WO2014190531A1 - 制备持久存在的气泡的方法 - Google Patents
制备持久存在的气泡的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014190531A1 WO2014190531A1 PCT/CN2013/076525 CN2013076525W WO2014190531A1 WO 2014190531 A1 WO2014190531 A1 WO 2014190531A1 CN 2013076525 W CN2013076525 W CN 2013076525W WO 2014190531 A1 WO2014190531 A1 WO 2014190531A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
Definitions
- This invention relates to the field of micro/nanotechnology, and more particularly to a method of making persistent bubbles using micro-nanoparticles. Background technique
- the internal pressure of the bubble water film has the force of squeezing the water to the bottom of the bubble to make the thickness of the water film thinner, especially when the bubble size is smaller than the capillary action characteristic scale (the water capillary action characteristic scale is 2.7 mm). destructive effect is more significant than gravity 7 - 1Q.
- the evaporation process causes the moisture in the bubble to continuously become a gaseous state, so that the bubble water film becomes thinner and thinner, further accelerating the cracking of the bubble water film.
- Adding some surfactants can slow the flow of bubble water to the bottom, increase the viscosity of the bubble surface, reduce the water-air interface energy, and appear Gibbs-Mallanger when the proportion of active agent is appropriate.
- the Nie effect and so on prevent the bubble from breaking down quickly 2 - 4 .
- water-soluble synthetic organic polymer but also broke the record, the bubble will extend the life of more than 6 years.
- the above methods such as the use of surfactants try to slow down the rate of bubble breakage as much as possible, without involving the automatic replenishment mechanism of moisture in the bubble, and the bubble cannot avoid the final broken end.
- bubble can emit light 15 - 17 a shrimp produce bubbles burst and make it so through its own stunning your prey 18 ' 19 , the bubble promotes the ocean surface exchange process 2Q , the earthquake will enhance the bubble internal pressure in the magma 21 , etc.
- the bubble is also applied to real life, such as for tracking gas Monitoring 22 , manual manipulation of cellular processes, cell wall penetration processes (such as electroporation and particle guns) 23 , as well as logic controllers 24 in large-scale microfluidic processors, and the like.
- micro/nanoparticles in colloidal systems such as emulsions, emulsion films, emulsion droplets, foams, etc.
- the stabilizing effect of micro-nanoparticles on these colloidal systems is mainly attributed to two aspects: one is the energy angle, the adsorption of micro-nanoparticles and oil-water interface is particularly strong; the other is the capillary force generated when micro-nanoparticles are in contact with the colloidal system.
- the impact of 25 is the impact of 25 . Summary of the invention
- the present invention provides a method of preparing a persistently present bubble, comprising: placing micro-nanoparticles in a fluid medium, and blowing a gas into the fluid medium to generate bubbles, wherein the micro-nanoparticles have a specific gravity less than Or slightly larger than the specific gravity of the fluid medium, the micro-nanoparticles can be permanently floated in the fluid medium, and the contact angle of the micro-nanoparticles with the fluid medium (specifically, when the contact angle hysteresis effect is obvious) Angle) is less than 90 degrees.
- the micro-nanoparticles are polymerized by methyl methacrylate, and the particle size is between 200 ⁇ and 600 ⁇ , and the bubbles formed by the micro-nanoparticles in the aqueous solution can be continuously and stably existed. , for example more than a month.
- Figure 1 shows a steady bubble that is blown out with water.
- Figure la is a schematic diagram of a method of blowing a persistent bubble: injecting air under the surface of the water surface covered with micro-nano particles;
- Figure lb is a photo of a bubble that has been stably maintained for one month in an evaporation environment; Irradiated by the laser to increase its evaporation rate, it was found that the bubble top and bubble bottom heights decreased at almost the same rate.
- Figure 2 shows the "particle-water” structure on the bubble film.
- Figure 2a is a photograph of a typical bubble with particles (white dots) densely packed on the bubble film
- Figure 2b is a partial magnified microscope image of the bubble, revealing the closeness of the particles by focusing on different heights on the bubble film
- Opposite Focusing at the height of the middle of the particle, the particles are next to each other (b-1), focusing on the upper surface of the water film P 3 (b-2) at the middle of the three particles, focusing on the water between two adjacent particles The upper surface of the film P 2 (b-3) is focused on the topmost Pi (b-4) of a particle
- Figure 2c shows the "hole” (dummy coil area) where only the water film is present on the bubble. Focusing on the median height position of the particles;
- Figure 2d is a partial schematic view of the water-air surface across the particles.
- Figure 3 shows the mechanism by which the stable bubble is present.
- Figure 3a shows the negative pressure p produced by the presence of a concave liquid level between the particles.
- the thickness of the water film between the particles increases as the evaporation intensity of the surrounding environment of the bubble increases.
- the water film thickness between the particles at different positions is different, and the water film near the top of the bubble is thinner than the water film near the bottom of the bubble.
- Figure 3b shows the p-size corresponding to the bubble water film thickness t to generate a negative pressure (left vertical)
- the coordinate axis) and the maximum bubble that can be maintained can complement the height H max of the moisture (right ordinate axis).
- the maximum hole size observed is 4-5 particle diameters
- the height of the bubble in Figure lb is 0.35 cm, corresponding to the horizontal dashed line in Figure 3b.
- Figure 4 shows the mechanism of water replenishment. As the evaporation progresses, the fluorescence intensity on the bubble film gradually increases.
- the top illustration in the figure illustrates the flow of fluorescent material in the bubble water film.
- the bottom three illustrations show the increase in fluorescence intensity of Rhodamine B after three-dimensional reconstruction in the same region at the top of the bubble.
- Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of the "hole" on the bubble in the real situation.
- Figure 6 shows a three-dimensional fluorescence reconstruction of the bubble water film.
- Bubbles on the water usually break for only a few seconds due to factors such as gravity, surface tension and evaporation. Bubbles blown with a surfactant-added solution such as soapy water can be maintained for several hours or longer.
- the present invention proposes a mechanism that allows bubbles to persist. The inventors have observed that when bubbles on the surface of the water are covered by a layer of hydrophilic particles of a micron to nanometer scale (e.g., tens of nanometers in diameter), the bubbles can be permanently stable in the presence of a continuous evaporation environment.
- the inventor further found that the reason why the bubble can exist for a long time is that the interface between the water and the air on the bubble causes a concave curved water film to form between the particles, and a negative pressure is generated on the bubble, thereby generating an automatic source.
- a replenishing mechanism that continuously absorbs water from the bottom of the bubble to the top, thereby counteracting the process of seeping the water in the bubble water film to the bottom due to surface tension and gravity and continuously thinning the water film due to evaporation. This mechanism not only helps the bubble to exist for a long time, but also has the potential to further challenge the bubble to the world record.
- the invention provides a method for preparing a persistent bubble, including: Putting into a fluid medium, and blowing a gas into the fluid medium to generate bubbles, wherein the micro-nanoparticles have a specific gravity smaller than or slightly larger than a specific gravity of the fluid medium, and the micro-nano particles can float for a long time.
- the contact angle of the micro-nanoparticles with the fluid medium is less than 90 degrees.
