WO2014185062A1

WO2014185062A1 - Carbon dioxide reduction device and method for reducing carbon dioxide

Info

Publication number: WO2014185062A1
Application number: PCT/JP2014/002526
Authority: WO
Inventors: 出口　正洋; 聡史四橋; 寛羽柴; 山田　由佳; 大川　和宏
Original assignee: パナソニック株式会社
Priority date: 2013-05-13
Filing date: 2014-05-13
Publication date: 2014-11-20
Also published as: JP5753641B2; US20150218719A1; JPWO2014185062A1

Abstract

The disclosed device is a device for reducing CO₂ using light. This device is equipped with a cathode tank for storing a first electrolyte containing CO₂, an anode tank for storing a second electrolyte, a proton-permeable membrane positioned in the section connecting the two tanks, a cathode electrode inside the cathode tank, and an anode electrode inside the anode tank. The cathode electrode has a CO₂ reduction reaction region configured from a metal or a metal compound, and the anode electrode has a photochemical reaction region configured from a nitride semiconductor. Said region of the anode electrode has a layered structure comprising a GaN layer and an Mg-added Al_xGa_1-xN layer (0<x≤0.25). The amount of added Mg in the Al_xGa_1-xN layer is, expressed in number of Mg atoms, 1×10¹⁵-1×10¹⁹cm. The anode electrode is positioned in a manner such that irradiation of the Al_xGa_1-xN layer with light is possible. Both electrodes are electrically connected without using an external power source.

Description

Carbon dioxide reduction apparatus and method for reducing carbon dioxide

The present invention relates to a carbon dioxide reduction device that reduces carbon dioxide by light energy and a method for reducing carbon dioxide by the device.

Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) is a substance that plays an important role in reserving carbon atoms in the carbon cycle on the earth. From the viewpoint of a carbon atom reservoir, CO ₂ is a substance that can be a carbon source of various carbon compounds represented by organic compounds. However, since CO ₂ is a material that is very stable in terms of energy, high reduction energy is required to use CO ₂ as a carbon source.

Apart from this, there are concerns about an increase in atmospheric CO ₂ concentration due to consumption of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, and global climate change (so-called global warming) due to the increase. Reduction of CO ₂ by light energy has attracted attention not only from the use of CO ₂ as a carbon source, but also from the viewpoint of suppressing climate change by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels by using carbon compounds converted from CO _2. ing.

Until now, various methods of reducing CO ₂ by light energy have been tried. The following documents disclose methods for reducing CO ₂ by light energy.

Patent Documents 1 and ₂ describe a method of using an oxide semiconductor such as titania and zirconia as a CO ₂ reduction catalyst, more specifically, CO ₂ in a suspension in which oxide semiconductor powder is dispersed in water. A method of irradiating light while introducing is disclosed.

Patent Documents 3 and 4 describe a method of using a composite compound of a semiconductor component such as a titanium compound and a metal component as a catalyst for CO ₂ reduction, more specifically, dispersing the powder of the composite processed product in water. Discloses a method of irradiating light after introducing CO ₂ into the suspension.

Patent Document 5 discloses a method of using a catalyst in which a semiconductor and a base material such as a rhenium organic complex or a ruthenium organic complex are joined so as to be able to exchange electrons with each other, more specifically, as a CO ₂ reduction catalyst, A method is disclosed in which light is irradiated after CO ₂ is introduced into a suspension in which the catalyst powder is dispersed in an organic solvent.

Patent Document 6 discloses a photochemical reaction device including an oxidation reaction electrode that oxidizes water to generate oxygen, and a reduction reaction electrode that is electrically joined to the electrode and that synthesizes a carbon compound by reducing carbon dioxide. Disclosure. Patent Document 6 also discloses titania, tungsten oxide, and tantalum oxynitride as materials for oxidation reaction electrodes, and the catalyst of Patent Document 5 as materials for reduction reaction electrodes. In the device of Patent Document 6, light is irradiated to both electrodes.

Patent Documents 7 and 8 disclose an electrochemical reduction device including an anode electrode made of an oxide semiconductor such as titania and a cathode electrode having a specific structure made of a specific metal, and an anode of the device A method for reducing CO ₂ on a cathode electrode by irradiating the electrode with light is disclosed. The devices of Patent Documents 7 and 8 require an external power source such as a solar cell or a potentiostat between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.

Patent Document 9 discloses a device including an anode electrode having a nitride semiconductor region such as gallium nitride or aluminum gallium nitride on its surface and a cathode electrode made of a metal or a metal compound, and irradiating the anode electrode with light. Discloses a method for reducing CO ₂ on a cathode electrode. The method of Patent Document 9 does not require an external power source between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode.

Although it is not a method of reducing CO ₂ by light energy, Patent Document 10 discloses that as an electrode of an apparatus for producing acidic water and alkaline water, the formula Al _y Ga _1-xy In _x N (xy ≦ 0. 45, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1).

JP-A-55-105625 Japanese Patent No. 25526396 Japanese Patent No. 3876305 Japanese Patent No. 4158850 JP 2010-066406 A JP 2011-094194 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 05-311476 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 07-188961 International Publication No. 2012/046374 International Publication No. 2006/082801

As in the case of plant photosynthesis, if an apparatus and method for reducing CO ₂ by using light energy and converting it to a carbon compound become widespread, it is very useful for industrial development and maintenance of the global environment. However, in the conventional apparatus and method, the efficiency of reducing CO ₂ by light energy without using an external power source and converting it into a carbon compound is not always sufficient.

According to the present disclosure is not limited one exemplary embodiment, CO ₂ and CO ₂ is reduced without the use of external power, the efficiency of converting into carbon compounds higher than conventional, for reducing CO ₂ by light energy A reduction device and a method for reducing CO ₂ by light energy are provided.

In addition, further benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent from the specification and drawings. The benefits and / or advantages are individually provided by the various embodiments and features disclosed in the specification and drawings, and not all of which need to be provided simultaneously.

According to one overall aspect, a feature of the technology disclosed herein is a CO ₂ reduction device that reduces CO ₂ by light energy, the device comprising: a first electrolysis containing CO ₂ A cathode tank containing a liquid; an anode tank containing a second electrolytic solution connected to the cathode tank; and a first electrolytic solution disposed in a connecting portion between the anode tank and the cathode tank; A proton permeable membrane that functions as a partition between the second electrolytes and transmits hydrogen ions between the two electrolytes; and is disposed in the cathode chamber so as to be in contact with the first electrolyte A cathode electrode; and an anode electrode disposed inside the anode tank so as to be in contact with the second electrolytic solution. The cathode electrode is in contact with the first electrolytic solution and has a CO ₂ reduction reaction region made of a metal or a metal compound. The anode electrode has a photochemical reaction region that is in contact with the second electrolytic solution and is made of a nitride semiconductor. The region of the anode electrode has a stacked structure of a GaN layer and an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer to which Mg is added (where 0 <x ≦ 0.25). The addition amount of Mg in the _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer, the _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N represents the number of Mg atoms contained per volume 1 cm ³ of the layer, 1 × ^{10 15} or more 1 × ^{10 19} It is as follows. The anode electrode is disposed in the anode tank so that light can be irradiated onto the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region. The cathode electrode and the anode electrode are electrically connected to each other without an external power source.

These overall and specific aspects can be implemented using systems, various methods, computer programs, and any combination of systems, various methods and computer programs.

