WO2014184146A1 - Système de dégivrage - Google Patents

Système de dégivrage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014184146A1
WO2014184146A1 PCT/EP2014/059667 EP2014059667W WO2014184146A1 WO 2014184146 A1 WO2014184146 A1 WO 2014184146A1 EP 2014059667 W EP2014059667 W EP 2014059667W WO 2014184146 A1 WO2014184146 A1 WO 2014184146A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ferromagnetic
particles
ferromagnetic layer
circuit
khz
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2014/059667
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English (en)
Inventor
Sergey Goloviatinski
Sergueï MIKHAÏLOV
Mikhail LIFSHITS
Original Assignee
Nci Swissnanocoat Sa
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nci Swissnanocoat Sa filed Critical Nci Swissnanocoat Sa
Publication of WO2014184146A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014184146A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
    • B64D15/12—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by electric heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods, systems and structures for conductor surface heating and for removing ice and snow from surfaces, in particular, but not exclusively, from overhead power conductors and aircrafts.
  • Inductive-based anti-icing systems for aircrafts have also been proposed.
  • surfaces are heated by making them part of a magnetic circuit that includes transformer assemblies inside a wing or aerofoil.
  • This scheme albeit functional, requires bulky and heavy magnetic devices inside the wing profile, which is not always desirable.
  • Electric defrosting of glass windows and mirrors is also universally used in motor cars and street vehicles, and conventionally uses ohmic resistive tracks on the glass or, for the fore windshield, warm air heating.
  • Such systems could be effective in vehicles powered by a conventional thermal plant.
  • In of low-emission electric or hybrid vehicles however, they draw their supply from the batteries, and their use can seriously limit performances and range.
  • CA2735341 and US2006272340 describe anti-icing devices based on the application high-current pulses
  • US6723971 , WO0033614, US6427946, US2002017466 disclose anti- icing systems by which the interfacial ice is subject to a DC field that eventually leads to its detachment by a combination of electrolysis, ohmic heating, and sparking.
  • US2002175152 and WO0052966 disclose an anti-icing system for overhead conductors including a lossy coating that could be ferromagnetic. [0015] There is therefore a need for anti-icing devices free from the above shortcomings.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a ferromagnetic coating on a conductor (heated object) with a thickness comparable to a skin layer for this ferromagnetic material
  • Figure 2 shows a wound ferromagnetic conductor (mechanically wound or coated in the form of a spiral) around a heated object;
  • Figure 3 depicts a ferromagnetic coating on a conductor together with a wound ferromagnetic conductor around the heated object
  • Figure 4 illustrates a system for applying an AC source, e.g., a kHz-generator with matching circuit coupled to the heated object;
  • Figures 5a-5d show heated objects with different forms and cross sections, single or multi conductors;
  • Figures 6 a-b illustrate a ferromagnetic coating forming a spiral- shaped circuit on a flat or quasi flat heated surface
  • Figures 7-8 depict measured heating test results for 20 mm2 aluminum wires by using of 20kHz/8A generator and of 50Hz/16A line current with not coated original wire, with 100 microns nickel coating on aluminum and a mechanically wound Fe-Zn 0.6 mm wire around an aluminum wire with three different steps of winding.
  • Figure 9 shows measured heating test results for 20 mm2 aluminium wires by using of 50Hz line current, and compares temperatures reached by the uncoated original wire with those measured on an aluminium wire coated with 100 microns nickel, at three current values: 16, 80 and 100 A.
  • Figure 10 illustrates schematically in section a ferromagnetic-clad wire that can be used in the frame of the invention
  • Figure 1 1 shows schematically an aircraft having circuits of a ferromagnetic conductor on part of its surfaces, for de-icing.
  • Figure 1 shows schematically a conductor 1 that represents an object on which ice can accumulate, and on which ice build-up is countered by the system of the present invention.
  • the conductor 1 could be a section of a power transmission line, as the drawing suggests, but, according to the application, may take other forms like for example, a fuselage or any external surface of an aircraft, a train railway, and so on.
  • An important aspect of the present invention is that the conductor has an outer surface 2 on which circulate AC high-frequency currents generated by a suitable high-frequency power source. In this manner, the local surface temperature rises, thus negating ice build-up, or promoting the fall of existing ice.
