e.g., PEG, polylactic acid, etc., including copolymers), glucoseaminoglycans (e.g., heparin), and the like.
  • the molecular weight of suitable molecular weight increasing moieties may be greater than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 kDa.
  • the molecular weight increasing moiety is provided as two or more separate entities that, in combination, have the effects described herein (e.g., increase half life of the construct and minimally reduce pharmacological activity).
  • two synthetic polymers such as PEG polymers can be attached to the drug at separate locations or attached to a linker that is attached to the drug, wherein each PEG polymer is individually too small to significantly increase half life of the drug but the combination of the two PEG polymers is sufficiently large to increase half life of the drug.
  • the MWIM increases the half-life of the construct by a factor of equal to or greater than 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or 100 compared with the half-life of the construct without the MWIM. For example, a control construct lacking the MWIM has a half-life of 1 hour, wherein the construct with the MWIM has a half life of at least 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 25 hours.
  • the binding constant, Kd, for each binding event of the subject constructs is less than or equal to about 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , or 500 nM.
  • the Kd for binding of the first binding partner with the first ligand and the Kd for binding of the second binding partner with the second ligand may be the same or different, and will depend on the identities of the ligands and binding partners.
  • the Kd can be selected and tuned to a desired value for an intended application. For example, as shown herein, altering amino acid sequences can produce ligands that have stronger or weaker affinities for a binding partner.
  • a construct can be prepared having a first ligand with a high affinity for a first binding partner (e.g., about 1 ⁇ for HSA), and a second ligand with a very high affinity for a second binding partner (e.g., about 500 nM for HSA).
  • a first binding partner e.g., about 1 ⁇ for HSA
  • a second ligand with a very high affinity for a second binding partner e.g., about 500 nM for HSA
  • the tertiary complex has reduced activity, but the binary complex retains most of the activity of the free form, a larger dose can be provided to the subject without observing the side effects typical of a similar large dose of the unmodified drug.
  • the tertiary complex is a less active form of the drug and acts as a non-harmful (i.e., not causing side effects) in vivo reservoir of the more active binary complex.
  • a construct can be prepared having a first ligand with a high affinity for a first binding partner and a molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • a construct When administered to a subject, such a construct would form an equilibrium between the free form and the binary complex, both of which have an increased half life compared with the unmodified drug due to the presence of the molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • most of the construct will be present in the form of the binary complex having reduced activity. Again, a larger dose can be delivered to the subject without observing the side effects typical of a similar large dose of the unmodified drug.
  • the drug in the construct can be covalently joined to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker.
  • the drug in the construct is joined to two ligands.
  • the first ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a first linker (e.g., LI) and the second ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a second linker (e.g., L2).
  • the drug in the construct is covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a first linker (LI) a second linker (12), respectively.
  • the drug in the construct may be covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a linker (L3).
  • the drug in a subject construct is covalently bound to the first ligand.
  • the drug is also covalently bound to a second ligand or molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • Such covalent bonding is via linker moieties.
  • the linker moieties directly link the drug with the first ligand, second ligand, or molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • two or more linker moieties are indirectly connected to the drug, such as via a branch moiety.
  • first linker moiety directly connects the first ligand with the drug
  • second linker moiety directly connects the second ligand (or molecular weight increasing moiety) with the drug.
  • both ligands are directly connected to the drug.
  • This scheme is represented by ligand— linker— drug— linker— ligand and ligand— linker— drug— linker— MWIM.
  • first ligand and first linker moiety are connected to a branch moiety, and the second ligand (or molecular weight increasing moiety) and second linker moiety are also connected to the branch moiety.
  • the branch moiety is then directly connected to the drug via a third linker (i.e., a covalent bond, amino acid, peptide, etc. as defined herein for linkers generally).
  • neither ligand is directly connected to the drug.
  • This scheme is represented by ligand— linker— branch(— linker— drug)— linker— ligand or ligand— linker— branch(— linker— drug)— linker— MWIM.
