WO2014203236A1 - Millimeter-wave system with beam direction by switching sources - Google Patents

Millimeter-wave system with beam direction by switching sources Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014203236A1
WO2014203236A1 PCT/IL2014/050420 IL2014050420W WO2014203236A1 WO 2014203236 A1 WO2014203236 A1 WO 2014203236A1 IL 2014050420 W IL2014050420 W IL 2014050420W WO 2014203236 A1 WO2014203236 A1 WO 2014203236A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
millimeter
wave
frequency
radio
integrated
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PCT/IL2014/050420
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French (fr)
Inventor
Yigal Leiba
Boris Maysel
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Siklu Communication ltd.
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Publication date
Application filed by Siklu Communication ltd. filed Critical Siklu Communication ltd.
Publication of WO2014203236A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014203236A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/14—Reflecting surfaces; Equivalent structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/24—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the orientation by switching energy from one active radiating element to another, e.g. for beam switching

Definitions

  • Some architectures include beam-forming networks such as rotman lenses, butler matrixes, and blass matrices, all of which are: (i) highly ineffective in converting millimeter-wave signals into millimeter-wave radiation, and (ii) complex/expensive to manufacture.
  • Other architectures include phased-array radiating element, which are more effective in converting millimeter-wave signals into millimeter- wave radiation, but are prohibitively complex/expensive to manufacture, especially when high-gain beams are required.
  • Still other architectures include a complex network of waveguides or transmission-lines operative to route millimeter- wave radiation from a single millimeter-wave radiating source to an array of distant antennas or focal surface locations, thereby causing significant signal attenuation along the way.
  • Described herein are systems and methods in millimeter-wave wireless communication networks, wherein the network is built/configured in such a manner as to place antennas close to radio-frequency-integrated-circuits ("RFICs") such that RF signal loss is reduced, thereby leading to a superior output power at any given level of power from the RFIC.
  • RFICs radio-frequency-integrated-circuits
  • the antennas and RFICs are placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave lens or millimeter-wave reflector, such that the system is able to transmit or receive millimeter-wave radiation in several directions, each direction associated with one of the antennas and RFICs.
  • millimeter- wave focusing element is used herein to refer to any millimeter-wave focusing element such as a millimeter-wave lens, a millimeter-wave concave reflector, a millimeter-wave parabolic reflector, or any other millimeter-wave focusing element for which a focal surface exists.
  • One embodiment is a millimeter-wave communication system that operates to direct millimeter-wave signals from specific transmitters to specific antennas.
  • the system includes a millimeter-wave focusing element that operates to focus millimeter-wave beams, multiple millimeter-wave transmitter antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of the millimeter- wave focusing element, and multiple RFICs placed in association with the antennas such that (i) each of the antennas has at least one RFIC located within close proximity, and (ii) each of such antennas operates to receive a millimeter-wave signal from an RFIC in close proximity to the antenna.
  • the system is further operative to (i) select which one of the antennas shall transmit the millimeter-wave beam to the millimeter-wave focusing element, and then (ii) direct to such antenna the millimeter-wave signal from an RFIC located in close proximity to such antenna, thereby generating a millimeter-wave beam in a desired direction.
  • One embodiment is a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
  • a first millimeter-wave radiating source located at a first location on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, transmits a millimeter-wave beam via the millimeter-wave focusing element, wherein the direction of the beam is from a specific direction determined by the location of the antenna on the focal surface
  • the system determines a desired direction for the beam, such that the direction will improve the performance of the system
  • the system identifies a second millimeter-wave radiating source, located at a second location on the focal surface, for transmitting a second direction of the millimeter-wave beam, and
  • the second millimeter-wave radiating source transmits the millimeter-wave beam in the second direction, thereby improving the performance of the system.
  • One embodiment is a method for directing millimeter-wave beams in a point-to- point millimeter-wave communication system.
  • the system determines a direction toward which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted,
  • the system identifies, from multiple millimeter-wave antennas placed at different points on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, an antenna which is best placed relative to a focal point of the millimeter-wave focusing element to facilitate transmission of the beam in the determined direction, and
  • a first RFIC located in proximity to the identified antenna generates a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to the identified antenna, allowing the identified antenna to transmit the beam in the determined direction.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element
  • FIG. IB illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system
  • FIG. 1C illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system
  • FIG. ID illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system
  • FIG. IE illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element
  • FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs
  • FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs
  • FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs
  • FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which there is communication between a transmitter and a receiver;
  • FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been disrupted;
  • FIG. 3C illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been restored;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for directing millimeter- wave beams in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
  • close proximity means (i) that an RFIC and an antenna suited physically close to one another, to within at most 5 wavelengths of a millimeter-wave signal generated by the RFIC and (ii) at the same time, this particular RFIC and this particular antenna are connected either by direct connection, or by a transmission line, or by wire bonding, or by some other structure that allows efficient transport of the millimeter- wave signal between the two.
  • radiating sources are on the focal surface
  • a millimeter-wave focusing element has a focal surface, and each radiating source is located either on that surface or directly behind it.
  • FIGS. 1A, IB, 1C, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive illustrate various embodiments of radiating sources in a millimeter-wave point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element.
  • a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is illustrated, which is one part of a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint millimeter-wave communication system, as shown in element 100a of FIG. 3A.
  • At least two radiating sources probably antennas coupled to RF signal sources, wherein said antennas may be printed antennas, and the radiating sources are located on the focal surface 199 of the system.
  • six such sources are illustrated, but only 109a and 109b are numbered. As described above, in alternative embodiments, there may be two sources only, or any number greater than two radiating sources.
  • Radiating sources 109a and 109b are located on the focal surface 199 at locations 108a and 108b, respectively.
  • the radiating sources radiate millimeter-wave beams, shown in an exemplary manner as first millimeter-wave beam 105a directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward first direction 105dl, and as second millimeter-wave beam 105b directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward second direction 105d2. It is noted that three rays are illustrated per each millimeter- wave beam for illustration purposes only.