- micro-nanoparticle refers to particles having a size on the order of microns to nanometers.
- Methods for characterizing particle size are known to those skilled in the art.
- the particle size usually refers to its diameter; for particles with an irregular shape, it can be referred to as its characteristic size, which can be characterized by the diameter of its smallest circumscribed sphere, for example, for an ellipsoid In terms of it, it can be referred to as the length along the long axis direction.
- micro-nanoparticles of the present invention may range in size from 1 nanometer to 1000 micrometers, such as from 10 nanometers to 800 micrometers, particularly from 30 micrometers to 500 micrometers. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the micro-nanoparticles may range in size from 50 micrometers to 450 micrometers.
- the micro-nano particles may be made of a single material (such as microspheres polymerized only by methyl methacrylate), or may be made of two or more materials (such as styrene and methacrylic acid). Microspheres obtained by polymerizing methyl esters).
- the micro-nano particles may be a structure having a uniform density distribution, such as uniform solid particles; or a structure having a non-uniform density distribution, for example, containing voids or bubbles, or materials having different densities in different regions of the particles.
- a material having a high density can be used in the lower portion of the particle and a material having a small density in the upper portion of the particle to form a density distribution similar to "tumbler" so that the elongated particle can float upright.
- a thicker water film is formed, which increases the stability of the bubble.
- specific gravity of micro-nanoparticles refers to the apparent specific gravity of the micro-nanoparticles, that is, the ratio of the mass of the particles to the volume of the particles. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that when the micro-nanoparticles are solid particles of uniform density distribution made of a single material, the apparent specific gravity of the particles is the same as the specific gravity of the materials used; and when the micro-nanoparticles are uneven in density distribution In the case of a structure, for example, when the particles contain pores or bubbles, the apparent specific gravity of the particles may differ from the specific gravity of the materials used.
- the specific gravity of the micro-nanoparticles of the present invention is generally less than or slightly greater than the specific gravity of the fluid medium.
- the particle size is as small as on the order of micronanometers, the effect of capillary action on the particles can be significant.
- the specific gravity of the micro-nanoparticles is slightly larger than the specific gravity of the fluid medium, the micro-nanoparticles can still stably float on the surface of the fluid medium due to the effect of capillary action.
- the proportion of micro-nano-particles may be about twice the specific gravity of the fluid medium, 1.5 times, 1.3 times, 1.2 times, 1.1 times or 1.05 times as long as it can stably float on the surface of the fluid medium to 28 - 3Q.
- the micro-nanoparticles having a specific gravity of 1.19 g/mL can be stably floated in water and produce a persistent bubble.
- the micro-nanoparticles may have a regular shape, such as a sphere, an ellipsoid or a cylinder, or may have an irregular shape, such as a dumbbell shape.
- Other non-spherical shape of the art dumbbell 31, ellipsoidal 32 '33 other methods such as micro-nano particles have been prepared.
- micro-nanoparticles employed in the present invention may be the same or different from one another. Implementation of the method of the invention does not require that the micro-nanoparticles must be identical to each other.
- a mixture of different types of particles can be used to prepare persistent bubbles, such as a mixture of spherical particles and ellipsoidal particles. For the purpose of ease of preparation, it is preferred to use structurally similar micro-nanoparticles to prepare a persistent bubble.
- fluid medium refers to a fluid phase used to prepare a persistent bubble, which may be an aqueous medium, especially water or an aqueous solution, or an oily medium such as vegetable oil, animal oil, mineral oil, fatty acid ester. , alkyl glyceryl ether, silicone oil, etc., or a mixture thereof.
- the aqueous medium used in the present invention may be chemically pure water or an aqueous solution in which other substances are dissolved, and may even be a liquid phase based on water, such as a miscible mixture of water and ethanol or formalin, and the bottom contains insoluble.
- the solubility of the micro-nanoparticles of the present invention in a fluid medium should be sufficiently small that stability should be high enough to ensure that it can float permanently on the surface of the fluid medium. , without causing significant dissolution, decomposition or disintegration.
- the term "contact angle” refers to the angle between the tangent of the gas-liquid interface at the intersection of three phases when the solid micro-nanoparticles, the liquid fluid medium, and the air are in contact, and the boundary between the liquid and the solid-liquid boundary. Is a measure of the extent to which the micro-nanoparticles are wetted by the liquid fluid medium in air.
- Methods for determining the contact angle are known in the art as mainly by external image analysis methods and by passing specific mathematical models, and then calculating the values of the contact angles by measuring specific parameters. In this experiment, the second method is used to calculate the contact angle between the micro-nanoparticles and the fluid medium.
- the mathematical model based on the specific parameters and the specific parameters measured can be found in Example 1 below. "How to estimate the contact angle between particles and water, ,.
- the micro-nano particles can be made by the following methods: Physical machinery Method: (spray drying method and supercritical fluid method, etc.), phase separation method (single coacervation method and complex coacervation method and emulsification solvent evaporation method), chemical method (gas phase reaction, liquid phase reaction such as homogeneous coprecipitation, water heat , sol-gel, microemulsion polymerization, etc.). See 34 - 38 .
- the micro-nano particles may be prepared by a method such as solvothermal or a microemulsion in an oil-water system in an oily medium; or a method of modifying a hydrophobic group by surface modification of a nanoparticle prepared by an aqueous system.
- micro-nano particles may be made from polystyrene microspheres and the like 1 ⁇ 2 - 42.
- bubble and “bubble” as used herein have the same meaning and refer to a bubble, foam or bubble-like system formed by wrapping a gas phase in a film-like liquid phase.
- the "bubble” may be a single existing bubble, may be a plurality of bubbles, or may be a foam or bubble-like system composed of a large number of bubbles.
- certain insoluble materials such as micro-nanoparticles or stains, may be included in the film-like liquid phase without preventing the formation of bubbles.
- the terms “permanent bubble” and “persistent bubble” have the same meaning and refer to a bubble, foam or bubble-like system in which the duration is significantly extended. Those skilled in the art can understand that the term “persistent bubble”, “persistent bubble” or “permanent bubble” as used herein does not require that the bubble can survive forever indefinitely, but refers to the present. There are techniques in which only a few seconds, minutes or hours of bubbles can be present, and their duration is significantly longer.
- the main body of the fluid medium is water, and micro-nano particles having hydrophilicity and specific gravity smaller than water are used, and the micro-nano particles can float on the water surface in a stable and balanced manner, and The contact angle is less than 90 degrees.
- Another aspect of the invention provides a bubble obtained by the above method.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for preparing a persistent bubble, comprising a container for containing a fluid medium, wherein the container contains micro-nanoparticles and a fluid medium, and the specific gravity of the micro-nanoparticles Less than or slightly larger than the specific gravity of the fluid medium, the micro-nanoparticles can be permanently floated in the fluid medium, and the contact angle of the micro-nanoparticles with the fluid medium is less than 90 degrees (the hysteresis effect at the contact angle is obvious) Time means that the receding angle is less than 90 degrees).
- An intake pipe for blowing in a gas may also be included in the apparatus.
- the device can be used to prepare a children's toy.
