WO2014204342A1

WO2014204342A1 - Practical manual for learning the vocabulary of a foreign language

Info

Publication number: WO2014204342A1
Application number: PCT/RU2013/000526
Authority: WO
Inventors: Алексей Вячеславович НЫРКОВ
Original assignee: Nyrkov Alexey Vyacheslavovich
Priority date: 2013-06-21
Filing date: 2013-06-21
Publication date: 2014-12-24

Abstract

The proposed practical manual for learning the vocabulary of a foreign language is comprised of a physical medium bearing a set of sentences in a foreign language with a translation into the language of the user, said sentences consisting only of foreign words and collocations (lexical units) chosen for the set and having the meanings chosen for the set, wherein each of the sentences in the set illustrates two of more lexical units, and any one specific meaning of a lexical unit is illustrated only in any one of the sentences in the set. The technical result is that of minimizing the amount of information to be memorized by the learner in order to acquire a certain volume of vocabulary, and also of increasing the memorability of the aforesaid information.

Description

PRACTICAL STUDY

Vocabulary of a foreign language

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The invention relates to teaching aids in the field of teaching foreign languages.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The most common manuals for studying the vocabulary of a foreign language are textbooks of a foreign language, as well as bilingual dictionaries and phrasebooks.

In dictionaries and phrasebooks of a foreign language, words, phrases or phrases of a foreign language are usually located on the pages on the left, and the translation of these words into the user's language is respectively horizontal to the right of them. Moreover, words of a foreign language can be supplied with their phonetic transcription or transliteration in the user's language, see, for example, Muller V.K. “English-Russian Dictionary”, M.: Russian language, 1978 and, accordingly, “A Brief Russian-Japanese Phrasebook for Business People and Tourists”, M .: Credo, 1991.

Bilingual so-called “grammar” dictionaries are known in which, in addition to placing the words of one language on the page and, accordingly, its meanings in another language, the paradigms of their conjugation and declension are given, see, for example, Miloradovich Zhivan M. “English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary . Words and their grammatical forms, 4th edition ”, Moscow: Veche, 1998

There are well-known manuals for learning a foreign language, made in the form of cards with foreign words written on them, expressions or signs, and their translation into their native language (patent GB 2257286, publ. 06/01/1993, certificates for utility model RU251 1 1, publ. 09/10/2002; RU34025, publ. 20.1 1.2003).

Also known are monolingual and bilingual dictionaries - “lexical minimums”, which contain the number of units that are considered necessary and sufficient for the successful solution of communicative tasks stipulated by the requirements for an appropriate level of general knowledge of a foreign language, see, for example, Andryushina N.P. ., Afanasyeva I.N., Bitekhina G.A., Klobukova L.P., Yatsenko I.I. “Lexical minimum in Russian as a foreign language. The second certification level. General ownership ”, M.-SPb: TsMO MSU - Zlatoust, 2009. To compile lexical minimums, “frequency dictionaries” are often used, with the help of which the most common lexical units are identified. Frequency dictionaries provide numerical characteristics of the use of words, word forms and phrases of a language, see, for example, Mark Davies, Dee Gardner “A Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary American English”, Routledge, London and New York 2010. Frequency of occurrence is usually calculated from a large set of texts . Such calculations are carried out using machine processing of speech material.

Currently, manuals for learning a foreign language, including dictionaries, are also often sold in electronic form or in electronic devices (electronic dictionaries), which has several advantages: faster search, ease of use, etc. For the implementation of an electronic dictionary, usually use lexicographic database - a database in which an entry contains data about one lexical unit of a foreign language and corresponds to an article in a regular dictionary.

The lack of dictionaries when using them to study the vocabulary of a foreign language lies in the difficulty of remembering individual words out of context, as well as in the large number of words that have multiple meanings, including rarely used ones, that contain dictionaries along with the target meanings for learning.

In this regard, many modern dictionaries and manuals also contain sentences of a foreign language, including with translation into the user's language, as examples of the use of lexical units in their basic meanings, see, for example, “Portuguese-Russian Training Dictionary: Thematic Dictionary” with examples of usage ", comp. Eloyd Kilp, Moscow, Ed. ACT: Astrel, 2009 One of the main principles of such dictionaries is at least one sentence as an example of the use of each lexical unit with a translation into the user's language in an effort to give examples of sentences closest to life, a strict restriction on the vocabulary presented in the dictionary, but without any artificial constructions.