  • the first ligand and the second ligand are connected to each other in serial via a first linker moiety.
  • the combined structure is then directly connected to the drug via a second linker.
  • only one of the ligands is directly connected to the drug.
  • This scheme is represented by ligand— linker— ligand— linker— drug or ligand— linker— MWIM— linker— drug or MWIM— linker— ligand— linker— drug.
  • the linking moiety between the therapeutic agent (i.e., drug) and the ligand having affinity for a binding partner can include a cleavable linkage, such as a hydrolysable bond, a photo-cleavable bond, and an enzyme cleavable bond, etc.
  • linker moieties include a bond (e.g., a direct covalent bond, a peptide bond, etc., such that the ligand or molecular weight increasing moiety is directly attached to the drug), an amino acid (e.g., Glu, etc.), a peptide, a heteroatom (e.g., -S-, -0-, -N-, etc.), C1-C24 alkylene (including cycloalkylene, unsaturated alkylene, substituted alkylene, heteroatom-containing alkylene, and the like, such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, etc.), C5-C24 arylene (including substituted arylene, heteroarylene, and the like, such as phenylene, etc.), and other moieties that have a minimum of two functional groups, as well as combinations thereof (e.g., alkarylene, aralkylene, an amino acid with an alkylene, etc.).
  • a bond e.g.,
  • branch moieties include amino acids having a sidechain (e.g., cysteine, etc.), peptides having at least one amino acid with a sidechain, branched alkyl, aryl, and other moieties that have a minimum of three functional groups.
  • sidechain e.g., cysteine, etc.
  • peptides having at least one amino acid with a sidechain branched alkyl, aryl, and other moieties that have a minimum of three functional groups.
  • Suitable functional groups include halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C1-C24 alkoxy, C2-C24 alkenyloxy, C2-C24 alkynyloxy, C5-C20 aryloxy, acyl
  • alkylthio arylsulfanyl (-S-aryl; also termed “arylthio", Ci-C 24 alkylsulfinyl (- (SO)-alkyl), C 5 -C 20 arylsulfinyl (-(SO)-aryl), Ci-C 24 alkylsulfonyl (-S0 2 -alkyl), C 5 - C 20 arylsulfonyl (-S0 2 -aryl), phosphono (-P(0)(OH) 2 ), phosphonato (-P(0)(0-) 2 ), phosphinato (-P(0)(0-)), phospho (-P0 2 ), and phosphino (-PH 2 ), mono- and di-(C)- C 24 alkyl)-substituted phosphino, and mono- and di-(Cs-C 2 o aryl)-substituted phosphino.
  • Linkers are bound to the drug in the subject constructs at any suitable binding location.
  • the linkers may be bound to the drug at the N-terminus or C-terminus.
  • the linker may be bound to the drug via a sidechain present on one of the amino acids of the drug.
  • a linker may be bound to a cysteine residue in a drug via the sulfur of the cysteine side chain.
  • binding motifs also apply for ligands and molecular weight increasing moieties when the linking moiety is a direct covalent bond.
  • the subject constructs can be formed using any suitable method of synthesis. Examples include gene expression and preparative synthetic reactions and linkage reactions.
  • the unmodified form of the drug can be synthetically modified to include one or more linkers, one or more ligands, and an optional molecular weight increasing moiety.
  • Each of the components can be added in a separate synthetic step, or multiple modifications can be made in a single synthetic step where appropriate.
  • conjugation can be carried out at free thiol groups such as those present in lysine residues. This method is suitable for components of the subject constructs that are amino acids as well as those that are not amino acids.
  • the construct can be prepared using expression of recombinant DNA (i.e., genetic fusion).
  • recombinant DNA i.e., genetic fusion
  • polynucleotides coding for the drug, linker(s), ligand(s), and/or molecular weight increasing moiety can be constructed and then expressed in order to form the subject constructs in a single step.