- Another aspect of the invention provides a method for continuously replenishing moisture comprising contacting a site to be replenished with a persistently present bubble of the invention, wherein the fluid medium is an aqueous medium.
- Example 1 Preparation of Persistent Bubbles Using Hydrophilic Micro-Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Medium During the experiment, first, a number of hydrophilic particles having a particle diameter in the range of 200 to 300 ⁇ were sprinkled on the surface of the surface dish (particles) See the preparation below). These particles have a contact angle of about 32 with water and are lighter than water, about 0.87 g/mL. Then use a syringe to slowly inject air into the surface of the surface dish.
- Figure la the air blown into the water gradually floats up on the surface of the water and bubbles are blown. Using a syringe to blow in more air, the bubble can be bigger. In the experiment, it is possible to blow up several bubbles at the same time, and they will eventually merge into a bubble. In the process of actually blowing bubbles, There may be areas on the blown bubbles that are not covered by particles. In this case, you can manually add additional particles and use a needle to move the particles until the bubble surface is covered as much as possible.
- Figure lb shows a bubble blown using the above method. In a closed environment with a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 50%, it is maintained for more than one month without any operational interference.
- the height of the water surface in the surface dish is about 1 cm.
- the water is evaporated to dryness without further hydration and the bubble bursts.
- the water surface velocity in the surface dish will increase significantly.
- the circular and square data points in Figure lc represent the decrease in the height of the surface of the surface dish and the top of the bubble under the laser beam irradiation. The difference between the circular and square data is very small, indicating that the bubble is within the time. The net height of the bubble is almost constant.
- FIG. 2a shows the different heights of the structure of the focused bubble water film layer at three adjacent particles (focusing on the flat section at the three particle hemispheres respectively (Fig. 2b-1), on the water film at the middle of the three particles)
- Fig. 2b-2 shows the upper surface P 2 point of the water film in the middle of the two particles
- FIG. 2b-3 shows very clearly that the particles are in direct contact.
- the average diameter of the particles on the bubble is estimated to be about 290 ⁇ (with the above water film thickness results) Corresponding), ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 2
- the thickness of the water film is about 110 ⁇ , 160 ⁇ (the data here are the average of the data of the five small balls in the five positions). Therefore, we conclude that the water film between the three adjacent balls has a structure like a concave mirror, as shown in Figure 2d.
- the bubble can maintain a long dynamic process: the initial evaporation makes the bubble water film slightly thinner than the initial thickness, as shown in Figure 3a, and then the curvature of the concave surface of the water film between the particles increases, resulting in a larger negative Pressing Pl > p provides a force to draw water from the bottom of the bubble to the top, counteracting the reduction in moisture in the evaporating bubbles. Further evaporation will continue to hydrate water from the bottom of the bubble due to the above mechanism. As the evaporation intensity increases, the replenishment process will also accelerate, eventually achieving a dynamic equilibrium with some kinetic stability. This dynamic process is very consistent with all previously observed phenomena.
- Thickness, and its "layer sweep” results using Imaris software to process image 3D reconstruction software to reconstruct the area at the top of the bubble, and further measure the overall fluorescence intensity of the area as "bubble water film in the area""Upper fluorescence intensity".
- Figure 4b illustrates the increase in fluorescence intensity at the top of the bubble by evaporation.
- the bottom three illustrations in Figure 4 are the top of the bubble at different times.
- the data image in Figure 4 is the change in fluorescence intensity at the top of the same bubble at different times.
- H max estimate is given in Figure 3b marks the right ordinate axis (using a contact angle value of particles in our experiments).
- the second thing we want to discuss is the effect of the wettability of the particles used.
- the mechanism described here will no longer apply to hydrophobic particles.
- the receding angle is less than 90°, because high-intensity evaporation will continue to make the water film between the particles thinner and thinner, and the water-air contact surface will recede until The receding angle creates a suction on the bottom of the bubble which in turn can be added to the top of the bubble, in which case the mechanism described here will still be used.
- the contact angle formed by the gas-solid interface instead of the solid-liquid interface is called the receding angle.
- the contact angle is the contact angle when the three-phase interface of the solid-liquid gas is balanced.
- the third is a discussion about the effects of gravity. If the density of the hydrophilic pellets considered is much larger than that of water and the particles cannot float on the surface of the water, it will be difficult or even impossible to produce a permanent bubble of the particle-water film structure.
- the fourth is about how fast blowing bubbles can make them bigger and bigger while still not breaking.
- hydrophilic particles and water we can use hydrophilic particles and water to blow out long-lasting bubbles. If we use hydrophobic particles and oil/organic chemicals, it is likely to blow a similar long-lasting bubble structure. In this way, we can more easily process plastics, polymers, and other organic materials into curved shapes by blowing bubbles: first heat these organic chemicals into a liquid, then add the relevant particles to blow bubbles and It can be stable for a certain period of time, and further cooling can fix its curved shape.
- the turbid liquid is poured into a beaker, and an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid is added to sufficiently neutralize the residual magnesium carbonate therein, indicating that no bubbles are generated any more; and it is allowed to stand until the liquid is clarified.
- the corresponding negative pressure value is:
- the corresponding negative pressure value is:
- the corresponding negative pressure value is:
- ⁇ /3 ⁇ 4 yc(l-sin( ⁇ + ⁇ ))
- the particles sink to the bottom of the bubble water film, and the place without the fluorescent particles (the top of the bubble water film) will present a red area at the middle height of the bubble water film, with both rhodamine B and excitation wavelength in blue Fluorescent particles in the band (440-465 nm) appear white.
- the grayish white column in the image means that light is transmitted without exciting any fluorescent material.
- the water film thickness is smaller than the particle diameter, and the water film is surrounded by the intermediate height of the particles (Fig. A2).