  • FIG. 1A is a lens 198 system, in which millimeter-wave beams travel through the lens 198 toward a location on the opposite side of the lens 198 from the focal surface 199.
  • the system would operate in the same manner if element 198 were a concave or parabolic reflector designed so that the millimeter-waves reflect off the reflector toward a location on the same side of the reflector as the focal surface 199; this configuration is illustrated in FIG. IE, in which millimeter-wave focusing element 198 is a reflector.
  • element 198 may be a lens or a reflector.
  • Each radiating source includes at least an RF signal source (such as RFIC) and at least an antenna, such that the distance between these components is very small, which means that the radio frequency (“RF”) signal loss from the RFIC to the antenna is very small.
  • RF radio frequency
  • FIG. IB illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system.
  • the radiating source 109a is mounted on a PCB 197, which is located on the focal surface 199.
  • An RFIC 109rficl generates a millimeter-wave signal, which is conveyed via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197 to an antenna 111a, which then transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a.
  • FIG. 1C illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. Instead of a transmission line 112a as illustrated in FIG. IB, there is instead a wire bonding connection 115a that connects the RFIC 109rficl to the antenna 111a.
  • FIG. ID illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system.
  • a transmission line 112a nor a wire bonding connection 115a.
  • the antenna 111a is glued, soldered, or otherwise connected directly, to the RFIC 109rficl .
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of antenna and RFIC configurations.
  • the system includes at least two RFICs, and that there is at least one antenna located in close proximity to each RFIC.
  • close proximity means that the RFIC and antenna are located a short distance apart, and that they are connected in some way such as by a transmission line in FIG. IB, or wire bonding in FIG. 1C, or direct placement in FIG. ID, or by some other way of allowing the RFIC to convey a signal to the antenna.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs.
  • Six RFICs are shown, and each RFIC is in close proximity to one antenna. These include the pairs RFIC 109rficl and antenna 111a, RFIC 109rfic2 and antenna 111b, RFIC 109rifc3 and antenna 111c, RFIC 109rfic4 and antenna 11 Id, RFIC 109rfic5 and antenna 1113, and RFIC 109rifc6 and antenna 11 If.
  • Each antenna is located on the focal surface 199, and the system operates to select one or more antennas that direct millimeter-wave signals toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs.
  • Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199.
  • each RFIC is connected in close proximity to two antennas, not one.
  • An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2B, in which the first RFIC, 109rficl, is connected in close proximity to both antenna lllal and antenna llla2.
  • Each antenna, here lllal and llla2 will direct as millimeter-wave signal toward millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • the system will measure the signals received, determine which of the two signals is better directed to a remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rficl to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal better directed to said target.
  • the description here for the triplet of elements 109rficl, lllal, and llla2, will apply also to each of the five other triplets of an RFIC and two antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2B.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs.
  • Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199. Here, however, each RFIC is connected in close proximity to four antennas.
  • An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2C, in which the first RFIC, 109rficl, is connected in close proximity to antennas lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4.
  • Each antenna, here lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4 may direct a millimeter-wave signal toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • the system will measure the signals received from a remote target, determine which of the four signals is better directed to said remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rficl to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal best directed to said remote target.
  • the description here for the quintuple of elements 109rficl, lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4 will apply also to each of the five other quintuples of an RFIC and four antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2C.
  • FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of a point-to- point communication system 100.
  • Each of these three figures includes a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a that transmits signals, a receiving transceiver 100b that receives the signals, and a dish, antenna, or other reception device 201 that is the actual receive of the radiated signal energy.
  • the combination of these three figures illustrates one embodiment by which the system may operate.
  • FIG. 3A a particular radiating source has been selected by the system that sends signals through the millimeter- wave focusing element, and then in the correct direction toward the receiver 100b.
  • FIG. 3B this communication has been disrupted, because of some change.
  • FIG. 3A a particular radiating source has been selected by the system that sends signals through the millimeter- wave focusing element, and then in the correct direction toward the receiver 100b.
  • FIG. 3B this communication has been disrupted, because of some change.
  • FIG. 3A a
  • the change illustrated is a change in the orientation of transceiver 100a, such that the signal radiated from the same RFIC, and transmitted from the same antenna, as in FIG. 3A, now does not travel in the correct direction toward receiver 100b. It is possible that some of the signal energy transmitted by first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is received by receiver 100b, but the mis-direction of the transmission means that much of the signal energy from transceiver 100a is not received by transceiver 100b.
  • FIG. 3B shows communication disruption to a repositioning of transceiver 100a
  • the problem could have been caused by a repositioning of transceiver 100b, or by a repositioning of both transceivers 100a and 100b, or by some other blockage which may be either a physical blockage or RF interference such that the direction of the signal transmitted in FIG. 3A is now no longer the correct direction, as shown in FIG. 3B.
  • FIG. 3C the system has corrected the problem by permitting transmission of radiation energy from a different RFIC to an antenna located in close proximity, and then having that antenna, different from the antenna in FIGS. 3 A and 3B, transmit the signal. The same signal may be transmitted, but the key is that the direction has been changed by selection of a different RFIC and one or more different antennas.
  • a millimeter-wave communication system 100a operative to direct millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b.
  • the system 100a includes a millimeter-wave focusing element 198 which operates to focus millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b.
  • the system 100a also includes two or more millimeter-wave antennas 111a, 11 lb, which are placed at different locations 108a and 108b on a focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • the system also includes two or more radio-frequency-integrated-circuits ("RFICs”) 109rficl and 109rfic2, which are placed in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antennas, such that (i) each of the millimeter- wave antennas has at least one RFIC in close proximity, and (ii) each of the millimeter- wave antennas is operative to receive a millimeter-wave signal from said at least one of the RFICs located in close proximity.
  • RFICs radio-frequency-integrated-circuits
  • the system 100a is operative to (i) select which of the millimeter-wave antennas will transmit a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b, and then (ii) direct to the millimeter-wave antenna selected the millimeter-wave signal from one of RFICs 109rficl or 109rfic2 located in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antenna selected, thereby generating a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b at a direction 105dl or 105d2 which is consequent upon said selection.