The CO ₂ reduction device and the method of reducing CO ₂ of the present disclosure reduce CO ₂ by light energy, which is more efficient than the conventional method for reducing CO ₂ and converting it to a carbon compound without using an external power source. Apparatus and method.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating an example of an anode electrode provided in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating another example of the anode electrode provided in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating still another example of the anode electrode provided in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view schematically showing still another example of the anode electrode provided in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating another example of the anode electrode included in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating another example of the anode electrode included in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating another example of the anode electrode included in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 2D is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating another example of the anode electrode included in the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram schematically illustrating an example of the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure and an example of the CO ₂ reduction method of the present disclosure using the device. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the amount of CO ₂ reduction per unit time evaluated in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of Mg atoms added to the AlGaN layer of the anode electrode and the amount of CO ₂ reduction per unit time evaluated in Example 7.

A first aspect of the present disclosure is a CO ₂ reduction device that reduces CO ₂ by light energy, and includes a cathode tank that contains a first electrolytic solution containing CO ₂ , and is connected to the cathode tank. 2 is disposed in a connecting portion between the anode tank and the cathode tank, and functions as a partition wall between the first electrolyte solution and the second electrolyte solution. A proton permeable membrane for transmitting hydrogen ions between the liquids; a cathode electrode disposed inside the cathode tank so as to contact the first electrolyte; and the anode tank so as to contact the second electrolyte An anode electrode disposed inside the cathode electrode, the cathode electrode being in contact with the first electrolyte and having a CO ₂ reduction reaction region made of a metal or a metal compound, The electrode is in contact with the second electrolytic solution and has a photochemical reaction region made of a nitride semiconductor, and the region of the anode electrode includes a GaN layer and Mg-added Al _x Ga _1-x N layer (where, 0 <x ≦ 0.25) has a laminated structure of the _Al _{x Ga 1-x} amount of Mg in the N layer, the _Al _{x Ga 1-x} volume of N layers 1 cm ³ 1 × 10 ¹⁵ or more and 1 × 10 ¹⁹ or less in terms of the number of Mg atoms contained in the area, and the anode electrode can irradiate light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region. There is provided a CO ₂ reduction device that is arranged in the anode tank and in which the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are electrically connected to each other without an external power source.

The second aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to the first aspect, the _Al addition amount of Mg in the x _{Ga 1-x} N layer, the Mg atoms included in the volume 1cm per ³ of the _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer Provided is a CO ₂ reduction device which is expressed by a number and is 1 × 10 ^{16 to} 1 × 10 ¹⁸ inclusive.

A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a CO ₂ reduction device in which the value of x is 0.10 or more and 0.15 or less in addition to the first or second aspect.

According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to any one of the first to third aspects, a CO ₂ reduction device in which the GaN layer is composed of n-type GaN.

In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to any one of the first to fourth aspects, a metal oxide containing Ni is disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region. A CO ₂ reduction device is provided.

According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to the fifth aspect, a CO ₂ reduction device in which the metal oxide is in the form of fine particles.

In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to any one of the first to sixth aspects, the metal constituting the reduction reaction region includes at least one selected from copper, gold, silver, tantalum, and indium. A CO ₂ reduction device is provided.

In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to any one of the first to seventh aspects, the first electrolyte solution is at least one selected from potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride. A CO ₂ reduction device that is an aqueous solution containing the electrolyte is provided.

A ninth aspect of the present disclosure is a method for reducing CO ₂ by a CO ₂ reducing device, wherein the device is a CO ₂ reducing device according to any one of the first to eighth aspects, and the method includes: The wavelength of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode in a state where the first electrolytic solution and the second electrolytic solution are accommodated in the cathode tank and the anode tank, respectively. Irradiation with light of 365 nm or less advances the generation of electrons and hydrogen ions in the photochemical reaction region, and reduces the CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution in the reduction reaction region of the cathode electrode. A method of reducing CO ₂ comprising the steps of:

According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, in addition to the ninth aspect, a method for reducing CO ₂ further includes a step of introducing a gas containing carbon dioxide into the first electrolytic solution accommodated in the cathode chamber. provide.

An eleventh aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for reducing CO ₂ , in addition to the ninth or tenth aspect, wherein the above step is performed in a state where the apparatus is placed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

The twelfth aspect of the present disclosure is selected from methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, methane, ethylene, and carbon monoxide by the reaction of reducing the carbon dioxide in addition to any one of the ninth to eleventh aspects. Provided is a method for reducing CO ₂ produced by at least one species.

A method for reducing CO ₂ by light energy is conventionally known. In a method in which a semiconductor powder is dispersed in a solution containing CO ₂ to form a suspension, and the powder acts as a CO ₂ reduction catalyst (Reference 1-5), carriers generated in the catalyst by irradiation with light (reference 1-5) to easily recombine before electrons and holes) to reduce CO _2, it can not be achieved CO ₂ reduction of high efficiency. Meanwhile, an oxidation reaction electrode (anode electrode) that oxidizes water to generate oxygen and a reduction reaction electrode (cathode electrode) that is electrically connected to the anode electrode and synthesizes a carbon compound by reducing carbon dioxide. In the method used (References 6-8), electrons and holes generated at the electrode by light irradiation are rapidly separated, so that recombination is suppressed. Therefore, more efficient CO ₂ reduction is expected.

Here, in the reduction reaction of CO ₂ using light energy, the amount of the reduced product generated by the reduction of CO ₂ is the magnitude of the photovoltaic force generated at the anode electrode that is an electrode (photochemical electrode) that irradiates light, It depends on the amount of carrier generation obtained by photoexcitation of the electrode. The suppression of carrier recombination described above increases the amount of carrier generation. However, in an anode electrode using an oxide semiconductor typified by titania, the energy level of electrons excited by light is not sufficiently high with respect to the energy level required for CO ₂ reduction. An external power source such as a solar cell or a potentiostat is required between the electrodes.

On the other hand, in the apparatus and method of the present disclosure, the energy level of excited electrons is increased by using a nitride semiconductor for the anode electrode, so that the reduction reaction of CO ₂ proceeds without potential support by an external power source. Can do. In addition, the apparatus and method of the present disclosure employ a stacked structure of a GaN layer and an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer (0 <x ≦ 0.25) to which a specific amount of Mg is added. This increases the built-in potential formed at the interface between both layers, that is, the magnitude of the internal electric field. This increase further suppresses the recombination of carriers generated by photoexcitation, and increases the magnitude of the photovoltaic force and the amount of generated carriers in the anode electrode. That is, the apparatus and method of the present disclosure have a mechanism for reducing the loss of carriers excited in the anode electrode, which is a photochemical electrode, and increasing the magnitude of the photovoltaic force in the electrode. Such a mechanism has not been disclosed conventionally. The effect of this mechanism is observed, for example, as an increase in the value of current flowing from the anode electrode to the cathode electrode during light irradiation (an increase in the amount of carrier supplied from the anode electrode to the cathode electrode). The effect contributes to achieving the CO ₂ reduction with higher efficiency by the apparatus and method of the present disclosure.

Note that Document 10 discloses an electrode using Al _y Ga _1-xy In _x N (xy ≦ 0.45, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1) to which Mg is added. Has been. However, the said electrode is a cathode electrode, and in literature 10, the reduction reaction of water is advanced by irradiating light to a cathode electrode. On the other hand, in the apparatus and method of the present disclosure, an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer to which Mg is added is used for the anode electrode, and the oxidation reaction of water proceeds by irradiating the anode electrode with light. Therefore, the apparatus and method according to the present disclosure are based on a technical idea that is completely different from the disclosure content of Document 10.