  • This method limits the construct components to amino acids, but has advantages such as defined structure and minimal post-manufacturing costs (e.g., purification, etc.). Fusion partners can be attached at either C or N termini of a drug of interest.
  • a moiety comprising the drug and attached linkers can be prepared using recombinant DNA expression, and the ligands can then be attached using synthetic reactions.
  • subject constructs are useful for administering a drug to a subject.
  • subject includes animals such as humans, domesticated animals, and livestock.
  • a subject construct is useful in treating conditions that are normally treated by the drug incorporated into the construct. Such conditions include microbial infections, diabetes, chronic pain, neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), etc.
  • preparation of a subject construct results in modifying the pharmacokinetics of a drug.
  • pharmacokinetic properties that can be modified by such incorporation include drug half-life, hepatic first-pass metabolism, volume of distribution, degree of binding to a blood serum protein (e.g. albumin), degree of tissue targeting, cell type targeting, and the like.
  • At least one ligand of the drug in the construct is bound to at least one binding partner.
  • the construct is useful for administering the drug to a subject. When the construct is administered to contact a physiological fluid, an equilibrium can form between different forms of the construct. When the ligands in the construct are appropriately chosen, at least one binding event between the binding partners and the ligands of the construct can contribute to a reduction of the drug's activity, so that the drug's active, circulating concentration is reduced, thereby increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the physiological fluid. The construct then will have a larger therapeutic window compared with the unmodified drug, and can therefore be administered in larger, less frequent doses.
  • the subject constructs have an increased half life and simultaneously have a larger therapeutic window compared with the unmodified drug, and can therefore be administered in larger, less frequent doses.
  • the subject construct can be administered daily, or once every 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days, or once every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or 2 mo, 3 mo, or 6 mo.
  • Such administration can be less than or equal to 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the frequency required for the unmodified drug.
  • large dosages i.e., dosages sufficient to allow for less frequent administration compared with normal dosages
  • therapeutic window limitations require frequent dosages.
  • the maximum tolerated dose of the subject constructs is increased compared with that of the unmodified drug.
  • the maximum tolerated dose of the subject constructs is more than 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% greater, or greater by a factor of 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5 compared with the maximum tolerated dose of the unmodified drug.
  • the subject constructs may be administered to a subject in any appropriate dosage, such as paternal, oral, transdermal, transmucosal (including rectal and vaginal), sublingual, by inhalation, or via an implanted reservoir in a dosage form.
  • dosage form such as paternal, oral, transdermal, transmucosal (including rectal and vaginal), sublingual, by inhalation, or via an implanted reservoir in a dosage form.
  • parenteral as used herein is intended to include, for example,
  • compositions can be prepared using the subject constructs and one or more additional ingredients such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the subject construct is contained in a "therapeutically effective" amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose.
  • a therapeutically effective amount for any particular subject construct is within the capability of those skilled in the art.
  • a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose can be formulated to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes a Kd value as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the strategy of increasing half-life by non-covalent attachment to a large circulating molecule; for example the target is serum albumin.
  • the bound and free states are pharmaceutically active, but the bound state has significantly reduced clearance.
  • the concentration of circulating biologically active component is the sum of both the free and bound states with clearance dictated by the free concentration. Ideally this requires low Kd values for the equilibrium as the lower the free concentration the longer the effective half-life.
  • a complication with this strategy is that longer half-life is associated with higher biologically active concentrations often resulting in unwanted side-effects, i.e. a poor therapeutic window.
  • This strategy is essentially equivalent to covalent attachment, either by chemical ligation or addition at the expression level.
  • active hormone 10 is bound to ligand 20.
  • HSA 30 binds with the construct and hormone 10a remains active.
  • a bivalent approach results in much greater control of both the half-life and initial concentration of free, active compound.
  • the Kd values required, when the target carrier is serum albumin are more easily achieved and significantly lower than would be required for the constructs in FIG. 1 or 2.