  • a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100 In this embodiment, a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a is located at a first location 108a on the focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198. Using this source 109a, the system 100 (or 100a) transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a to a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, wherein the direction 105dl of the beam 105a is determined by the first location 108a.
  • the system 100 determines a direction for the millimeter-wave beam 105a that is expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100.
  • "improve the communication performance” means to increase the signal energy received by a receiver 100b, without increasing the transmission power.
  • the system 100 (or 100a) includes multiple radiating sources 109a, 109b, and potentially other sources, each source located at a different location on the focal surface 199, and the system 100 (or 100a) further identifies which of such radiating sources will, when active, transmit the beam 105b in a second direction 105d2 that is closest to the direction expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100.
  • each of the first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources comprises a radio-frequency-integrated-circuit ("RFIC") 109rficl and 109rfic2 respectively.
  • RFIC radio-frequency-integrated-circuit
  • each of said RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2 is mounted on a printed-circuit-board ("PCB") 197, and the PCB 197 is located (i) substantially on the focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or (ii) slightly behind the focal surface 199 of the millimeter- wave focusing element 198.
  • PCB printed-circuit-board
  • each of the millimeter-wave radiating sources 109a and 109b further comprises a millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, which operates to radiate the millimeter- wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.
  • each millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 11 lb is printed on the PCB 197 in close proximity to the corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively.
  • each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is mounted using flip-chip mounting technology, and each RFIC is connected directly to its corresponding millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 11 lb, respectively, via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197.
  • each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is connected to its corresponding millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 11 lb, respectively, via a bonding wire 115a.
  • each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal, and this millimeter-wave signal is injected into said millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, thereby generating said millimeter-wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.
  • each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b is located on top of its corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively, or on top of an enclosure of said RFIC, and each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 11 lb faces the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b is printed on its corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively.
  • the RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2 are operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate- frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal operative to generate the millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b.
  • the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2, and selection of said first 105dl or second 105d2 directions is done by commanding the first 109rficl or second 109rfic2 RFICs, respectively, to start generating the millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b, respectively.
  • the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is an analog signal.
  • the base-band signal is a digital signal.
  • the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the first RFIC 109rficl, thereby facilitating selection of the first direction 105dl.
  • the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the second RFIC 109rfic2, thereby facilitating selection of the second direction 105d2.
  • each of said first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources includes an antenna, 111a and 111b, respectively, printed on a PCB 197, and the PCB 197 is located substantially on the focal surface 109 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
  • the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 belongs to a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a of said system 100, and (ii) the millimeter-wave beam 105a is used by the first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a to communicate with a second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b that is part of the system.
  • improving performance of the system 100 becomes required or preferred due do undesired movement of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 relative to the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b, or undesired movement of the second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b relative to the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or undesired movement of both the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 and the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b relative to one another, other physical movement or blockage, or other RF interference.
  • the undesired movement is caused by wind.
  • improving performance is required or preferred in order to direct the beam 105a toward the second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b when the first millimeter- wave transceiver 100a is initially installed.
  • a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b there is a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b.
  • a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100 determines a direction 105dl to which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted.
  • the system 100 (or 100a) identifies of such antennas 111a - 11 If, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the beam 105a in this direction 105dl.
  • There are multiple RFICs in the system such that every antenna 111a - 11 If is located in close proximity to an RFIC.
  • an RFIC located in close proximity to the identified antenna generates a millimeter-wave signal 105a which is sent from the RFIC to the identified antenna, and the identified antenna then transmits the signal toward the identified direction 105dl.
  • the first RFIC 109rficl is uniquely associated with said first millimeter-wave antenna 111a, as shown in FIG. 2A.
  • "uniquely associated with” means that RFIC 109rficl is the only RFIC that is connected to antenna 111a.
  • each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 11 If, inclusive, is uniquely associated with an RFIC, 109rficl to 109rfic6, respectively, as shown in FIG. 2a.
  • the first RFIC 109rficl is associated with a first millimeter- wave antenna l l lal and with a second millimeter-wave antenna l l la2, where each such antenna is located in close proximity to the first RFIC 109rficl, as shown in FIG. 2A.
  • the method further includes (i) the system 100 (or 100a) determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies which of the millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the first RFIC 109rficl generates a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter- wave antenna l l la2, which then transmits the millimeter- wave beam 105b toward the second direction 105d2.
  • the system 100 determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the system 100 (or 100a) includes a second RFIC 109rfic2 located in close proximity to a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, and the second RFIC 109rfic2 generates a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, which then transmits a millimeter-wave
  • FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100.
  • step 1021 using a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a located at a first location 108a on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, to transmit a millimeter-wave beam 105a via said millimeter- wave focusing element, wherein said millimeter- wave beam having a first direction 105dl consequent upon the first location.
  • step 1022 determining a desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam, wherein said desired direction is expected to improve performance of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system employing the millimeter-wave beam.
  • step 1023 identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave radiating sources, a second millimeter-wave radiating source 109b located at a second location 108b on the focal surface of the millimeter-wave focusing element, which when in use will result in a second direction 105d2 for the millimeter-wave beam 105b that is closest to the desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam.
  • step 1024 using the second millimeter- wave radiating source to transmit the millimeter- wave beam 105b having the second direction consequent upon the second location, thereby improving performance of the point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b.
  • step 1031 determining a direction via which a millimeter- wave beam is to be transmitted.
  • step 1032 identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 11 If placed at different locations on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna, 111a as an example, which is: best placed, relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said direction.
  • step 1033 generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit 109rficl located in close proximity to said first millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction.
  • references to “one embodiment” and “one case” mean that the feature being referred to may be included in at least one embodiment/case of the invention.
  • references to “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “one case”, or “some cases” in this description do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment/case.
  • Illustrated embodiments/cases are not mutually exclusive, unless so stated and except as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the invention may include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the features of the embodiments/cases described herein.