In foreign language textbooks, thematic texts are usually used to study vocabulary, which contain targeted vocabulary for learning on a specific topic. In this case, the translation of this vocabulary into the language is separately provided user and necessary explanations, see, for example, Bonk N.A. Lukyanova N.A. Kotiy G. A. "Textbook of English ideology." 2 parts, M: GIS, 2001.

The disadvantage of using currently existing manuals with examples of use, as well as thematic texts of foreign language textbooks for studying vocabulary is duplication and redundancy of information for memorization (memorization by heart) by the user, since along with the target vocabulary they contain a significant amount of other vocabulary and its meanings, which leads to an increase in the time spent on study. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One of the main problems in learning foreign languages, especially when teaching adults and self-education, is the lack of time for students. Currently, a significant number of foreign language courses are intensive, that is, it is assumed to master a significant program in a fairly short period of time. At the same time, most of the time spent on learning is memorization (memorization) of new vocabulary: new words and stable phrases (lexical units) of a foreign language.

At the same time, there are a large number of multivalued lexical units of a foreign language, which, depending on the linguistic context, can have different meanings. According to the results of a study of the vocabulary of the English language according to two electronic dictionaries, the relative number of polysemantic words was 17% and 19% in them, varying from 12% to 46% depending on the part of speech and the dictionary, see A. Krizhanovsky. “Quantitative analysis of English vocabulary in Wiktionaries and Wordnet”, Proceedings of SIIRAS, Issue 19, St. Petersburg: Nauka, 201 1

To study the various meanings of a multi-valued lexical unit, the most common method is to illustrate it with an example of use, for example, as part of a sentence, i.e. the use of a linguistic context - a meaningful segment of written speech that allows you to set the meaning of a word or phrase included in it and to separate the illustrated meaning from the rest. Thus, memorization of a significant part of lexical units also requires memorization of the corresponding linguistic contexts. This raises a problem repetition and redundancy in the memorized material, which leads to an increase in the time spent on training.

When learning a foreign language, memorizing the necessary vocabulary occurs at different speeds and effectiveness. Russian sources refer to Seger’s experience described by Jean Piaget (1896-1980) in 1965, according to which per unit of time words are best remembered (78%), then sentences come (37 %), single words (25%), syllables (1 1%), and letters (7%). The result of another study showed that text up to 7 words long is also better remembered, see Basova N.V. “Pedagogy and practical psychology”, Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House “Phoenix”, 2000, p.190.

On this basis, to memorize lexical units that are not grouped in terms of meaning, it is most effective to use complete sentences that have a certain meaning and include a limited number of words, optimally - no more than 7.

Thus, the task when creating a manual for studying the vocabulary of a foreign language is to minimize the amount of information intended for memorization (memorization by heart) by the user, as well as providing this information in the most memorable form.

The task in the proposed practical manual for studying the vocabulary of a foreign language, performed on a material medium, which contains a set of sentences of a foreign language with translation into the user's language, consisting only of selected for a set of lexical units (words and stable phrases) of a foreign language selected for set of values, it is decided that, according to the invention, each of the sentences of the set illustrates two or more lexical units, and any one department The linguistic meaning of any lexical unit is illustrated only in any one of the sentences of the set.

Thus, the proposed manual for studying the vocabulary of a foreign language (hereinafter referred to as the Practical Manual) quantitatively limits and minimizes the amount of information intended for memorization by the user by reducing its duplication, and also presents it in a more memorable form - in the form of completed sentences, which reduces the time spent on learning the target vocabulary of a foreign language.

The set of proposals of the proposed Practical Guide is a complete complete set of sentences specially drawn up to illustrate the selected lexical units of a foreign language in selected values.

The unit of selection for the Practical Guide is the separate meaning of a single lexical unit. The selection of the values of lexical units is carried out on the basis of the requirements of the curriculum for which the Practical Guide is compiled, or carried out according to the frequency, thematic or any other principle.

Moreover, each sentence of a foreign language can be equipped with a phonetic transcription of all the individual words included in it and a translation of all the lexical units included in it in the meanings that are used in this sentence.

The indicated sentences in the Practical Guide can be arranged both in the form of a sequentially numbered list and without numbering.