  • the bivalent albumin binding construct is attached to the ligand at only one site - thus the first and second ligands are connected via a linking moiety that directly connects to the drug (optionally via a linker that is not labeled in the figure). Binding of the first HSA to the construct results in an inactivated drug having reduced clearance. Binding of the second HSA to the construct further reduces activity and clearance.
  • active hormone 10 is bound to ligands 20.
  • HSA 30 binds with the construct and hormones 10b and 10c are inactive.
  • FIG. 4 The depiction in FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 with the variation that each carrier molecule (ligand) binding site is attached to the biologically active component at independent sites. The two ligands are each attached directly to the drug
  • active hormone 10 is bound to ligands 20.
  • HSA 30 binds with the construct and hormones 10b and 10c are inactive.
  • FIG. 5 represents an improvement over FIG. 4 because the singly-bound construct retains most of the activity of the unbound drug.
  • the two ligands are each attached directly to the drug (optionally via linkers, which are not labeled in the figure).
  • the doubly-bound construct is inactivated and represents a reservoir of drug.
  • the half- life of the construct is increased without suffering the increase in side effects observed with the construct of FIG. 1.
  • the therapeutic window is increased.
  • active hormone 10 is bound to ligands 20.
  • HSA 30 binds with the construct and hormone 10b remains active.
  • Hormone 10c is inactive.
  • FIG. 6 represents a subject construct having a single ligand and a molecular weight increasing moiety (i.e., HSA).
  • the molecular weight increasing moiety is covalently bound to the drug, and causes the drug to have a longer half life.
  • the ligand reversibly binds an HSA moiety that causes a decrease in activity of the construct.
  • active hormone 10 is bound to ligand 20 and HSA 30, the latter via covalent bond 40.
  • hormone 10a is inactive.
  • FIG. 7A a construct according to FIG. 1 is illustrated and idealized pharmacokinetics for the construct is provided. Renal clearance (labeled 100) occurs for unbound drug 50, but not for bound construct 60, which consists of drug 50 bound to binding partner 70.
  • the construct has a single binding site for HSA with a Kd of 2.8E-5 M. A 10 ⁇ g single dose is administered and observed over 10 days. The concentration of the construct falls drastically over the initial period of time after administration. The shaded box represents the therapeutically desirable in vivo concentrations of the drug. The drug is present in such concentrations for only a portion of the time displace.
  • FIG. 7B shows idealized pharmacokinetics for a construct according to FIG. 5 or 6.
  • the construct has two binding sites, each for binding HSA with a Kd of 2.8E-5 M. A larger (5C ⁇ g) dose is administered, followed by a 10 ⁇ g dose after 1 week.
  • the equilibrium of active free construct, active singly bound construct, and inactive doubly bound construct provides a concentration of active drug that remains within the shaded box (i.e., the therapeutically desirable concentration) for the entire period measured.
  • singly bound construct 60 is in equilibrium with unbound drug 50 (which can be cleared via renal clearance 100) and doubly bound inactive construct 80, which consists of drug bound to two binding partners 70.
  • FIG. 8A the concentration of free construct is provided for a construct according to FIG. 1 administered in single 2.5 mg weekly doses.
  • the construct has a single binding site with a Kd of 3.2E-6.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug directly or indirectly via a linker to two or more ligands, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct.
  • the method further comprises contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow the formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free drug form; the construct in a binary-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with a single binding partner through a binding event; and the construct in a multiple-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with two or more binding partners through two or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex, the construct in the binary-ligand complex, and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug directly or indirectly via a linker to (a) one or more molecular weight increasing moieties capable of increasing half- life of the construct and (b) one or more ligands, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct; and contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow the formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex, wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the ligands in the construct are chosen to control the
  • concentration ratio between the construct in the binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex and the construct in the free form at the equilibrium to reduce the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the therapeutic window of a drug in a physiological fluid.