[CO ₂ reduction device]
(Anode electrode)
1A to 1D show examples of the anode electrode employed in the apparatus and method of the present disclosure. In the anode electrode, carriers (electrons and holes) are generated by light irradiation. The generated electrons move to the cathode electrode that is electrically connected to the anode electrode. The generated holes are used for the oxidation reaction of water at the anode electrode, and the hydrogen ions (protons) generated at that time are supplied to the anode side electrolyte solution (second electrolyte solution), the connection between the anode tank and the cathode tank. It diffuses and moves to the cathode electrode side through the arranged proton permeable membrane and the cathode side electrolyte (first electrolyte). At the cathode electrode, CO ₂ reacts with electrons and protons, and the CO ₂ reduction reaction at the electrode proceeds. Focusing on the generation of such carriers by light irradiation, this anode electrode is a photochemical electrode for CO ₂ reduction. Focusing on the formation of oxygen by the oxidation reaction of water, this anode electrode is an oxygen generation electrode.

An anode electrode 10a shown in FIG. 1A is a laminate of an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, a GaN layer 12, a conductive base material 13, and an electrode layer 14 to which Mg is added.

The Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is a layer in which carriers (electrons and holes) are generated by light irradiation. In other words, in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, light is absorbed, photoexcitation occurs, and carriers are generated. The generated carrier contributes to the redox reaction as described above. Holes generated in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, the water surface of the anode electrode 10a, typically migrate to the surface of the _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer 11, in contact with the anode electrode 10a Is oxidized to produce protons and oxygen. The generated protons diffuse and move to the second electrolyte solution in contact with the anode electrode 10a, and oxygen leaves the anode electrode 10a as a gas.

The band gap value of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, that is, the width of the forbidden band is 3.4 eV or more. For this reason, the light with which the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 of the anode electrode 10a is irradiated needs to include light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less having energy equal to or higher than the energy corresponding to the band gap.

Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 amount of Mg in the (doping amount) is, the _Al _{x Ga 1-x} number of N layers 11 Mg atoms contained per volume 1 cm ³ (hereinafter, "number of atoms (number of atoms) / cm ³ ”, which is 1 × 10 ¹⁵ or more and 1 × 10 ¹⁹ or less.

Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 amount of Mg in the said _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer 11 shows the number of Mg atoms contained per volume 1 cm ³ of, 1 × ^{10 16} to 1 × 10 ¹⁸ or less is preferable. In this case, the effect obtained by the addition of Mg is further improved, specifically, the photovoltaic and carrier utilization efficiency in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is improved, whereby the apparatus and method of the present disclosure The efficiency of CO ₂ reduction at is further increased.

When the added amount of Mg in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer is less than 1 × 10 ¹⁵ atoms / cm ³ , the effect of adding Mg cannot be obtained. On the other _hand, when the amount of Mg in the Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer is greater than 1 × ^{10 19} atoms ^{_{_{/ cm 3, Al x Ga 1}}} -x properties of N layer is changed, (i.e. the anode in the layer The photovoltaic and carrier utilization efficiency (in electrode 10a) is instead reduced.

_Al x _{Ga 1-x} N constituting the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 has a composition satisfying the formula 0 <x ≦ 0.25. This range of x is suitable when a readily available light source (for example, the sun and a xenon lamp) is used for irradiation with light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less. The value of x is preferably 0.10 or more and 0.15 or less. The preferable range of x is a particularly suitable range when a general xenon lamp is used for the light irradiation. Of course, a xenon lamp may be used as the light source even when the value of x is outside this preferable range.

The depth at which light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less reaches the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 (the distance from the light irradiation surface of the layer 11) affects the value of the band gap of Al _x Ga _1-x N. However, it is about 100 nm. Further, the depth (the thickness of the light absorption region of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11) is parallel to the light irradiation surface of the layer 11. Considering this, the thickness of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is preferably not less than 70 nm and not more than 1000 nm, more preferably not less than 80 nm and not more than 200 nm.

GaN layer 12 _is based on the layered structure of the Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer 11 _is a layer for improving (i.e. at the anode electrode 10a) utilization efficiency of the carriers in the Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer 11 . It is estimated that the increase is due to an increase in built-in potential formed at the interface between the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 and the GaN layer 12.

By adding an impurity (doping species), the electrical resistance of the GaN layer 12 can be reduced. Such a GaN layer 12 can function as an electron conductive layer that efficiently transports electrons out of carriers generated in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 by light irradiation. In this case, in the laminated structure of the anode electrode 10a, the light absorption layer (Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11) and the electron conductive layer (GaN layer 12) are functionally separated. The separation facilitates the extraction and transport of carriers (electrons) generated in the light absorption layer, thereby achieving higher photovoltaic power and carrier utilization efficiency.

Considering the function as the electron conductive layer, the GaN layer 12 is preferably a layer having a smaller electrical resistance value than the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11. Such a GaN layer 12 is a layer formed into n-type by the addition of impurities, that is, a layer composed of n-type GaN. The impurity (dope species) is, for example, silicon (Si). n-type includes n ^{+ -type} .

The anode electrode 10a is in contact with the second electrolytic solution when the CO ₂ reduction device is constructed, and has a photochemical reaction region formed of a nitride semiconductor. By irradiating the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 in this region with light, carrier generation proceeds. The configuration of the anode electrode 10 a is not limited as long as the photochemical reaction region has a laminated structure of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 and the GaN layer 12. In the anode electrode 10a shown in FIG. 1A, the laminated structure is formed on the entire electrode 10a, and the entire one main surface of the electrode 10a can function as a photochemical reaction region. The laminated structure may be formed on a part of the anode electrode 10a, that is, a part of the main surface of the anode electrode 10a may be used as a photochemical reaction region.

In the anode electrode 10 a shown in FIG. 1A, the laminated structure is formed on one main surface of the base material 13. In the anode electrode employed by the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure, the above laminated structure may be formed on both main surfaces of the base material 13.

The conductive substrate 13 functions as a layer that improves the strength, shape retention, and handleability of the anode electrode 10a, and efficiently transports electrons among the carriers generated in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11.

For example, the conductive base material 13 is made of single crystal gallium nitride (GaN), gallium oxide (Ga ₂ O ₃ ), single crystal silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), zinc oxide (ZnO), or zirconium boride ( ZrB ₂ ).

The anode electrode employed by the apparatus and method of the present disclosure does not necessarily require a base material such as the conductive base material 13. The apparatus can employ an anode electrode including the conductive base material 13 as necessary.

The electrode layer 14 is a layer composed of a conductive material, and functions as a terminal for extracting electrons from the anode electrode 10a out of carriers generated in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11. The configuration of the electrode layer 14 is not limited as long as it functions as the terminal. With respect to the arrangement position of the electrode layer 14, in the example shown in FIG. 1A, the electrode layer 14 is formed on the entire surface of the conductive substrate 13 opposite to the surface facing the GaN layer 12. An electrode layer 14 may be formed on a part of the surface. An electrode layer 14 may be formed on the surface of the conductive substrate 13 facing the GaN layer 12 so as not to overlap with the GaN layer 12, and Al _x Ga _1-x N is formed on the GaN layer 12. The electrode layer 14 may be formed so as not to overlap with the layer 11 (refer to FIG. 2A for the latter).

The electrode layer 14 is made of, for example, a metal or a metal compound. The metal is, for example, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), or an alloy thereof.

The electrode layer 14 may be composed of a single conductive film or a laminate of a plurality of conductive films. The material constituting the conductive film is, for example, the above metal or metal compound.