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种制备持久存在的气泡的方法,包括:将微纳米颗粒放入流体介质中,以及向所述流体介质中吹入气体以产生气泡,其中,所述微纳米颗粒的比重小于或略大于所述流体介质的比重,所述微纳米颗粒能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中,并且所述微纳米颗粒与所述流体介质的接触角小于90度(当颗粒有明显接触角迟滞效应时,特指后退角小于90度)。
Description
制备持久存在的气泡的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及微纳米技术领域, 更具体地说, 本发明涉及利用微纳米颗粒制备持久存 在的气泡的方法。 背景技术
也许每个人孩童时期都有过吹出美丽泡泡的美好体验, 并期望自己吹出的泡泡能更 加长久地存在。 这个愿望不仅属于孩子们, 究竟吹出的泡泡能维持多长时间也一直吸引 着科学家们不断挑战 ^ 6! 普通泡泡不能维持很长时间是因为泡泡水膜会越来越薄直到破 掉, 具体主要来自以下三个方面。 重力的作用使得泡泡中的水分会不断向其底部流动, 使得泡泡的水膜尤其在顶部越来越薄。 泡泡水膜内部压强有将水分挤压至泡泡底部的作 用力使水膜厚度变薄, 尤其是当泡泡尺度小于毛细作用特征尺度 (对于水毛细作用特征 尺度为 2.7mm) 时, 其破坏效果比重力更加显著 7— 1Q。 另外, 蒸发过程使得泡泡中的水分 不断地变成气态, 使得泡泡水膜越来越薄, 进一步加速泡泡水膜的破裂。
添加一些表面活性剂, 例如肥皂, 可以减慢泡泡水分向底部渗流速度, 增加泡泡表 面粘性,减少水-空气界面能量, 以及在加入活性剂比例合适情况下出现吉布斯-马朗格尼 效应等阻止泡泡很快破裂 2—4。 通过使用良好密封的罐子使得其内部水分饱和, 进而尽可 能减小水分蒸发过程, 泡泡寿命成功延长超过一年 5。通过添加水溶性合成有机高分子又 打破该纪录, 将泡泡寿命延长超过两年 6。 但是, 上述如使用表面活性剂等方法均试图尽 可能减缓泡泡破裂的速率, 不涉及泡泡中水分的自动补充机制, 泡泡不能避免最后破掉 的结局。
对于泡泡目前和未来还可能有很多其他新的发现。 例如对于泡泡如何出现、 运动、 消失等过程的动力学研究, 如如何吹出非球形的泡泡 ", 水中气泡的运动轨迹 12, 泡泡 破裂时产生的一圈"子"泡泡 13, 电极对于泡泡破裂的影响因素 14等等。 除此以外, 在自 然界中很多现象和泡泡也是密不可分的: 泡泡可以发出光 15— 17, 一种虾通过自己产生泡 泡并使其爆破从而击昏自己的猎物 18'19,泡泡对于海洋表面交换过程有促进作用 2Q,地震 会增强岩浆中泡泡内压 21等等。 另外, 泡泡也被应用到实际生活中, 如对于追踪气体的 监测 22, 人工操纵细胞过程, 细胞壁穿透过程(例如电穿孔和粒子枪) 23, 以及在大规模 微流处理器中作为逻辑控制器 24等等。
最近, 微纳米颗粒在胶体系统如乳状液、 乳状剂薄膜、 乳状液滴、 泡沫等中的稳定 作用越来越受人们关注 25' 2ό。 微纳米颗粒对于这些胶体系统的稳定作用主要归结于两个 方面: 一为能量角度, 微纳米颗粒与油-水界面的吸附作用特别强; 二为微纳米颗粒与胶 体系统接触时产生的毛细力的影响 25。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种制备持久存在的气泡的方法, 包括: 将微纳米颗粒放入流体介质 中, 以及向所述流体介质中吹入气体以产生气泡, 其中, 所述微纳米颗粒的比重小于或 略大于所述流体介质的比重, 所述微纳米颗粒能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中, 并且所 述微纳米颗粒与所述流体介质的接触角 (在接触角迟滞效应明显时特指后退角) 小于 90 度。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中, 微纳米颗粒由甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合制成, 颗粒尺 寸在 200 μηι— 600 μηι之间, 由该微纳米颗粒在水溶液中形成的泡泡可以持续稳定存在, 例如超过一个月。 附图说明
图 1显示了稳定的用清水吹出的泡泡。图 la为一种吹出持久存在泡泡的方法示意图: 将空气注入布满微纳米颗粒的水面的底下; 图 lb为在蒸发环境中稳定维持了一个月的泡 泡照片; 图 lc中泡泡同时被激光照射以提高其蒸发速率, 发现泡泡顶部和泡泡底部高度 下降速率几乎相同。
图 2显示了泡泡膜上的"颗粒一水"结构。 图 2a 为一个典型的泡泡的照片, 颗粒(白 色的点)密布在泡泡膜上; 图 2b为将泡泡局部放大显微镜图像, 通过聚焦到泡泡膜上不 同高度揭示出上面的颗粒紧密相挨: 聚焦到颗粒正中间高度位置处颗粒彼此相互紧挨 (b-1 ) , 聚焦到三个颗粒中间处水膜上表面 P3 (b-2) , 聚焦到两个紧邻颗粒之间水膜上 表面 P2 (b-3), 聚焦到一个颗粒最顶部 Pi (b-4) ; 图 2c为泡泡上出现的仅有水膜没有颗 粒存在的"孔洞" (虚线圈住区域)一聚焦到颗粒正中间高度位置处; 图 2d为横跨颗粒 之间的水-空气曲面局部示意图。
图 3显示了稳定泡泡存在的机理。 图 3a为颗粒之间存在的凹形液面进而产生的负压 p。 颗粒之间的水膜厚度随泡泡所处周围环境蒸发强度增加而增加。 对于同一个泡泡, 其 本身不同位置处的颗粒之间的水膜厚度也不同, 越靠近泡泡其自身顶部位置的水膜会比 泡泡上靠近其自身底部位置的水膜更薄。 当泡泡水膜厚度 < 0, 曲面曲率半径 (A < ), 从而有更强的负压 < p) ;图 3b显示了相应于泡泡水膜厚度 t从而产生负压的 p大小 (左 纵坐标轴) 以及所能维持的最大泡泡可以补充水分的高度 Hmax (右纵坐标轴)。 对于图 1 所示的泡泡, 其所观察到最大孔洞尺寸是 4-5个颗粒直径, 同样在图 lb中泡泡的高度是 0.35厘米, 对应于图 3b中水平虚线。
图 4显示了水分补充机理。 随着蒸发的进行, 泡泡膜上荧光强度逐渐增加。 图中顶 部插图示意了荧光物质在泡泡水膜中流动过程, 底部三张插图为泡泡顶部相同区域内三 维重构之后罗丹明 B荧光强度增加过程。
图 5显示了真实情况中泡泡上有 "孔洞 "的示意图。
图 6显示了泡泡水膜三维荧光重构图。
具体实施方式