  • flow diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the methods
  • block diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the devices. Some operations in the flow diagrams may be described with reference to the embodiments/cases illustrated by the block diagrams. However, the methods of the flow diagrams could be performed by embodiments/cases of the invention other than those discussed with reference to the block diagrams, and embodiments/cases discussed with reference to the block diagrams could perform operations different from those discussed with reference to the flow diagrams. Moreover, although the flow diagrams may depict serial operations, certain embodiments/cases could perform certain operations in parallel and/or in different orders from those depicted.

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Abstract

Various embodiments of a millimeter-wave wireless point-to-point or point-to- multipoint communication system which enables determining preferred directions of transmissions, and transmitting in such preferred directions without routing radio- frequency signals. The system comprises a millimeter-wave focusing element, multiple millimeter-wave antennas, and multiple radio-frequency-integrated circuits ("RFICs"). In various embodiments, preferred directions are determined, and millimeter-wave beams are transmitted in the preferred directions.

Description

MILLIMETER-WAVE SYSTEM WITH BEAM DIRECTION BY SWITCHING
SOURCES
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority of US Provisional Application No. 61/835,604, filed on 16 June 2013.
BACKGROUND
Current millimeter wave systems use several architectures for electronically controlling beam directions. Some architectures include beam-forming networks such as rotman lenses, butler matrixes, and blass matrices, all of which are: (i) highly ineffective in converting millimeter-wave signals into millimeter-wave radiation, and (ii) complex/expensive to manufacture. Other architectures include phased-array radiating element, which are more effective in converting millimeter-wave signals into millimeter- wave radiation, but are prohibitively complex/expensive to manufacture, especially when high-gain beams are required. Still other architectures include a complex network of waveguides or transmission-lines operative to route millimeter- wave radiation from a single millimeter-wave radiating source to an array of distant antennas or focal surface locations, thereby causing significant signal attenuation along the way.
SUMMARY
Described herein are systems and methods in millimeter-wave wireless communication networks, wherein the network is built/configured in such a manner as to place antennas close to radio-frequency-integrated-circuits ("RFICs") such that RF signal loss is reduced, thereby leading to a superior output power at any given level of power from the RFIC. The antennas and RFICs are placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave lens or millimeter-wave reflector, such that the system is able to transmit or receive millimeter-wave radiation in several directions, each direction associated with one of the antennas and RFICs. The term "millimeter- wave focusing element" is used herein to refer to any millimeter-wave focusing element such as a millimeter-wave lens, a millimeter-wave concave reflector, a millimeter-wave parabolic reflector, or any other millimeter-wave focusing element for which a focal surface exists.
One embodiment is a millimeter-wave communication system that operates to direct millimeter-wave signals from specific transmitters to specific antennas. In one particular form of such an embodiment, the system includes a millimeter-wave focusing element that operates to focus millimeter-wave beams, multiple millimeter-wave transmitter antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of the millimeter- wave focusing element, and multiple RFICs placed in association with the antennas such that (i) each of the antennas has at least one RFIC located within close proximity, and (ii) each of such antennas operates to receive a millimeter-wave signal from an RFIC in close proximity to the antenna. In this particular form of such an embodiment, the system is further operative to (i) select which one of the antennas shall transmit the millimeter-wave beam to the millimeter-wave focusing element, and then (ii) direct to such antenna the millimeter-wave signal from an RFIC located in close proximity to such antenna, thereby generating a millimeter-wave beam in a desired direction.
One embodiment is a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system. In some embodiments, (i) a first millimeter-wave radiating source, located at a first location on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, transmits a millimeter-wave beam via the millimeter-wave focusing element, wherein the direction of the beam is from a specific direction determined by the location of the antenna on the focal surface, (ii) the system determines a desired direction for the beam, such that the direction will improve the performance of the system, (iii) the system identifies a second millimeter-wave radiating source, located at a second location on the focal surface, for transmitting a second direction of the millimeter-wave beam, and (iv) the second millimeter-wave radiating source transmits the millimeter-wave beam in the second direction, thereby improving the performance of the system. One embodiment is a method for directing millimeter-wave beams in a point-to- point millimeter-wave communication system. In some embodiments, (i) the system determines a direction toward which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted, (ii) the system identifies, from multiple millimeter-wave antennas placed at different points on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, an antenna which is best placed relative to a focal point of the millimeter-wave focusing element to facilitate transmission of the beam in the determined direction, and (iii) a first RFIC located in proximity to the identified antenna generates a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to the identified antenna, allowing the identified antenna to transmit the beam in the determined direction.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiments are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. No attempt is made to show structural details of the embodiments in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the embodiments. In the drawings:
FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element;
FIG. IB illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;
FIG. 1C illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;
FIG. ID illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system;
FIG. IE illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element;
FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs; FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs;
FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs;
FIG. 3A illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which there is communication between a transmitter and a receiver;
FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been disrupted;
FIG. 3C illustrates one embodiment of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system, in which communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been restored;
FIG. 4 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram describing one method for directing millimeter- wave beams in a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In this description, "close proximity" or "close" means (i) that an RFIC and an antenna suited physically close to one another, to within at most 5 wavelengths of a millimeter-wave signal generated by the RFIC and (ii) at the same time, this particular RFIC and this particular antenna are connected either by direct connection, or by a transmission line, or by wire bonding, or by some other structure that allows efficient transport of the millimeter- wave signal between the two.
In this description communication between a transmitter and a receiver has been "disrupted" when the signal to noise ratio between the two has fallen to a level which is too low to support previously used modulation and coding schemes, due to one or more of a number of causes, including physical movement of the transmitter, physical movement of the receiver, physical movement of both the transmitter and the receiver, physical movement of other components of the system, other physical obstacles, or other radio frequency interference ("RFI").
In this description, to say that "radiating sources are on the focal surface" means that a millimeter-wave focusing element has a focal surface, and each radiating source is located either on that surface or directly behind it.
FIGS. 1A, IB, 1C, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of radiating sources in a millimeter-wave point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system.
FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of radiating sources, placed as part of a first millimeter-wave transceiver with a millimeter-wave focusing element. A first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is illustrated, which is one part of a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint millimeter-wave communication system, as shown in element 100a of FIG. 3A. At least two radiating sources, probably antennas coupled to RF signal sources, wherein said antennas may be printed antennas, and the radiating sources are located on the focal surface 199 of the system. In FIG. 1A, six such sources are illustrated, but only 109a and 109b are numbered. As described above, in alternative embodiments, there may be two sources only, or any number greater than two radiating sources. Radiating sources 109a and 109b are located on the focal surface 199 at locations 108a and 108b, respectively. The radiating sources radiate millimeter-wave beams, shown in an exemplary manner as first millimeter-wave beam 105a directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward first direction 105dl, and as second millimeter-wave beam 105b directed to millimeter-wave focusing element 198 toward second direction 105d2. It is noted that three rays are illustrated per each millimeter- wave beam for illustration purposes only.
It will be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 1A is a lens 198 system, in which millimeter-wave beams travel through the lens 198 toward a location on the opposite side of the lens 198 from the focal surface 199. However, the system would operate in the same manner if element 198 were a concave or parabolic reflector designed so that the millimeter-waves reflect off the reflector toward a location on the same side of the reflector as the focal surface 199; this configuration is illustrated in FIG. IE, in which millimeter-wave focusing element 198 is a reflector. Thus, in all the embodiments, element 198 may be a lens or a reflector. In FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C, the element is shown as a lens, but it could also function as a reflector, in which case the millimeter-wave beams would bounce back from the reflector toward the focal surface. Each radiating source includes at least an RF signal source (such as RFIC) and at least an antenna, such that the distance between these components is very small, which means that the radio frequency ("RF") signal loss from the RFIC to the antenna is very small.
FIG. IB illustrates one embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. In FIG. IB, the radiating source 109a is mounted on a PCB 197, which is located on the focal surface 199. An RFIC 109rficl generates a millimeter-wave signal, which is conveyed via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197 to an antenna 111a, which then transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a.
FIG. 1C illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. Instead of a transmission line 112a as illustrated in FIG. IB, there is instead a wire bonding connection 115a that connects the RFIC 109rficl to the antenna 111a.
FIG. ID illustrates an alternative embodiment of a radiating source in a millimeter-wave communication system. Here there is neither a transmission line 112a nor a wire bonding connection 115a. Rather, the antenna 111a is glued, soldered, or otherwise connected directly, to the RFIC 109rficl .
FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of antenna and RFIC configurations. There is no limit to the number of possible antenna to RFIC configurations, provided, however, that the system includes at least two RFICs, and that there is at least one antenna located in close proximity to each RFIC. In this sense, "close proximity" means that the RFIC and antenna are located a short distance apart, and that they are connected in some way such as by a transmission line in FIG. IB, or wire bonding in FIG. 1C, or direct placement in FIG. ID, or by some other way of allowing the RFIC to convey a signal to the antenna. The alternative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, are just three of many possible alternative embodiments with the RFICs and the antennas. FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are shown, and each RFIC is in close proximity to one antenna. These include the pairs RFIC 109rficl and antenna 111a, RFIC 109rfic2 and antenna 111b, RFIC 109rifc3 and antenna 111c, RFIC 109rfic4 and antenna 11 Id, RFIC 109rfic5 and antenna 1113, and RFIC 109rifc6 and antenna 11 If. Each antenna is located on the focal surface 199, and the system operates to select one or more antennas that direct millimeter-wave signals toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
FIG. 2B illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199. Here, however, each RFIC is connected in close proximity to two antennas, not one. An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2B, in which the first RFIC, 109rficl, is connected in close proximity to both antenna lllal and antenna llla2. Each antenna, here lllal and llla2, will direct as millimeter-wave signal toward millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In one embodiment, the system will measure the signals received, determine which of the two signals is better directed to a remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rficl to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal better directed to said target. The description here for the triplet of elements 109rficl, lllal, and llla2, will apply also to each of the five other triplets of an RFIC and two antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2B.
FIG. 2C illustrates one embodiment of a set of antennas on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element in proximity to various RFICs. Six RFICs are illustrated, all of which are located on the focal surface 199. Here, however, each RFIC is connected in close proximity to four antennas. An example is shown in the upper left of FIG. 2C, in which the first RFIC, 109rficl, is connected in close proximity to antennas lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4. Each antenna, here lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4, may direct a millimeter-wave signal toward the millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In one embodiment, the system will measure the signals received from a remote target, determine which of the four signals is better directed to said remote target, and tell the RFIC 109rficl to transmit radiation energy only to the antenna that generates a signal best directed to said remote target. The description here for the quintuple of elements 109rficl, lllal, llla2, llla3, and llla4, will apply also to each of the five other quintuples of an RFIC and four antennas, illustrated in FIG. 2C.
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, inclusive, illustrate various embodiments of a point-to- point communication system 100. Each of these three figures includes a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a that transmits signals, a receiving transceiver 100b that receives the signals, and a dish, antenna, or other reception device 201 that is the actual receive of the radiated signal energy. The combination of these three figures illustrates one embodiment by which the system may operate. In FIG. 3A, a particular radiating source has been selected by the system that sends signals through the millimeter- wave focusing element, and then in the correct direction toward the receiver 100b. In FIG. 3B, this communication has been disrupted, because of some change. In FIG. 3B, the change illustrated is a change in the orientation of transceiver 100a, such that the signal radiated from the same RFIC, and transmitted from the same antenna, as in FIG. 3A, now does not travel in the correct direction toward receiver 100b. It is possible that some of the signal energy transmitted by first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a is received by receiver 100b, but the mis-direction of the transmission means that much of the signal energy from transceiver 100a is not received by transceiver 100b. Although FIG. 3B shows communication disruption to a repositioning of transceiver 100a, it will be understand that the problem could have been caused by a repositioning of transceiver 100b, or by a repositioning of both transceivers 100a and 100b, or by some other blockage which may be either a physical blockage or RF interference such that the direction of the signal transmitted in FIG. 3A is now no longer the correct direction, as shown in FIG. 3B. In FIG. 3C, the system has corrected the problem by permitting transmission of radiation energy from a different RFIC to an antenna located in close proximity, and then having that antenna, different from the antenna in FIGS. 3 A and 3B, transmit the signal. The same signal may be transmitted, but the key is that the direction has been changed by selection of a different RFIC and one or more different antennas.