When the conductive substrate 13 is composed of a semiconductor, and when the electrode layer 14 is formed on the GaN layer 12 that is a semiconductor, the electrode layer 14 or the conductive substrate 13 in the electrode layer 14 or the GaN layer 12 is in contact with the electrode layer 14. It is preferable that the surface (or film) is made of a material having low interface resistance with these semiconductors. The material is, for example, Ti.

The anode electrode employed by the apparatus and method of the present disclosure does not necessarily require the electrode layer 14. The apparatus can employ an anode electrode including the electrode layer 14 as necessary.

In the apparatus and method of the present disclosure, light is irradiated to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 in the photochemical reaction region. For this reason, in the anode electrode 10a, if the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is the light irradiation surface, the efficiency of carrier generation is increased. When the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is used as the light irradiation surface, in the anode electrode 10a, the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, the GaN layer 12, the conductive base material 13, and the electrode layer 14 are sequentially formed from the light irradiation surface. Are stacked.

In the anode electrode employed in the apparatus and method of the present disclosure, a metal oxide may be disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 in the photochemical reaction region. This metal oxide functions as a co-catalyst that increases the efficiency of oxygen generation in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode. The metal oxide also functions as a protective layer for the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11. The metal oxide contains, for example, nickel (Ni), and preferably contains Ni as a main component. The main component means a component having the largest content, and the content is usually 50% by weight or more, preferably 60% by weight or more, more preferably 70% by weight or more. The metal oxide may be nickel oxide (NiO _x , typically NiO or Ni ₂ O ₃ ).

Examples of the anode electrode in which the metal oxide is disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 in the photochemical reaction region are shown in FIGS. 1B to 1D.

The anode electrode 10b shown in FIG. 1B is the same as that shown in FIG. 1A except that a surface coating layer 15 made of the above metal oxide is disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 so as to cover the layer 11. It has the same structure as the anode electrode 10a. This surface coating layer 15 is a layer having transparency to at least a part of light included in a band of wavelength 365 nm or less. In order to ensure this transparency, the thickness of the surface coating layer 15 is preferably 10 nm or less. The surface coating layer 15 may contain metal fine particles or metal oxide fine particles. In this case, the functions of the surface coating layer 15 as a promoter and a protective layer are promoted. The metal is, for example, Ni or a Ni alloy containing Ni as a main component. The metal oxide is, for example, the metal oxide described above, and may be the same as or different from the metal oxide constituting the surface coating layer 15.

An anode electrode 10c shown in FIG. 1C is composed of the above metal oxide on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 so as to cover a part of the layer 11 (so that a part of the layer 11 is exposed). The same structure as the anode electrode 10a of FIG. The surface coating layer 15 of the anode electrode 10c is the same as the surface coating layer 15 of the anode electrode 10b in FIG. 1B except that the surface covering the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 is different. In the anode electrode 10c, even if the plurality of surface coating layers 15 having various shapes and sizes are arranged regularly or randomly, the plurality of surface coating layers 15 having the same shape and size are arranged regularly or randomly. Also good.

The anode electrode 10d shown in FIG. 1D has the same structure as the anode electrode 10a in FIG. 1A, except that the fine particles 16 made of the metal oxide are disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11. . In the anode electrode 10d, the function of the metal oxide as a promoter is further improved. For a more specific description of the metal oxide disposed on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 of the anode electrode being in the form of fine particles, see the specification of US patent application 13/453669 filed by the present inventors. it can. The specification of this US patent application is incorporated herein by reference.

In the anode electrode 10d, a plurality of fine particles 16 having various shapes and sizes may be regularly or randomly arranged, or a plurality of fine particles 16 having the same shape and size may be regularly or randomly arranged.

Both the surface coating layer 15 and the fine particles 16 may be disposed in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11.

The method for forming the anode electrode is not limited. The Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, the GaN layer 12, and the electrode layer 14 can be formed on the base material 13 using a known thin film forming method. A specific thin film forming method is not limited. For the formation of the GaN layer 12 on the base material 13 and the formation of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 on the formed GaN layer 12, for example, metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, or Sputtering can be used. For forming the electrode layer 14, for example, a vacuum deposition method, an electron beam deposition method, or a sputtering method can be employed.

In the arrangement of the metal oxide (the arrangement of the surface coating layer 15 and / or the fine particles 16) on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11, for example, a solution containing metal oxide particles, for example, the particles are dispersed. A method of applying a slurry solution, heating and drying (metal particle coating method), or a method of applying a solution of an organometallic compound by spin coating and heating and decomposing the compound (metal-organic compound decomposition method) can be employed. .

When the anode electrode employed in the apparatus and method of the present disclosure includes a base material, the base material may be the conductive base material shown in FIGS. 1A to 1D, or an insulating group composed of an insulating material. It may be a material. The insulating substrate functions as a layer that enhances the strength, shape retention and handling of the anode electrode. Examples of an anode electrode provided with an insulating substrate are shown in FIGS. 2A to 2D.

The

anode electrodes

20a, 20b, 20c, and 20d shown in FIGS. 2A to 2D are made of an insulating base material 23 instead of the conductive base material 13, and the base material 23 is insulative. 1A to 1D, respectively, except that the arrangement position of the electrode layer 14 functioning as a terminal for taking out the electrons generated in the _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 from the anode electrode is changed on the GaN layer 12. It has the same structure as the

anode electrodes

10a, 10b, 10c and 10d.

The insulating substrate 23 is made of, for example, sapphire (typically single crystal sapphire) or high resistance silicon.

The formation method of the anode electrodes 20a to 20d including the insulating base material 23 is the same as the formation method of the anode electrodes 10a to 10d including the conductive base material 13.

The shape of the anode electrode is not limited, but is, for example, a plate shape.

The anode electrode has the photochemical reaction region where carriers (electrons and holes) are generated by light irradiation, the generated electrons can be taken out for supply to the cathode electrode, and the generated holes Any member other than those described above may be included as long as oxygen and protons are generated by the reaction between water and water in the photochemical reaction region.

(Cathode electrode)
The cathode electrode is composed of a metal or a metal compound. The cathode electrode has a structure capable of receiving electrons generated by photoexcitation at the anode electrode. Cathode electrode, CO ₂ is contained in the first electrolytic solution, has a the electronic, the reduction area of the CO ₂ which is reduced by reaction with the proton contained in the first electrolytic solution. The cathode electrode has a structure capable of supplying received electrons to the reduction reaction region. The structure of the cathode electrode is not limited as long as these conditions are satisfied. For example, a portion made of an insulating material may be included in the cathode electrode.

The metal that can constitute the cathode electrode, particularly the metal that can constitute the CO ₂ reduction reaction region is at least one selected from Cu, Au, Ag, tantalum (Ta), and indium (In), for example. The metal may be an alloy. The metal compound that can constitute the cathode electrode, in particular, the metal compound that can constitute the CO ₂ reduction reaction region is, for example, at least one selected from tantalum carbide and tantalum nitride. The cathode electrode may have these metals or metal compounds only in the CO ₂ reduction reaction region, for example, as all or part of the surface of the electrode. In this case, the other part of the cathode electrode is made of any conductive material and / or insulating material. The said other part is a base material of a cathode electrode, for example. A base material is comprised from glass and glassy carbon (glassy carbon), for example. Glassy carbon has electrical conductivity. The cathode electrode may have a structure in which particles or fine particles of metal or metal compound are dispersed on the surface of the substrate. In this case, these particles or fine particles serve as a CO ₂ reduction reaction region.