水面上的泡泡由于重力、表面张力和蒸发等因素的影响通常只能维持几秒就会破裂。 使用肥皂水等添有表面活性剂的溶液吹起的泡泡可以维持几个小时甚至更长时间。 本发 明提出一种可以使泡泡持久存在的机理。 发明人观察到当水面上的泡泡被一层微米到纳 米级别 (例如数十纳米尺度)直径的亲水颗粒覆盖时,泡泡可以在周围存在持续不断蒸发的 环境下长久稳定的存在。 发明人进一步发现, 泡泡能长久存在的原因是泡泡上水与空气 的界面使得颗粒之间形成了凹形曲面水膜, 在泡泡上产生了负压, 进而产生了一种可以 自动源源不断从泡泡底部向顶部吸水的补充机制, 从而抵消了由于表面张力和重力驱使 泡泡水膜中的水分向底部渗流和由于蒸发过程泡泡水膜不断变薄的过程。 这种机理不仅 可以帮助泡泡长久地存在, 也很有可能进一步挑战泡泡究竟最大能多大等世界纪录 2 本发明一方面提供了一种制备持久存在的气泡的方法, 包括: 将微纳米颗粒放入流 体介质中, 以及向所述流体介质中吹入气体以产生气泡, 其中, 所述微纳米颗粒的比重 小于或略大于所述流体介质的比重, 所述微纳米颗粒能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中, 并且所述微纳米颗粒与所述流体介质的接触角 (在接触角迟滞效应明显时特指后退角) 小于 90度。
本文所用的术语"微纳米颗粒"是指尺寸在微米到纳米量级的颗粒。 本领域技术人员 已知对于颗粒尺寸的表征方法。 例如, 对于球形颗粒或接近球形的颗粒而言, 颗粒尺寸 通常是指其直径; 对于具有不规则形状的颗粒, 可以指其特征尺寸, 可以用其最小外接 球的直径来表征, 例如对于椭球体而言, 可以指其沿长轴方向的长度。 本发明的微纳米 颗粒的尺寸可以在 1纳米至 1000微米范围内, 例如 10纳米 -800微米范围内, 特别是 30 微米 -500微米范围内。在本发明的一个具体实施方案中, 微纳米颗粒的尺寸可以在 50微 米 -450微米范围内。
所述微纳米颗粒可以由单一种材料制成 (如只由甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合而成的微球), 也可以由两种或更多种材料制成 (如由苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合而成的微球)。
所述微纳米颗粒可以是密度分布均匀的结构, 例如均一的实心颗粒; 也可以是密度 分布不均匀的结构, 例如包含空洞或者气泡, 或者在颗粒的不同区域采用密度不同的材 料。 例如, 在本发明的一个优选实施方式中, 可以在颗粒下部采用密度大的材料而颗粒 上部采用密度小的材料, 从而形成类似 "不倒翁"的密度分布, 使长条形颗粒可以竖立地 漂浮在流体介质中, 从而形成更厚的水膜, 增加泡泡的稳定性。
本文所用的术语"微纳米颗粒的比重"是指微纳米颗粒的表观比重, 即颗粒的质量与 颗粒体积的比值。 本领域技术人员可以理解, 当微纳米颗粒是由单一材料制成的密度分 布均匀的实心颗粒时, 颗粒的表观比重与所用材料的比重是相同的; 而当微纳米颗粒是 密度分布不均匀的结构时, 例如颗粒中包含孔洞或气泡时, 颗粒的表观比重与所用材料 的比重可能会不同。
为了确保本发明的微纳米颗粒可以持久漂浮在所述流体介质的表面上, 以便获得持
久存在的气泡, 本发明的微纳米颗粒的比重通常小于或略大于所述流体介质的比重。 本 领域技术人员可以理解, 当颗粒尺寸小到微纳米量级时, 毛细作用对颗粒的影响会非常 显著。 在微纳米颗粒的比重略大于流体介质比重的情况下, 由于毛细作用的影响, 微纳 米颗粒仍然能够稳定漂浮在流体介质的表面上。 例如, 微纳米颗粒的比重可以是流体介 质比重的大约 2倍、 1.5倍、 1.3倍、 1.2倍、 1.1倍或者 1.05倍, 只要能够稳定漂浮在流 体介质的表面上即可 28— 3Q。 在本发明一个具体实施方案中, 比重为 1.19 g/mL的微纳米颗 粒可以稳定漂浮在水中并制得持久存在的泡泡。
所述微纳米颗粒可以具有规则的形状, 例如球体、 椭球体或圆柱体, 也可以具有不 规则的形状, 例如哑铃状。 本领域已有制备非球形的其他形状如哑铃状 31、 椭球状 32' 33 等微纳米颗粒的方法。
本领域技术人员可以理解, 本发明所采用的微纳米颗粒彼此之间可以相同, 也可以 不同。 本发明方法的实现并不要求微纳米颗粒彼此之间必须完全相同。 在某些实施方式 中, 可以采用不同类型颗粒的混合物来制备持久存在的气泡, 例如球形颗粒和椭球形颗 粒的混合物。 出于便于制备的目的, 采用结构相似的微纳米颗粒来制备持久泡泡是优选 的。
本文所用的术语"流体介质"是指用于制备持久存在的气泡的流体相, 其可以是水性 介质, 特别是水或水溶液, 也可以是油性介质, 例如植物油、 动物油、 矿物油、 脂肪酸 酯、 烷基甘油醚、 硅油等, 或者它们的混合物。
当流体介质的主体为水时, 其中还可以溶解有其他物质, 例如表面活性剂、 染色剂 和 /或芳香剂等, 而不会显著影响气泡的制备。 本发明使用的水性介质可以是化学上纯净 的水, 也可以是溶解有其他物质的水溶液, 甚至可以是基于水的液体相, 例如水与乙醇 或福尔马林的混溶混合物, 底部包含不溶性大密度油相的水性液体相, 或者包含不溶性 物质的水性悬浊液或乳浊液。
本领域技术人员可以理解, 为了获得持久存在的气泡, 本发明的微纳米颗粒在流体 介质中的溶解度应当足够小, 稳定性应当足够高, 以确保其可以持久漂浮在所述流体介 质的表面上, 而不至于显著地发生溶解、 分解或者崩解。
本文所用的术语中"接触角 "是指当固态微纳米颗粒、 液态流体介质以及空气接触时 三相交点处所作的气 -液界面的切线穿过液体与固-液交界线之间的夹角,是该微纳米颗粒 在空气中被该种液态流体介质湿润程度的量度。 本领域已知测定接触角的方法主要有外 形图像分析方法以及通过特定的数学模型, 然后通过测量特定的参数来计算得出接触角 的值。 本实验中采用第二种方法计算得出微纳米颗粒和流体介质接触角的值, 具体依据 的数学模型以及所测量的特定参数请参见下文实施例一中"如何估计颗粒和水的接触 角,,。
微纳米颗粒的制备方法是本领域中已知 34— 38。
例如, 当流体介质为水性体系时, 微纳米颗粒可以由以下几种方法制成: 物理机械
法: (喷雾干燥法和超临界流体法等)、 相分离法 (单凝聚法和复凝聚法和乳化一溶剂挥 发法)、 化学法(气相反应, 液相反应如均相共沉淀、 水热、 溶胶-凝胶、 微乳聚合法等)。 参见 34- 38。
当流体介质为油性体系时, 微纳米颗粒可以在油性介质中通过溶剂热等方法以及油 水体系中微乳液等方法制备; 或者通过水性体系制备的纳米颗粒表面修饰疏水基团等方 法制成。 例如, 微纳米颗粒可以由聚苯乙烯微球等制成 ½—42。
本文所用的术语"泡泡"和"气泡"具有相同的含义, 是指由薄膜状液相包裹气相而形 成的气泡、 泡沫或气泡状体系。 "气泡 "可以是单一存在的气泡, 可以是多个气泡, 或者 也可以是由大量气泡组成的泡沫或气泡状体系。 本领域技术人员可以理解, 所述薄膜状 液相中可以包括某些不溶性物质, 例如微纳米颗粒或染色剂等, 而不会阻止气泡的形成。
本文所用的术语"持久泡泡"和"持久存在的气泡"具有相同的含义, 是指存续时间显 著延长的气泡、 泡沫或气泡状体系。 本领域技术人员可以理解, 本文所用的术语"持久泡 泡"、 "持久存在的泡泡"或者 "永久存在的泡泡"并不要求该气泡可以无限期地永久存 续下去, 而是指与现有技术中只能存在数秒、 数分钟或者数小时的气泡相比, 其存续时 间显著延长。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中, 流体介质的主体为水, 并且使用了亲水性、 比重 比水小的微纳米颗粒, 该微纳米颗粒能够稳定平衡地浮在水面上, 并且与水的接触角小 于 90度。