In one embodiment, there is a millimeter-wave communication system 100a operative to direct millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. The system 100a includes a millimeter-wave focusing element 198 which operates to focus millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. The system 100a also includes two or more millimeter-wave antennas 111a, 11 lb, which are placed at different locations 108a and 108b on a focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198. The system also includes two or more radio-frequency-integrated-circuits ("RFICs") 109rficl and 109rfic2, which are placed in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antennas, such that (i) each of the millimeter- wave antennas has at least one RFIC in close proximity, and (ii) each of the millimeter- wave antennas is operative to receive a millimeter-wave signal from said at least one of the RFICs located in close proximity. In some embodiments, the system 100a is operative to (i) select which of the millimeter-wave antennas will transmit a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b, and then (ii) direct to the millimeter-wave antenna selected the millimeter-wave signal from one of RFICs 109rficl or 109rfic2 located in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antenna selected, thereby generating a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b at a direction 105dl or 105d2 which is consequent upon said selection.
In one embodiment, there is a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100. In this embodiment a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a is located at a first location 108a on the focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198. Using this source 109a, the system 100 (or 100a) transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105a to a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, wherein the direction 105dl of the beam 105a is determined by the first location 108a. Further, the system 100 (or 100a) determines a direction for the millimeter-wave beam 105a that is expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100. In this sense, "improve the communication performance" means to increase the signal energy received by a receiver 100b, without increasing the transmission power. In this embodiment, the system 100 (or 100a) includes multiple radiating sources 109a, 109b, and potentially other sources, each source located at a different location on the focal surface 199, and the system 100 (or 100a) further identifies which of such radiating sources will, when active, transmit the beam 105b in a second direction 105d2 that is closest to the direction expected to best improve the communication performance of the system 100. In this embodiment, the radiating source 109b so identified transmits the beam 105b in the second direction 105d2, thereby improving the performance of the system 100. In a first alternative embodiment to the method just described for controlling the direction of a millimeter-wave beam, further each of the first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources comprises a radio-frequency-integrated-circuit ("RFIC") 109rficl and 109rfic2 respectively.
In a first possible configuration of the first alternative embodiment, each of said RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2 is mounted on a printed-circuit-board ("PCB") 197, and the PCB 197 is located (i) substantially on the focal surface 199 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or (ii) slightly behind the focal surface 199 of the millimeter- wave focusing element 198.
In one possible variation of the first possible configuration just described each of the millimeter-wave radiating sources 109a and 109b further comprises a millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, which operates to radiate the millimeter- wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.
In a first possible implementation of one possible variation just described, each millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 11 lb is printed on the PCB 197 in close proximity to the corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively.
In a first possible expression of the first possible implementation just described, each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is mounted using flip-chip mounting technology, and each RFIC is connected directly to its corresponding millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 11 lb, respectively, via a transmission line 112a printed on the PCB 197.
In a second possible expression of the first possible implementation just described, each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is connected to its corresponding millimeter-wave antenna 111a and 11 lb, respectively, via a bonding wire 115a.
In a second further implementation of one possible variation just described, each RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2 is operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal, and this millimeter-wave signal is injected into said millimeter- wave antenna 111a and 111b, respectively, thereby generating said millimeter-wave beam 105a and 105b, respectively.
In a third further implementation of one possible variation just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b, is located on top of its corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively, or on top of an enclosure of said RFIC, and each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 11 lb faces the millimeter-wave focusing element 198.
In one possible expression of the third further implementation just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a and 111b is printed on its corresponding RFIC 109rficl and 109rfic2, respectively.
In a second possible configuration of the first alternative embodiments, the RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2 are operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate- frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal operative to generate the millimeter- wave beam 105a or 105b.
In a first possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the RFICs 109rficl and 109rfic2, and selection of said first 105dl or second 105d2 directions is done by commanding the first 109rficl or second 109rfic2 RFICs, respectively, to start generating the millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b, respectively.
In a first further implementation of the first possible variation just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is an analog signal.
In a second further implementation of the first possible variation just described, the base-band signal is a digital signal.
In a second possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the first RFIC 109rficl, thereby facilitating selection of the first direction 105dl.
In a third possible variation of the second possible configuration just described, the base-band signal or intermediate-frequency signal is delivered to the second RFIC 109rfic2, thereby facilitating selection of the second direction 105d2.
In a second alternative embodiment to the method described for controlling the direction of a millimeter- wave beam, further each of said first 109a and second 109b millimeter-wave radiating sources includes an antenna, 111a and 111b, respectively, printed on a PCB 197, and the PCB 197 is located substantially on the focal surface 109 of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In a third alternative embodiment to the method described for controlling the direction of a millimeter-wave beam, further (i) the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 belongs to a first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a of said system 100, and (ii) the millimeter-wave beam 105a is used by the first millimeter-wave transceiver 100a to communicate with a second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b that is part of the system.
In a first possible configuration of the third alternative embodiment, improving performance of the system 100 becomes required or preferred due do undesired movement of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 relative to the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b, or undesired movement of the second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b relative to the millimeter-wave focusing element 198, or undesired movement of both the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 and the second millimeter-wave transceiver 100b relative to one another, other physical movement or blockage, or other RF interference.
In one possible variation of first possible configuration just described, the undesired movement is caused by wind.
In a second possible configuration to the third alternative embodiment, improving performance is required or preferred in order to direct the beam 105a toward the second millimeter- wave transceiver 100b when the first millimeter- wave transceiver 100a is initially installed.