In addition, by constituting the reduction reaction region of the cathode electrode from these metals or metal compounds, as reduction products of CO ₂ , hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, formic acid At least one selected from organic acids such as aldehydes, aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, and carbon monoxide. By selecting the type of metal or metal compound, it is also possible to selectively produce a CO ₂ reduction product. For example, a hydrocarbon and / or alcohol is obtained as a CO ₂ reduction product by using a reduction reaction region composed of Cu. By using a reduction reaction region composed of In, formic acid is selectively obtained as a CO ₂ reduction product. This is presumably because the state of adsorption of CO ₂ molecules in the region varies depending on the type of metal constituting the reduction reaction region.

The shape of the cathode electrode is not limited and is, for example, a plate. From the viewpoint of increasing the effective reaction area, a plate having fine irregularities on the surface or a porous plate is preferable.

The formation method of a cathode electrode is not limited, A well-known method is applicable. When the metal or metal compound is used only in the CO ₂ reduction reaction region, for example, the region is formed on all or part of the surface of the substrate. Techniques and fine particle formation techniques can be applied.

(CO ₂ reduction device)
FIG. 3 shows an example of the CO ₂ reduction device of the present disclosure. The apparatus 300 of FIG. 3 includes a cathode tank 302, an anode tank 305, and a proton permeable membrane 306. The cathode tank 302 and the anode tank 305 are connected to each other through a connection portion 313. The proton permeable membrane 306 is disposed in the connection part 313 between the cathode chamber 302 and the anode chamber 305.

The cathode tank 302 contains a first electrolytic solution 307 containing CO ₂ . The anode tank 305 contains a second electrolytic solution 308. A cathode electrode 301 is disposed inside the cathode chamber 302 so as to be in contact with the first electrolytic solution 307. An anode electrode 304 is disposed inside the anode tank 305 so as to be in contact with the second electrolytic solution 308.

The cathode electrode 301 has a CO ₂ reduction reaction region and is the cathode electrode employed by the above-described apparatus and method of the present disclosure. The anode electrode 304 is an anode electrode that has the photochemical reaction region and that is adopted by the above-described apparatus and method of the present disclosure. The cathode electrode 301 is disposed inside the cathode chamber 302 so that at least a part (preferably all) of the CO ₂ reduction reaction region in the electrode 301 is in contact with the first electrolytic solution 307. The anode electrode 304 is disposed inside the anode tank 305 so that at least a part (preferably all) of the photochemical reaction region in the electrode 304 is in contact with the second electrolytic solution 308. In the example shown in FIG. 3, parts of both

electrodes

301 and 304 are immersed in the

electrolytic solutions

307 and 308, respectively. All of the electrodes 301 and / or 304 may be immersed in the electrolytic solution.

In addition, the anode electrode 304 is disposed in the anode tank 305 so that light can be irradiated to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region. In the example shown in FIG. 3, a window (not shown) is provided in a part of the anode tank 305, and light from the light source 303 is irradiated to the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304 through the window.

The cathode electrode 301 and the anode electrode 304 are electrically connected to each other by

terminals

310 and 311 of the respective electrodes and wirings 312 connecting the

terminals

310 and 311. An external power source such as a solar cell and a potentiostat is not connected between the cathode electrode 301 and the anode electrode 304. That is, the cathode electrode 301 and the anode electrode 304 are electrically connected to each other without using an external power source. The wiring 312 functions as a path for electrons generated by photoexcitation in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304.

The proton permeable membrane 306 functions as a partition wall between the first electrolytic solution 307 and the second electrolytic solution 308, and separates the first and second

electrolytic solutions

307 and 308 from each other. That is, in the apparatus 300, the first electrolytic solution 307 in the cathode tank 302 and the second electrolytic solution 308 in the anode tank 305 are not mixed with each other as long as the proton permeable membrane 306 functions normally. The

electrolyte solutions

307 and 308 and the proton permeable membrane 306 function as proton diffusion paths.

In the apparatus 300, by irradiating light to the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304 that is a photochemical electrode, carriers (electrons and holes) are generated and oxygen is generated. At this time, as described above, due to the stacked structure of the GaN layer included in the region and the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer to which a specific amount of Mg is added, high photovoltaic power and high carrier utilization in the anode electrode 304 are used. Efficiency is achieved. Thus, the apparatus 300 can reduce CO ₂ to a carbon compound with high efficiency without using an external power source. Of course, this carbon compound does not include CO ₂ itself. Reduction of CO ₂ can produce two or more carbon compounds.

After being generated, the electrons generated at the anode electrode 304 move to the reduction reaction region of the cathode electrode 301 and react with CO _{2 in the} region to reduce CO ₂ . At this time, as described above, the fact that the region is made of a metal or a metal compound also contributes to achieving high CO ₂ reduction efficiency in the apparatus 300.

The shape of the cathode electrode 301 and the anode electrode 304 is not particularly limited. The apparatus 300 may include two or more cathode electrodes 301 and / or anode electrodes 304.

The material constituting the cathode tank 302 and the anode tank 305 is not limited as long as it is not significantly corroded by the electrolyte contained in each tank. The material is, for example, a metal such as stainless steel, glass, resin, and a composite material thereof. However, with respect to the anode tank 305, it is necessary to consider light irradiation to the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304. However, this is not the case when the light source 303 is disposed inside the anode tank 305.

The internal shapes of the cathode tank 302 and the anode tank 305 are not particularly limited.

The cathode tank 302 and / or the anode tank 305 may have a structure in which the inside can be sealed. Sealing the inside of the tank is realized by a valve, for example.

The first electrolytic solution 307 can contain CO ₂ , can conduct protons, does not significantly inhibit (preferably not inhibit) the reduction reaction of CO _{2 at} the cathode electrode 301, and the cathode electrode 301. As long as it is not significantly corroded (preferably not corroded), there is no limitation. The first electrolytic solution 307 is typically an aqueous solution. The first electrolyte solution 307 is an aqueous solution containing at least one electrolyte selected from, for example, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride.

Depending on the type of electrolyte, the type of carbon compound produced by the reduction of CO ₂ and its production ratio may change.

The concentration of the electrolyte in the first electrolytic solution 307 is preferably 1 mol / L or more, more preferably 3 mol / L or more. The upper limit of the concentration is not particularly limited and is, for example, 5 mol / L.

The first electrolyte 307 contains CO _2. The concentration of CO ₂ contained is not limited. The first electrolyte solution 307 is preferably acidic in a state where CO ₂ is dissolved.

The apparatus 300 can operate in a state where CO ₂ is previously contained in the first electrolytic solution 307. Further, the apparatus 300 can operate while supplying a gas containing CO ₂ to the first electrolyte solution 307. In the example shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus 300 operates while a gas containing CO ₂ is supplied to the first electrolyte solution 307 via the gas supply pipe 309. The gas containing CO ₂ may be pure CO ₂ (a gas having a CO ₂ content of 100%).

As long as the second electrolyte 308 can conduct protons, does not significantly inhibit (preferably not inhibit) the photochemical reaction in the anode electrode 304, and does not significantly corrode (preferably not corrode) the anode electrode 304, It is not limited. The second electrolytic solution 308 is typically an aqueous solution. The second electrolytic solution 308 is, for example, a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.

The concentration of the electrolyte in the second electrolytic solution 308 is preferably 1 mol / L or more, more preferably 5 mol / L or more. The upper limit of the concentration is not particularly limited and is, for example, 8 mol / L. The second electrolytic solution 308 is preferably strongly basic.

The material constituting the proton permeable membrane 306 is not limited as long as it can transmit protons and the membrane 306 can function as a partition wall between the first and second electrolytic solutions. The proton permeable membrane 306 is preferably a membrane that does not allow the electrolyte contained in the

electrolytes

307 and 308 to permeate. The material is, for example, a proton conductive polymer material, and a specific example thereof is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid such as Nafion (registered trademark).