  • the method comprises joining a drug to one or more ligands directly or indirectly via a linker, each ligand having binding affinity for a same or different binding partner from a physiological fluid, to form a construct.
  • the drug has a molecular weight of at least 1,000 Da.
  • the next step involves contacting the construct with the physiological fluid to allow the formation of an equilibrium between the construct in free drug form and the construct in a binary-ligand or multiple-ligand complex wherein the construct is bound with one or more binding partners through one or more binding events. At least one of the binding events is associated with a reduction of the drug's activity.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight of at least 1,000 Da.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight of at least 2,000 Da, at least 6,000 Da, or at least 10,000 Da.
  • the drug can have a molecular weight ranging from about 1 ,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, from about 2,000 Da to about 6,000 Da, or from about 3,000 Da to about 4,000 Da.
  • the ligands are chosen to control the concentration ratio between the construct in the multiple-ligand complex or the binary-ligand complex and the construct in the free drug form at the equilibrium. This reduces the drug's active, circulating concentration at equilibrium, thereby controlling and/or increasing the time when the drug's efficacy is within the therapeutic window for the drug in the fluid.
  • the drug is joined to two ligands, wherein the first ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a first linker (LI) and the second ligand is covalently attached to the drug via a second linker (L2).
  • first linker L1
  • second linker L2
  • the drug is covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a linker (L3).
  • the drug is covalently joined to one or more ligands and one or more molecular weight increasing moieties through a first linker (LI) a second linker (L2), respectively.
  • LI first linker
  • L2 second linker
  • the concentration ratio between the different forms of the construct can be controlled by tailoring the Kds of the binding events between the ligands and their binding partners.
  • the amount of the construct that can be contacted with the physiological fluid is greater than at least 2 times maximum tolerated dose of the free drug.
  • Peptide Synthesis Peptide were synthesized by either manual or automated (ACT 496) solid phase synthesis, using Fmoc strategy on Rink Amide- polystyrene resin, substitution 0.7 mmol/g, using DIC/HOBt as activating agent (H.Rink, 1987, Tetrahedron Lett. ,28, 3787; M.Bodansky 1984, in: Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer, Berlin: G.Field, R.Noble, 1990, intj pept protein res, 35, 161).
  • Peptides were cleaved from the resin and side chain protecting groups were removed using a 25% Dichloromethane, 10% triisoprylsilane and 65% trifluoroacetic acid mixture. Disulfide bond formation was achieved by reacting of leq iodine with the linear peptide in solution (a 10% trifluoroacetic acid, 90% methanol solution). Peptides were purified by reversed phase HPLC using a CI 8 stationary phase and a gradient of water/acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). Identity and purity of the peptides were verified by LC-MS.
  • disulfide bridge 250 is present within ligand (i.e., Al) 200, which is separated from drug moiety 220 by first linker (i.e., LI) 210.
  • Second linker (i.e., L2) 230 separates drug 220 from a biotin moiety (i.e., A2) 260.
  • the symbol ⁇ represents beta Alanine.
  • disulfide bridge 350 is present in ligand (i.e., Al) 320, which is present between first linker (i.e., LI) 310 and second linker (i.e., L2) 330.
  • Second linker 330 connects to biotin moiety (i.e., A2) 360.
  • First linker 310 links to drug 300.
  • ⁇ represents beta Alanine.
  • (aa) x represents an amino acid sequence of length x, wherein the x amino acids may be the same or different.
  • HSA ligand refers to a ligand as described herein that binds to HSA.
  • 26-amino acid sequences were prepared, each comprising an hSA binder portion (1 1 amino acids and comprising a cysteine-proline-cysteine sequence capable of forming a disulfide bridge and a turn in the molecule), a first spacer (3 amino acids), a flag portion (8 amino acids), and a second spacer (4 amino acids).