In one embodiment, there is a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. In this embodiment, a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100 determines a direction 105dl to which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted. There are multiple millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 11 If, inclusive in system 100a, each such antenna placed at a different location on the focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198. In this embodiment, the system 100 (or 100a) identifies of such antennas 111a - 11 If, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of the millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the beam 105a in this direction 105dl. There are multiple RFICs in the system, such that every antenna 111a - 11 If is located in close proximity to an RFIC. In this embodiment, an RFIC located in close proximity to the identified antenna generates a millimeter-wave signal 105a which is sent from the RFIC to the identified antenna, and the identified antenna then transmits the signal toward the identified direction 105dl.
In a first alternative embodiment to the method just described for directing millimeter-wave beams, further the first RFIC 109rficl is uniquely associated with said first millimeter-wave antenna 111a, as shown in FIG. 2A. In this sense, "uniquely associated with" means that RFIC 109rficl is the only RFIC that is connected to antenna 111a.
In one possible configuration of the first alternative embodiment just described, each of the millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 11 If, inclusive, is uniquely associated with an RFIC, 109rficl to 109rfic6, respectively, as shown in FIG. 2a.
In a second alternative embodiment to the method described for directing millimeter-wave beams, the first RFIC 109rficl is associated with a first millimeter- wave antenna l l lal and with a second millimeter-wave antenna l l la2, where each such antenna is located in close proximity to the first RFIC 109rficl, as shown in FIG. 2A.
In one possible configuration of the second alternative embodiment just described, the method further includes (i) the system 100 (or 100a) determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies which of the millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the first RFIC 109rficl generates a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter- wave antenna l l la2, which then transmits the millimeter- wave beam 105b toward the second direction 105d2.
In a third alternative embodiment to the method described for directing millimeter-wave beams, further (i) the system 100 (or 100a) determines a second direction 105d2 via which a millimeter-wave beam 105a is to be transmitted, (ii) the system 100 (or 100a) identifies a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b placed at different locations on a focal surface 199fp of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, which is best placed relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element 198 to facilitate transmission of the millimeter-wave beam 105a in the second direction 105d2, and (iii) the system 100 (or 100a) includes a second RFIC 109rfic2 located in close proximity to a second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, and the second RFIC 109rfic2 generates a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to the second millimeter-wave antenna 111b, which then transmits a millimeter-wave beam 105b toward the second direction 105d2.
FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam 105a or 105b in a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system 100. In step 1021, using a first millimeter-wave radiating source 109a located at a first location 108a on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element 198, to transmit a millimeter-wave beam 105a via said millimeter- wave focusing element, wherein said millimeter- wave beam having a first direction 105dl consequent upon the first location. In step 1022, determining a desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam, wherein said desired direction is expected to improve performance of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system employing the millimeter-wave beam. In step 1023, identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave radiating sources, a second millimeter-wave radiating source 109b located at a second location 108b on the focal surface of the millimeter-wave focusing element, which when in use will result in a second direction 105d2 for the millimeter-wave beam 105b that is closest to the desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam. In step 1024, using the second millimeter- wave radiating source to transmit the millimeter- wave beam 105b having the second direction consequent upon the second location, thereby improving performance of the point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a method for directing millimeter-wave beams 105a and 105b. In step 1031, determining a direction via which a millimeter- wave beam is to be transmitted. In step 1032, identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas 111a to 11 If placed at different locations on a focal surface 199 of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna, 111a as an example, which is: best placed, relative to a focal point 199fp of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said direction. In step 1033, generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit 109rficl located in close proximity to said first millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter- wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction.
In this description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, the embodiments/cases of the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known hardware, materials, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. In this description, references to "one embodiment" and "one case" mean that the feature being referred to may be included in at least one embodiment/case of the invention. Moreover, separate references to "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "one case", or "some cases" in this description do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment/case. Illustrated embodiments/cases are not mutually exclusive, unless so stated and except as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the invention may include any variety of combinations and/or integrations of the features of the embodiments/cases described herein. Also herein, flow diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the methods, and block diagrams illustrate non-limiting embodiment/case examples of the devices. Some operations in the flow diagrams may be described with reference to the embodiments/cases illustrated by the block diagrams. However, the methods of the flow diagrams could be performed by embodiments/cases of the invention other than those discussed with reference to the block diagrams, and embodiments/cases discussed with reference to the block diagrams could perform operations different from those discussed with reference to the flow diagrams. Moreover, although the flow diagrams may depict serial operations, certain embodiments/cases could perform certain operations in parallel and/or in different orders from those depicted. Moreover, the use of repeated reference numerals and/or letters in the text and/or drawings is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments/cases and/or configurations discussed. Furthermore, methods and mechanisms of the embodiments/ cases will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, some embodiments/cases may include multiple iterations of a method or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. For example, when a controller or an interface are disclosed in an embodiment/case, the scope of the embodiment/case is intended to also cover the use of multiple controllers or interfaces.