The thickness of the proton permeable membrane 306 may be 50 to 200 μm, for example, as long as the strength that allows the membrane 306 to function as a partition between the first and second electrolytes is ensured.

The light source 303 emits light having energy that promotes generation of carriers by photoexcitation in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304. More specifically, the light source 303 emits light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less (light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less). The light source 303 may emit continuous light including light components with a wavelength of 365 nm or less, or may be a monochromatic light with a wavelength of 365 nm or less, for example, a laser. The light source 303 preferably emits light having a wavelength of 250 nm or more and 325 nm or less.

The light source 303 is, for example, a xenon lamp, a deuterium lamp, a mercury lamp, or a metal halide lamp. Sunlight can also be used as the light source 303.

The light irradiation method from the light source 303 to the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304 is not limited. When the light source 303 is disposed outside the anode tank 305, the anode tank 305 needs a window that guides light emitted from the light source 303 to the inside of the tank 305. The light source 303 may be disposed inside the anode tank 305.

Applications of the apparatus of the present disclosure are not limited. Apparatus of the present disclosure, the reduction of CO ₂ is required, or can be applied to any application reduction of CO ₂ is desirable. Specific examples of such applications are the formation of carbon compounds using CO ₂ as a carbon source, for example carbon monoxide and / or organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbons, and the formation of oxygen. A specific example of the application viewed from another aspect is removal of CO ₂ in a sealed space and supply of oxygen to the space. The apparatus of the present disclosure reduces CO ₂ emissions in the atmosphere to suppress global warming (not only direct reduction, but also CO ₂ emissions associated with suppression of fossil fuel consumption by using CO ₂ as a carbon source. It can also be applied to oxygen generation (artificial photosynthesis) instead of plant photosynthesis.

[CO ₂ reduction method]
The method of the present disclosure is a method for reducing CO ₂ by employing the photochemical electrode described above as an anode electrode. For example, in the method of the present disclosure, CO ₂ is reduced by the apparatus of the present disclosure described above. Thereby, CO ₂ can be reduced with higher efficiency than before by using light energy without using an external power source.

The method of the present disclosure can be performed by, for example, the CO ₂ reduction device 300 illustrated in FIG. An example of the method of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIG.

As shown in FIG. 3, Al _x Ga _1-x in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304 in a state where the first electrolytic solution 307 and the second electrolytic solution 308 are accommodated in the cathode cell 302 and the anode cell 305, respectively. The N layer 11 is irradiated with light having a wavelength of 365 nm or less to advance generation of electrons and protons in the region. Protons are generated by a reaction between holes generated in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer 11 and water in the region. At the same time, the reaction of reducing CO ₂ contained in the first electrolytic solution 307 by the electrons generated in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode 304 and the proton contained in the first electrolytic solution 307 is performed as the reduction reaction of the cathode electrode 301. Advance in the area. Generation of electrons and protons at the anode electrode 304 and reduction of CO _{2 at} the cathode electrode 301 can proceed simultaneously.

The light to be irradiated preferably has a wavelength of 250 nm or more and 325 nm or less.

The method of the present disclosure may further include a step of introducing a gas containing CO ₂ into the first electrolytic solution 307 accommodated in the cathode chamber 302. A method for supplying a gas containing CO ₂ to the first electrolytic solution 307 is not limited. In the example shown in FIG. 3, a gas containing CO ₂ is supplied to the first electrolytic solution 307 through a gas supply pipe 309 having one end immersed in the first electrolytic solution 307. This step may be performed during operation of the apparatus 300, that is, CO ₂ may be reduced while supplying a gas containing CO ₂ to the first electrolytic solution 307. In addition, this process may be performed before the apparatus 300 is operated. Preferably, a gas containing CO ₂ is supplied to the first electrolyte solution 307 before the device 300 is operated, and the operation of the device 300 is started in a state where the first electrolyte solution 307 contains a sufficient amount of CO ₂ . To do.

In the method of the present disclosure, the above reaction for reducing CO ₂ is performed by, for example, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, organic acids such as formic acid, hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene, and monoxide. At least one selected from carbon is obtained. The carbon compound produced by the reduction of CO ₂ can be selected depending on, for example, the configuration of the cathode electrode 301 and the type of the first electrolytic solution 307.

In the method of the present disclosure, CO ₂ reduction can be performed in a state where the apparatus 300 is placed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. That is, a special environment (for example, high temperature and high pressure) for performing the method of the present disclosure is not necessarily required.

In the method of the present disclosure, any process other than those described above can be performed as long as the effect of the present invention is obtained.

The scope of application of the method of the present disclosure is not limited. A specific application example is as illustrated as an application of the apparatus of the present disclosure.

Hereinafter, the CO ₂ reduction device and the CO ₂ reduction method of the present disclosure will be described in more detail by way of examples. The apparatus and method of the present disclosure are not limited to the examples shown below.

(Example 1)
In Example 1, a laminate of electrode layer / conductive substrate / GaN layer / Mg-added Al _x Ga _1-x N layer was used as the anode electrode. On the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer (on the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer opposite to the surface facing the GaN layer), as shown in FIG. The metal oxide fine particles contained were dispersed and arranged. The conductive substrate was a single crystal GaN substrate (thickness: about 0.4 mm) doped with a high concentration of Si. The GaN layer was a Si-doped n ^{+ -type} GaN layer (thickness: 3.0 μm, Si doping amount: 4.0 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ³ ). The thickness of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer was 100 nm, the value of x was 0.10, and the Mg doping amount was 1.0 × 10 ¹⁷ atoms / cm ³ . The metal oxide fine particles are nickel oxide fine particles (diameter of several tens of nm to several μm), and are dispersed and arranged on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer so as to keep a part of the layer exposed. The metal oxide fine particles were arranged by applying a solution in which the Ni compound was dispersed to the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer, followed by firing treatment. The number of arrangement was about 1 × 10 ⁸ to 1 × 10 ¹⁰ per 1 cm ² area.

The GaN layer was formed on a single crystal GaN substrate by growing it by a metal organic vapor phase epitaxy method. The Mg-added Al _x Ga _1-x N layer was formed on the formed GaN layer by growing it by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy.

The electrode layer was a laminate of Ti / Al / Au (thickness 500 nm). The electrode layer was formed by forming a laminate of conductive substrate / GaN layer / Mg-added Al _x Ga _1-x N layer, and nickel oxide fine particles were arranged on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the structure. Later, the conductive substrate was formed on the surface opposite to the surface facing the GaN layer by electron beam evaporation. At this time, in order to increase the adhesion between the electrode layer and the single crystal GaN substrate and suppress the interface resistance, the Ti film was in contact with the conductive substrate.

On the other hand, a copper plate (thickness 0.5 mm) was used for the cathode electrode.

A CO ₂ reduction device shown in FIG. 3 was constructed using the anode electrode and cathode electrode thus prepared. The more specific configuration and operating conditions of the constructed CO ₂ reduction device are as follows.

・ Cathode tank Cathode electrode: Copper plate (thickness 0.5mm)
First electrolyte solution: A potassium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 3.0 mol / L was added to 180 cm ^3.
Area of cathode electrode immersed in first electrolyte solution: about 4 cm ²
CO ₂ supply: before irradiating light to the anode electrode, via the gas inlet tube 309 shown in FIG. 3, and fed for 30 minutes of CO ₂ at a flow rate of 200 mL / min in the first electrolyte. After supplying CO ₂ , the cathode chamber was sealed so that CO ₂ did not flow out of the cathode chamber.