As a material medium, paper or any other solid medium, for example in the form of cards, as well as an electronic information medium or an electronic device, can be used.

In the particular case of implementation, a set of proposals of the Practical Guide is available on an electronic storage medium.

In another special case of implementation, a set of proposals of the Practical Guide can be placed on cards one sentence of a foreign language on each card, while cards are made of any shape and with dimensions sufficient to at least accommodate one sentence of a foreign language on the card on one side card, and its translation into the user's language on the other side of the card.

To evaluate the effectiveness of compiling the Practical Manual, an efficiency indicator was developed - the Lexical Fill Factor, which is calculated as the ratio of the total number of characters (letters, spaces and punctuation marks) in the lexical units illustrated in sentences in their selected values to the total number of characters in the set of sentences of the Practical Manual, expressed as a percentage. In the manufacture of Practical The benefits of the task is to achieve the maximum value of the specified coefficient.

The measurements of the contents of a number of educational dictionaries and textbooks of English, German and Swedish show that the lexical coefficient of the set of illustrative sentences of these dictionaries was 15-35%, for texts of textbooks of foreign languages - 12-23%, and for test versions of the Practical Guide for the indicated foreign languages - 52-73%.

A brief description of the illustrations.

The invention is illustrated by illustrations, where

Figure 1 presents an example implementation of the Practical Guide for the English language:

A) illustrating the 2nd claim, and

B) illustrating the 4th paragraph of the formula, where 1 is a material carrier; 2 - a numbered list of proposals; 3- lexical units illustrated in the sentence; 4 - translation of the proposal; 5- phonetic transcription of all lexical units included in the sentence; 6 - translation of all lexical units included in the sentence, in the meanings that are used in this sentence;

in figure 2, position A) .- presents a form and an example of filling out a table of values of lexical units, where

column 1 indicates the identification number of the lexical unit value; column 2 presents the spelling of the lexical unit in the dictionary (main) form;

column 3 shows the lexical unit value (translation in the selected value);

column 4 presents the transcription of this lexical unit;

column 5 indicates the identification number of the sentence, which illustrates the meaning of the corresponding lexical unit;

position B). - presents a form and an example of filling out a table of sentences illustrating the meaning of the corresponding position A) of lexical units, where

column 1 indicates the identification number of the proposal;

column 2 presents the proposal in a foreign language; column 3 presents the translation of the corresponding sentence into the user's language;

in column 4 and below, the identification numbers of the used lexical unit values in the selected values from the position table A) are indicated.

An example embodiment of the invention

One of the private examples of the invention is a practical manual - a publication designed to study the vocabulary of a foreign language, in particular English, the language and to master the practical skills of its use.

Figure 1 presents a particular example of the implementation of the Practical Guide for the English language: A) illustrating the 2nd paragraph of the formula; and B) illustrating the 4th claim.

The formation of a specific Practical Guide is carried out in 4 stages: Step 1: Selection of lexical units in any separate values for the set of sentences of the Practical Guide. The selection of lexical units in separate values is carried out on the basis of the requirements of the curriculum for which the Practical Guide is made, or carried out according to the frequency, thematic or any other principle. The data for the Practical Guide is prepared in machine-readable form for subsequent quantitative analysis.

Each lexical unit in the selected value is assigned an identification number of the lexical unit value. Each of the selected lexical units in the selected value is provided with a translation into the user's language, phonetic transcription, as well as a sentence number in which it is illustrated in step 2.

The data are entered in the table of values of lexical units, the form and example of which is presented in figure 2, position A). The identification number of the lexical unit value is entered in column 1, the spelling of the lexical unit in the dictionary (main) form - in column 2, the value (translation in the selected value) - in column 3, the transcription in column 4, and in column 5 in step 2, make The offer identification number that illustrates this value. For ease of use, lexical units in the table can be arranged alphabetically. Stage 2: Compilation of the selected lexical units in the selected values of sentences of a foreign language with translation into the user's language to illustrate in each sentence any two or more separate values of any lexical units. Each proposal is assigned a proposal identification number. For each sentence, its translation into the user's language is indicated, and also the numbers of the lexical unit values used in it assigned at stage 1 are indicated sequentially with a note of those that are illustrated in this sentence. Form the total number of sentences of the Practical Guide, necessary and sufficient to illustrate all the lexical units selected for the Practical Guide in the selected values.