本发明另一方面提供了采用上述方法获得的气泡。
本发明另一方面提供了一种用于制备持久存在的气泡的装置, 包括用于容纳流体介 质的容器, 其中, 所述容器中放有微纳米颗粒和流体介质, 所述微纳米颗粒的比重小于 或略大于所述流体介质的比重, 所述微纳米颗粒能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中, 并且 所述微纳米颗粒与所述流体介质的接触角小于 90度(在接触角迟滞效应明显时特指后退 角小于 90度)。 该装置中还可以包括用于吹入气体的进气管。 在一个优选实施方案中, 该装置可以用于制备儿童玩具。
本发明另一方面提供了一种用于持续补充水分的方法, 包括将待补充水分的部位与 本发明的持久存在的气泡相接触, 其中所述流体介质为水性介质。 实施例 1: 在水介质中利用亲水性微纳米颗粒制备持久存在的泡泡 在实验过程中,首先在表面皿中水面上撒许多颗粒直径在 200~300 μηι范围的亲水性 颗粒(颗粒的制备见下文)。这些颗粒和水的接触角大约为 32°,其密度比水轻,约为 0.87 g/mL。然后使用注射器慢慢向表面皿水面下注入空气。 如图 la, 吹入水面下的空气渐渐 上浮在水面上吹起泡泡, 使用注射器吹入更多的空气, 泡泡就能更大。 实验中有可能一 次同时吹起好几个泡泡, 它们最终会自己合并成为一个泡泡。 在实际吹泡泡的过程中,
吹出的泡泡上面可能会有区域未被颗粒覆盖, 此时可以手动额外添加一些颗粒并使用针 头移动颗粒直至泡泡表面尽可能全被颗粒覆盖。图 lb中展示了一个使用如上方法吹出的 泡泡, 在温度为 25摄氏度, 相对湿度为 50%的封闭环境中, 没有任何操作干扰的情况下 维持了超过一个月的时间, 因表面皿 (最初表面皿中水面高度约为 1cm) 中水分蒸干而 没有水分的继续补充而泡泡破裂。 为研究泡泡在高强度蒸发环境下的稳定性, 使用激光束照射在泡泡表面(见图 lc), 表面皿中水面下降速度会明显加快。图 lc中圆形与方形的数据点分别代表表面皿水面和 泡泡顶部处在激光束照射下位置高度的下降, 圆形与方形数据线性拟合之后的差异非常 小说明该段时间之内泡泡的净高度几乎不变。 水面在 3个小时中大约下降了 600 μηι, 大 于实验测得泡泡水膜厚度 160 μηι (请参见后文) 2倍多。 因此, 其中必然会有一种能够 自动源源不断将水从泡泡底部吸到泡泡顶部, 进而抵消掉蒸发损失的水分的补充机理存 在。
为了探究该补充机理, 首先对整个泡泡进行观察拍照 (见图 2a), 并继续使用光学 显微镜 (01ympus-BX51 )放大泡泡上的不同位置进行更加细致的观察。 观察到泡泡整体 都被密集的颗粒覆盖 (见图 2a), 颗粒与其周围的水一起形成了像保护层一样的网状结 构。 图 2b展示了对于三个临近颗粒处, 聚焦泡泡水膜层结构的不同高度处(分别对焦到 三个颗粒半球处的平切面 (图 2b-l )、 三个颗粒中间处水膜的上表面 P3点 (图 2b-2)、 其中两个颗粒中间处水膜的上表面 P2点(图 2b-3)、其中一个颗粒最顶端 Pi点(图 2b-4) ) 的光学显微镜照片。 图 2b-l非常清晰地可以看出颗粒直接接触很紧密。通过聚焦泡泡水 膜结构的不同高度(图 2b-2,3,4)的差异以及从图 2b-l, 统计出该泡泡上颗粒的平均直径 约为 290 μηι (与上述水膜厚度结果相符合), Ρ3、 Ρ2处水膜的厚度分别约为 110 μηι、 160 μηι (这里数据均为 5处这样三个小球相抵位置的数据平均值)。 因此, 我们得出结论, 三个临近相抵小球之间水膜有如同凹面镜的结构, 如图 2d所示。 我们还在泡泡上发现了 一些孔洞, 这些孔洞是因为同时有多于三个小球同时相抵而形成, 在图 2c中我们使用虚 线圈出两个这样的孔洞。 除此以外, 我们设计了荧光实验, 通过对泡泡上的水用罗丹明 B和 Y3A15012 (激发波段处于 440-465nm之间直径约为 5 μηι的颗粒), 对同一个泡泡进 行不同高度分层扫描 (单光子显微镜 Olympus FV1000MPE) o 通过三维荧光图像重构, 我们确信泡泡水膜的结构: 水膜厚度小于颗粒直径, 且水膜包围在颗粒中间高度处 (图 2d)。
为了更加方便理解, 我们首先考虑二维中的泡泡水膜结构模型一两个底面半径均 为 的圆柱由于中间的水而产生的毛细力被吸引靠近在一起, 如图 3a所示。 其中圆柱表 面亲水,水的接触角 小于 90°。通过图 3a几何关系,我们可以得到水膜厚度 和水一 空气接触面曲率半径 ρ的关系 p = r [l - cos
+ ^], 其中 θ ή = sin-1 (t / 2r), 因为水膜是凹面形状的, 水一空气表面张力 ^将会在泡泡水膜上产生负压 ρ = ?。 我
们可以因此得到所产生负压 p和水膜厚度 的关系如下: p = ― with Θ = arcsin— , (l) r n - cos 0 2r
其中 w = 1。
对于真实情况下水膜为三维结构, 我们可以得到类似于式 (1)的关系式, 且其中《取 值大于 1 (参见下文的详细推导过程), 并且依赖于颗粒形状、 颗粒大小分布、 以及颗粒 覆盖的密集程度。 简单来讲, 泡泡水膜上有更大的孔洞, W值就越大, 所能产生的负压 P 越小, 从而所能维持的泡泡大小也会较小。 图 3c给出了负压 p和水膜厚度 在不同大小 孔洞情况下的函数关系图象 (使用实际试验数据: 颗粒直径 2r ¾ 264 和接触角 32.4。)。
现在我们可以想象出泡泡能够维持长久的动态过程: 最初蒸发使得泡泡水膜比初始 厚度稍微变薄, 如图 3a, 进而颗粒之间水膜的凹面的曲率增加, 从而产生更大的负压 Pl > p , 可以提供力把水从泡泡底部吸到顶部, 抵消由于蒸发泡泡中水分的减小。 进一 步的蒸发将会由于上述机制源源不断地从泡泡底部吸水补水。 当蒸发强度增加时, 该补 充过程也会随之进行加快, 最终从而达到一种动态平衡并具有一定的动力学稳定性。 这 样的动态过程与之前所有观察到的现象都吻合地非常好。
为了证明上述动态过程机制确实存在, 我们补充了如下验证实验。 将清水替换为溶 解有 6.25 X 10"9 g/L罗丹明 B的稀溶液, 在该溶液中进行吹泡并持续观察其在与图 lg中 蒸发强度相同环境中荧光强度的变化。使用单光子显微镜 ( SPM,OLYMPUS FV1000MPE) 对同一个泡泡进行持续观察, 在不同时刻对泡泡顶部相同的区域进行相同设置的"层扫" 操作, "层扫 "的纵向范围为泡泡该区域水膜厚度, 并将其 "层扫 "结果使用 Imaris 软件处 理图像三维重构软件对泡泡顶部该区域进行三维重构, 并进一步测量该区域内整体扫描 到的荧光强度作为"该区域泡泡水膜上荧光强度"。 我们可以观察到泡泡顶部区域荧光强 度随着时间线性增强。 图 4b对蒸发使得泡泡顶部荧光强度增加进行了示意说明; 图 4右 下方三幅插图是不同时间泡泡顶部相同区域荧光层扫之后使用 Imaris软件进行的三维重 构图像。 图 4中数据图像是不同时间相同泡泡顶部区域荧光强度变化曲线。 以上的实验 现象可以用的确有溶液从泡泡底部流向泡泡顶部来很好的解释, 随着溶液的不断补充, 泡泡顶部罗丹明越 B来越多, 而罗丹明 B不会随着水分蒸发到空气中, 所以顶部荧光强 度会逐渐增加。而且图 4中荧光强度增加的线性性与图 lc中水面下降的线性性也与该机 理吻合非常好。 我们接下来将对几个实际问题进行进一步讨论。