Anode tank Anode electrode: The above prepared laminate Second electrolytic solution: 180 cm ^{3 of} sodium hydroxide aqueous solution having a concentration of 5.0 mol / L
Light irradiation: The anode tank was provided with a window made of quartz glass (not shown in FIG. 3) so that light could be irradiated to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode from the outside of the tank.

-Connection of anode tank and cathode tank The anode tank and the cathode tank were connected so that the distance between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode was about 8 cm. The area of the connecting portion is about 12.5 cm ³ , and the connecting portion includes a Nafion membrane (DuPont, Nafion 117, thickness) as a proton permeable membrane that serves as a partition wall that separates the first electrolytic solution and the second electrolytic solution. About 180 μm).

-Connection of anode electrode and cathode electrode The electrode layer of the anode electrode and the end of the copper plate as the cathode electrode are electrically connected by wiring 312 without arranging an external power source such as a battery or a potentiostat between both electrodes. Connected. However, an ammeter for detecting a current flowing between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode at the time of light irradiation was disposed between both electrodes.

-Light source A xenon lamp (output: 300 W, light irradiation area: about 4 cm ² , irradiation light power: about 20 mW / cm ² ) was used as the light source. The light emitted from this light source has a broad spectrum at a wavelength of 365 nm or less.

In this reduction device, after supplying CO ₂ gas to the cathode tank, when the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode is irradiated with light, a current flowing from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode is detected, that is, the anode electrode The flow of electrons from the cathode to the cathode was confirmed, and the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode was confirmed. When the light irradiation was temporarily stopped, the current was not detected and the generation of gas was stopped. However, when the irradiation was resumed, the current was detected again and the gas was generated again. That is, it was confirmed that some chemical reaction proceeds at the anode electrode and the cathode electrode by irradiating light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode.

Next, when the gas generated at the anode electrode was separately confirmed, it was oxygen. Further, after the light irradiation, for the carbon compound contained in the first electrolytic solution, the gas component was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC: GC-4000 manufactured by GL Science), liquid chromatography (LC: LC-2010 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) and When liquid components were analyzed by a head space type GC (HS-GC: Shimadzu GC-17A, Perkin Elmer HS40), carbon monoxide and formic acid were confirmed. That is, it was confirmed that CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank was reduced by the light irradiation to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, and carbon monoxide and formic acid were generated. The production amounts of carbon monoxide and formic acid confirmed by GC and LC increased in proportion to the irradiation time of light to the anode electrode.

(Comparative Example 1)
The constructed CO ₂ reducing device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a layer to which Mg was not added was used as the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode.

Also in Comparative Example 1, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode by irradiation of light on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, It was confirmed that carbon monoxide and formic acid were produced by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank.

Next, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Example 1 was about twice the amount of current in Comparative Example 1. Further, when the amounts of CO ₂ reduction products (carbon monoxide and formic acid) produced in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were compared when the light irradiation times were the same, the production amount in Example 1 was Comparative Example 1. Was about twice as much as the amount produced. That is, the use of the anode electrode having Mg added _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer, the reaction amount of current and compared to when using an anode electrode having a _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer without addition of Mg reaction It was confirmed that the amount of product was approximately doubled and CO ₂ could be efficiently reduced.

(Example 2)
The constructed CO ₂ reducing device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that nickel oxide fine particles were not arranged on the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode.

Also in Example 2, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode by irradiation of light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, It was confirmed that carbon monoxide and formic acid were produced by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank.

Next, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Examples 1 and 2 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Examples 1 and 2 was substantially the same. Further, when the amount of CO ₂ reduction products (carbon monoxide and formic acid) produced in Examples 1 and 2 when the light irradiation time was the same, as compared with Example 1, as shown in FIG. Although the amount of reduced product produced was slightly reduced, it was sufficiently larger than that of Comparative Example 1. 4 shows the CO ₂ reduction per unit time achieved in Example 1-3 based on the CO ₂ reduction amount per unit time achieved in Comparative Example 1 (= the amount of CO ₂ reduction product produced). ₂ shows the amount of reduction relatively.

(Example 3)
In Example 3, an insulating base material (single crystal sapphire base material, thickness of about 0.4 mm) was used as the base material of the anode electrode instead of the conductive base material, and the position where the electrode layer was arranged was A CO ₂ reduction device was constructed in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the surface opposite to the surface facing the GaN layer was changed to the GaN layer (see FIG. 2D). The electrode layer was disposed so that the Ti film was in contact with the GaN layer in order to increase the adhesion between the electrode layer and the GaN layer and suppress the interface resistance.

With respect to the constructed CO ₂ reduction device, similarly to Example 1, when the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode was irradiated with light, the gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode was irradiated. Generation and generation of carbon monoxide and formic acid by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank were confirmed.

Next, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Examples 1 and 3 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Examples 1 and 3 was almost the same. Further, when the amount of CO ₂ reduction products (carbon monoxide and formic acid) produced in Examples 1 and 3 when the light irradiation time was the same, as compared with Example 1, as shown in FIG. Although the amount of reduced product produced was slightly reduced, it was sufficiently larger than that of Comparative Example 1 and slightly larger than that of Example 2.

As shown in FIG. 4, it was confirmed that CO ₂ reduction with higher efficiency can be achieved by adding Mg to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode.

Example 4
Instead of a copper plate as a cathode electrode, a state in which a part of the surface of the substrate is exposed on the surface of a glassy carbon substrate (made by Tokai Carbon, glassy carbon (registered trademark), thickness 0.5 mm) is maintained. Thus, the constructed CO ₂ reduction device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrode in which copper fine particles (diameter: 20 nm to 100 nm) were dispersed and used was used. The copper fine particles were disposed by applying a dispersion of a copper compound to the surface of the base material by spin coating, drying and removing the organic component, and then firing in a reducing atmosphere. The number of arrangement was about 1 × 10 ⁸ to 4 × 10 ⁹ per 1 cm ^{2 of} area.

Also in Example 4, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode by irradiation of light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, It was confirmed that carbon monoxide and formic acid were produced by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank. Further, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Examples 1 and 4 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Examples 1 and 4 was almost the same.

Even when a cathode electrode in which fine particles of a copper-nickel alloy containing a small amount of nickel component are used instead of fine particles of copper is used, the same result as in the case of arranging fine particles of copper is obtained.

(Example 5)
The constructed CO ₂ reducing device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an indium plate (thickness 0.5 mm) was used instead of the copper plate as the cathode electrode.

In Example 5, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode was confirmed by irradiating light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode. It was done. Further, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Examples 1 and 5 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Examples 1 and 5 was almost the same. On the other hand, when the carbon compound contained in the first electrolyte solution was analyzed by GC and LC after the light irradiation, it was confirmed that most of the carbon compound was formic acid. That is, it was confirmed that by using indium as the cathode electrode, formic acid is selectively generated as a CO ₂ reduction product.

(Example 6)
The constructed CO ₂ reducing device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a potassium chloride aqueous solution (concentration: 3.0 mol / L) was used instead of the potassium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution as the first electrolytic solution.

In Example 6, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode was confirmed by irradiating light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode. It was done. Further, when the amount of current flowing between both electrodes in Examples 1 and 6 during light irradiation was compared, the amount of current in Examples 1 and 6 was almost the same. On the other hand, after light irradiation, the carbon compound contained in the first electrolytic solution was analyzed by GC and LC. In addition to the carbon monoxide and formic acid confirmed in Example 1, alcohols such as ethylene and ethanol, and Formation of acetaldehyde was confirmed.