Certain features of the embodiments/cases, which may have been, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments/cases, may also be provided in various combinations in a single embodiment/case. Conversely, various features of the embodiments/cases, which may have been, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment/case, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. The embodiments/cases are not limited in their applications to the details of the order or sequence of steps of operation of methods, or to details of implementation of devices, set in the description, drawings, or examples. In addition, individual blocks illustrated in the figures may be functional in nature and do not necessarily correspond to discrete hardware elements. While the methods disclosed herein have been described and shown with reference to particular steps performed in a particular order, it is understood that these steps may be combined, sub-divided, or reordered to form an equivalent method without departing from the teachings of the embodiments/cases. Accordingly, unless specifically indicated herein, the order and grouping of the steps is not a limitation of the embodiments/cases. Embodiments/cases described in conjunction with specific examples are presented by way of example, and not limitation. Moreover, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A method for controlling a direction of a millimeter-wave beam in a point-to- point millimeter- wave communication system, comprising: using a first millimeter-wave radiating source, located at a first location on a focal surface of a millimeter- wave focusing element, to transmit a millimeter- wave beam via said millimeter-wave focusing element, wherein said millimeter- wave beam having a first direction consequent upon the first location; determining a desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam, wherein said desired direction is expected to improve performance of a point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system employing the millimeter-wave beam; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave radiating sources, a second millimeter-wave radiating source located at a second location on the focal surface of the millimeter-wave focusing element, which when in use will result in a second direction for the millimeter-wave beam that is closest to the desired direction for the millimeter-wave beam; and using the second millimeter-wave radiating source to transmit the millimeter- wave beam having the second direction consequent upon the second location, thereby improving performance of the point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said first and second millimeter-wave radiating sources comprises a radio-frequency- integrated-circuit.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein each of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits is mounted on a printed-circuit-board, and the printed-circuit-board is located: (i) substantially on said focal surface of said millimeter-wave focusing element, or (ii) slightly behind said focal surface of said millimeter-wave focusing element.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said each of said first and second millimeter- wave radiating sources further comprises a millimeter-wave antenna operative to radiate said millimeter-wave beam.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein each of said millimeter-wave antennas is printed on said printed-circuit-board, in proximity to one of said radio-frequency- integrated-circuits.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits are mounted using flip-chip mounting technology, and each of said radio-frequency- integrated-circuits is directly connected to one of said millimeter-wave antennas via a transmission line printed on said printed-circuit-board.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein each of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits is connected to one of said millimeter-wave antennas via a bonding wire.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein each of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits is operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal, and said millimeter-wave signal is injected into one of said millimeter-wave antennas which is in proximity to said radio- frequency-integrated-circuit, thereby generating said millimeter-wave beam.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein each of said millimeter-wave antennas is located on top of one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits or on top of an enclosure of one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits, and each such millimeter-wave antenna is facing said millimeter-wave focusing element.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein each of said millimeter-wave antennas is printed on one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits.
11. The method of claim 2, wherein said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits are operative to convert a base-band signal or an intermediate-frequency signal into a millimeter-wave signal operative to generate said millimeter-wave beam.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said base-band signal or intermediate- frequency signal is delivered to said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits, and selection of said first or second directions is done by commanding one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits associated with said first or second directions to start generating said millimeter- wave beam.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said base-band signal or intermediate- frequency signal is an analog signal.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein said base-band signal is a digital signal.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein said base-band signal or intermediate- frequency signal is delivered to one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits associated with said first direction, thereby facilitating selection of said first direction.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein said base-band signal or intermediate- frequency signal is delivered to one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits associated with said second direction, thereby facilitating selection of said second direction.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said first and second millimeter-wave radiating sources comprises an antenna printed on a printed-circuit-board, and the printed-circuit-board is located substantially on said focal surface of said millimeter-wave focusing element.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein: (i) said millimeter-wave focusing element belongs to a first millimeter-wave transceiver of said point-to-point millimeter- wave communication system, and (ii) said millimeter-wave beam is used by the first millimeter-wave transceiver to communicate with a second millimeter-wave transceiver belonging to said point-to-point millimeter-wave communication system.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein said improving performance is required due do undesired movement of said millimeter-wave focusing element relative to the second millimeter-wave transceiver.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein said undesired movement is caused by wind.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein said improving performance is required in order to direct said beam toward said second millimeter-wave transceiver when first installing the first millimeter- wave transceiver.
22. A method for directing millimeter-wave beams, comprising: determining a direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a first millimeter-wave antenna which is: best placed, relative to a focal point of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said direction; and generating, by a first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said first millimeter- wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said first millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said direction.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said first radio-frequency- integrated-circuit is uniquely associated with said first millimeter- wave antenna.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein each of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas is uniquely associated with a radio-frequency-integrated-circuit.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein said first radio-frequency- integrated-circuit is associated with said first millimeter-wave antenna and with a second millimeter- wave antenna, and said first and second millimeter-wave antennas are located in close proximity to said first radio-frequency-integrated-circuit.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: determining a second direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, said second millimeter-wave antenna which is: best placed, relative to a focal point of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said second direction; and generating, by said first radio-frequency- integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said second millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said second millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said second direction.
27. The method of claim 22, further comprising: determining a second direction via which a millimeter-wave beam is to be transmitted; identifying, out of a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas placed at different locations on a focal surface of a millimeter-wave focusing element, a second millimeter-wave antenna which is: best placed, relative to a focal point of said millimeter-wave focusing element, to best facilitate transmission of said millimeter-wave beam via said second direction; and generating, by a second radio-frequency- integrated-circuit located in close proximity to said second millimeter-wave antenna, a millimeter-wave signal which is delivered to said second millimeter-wave antenna, thereby transmitting said millimeter-wave beam toward said second direction.
28. A millimeter-wave communication system operative to direct millimeter-wave beams, comprising: a millimeter-wave focusing element, operative to focus millimeter-wave beams; a plurality of millimeter-wave antennas, placed at different locations on a focal surface of said millimeter-wave focusing element; and a plurality of radio-frequency-integrated-circuits, placed in association with said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas, such that: (i) each of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas has at least one of said radio-frequency-integrated- circuits located in close proximity, and (ii) each of said plurality of millimeter- wave antennas is operative to receive a millimeter-wave signal from said at least one of said radio-frequency-integrated-circuits located in close proximity.
29. The system of claim 28, wherein the millimeter-wave communication system is operative to: (i) select which of said plurality of millimeter-wave antennas is to transmit the millimeter-wave beam, and then (ii) direct to the millimeter-wave antenna selected said millimeter-wave signal from one of said plurality of radio- frequency-integrated-circuits which is located in close proximity to the millimeter-wave antenna selected, thereby generating a millimeter-wave beam at a direction which is consequent upon said selection. The system of claim 29, wherein the close proximity is a distance of under 5 wavelengths of the millimeter wave signal, thereby reducing attenuation of the millimeter- wave signal and associated millimeter-wave beam.
PCT/IL2014/050420 2013-06-16 2014-05-15 Millimeter-wave system with beam direction by switching sources WO2014203236A1 (en)

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