  • the second spacer terminated in an amino group and also comprised a covalently attached biotin moiety.
  • an acetyl group was present.
  • Three different sequences were prepared, with the final amino acid at the acetyl-terminus varied between alanine (the control compound), arginine (construct 1), and lysine (construct 2). In viv experimentation showed a half life of 0.16 hours for the control, 34 hours for construct 1, and 53 hours for construct 2.
  • Double binding with inactivation was confirmed using a drug having two binding moieties covalently attached. One binding moiety reversibly bound biotin, the second binding moiety reversibly bound hSA.
  • the drug was a Flag epitope and the receptor for testing the activity was Flag Ab.
  • Renin substrate stabilization was measured by preparation of a compound comprising: a covalently attached FRET pair; two separate hSA binder moieties adjacent to two separate cysteine-proline-cysteine sequences each capable of forming a disulfide bridge and a turn in the molecule; and the renin substrate. Cleavage inhibition by hSA binding was quantified using FRET measurements (at various hSA concentrations) and hSA concentrations.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
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  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés et des matières pour améliorer les propriétés pharmaco-cinétiques de médicaments. Par exemple, l'invention concerne une construction présentant un médicament lié de façon covalente à des premier et second ligands, ou un médicament lié de façon covalente à un premier ligand et à une fraction d'augmentation de la masse moléculaire. Les ligands ont une affinité pour des partenaires de liaison et, dans un fluide physiologique, un équilibre se forme entre les formes liée et libre de la construction. Les constructions conservent la plupart de l'activité du médicament tout en augmentant simultanément la demi-vie.
PCT/US2014/043907 2013-06-24 2014-06-24 Constructions à double liaison WO2014210029A1 (fr)

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Cited By (1)

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WO2024184352A1 (fr) * 2023-03-06 2024-09-12 Ascendis Pharma A/S Composés médicamenteux comprenant des fractions de liaison à l'albumine

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EP0486525B1 (fr) 1989-08-01 1994-06-22 Cemu Bioteknik Ab Conjugues de proteines ou de peptides stabilises
WO2005027978A2 (fr) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-31 Novo Nordisk A/S Nouveaux derives de glp-1
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WO2010140148A1 (fr) * 2009-06-01 2010-12-09 Yeda Research And Development Co . Ltd Promédicaments contenant une sonde se liant à l'albumine
WO2013096940A1 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-06-27 Sri International Construction à double liaison
WO2013096939A1 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-06-27 Sri International Composés de liaison sélective

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0486525B1 (fr) 1989-08-01 1994-06-22 Cemu Bioteknik Ab Conjugues de proteines ou de peptides stabilises
WO2005027978A2 (fr) * 2003-09-19 2005-03-31 Novo Nordisk A/S Nouveaux derives de glp-1
WO2006041641A2 (fr) * 2004-10-05 2006-04-20 Genentech, Inc. Agents therapeutiques a toxicite reduite
WO2010140148A1 (fr) * 2009-06-01 2010-12-09 Yeda Research And Development Co . Ltd Promédicaments contenant une sonde se liant à l'albumine
WO2013096940A1 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-06-27 Sri International Construction à double liaison
WO2013096939A1 (fr) * 2011-12-23 2013-06-27 Sri International Composés de liaison sélective

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INSOO KIM ET AL: "A 4-arm polyethylene glycol derivative conjugated with exendin-4 peptide and palmitylamine having dual-function of size-increase and albumin-binding for long hypoglycemic action", REGULATORY PEPTIDES, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, NL, vol. 167, no. 2, 8 February 2011 (2011-02-08), pages 239 - 245, XP028160782, ISSN: 0167-0115, [retrieved on 20110215], DOI: 10.1016/J.REGPEP.2011.02.008 *
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2024184352A1 (fr) * 2023-03-06 2024-09-12 Ascendis Pharma A/S Composés médicamenteux comprenant des fractions de liaison à l'albumine

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