When a sodium chloride aqueous solution was used as the first electrolytic solution, the same result as that obtained when a potassium chloride aqueous solution was used was obtained.

(Example 7)
In Example 7, a plurality of anode electrodes having different Mg atom addition amounts (doping amounts) to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer were produced. The constructed CO ₂ reduction device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that anode electrodes having different addition amounts were used.

Also in Example 7, as in Example 1, generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode by irradiation of light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, It was confirmed that carbon monoxide and formic acid were produced by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank.

On the other hand, when the light irradiation time is the same, depending on the type of the anode electrode prepared in Example 7 (Mg addition amount to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer), CO ₂ reduction product (carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide) The amount of formic acid) produced, that is, the amount of CO ₂ reduction changed. FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the Mg addition amount in the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer and the CO ₂ reduction amount per unit time. The vertical axis of FIG. 5 shows the amount of CO ₂ reduction when the added amount of Mg is zero, that is, when an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer without added Mg is used as the anode electrode (CO _{2 of} Comparative Example 1). (Reduction amount) is represented by a relative value with reference (= 1).

As shown in FIG. 5, as compared with the case of using the _Al x _{Ga 1-x} N layer without added _Mg, Al x _{Ga 1-x} N amount is 1 × ^{10 15} number of atoms of Mg to the layer When it became more than / cm ³ , the CO ₂ reduction amount started to increase rapidly. Further, at this time, the value of the current flowing between both electrodes also started to increase rapidly, similarly to the change in the CO ₂ reduction amount. When the amount of Mg added to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer is 1 × 10 ¹⁷ atoms / cm ³ , the CO ₂ reduction amount and the current value are maximized, and the Mg addition amount further increases. The amount of CO ₂ reduction and the current value decreased. When the amount of Mg added to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer exceeded 1 × 10 ¹⁹ atoms / cm ³ , the CO ₂ reduction amount and the current value decreased rapidly. This is presumably because the addition of an excessive amount of Mg changes the characteristics of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer and affects the utilization efficiency of carriers generated by photoexcitation. As shown in FIG. 5, the amount of Mg added to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer from the viewpoint of the CO ₂ reduction amount is 1 × 10 ¹⁶ atoms / cm ³ or more and 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm. ³ was preferred. However, since the optimum value of the Mg addition amount (1 × 10 ¹⁷ atoms / cm ^{3 in} FIG. 5) is affected by the composition and characteristics of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer serving as the base material, It may vary depending on the value of x.

(Example 8)
In Example 8, four types of anode electrodes having different compositions of Al _x Ga _1-x N layers (different values of x) were produced. The constructed CO ₂ reducing device was irradiated with light in the same manner as in Example 1 except that anode electrodes having different compositions were used. The value of x was set to 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20.

Also in Example 8, as in Example 1, the generation of gas from the surface of the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode by irradiation of light to the Al _x Ga _1-x N layer of the anode electrode, It was confirmed that carbon monoxide and formic acid were produced by reduction of CO ₂ contained in the first electrolyte solution of the cathode tank. In addition, the amount of CO ₂ reductate produced in Example 8 when the light irradiation time is the same is almost the same as the amount of CO ₂ reductant produced in Example 1 for any anode electrode. there were.

As shown in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 1, a nitride semiconductor having a laminated structure of a GaN layer and an Al _x Ga _1-x N layer doped with Mg atoms in a specific range (doped) It was confirmed that the use of the anode electrode having a photochemical reaction region constituted by the above increases the amount of reaction current due to light irradiation to the anode electrode, and achieves high-efficiency CO ₂ reduction at the cathode electrode.

The present invention can be applied to other embodiments without departing from the intent and essential features thereof. The embodiments disclosed in this specification are illustrative in all respects and are not limited thereto. The scope of the present invention is shown not by the above description but by the appended claims, and all modifications that fall within the meaning and scope equivalent to the claims are embraced therein.

Apparatus of the present disclosure is applicable to all industries that reduction of CO ₂ is required, or the reduction of CO ₂ is desirable. This industry includes the space industry, and more specifically, CO ₂ removal in spacecraft or extraterrestrial bases. In addition, this apparatus can be widely applied to the production of substances that can be produced by reduction of CO ₂ , such as alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxygen. The apparatus further includes, CO ₂ reduction in the air for suppressing global warming, can be applied to such as oxygen generation in place of plant photosynthesis.

Claims

A carbon dioxide reduction device that reduces carbon dioxide by light energy,
A cathode chamber containing a first electrolyte containing carbon dioxide;
An anode tank containing a second electrolyte connected to the cathode tank;
Proton permeation, which is disposed at the connection between the anode tank and the cathode tank, functions as a partition between the first electrolyte solution and the second electrolyte solution, and transmits hydrogen ions between the two electrolyte solutions. A membrane,
A cathode electrode disposed in the cathode chamber so as to be in contact with the first electrolytic solution;
An anode electrode disposed inside the anode tank so as to be in contact with the second electrolytic solution,
The cathode electrode has a carbon dioxide reduction reaction region that is in contact with the first electrolytic solution and is made of a metal or a metal compound.
The anode electrode is in contact with the second electrolytic solution and has a photochemical reaction region formed of a nitride semiconductor;
The region of the anode electrode has a stacked structure of a GaN layer and an Al x Ga 1-x N layer to which Mg is added (where 0 <x ≦ 0.25),
The Al x Ga 1-x N amount of Mg in layer, the Al x Ga 1-x represents the number of Mg atoms N contained per volume 1 cm 3 of the layer, 1 × 10 15 or more 1 × 10 19 And
The anode electrode is disposed in the anode tank so that light can be applied to the Al x Ga 1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region,
A carbon dioxide reduction device in which the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are electrically connected to each other without an external power source.
The addition amount of Mg in the Al x Ga 1-x N layer, the Al x Ga 1-x N represents the number of Mg atoms contained per volume 1 cm 3 of the layer, 1 × 10 16 or more 1 × 10 18 The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1 which is the following.
The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1, wherein the value of x is 0.10 or more and 0.15 or less.
The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1, wherein the GaN layer is composed of n-type GaN.
2. The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1, wherein a metal oxide containing Ni is disposed on the Al x Ga 1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region.
The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 5, wherein the metal oxide is in the form of fine particles.
The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1, wherein the metal constituting the reduction reaction region includes at least one selected from copper, gold, silver, tantalum, and indium.
The carbon dioxide reduction device according to claim 1, wherein the first electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution containing at least one electrolyte selected from potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride.
A method of reducing carbon dioxide with a carbon dioxide reduction device,
The apparatus is the carbon dioxide reduction apparatus according to claim 1,
The method
A wavelength of 365 nm is applied to the Al x Ga 1-x N layer in the photochemical reaction region of the anode electrode in a state where the first electrolytic solution and the second electrolytic solution are accommodated in the cathode tank and the anode tank, respectively. Irradiate the following light to advance the generation of electrons and hydrogen ions in the photochemical reaction region,
A step of causing a reaction for reducing carbon dioxide contained in the first electrolytic solution to proceed in the reduction reaction region of the cathode electrode,
A method of reducing carbon dioxide.
The method for reducing carbon dioxide according to claim 9, further comprising a step of introducing a gas containing carbon dioxide into the first electrolytic solution accommodated in the cathode chamber.
The method for reducing carbon dioxide according to claim 9, wherein the step is carried out in a state where the apparatus is placed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The method for reducing carbon dioxide according to claim 9, wherein the reaction for reducing carbon dioxide produces at least one selected from methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, methane, ethylene, and carbon monoxide.