第一我们究竟能吹出多大的这样的持久的泡泡。 在地球上我们有很多方法实现接近 零蒸发的环境, 但是我们没有办法实现长久存在的无重力环境, 所以对于大泡泡能够克 服重力是其能稳定存在的必要条件, 公式 (1)给出的负压能够实现泡泡从底部向顶部补水
机制必须克服相应的重力对应的泡泡高度上限:
Hmax = with θ = arcsin _ . (2) r n - cos 0 2r
其中 lc = (r/pg)m (¾ 2.7mm当所用液体为水时)。
对于泡泡最大高度的估计 Hmax在图 3b中右纵坐标轴给出标记 (使用我们实验中的 颗粒的接触角值)。 这些结果给出预测我们能够使用更小的颗粒来实现更大的持久泡泡
27
第二我们要讨论的是所使用颗粒湿润性的影响作用。 在很多情况下, 对于疏水性颗 粒, 此处描述的机制将不再适用。 但是, 如果颗粒有很明显的接触角的滞后效应, 后退 角小于 90°, 因为高强度蒸发会持续不断地使颗粒之间的水膜越来越薄, 而水-空气接触 面将会后退直至后退角产生对泡泡底部水分的吸力进而可以补充到泡泡顶部位置, 该情 况下此处介绍的机理将仍然使用。 (气固界面取代固液界面形成的接触角, 叫做后退角。 而接触角是固液气三相界面平衡时的接触角, 在颗粒有很明显的接触角滞后效应时, 前 进角、 后退角和接触角是有明显不同。)
第三是关于重力效应的讨论。 如果对于所考虑的亲水性小球密度比水的大很多, 颗 粒不能浮在水面上, 那么将会很难甚至不可能产生颗粒一水膜结构的持久泡泡。
第四是关于如何吹泡泡多快能使得其越来越大而能同时保持不破。 水面上浮着的同 为亲水性性质的颗粒将会自动聚集在一起已经众所周知 43— 46, 类似的现象在很慢吹泡泡 的时候也能观察到。 然而, 当我们很快吹大泡泡时, 很容易出现孔洞 (一些颗粒会由于泡 泡体积的扩大而分散), 甚至会在泡泡顶上出现裂缝或裂口 (狭长的水膜区域没有颗粒覆 盖)。 从而这些地方只能产生很小的负压, 常常进一步成为泡泡破裂诱发的敏感区域。
一旦我们能够将这种持久泡泡吹大到一定尺寸, 我们能够在实际工程技术领域很多 方面应用这种持久泡泡。 例如, 如果我们用透明的颗粒吹这种持久泡泡, 光线可以穿过 这种泡泡并可以对光线进行聚焦。 如果我们能够控制向泡泡内部注入定量气体或改变泡 泡外部压强, 从而精确控制泡泡整体的曲率, 我们就可以间接精确控制光线透过泡泡后 如何聚焦。 同时我们要保证在上述的控制过程中泡泡水膜上不会出现过大的孔洞。 通过 以上方法, 我们可以制造出"可精确聚焦镜头"。 也可以使用本发明的方法用于制作儿童 玩具, 吹出的泡泡将会持续存在很久。 在本实施例中, 我们使用亲水性颗粒和水可以吹出持久泡泡, 如果我们使用疏水性 颗粒和油 /有机化学物质很可能也能吹出类似的持久泡泡构。 这样的话, 我们就能够通过 吹泡泡这样的方法更容易地将塑料、 高分子聚合物和其他有机物质加工成曲面形状: 首 先加热这些有机化学物质成液态, 然后添加相关的颗粒吹泡泡并能一定时间内稳定的存 在, 进一步冷却可以固定其曲面形状。
微纳米颗粒制备 将 10g碳酸镁加入 250mL锥形瓶, 并加入大约 3/4锥形瓶容积的水, 打开搅拌机搅 拌锥形瓶中悬浊液, 并使用水浴 85-90摄氏度左右预热半小时。 将甲基丙烯酸甲酯和苯 乙烯以及过氧化苯甲酰按照 5mL:5mL: lg的配比加入锥形瓶, 之后在 90摄氏度水浴条件 下加热 3个小时后将锥形瓶中悬浊液倒入烧杯中, 期间要一直搅拌锥形瓶。 将浑浊液倒 入烧杯中, 并加入适量盐酸, 将其中的残余碳酸镁充分中和, 标志现象是不再有气泡产 生; 并将其静置至液体澄清。 滤除颗粒并烘干之后, 继续使用不同精度的标准筛筛选出 不同粒径的颗粒 (我们可以获得颗粒范围从小于 30 μηι到大于 450μηι的颗粒) 35。 进一 步测量我们得到的这些颗粒的物理性质: 接触角 (平均 32.4° ) (参见下文)和密度 (0.87土 0.19 g/mL 密度的测量标准差较大,因为这些颗粒事实上是由两种单体发生共聚与自聚, 形成三种聚合物 (聚苯乙烯 (和水密度相近)、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (密度约为 1.18 g/mL, 来自维基百科)、 苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合物)为主体的混合物, 且其组成比例不 确定。 还有可能我们得到的颗粒具有空心或多孔等特殊结构。 但是这些颗粒能用来吹出 持久泡泡有两点是需要具备的: 颗粒亲水; 颗粒能够稳定平衡地浮在水面上。 此外, 单 用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 200-600μηι的微米颗粒也可以成功吹起该种长久不破的泡泡。 公式(1 )详细推导 先将问题简单化, 考虑二维模型。在图 3a中, 我们可以得到曲率半径 和圆柱棒半 径的关系 (也参见图 A. a) :
d 12 = ροο&(θ + ) = rQ - cos ^) => p = r -— ~ cos ^
下面考虑真实三维情况 (图. Al(b) ) 中的对应关系式。 我们先考虑一种非常理想的 情况: 所有颗粒每三个互相挤到一起, 如图 3c中最上方一条曲线所示意的情况一样。 考 虑到问题的对称性, 我们发现能产生的负压最大处定为过颗粒上某一点与凹面水膜的中 心 (如图 2b-2中 P3点) 的曲线 (由于对称性会有多条这样的曲线出现)。 从而, 在每三 个微球相互挤到一起的情况 (图 Al(c- 1)), 我们将曲率半径与球半径 r的关系修正为:
图 Al(c-2)情况中, 公式修正为:
d /2 = ρ^(θ + ) = r cos θ ^ p = r
sin 45c
图 Al(c-3)情况中, 公式修正为:
, ^ „ ^ η (2 -cos
d 12 = ροο^(θ + φ) = 2r _ r cos θ ρ = r 对应产生负压值为:
γ cos(0 + 0) γ
ρ =—= —―
p (2-COS0) r
对于形成孔洞特征尺度为 n个颗粒直径大小 (图 c-3), 公式修正为:
, / rn n (w _cos
a 12 = + = n-r-rcose = r
οο {θ + φ)
对应产生负压值为:
γ γ cos(0 + 0)
p =—=
p r (n-co 0) 如何估计颗粒和水的接触角 我们在水面上撒足够多的颗粒使得水面上的颗粒紧密相挨 (图 Al(a))。 我们继续使 用之前的各物理量的表示符号。 通过使用光学显微镜 (01ympus-BX51)聚焦到泡泡水膜 上不同高度处, 我们可以测量出颗粒顶端到颗粒和水膜分界线的高度差 Δ/¾( 0.01Γ), 以 及分界线和两个颗粒之间的水膜上表面最低处的高度差 Δ/¾ (= 0.216 ± 0.109r)。 我们通过几何关系给出以下公式:
Δ/¾ = yc(l-sin(^ + ^))
Ah2 = r(l-sin^) 我们在上文中已经知道:
1— cos *
p = r-- cos {θ + φ) 所以我们可以得到 和 直。
通过 30个数据,我们得到 平均值为 77.5° ± 6.5°, 得到接触角 平均值为约为 32.4°
泡泡水膜三维荧光图重构 我们设计了荧光实验, 通过对泡泡上的水用罗丹明 B 和 Y3A15012 (激发波段处于 440-465nm之间直径约为 5 μηι的颗粒)对同一个泡泡进行不同高度分层扫描(单光子显 微镜 Olympus FV1000MPE)o 通过该显微镜自带软件进行三维荧光图像重构, 在重构模 型中我们可以看出: 激发波长处于蓝色波段荧光光谱的颗粒沉到泡泡水膜底部, 而没有 这种荧光颗粒的地方 (泡泡水膜顶部) 将呈现红色区域, 在泡泡水膜中间高度处, 同时 有罗丹明 B 和激发波长在蓝色波段 (440-465nm) 的荧光颗粒, 呈现白色。 图像中灰白 色的柱状物意味着有光线透过而没有激发任何荧光物质。
从而进一步我们确信泡泡水膜的结构: 水膜厚度小于颗粒直径, 且水膜包围在颗粒 中间高度处 (图 A2)。
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Claims
1. 一种制备持久存在的气泡的方法, 包括:
将微纳米颗粒放入流体介质中, 以及
向所述流体介质中吹入气体以产生气泡,
其中, 所述微纳米颗粒的比重小于或略大于所述流体介质的比重, 所述微纳米颗粒 能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中, 并且所述微纳米颗粒与所述流体介质的接触角小于 90 度。
2. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒的尺寸在 1纳米至 1000微米范围内。
3. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒的尺寸在 10纳米 -800微米范围内。
4. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒的尺寸在 30微米 -500微米范围内。
5. 权利要求 1的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒的尺寸在 200微米 -300微米范围内。
6. 权利要求 1-5之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒由一种或多种材料制成。
7. 权利要求 1-6之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒为密度分布均匀的结构。
8. 权利要求 1-6之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒为密度分布不均匀的结构。
9. 权利要求 8的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒中包含空洞或气泡。
10. 权利要求 8的方法,其中所述微纳米颗粒由密度不同的两种或更多种材料制成。
11. 权利要求 1-10之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒具有规则的形状。
12. 权利要求 1-10之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒的形状为球体、椭球体或 圆柱体。
13. 权利要求 1-10之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒具有不规则的形状。
14. 权利要求 1-13之任一项的方法, 其中所述流体介质为水性介质。
15. 权利要求 14的方法, 其中所述流体介质为水或水溶液。
16. 权利要求 14-15之任一项的方法, 其中所述水性介质中含有表面活性剂、 染色 剂和 /或芳香剂。
17. 权利要求 14-16之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒由亲水性材料制成。
18. 权利要求 17的方法,其中所述微纳米颗粒是由物理机械法、相分离法或者化学 法制成。
19. 权利要求 17的方法,其中所述微纳米颗粒由苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合或仅 用甲基丙烯酸甲酯单体聚合制成。
20. 权利要求 1-13之任一项的方法, 其中所述流体介质为油性介质。
21. 权利要求 20的方法, 其中所述流体介质选自由植物油、 动物油、矿物油、脂肪
酸酯、 烷基甘油醚、 硅油及其混合物构成的组。
22. 权利要求 20-21之任一项的方法, 其中所述微纳米颗粒由聚苯乙烯微球制成。
23. 由权利要求 1-22之任一项的方法获得的气泡。
24. 一种用于制备持久存在的气泡的装置, 包括用于容纳流体介质的容器, 其特征 在于:
所述容器中放有微纳米颗粒和流体介质,所述微纳米颗粒的比重小于或略大于所述 流体介质的比重, 所述微纳米颗粒能够持久漂浮在所述流体介质中, 并且所述微纳米颗 粒与所述流体介质的接触角小于 90度。
25. 权利要求 24的装置, 其中还包括用于吹入气体的进气管。
26. 一种用于持续补充水分的方法,包括将待补充水分的部位与由权利要求 1-22之 任一项的方法获得的气泡相接触, 其中所述流体介质为水性介质。
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CN101428199A (zh) * | 2007-08-22 | 2009-05-13 | 朴钟厚 | 整体式纳米气泡发生装置 |
CN101721929A (zh) * | 2008-10-10 | 2010-06-09 | 夏普株式会社 | 含纳米气泡液体制作装置以及含纳米气泡液体制作方法 |
CN101857292A (zh) * | 2010-06-17 | 2010-10-13 | 云南夏之春环保科技有限公司 | 超微米气泡水处理技术 |
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CN101428199A (zh) * | 2007-08-22 | 2009-05-13 | 朴钟厚 | 整体式纳米气泡发生装置 |
CN101721929A (zh) * | 2008-10-10 | 2010-06-09 | 夏普株式会社 | 含纳米气泡液体制作装置以及含纳米气泡液体制作方法 |
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