The data are entered into the Proposal Table, the form and example of which are presented in FIG. 2 position B). The identification number of the sentence is entered in column 1, the sentence in a foreign language - in column 2, the translation of the sentence - in column 3, and in the columns starting from the 4th, the numbers of the used lexical unit values in the selected values from the table compiled in step 1 are entered , in the order in which they appear in the sentence. The proposals in the Table of proposals (Fig. 2 B) are arranged in random order. The numbers of lexical units that are illustrated in this sentence are marked with a symbol, for example, an asterisk. At the same time, in the table of values of lexical units (Fig. 2 A) in column 5 indicate the number of this sentence for those values of lexical units that are illustrated in this sentence.

When making sentences, an illustration of any value of a lexical unit is carried out only in any one of the sentences of the set, which is controlled by the presence of the number of sentences in column 5 of the Table of values of lexical units (Fig. 2 A).

Stage 3: Checking the finished kit and, if possible, finalizing the Practical Guide in order to maximize the coefficient of lexical filling of the Practical Guide. The specified coefficient is calculated as the ratio of the total number of characters (letters, spaces and punctuation marks) in the lexical units illustrated in sentences in their selected values to the total number of characters in the set of sentences of the Practical Guide, expressed as a percentage. Stage 4: Putting the data of the Practical Guide on a tangible medium. Moreover, the proposals of the Practical Guide are arranged in the form of a numbered list, as shown in FIG. 1 item A), or without numbering. In the particular case, each sentence is also provided with a phonetic transcription and / or meaning (translation in the selected meaning) of all the individual lexical units included in it, as shown in FIG. B)

The functioning of the Practical Manual is implemented in such a way that the user must memorize (memorize) all sentences of a foreign language from the set of sentences of the Practical Manual, using their translation into the user's language, and then repeat these sentences based on their translation into the user's language according to the schedule determined by the teacher or by the students themselves to prevent their forgetting and increase the speed of extracting memorized information from memory. Thus, automatism is formed in the use of lexical units contained in the Practical Guide in selected values, that is, they become part of the active vocabulary of the user's foreign language.

The use of the Practical Guide also helps to master the practical use of vocabulary of the studied foreign language through the use of learned ready-made sentences in speech, in contrast to ordinary dictionaries, which have an auxiliary, reference function during training.

Industrial applicability

As follows from the foregoing, the proposed Practical Guide can be formed for any area of thematic focus, for example, for everyday communication, or for a school course, or a professionally oriented focus. The proposed practical guide in particular cases of implementation can be done on an electronic storage medium, or on paper or plastic cards, or in the form of a printed publication.

Potential users of the practical manual are people studying a foreign language, as well as teachers of a foreign language.

Compared with existing practical manuals for teaching vocabulary of a foreign language, the proposed Practical Guide significantly reduces the amount of information that a student must remember (memorize) to study vocabulary within the framework of an appropriate level or course of study, since each sentence of the Practical Manual illustrates two and more lexical units in the selected values, and any one separate meaning of any lexical unit is illustrated only in any one of the sentences of the Practical Guide.

Claims

CLAIM

1. A practical guide for studying the vocabulary of a foreign language, made on a material medium, on which a set of sentences of a foreign language with translation into the user's language is placed, consisting only of words selected for the set and stable phrases (lexical units) of the foreign language in the meanings selected for the set , each of the sentences of the set illustrates two or more lexical units, and any particular meaning of the lexical unit is illustrated only in some for one of the offers of the kit.

2. The practical guide according to claim 1, characterized in that the proposals are arranged in a sequentially numbered list.

3. A practical guide according to any one of claims 1, 2, characterized in that each sentence of a foreign language is provided with a phonetic transcription of all the individual words included in it.

4. A practical guide according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that each sentence of a foreign language is provided with a translation of all the lexical units included in it in the meanings that are used in this sentence.

5. A practical guide according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said set of proposals is placed on an electronic storage medium.

6. A practical guide according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the said set of sentences is placed on cards according to one sentence of a foreign language on each card, while the cards are made of any shape and with dimensions sufficient to at least accommodate on the card of one sentence of a foreign language on one side of the card, and its translation into the user's language on the other side of the card.