  • the frequency generated may vary, according to the impedance and to the physical features of the object 1, but it may be loosely placed in a range of about 1 .0 kHz to 100 kHz.
  • the surface 2 of the conductor 1 is a magnetic layer, for example a thin film of a ferromagnetic compound, deposited, painted, glued, sprayed, or applied by any suitable means.
  • ⁇ (2p / ⁇ ⁇ ) ⁇ /2
  • the heating currents are sensibly confined in a thin layer at the surface of the object, and the local heating effect is enhanced.
  • Nickel deposited by an arc-plasma facility, was found particularly effective, but this is not a limitation of the invention.
  • Nickel can be layered effectively on a variety of known substrates by physical or galvanic techniques. Since it is highly resistant to corrosion, it forms a protective layer, and its properties of adhesion are excellent.
  • the conductive ferromagnetic layer of the invention could be part of a sandwiched structure, comprising a plurality of layers having different constitutions and functions.
  • the conductive magnetic coating 2 one could add, for example, a protection layer, in order to shield the magnetic coating from abrasion, and/or an hydrophobic coating, in order to prevent adhesion of ice and water, or/and an anti-slip coating, with the same purpose.
  • a protection layer in order to shield the magnetic coating from abrasion
  • an hydrophobic coating in order to prevent adhesion of ice and water, or/and an anti-slip coating, with the same purpose.
  • the invention could optionally foresee an adhesion-promoting layer, and/or a thermal isolation layer, such that the heating effect of the invention is directed preferably to the outside ice rather than to the substrate.
  • Another advantage of the present invention over other systems based, for example on ohmic heating by resistive circuits patterned on the surface, is that the system is robust against point failures. If the circuit is interrupted, in fact, High frequency currents continue circulating and can bypass the failure point either capacitively and via the substrate.
  • Figure 2 shows a variant of the invention in which the continuous coating 2 is replaced by a plurality of parallel ferromagnetic conductors 3, or by an helical winding 3.
  • the AC high frequency current may be injected in the main conductor 1 , or directly in the winding 3.
  • the structures of Figures 1 and 2 can also be combined together, as shown in figure 3.
  • the power source may be coupled to the line with the disposition represented schematically in figure 4, A matching circuit composed by capacitors 5, 6 is used to stop the low frequency mains component.
  • the invention can be applied to object having a variety of shapes and sections, and, particularly when the ferromagnetic coating is applied as a thin film, it can be particularly cost-effective.
  • Figures 5a to 5d show schematically several different possible conductor sections, both solid and multi-wire to which the system of the invention can be applied.
  • the frequency of the generator can range anywhere from 0.4 to 100 kHz, the higher frequencies generally providing a stronger heating and de-icing effect.
  • the frequency generated by the source 4 is tuned to the impedance of the target system, to balance ferromagnetic surface heating and skin-effect heating.
  • This can be designed in the system or, where appropriate, tuneable generators can be used.
  • the surface power density delivered by the system is determined by the amount of circulating current, and by the thickness of the
  • the power can be regulated according to the
  • the circuit 3 could consist in a patterned ferromagnetic thin layer deposed on the surface that must be protected, or else could be a wire or foil cladded with layer of
  • ferromagnetic layer that is applied, glued, inserted, bonded to the surface that must be protected, or otherwise put in thermal contact therewith.
  • Figure 10 shows a cross-section of a wire that could be used in this particular embodiment of the invention.
  • the wire consist in a central core 40 with an outer cladding 45 of a ferromagnetic material.
  • the section of the wire 39 need not be circular, as represented, nor must the cladding 35 completely encircle the core 40.
  • the inner core 40 can be metallic, for example steel, copper or aluminium, but also a synthetic material.
  • the thickness of the cladding 45 is determined in relation to its magnetic properties and to the frequency of the current that the wire 39 should carry, such that the current is confined in the cladding.
  • the cladding 35 of wire 39 could be realized by a Fe-Ni alloy, or a Fe-Co alloy, or comprise metal oxides, and be deposited by magnetron sputtering, gas dynamic cold spray system, as it will be explained in the following, arc, plasma, or any suitable technique.
  • the thickness of the ferromagnetic cladding will be comprised from 0 and 1 mm, preferably higher than 300 ⁇ , but even thinner layers could be effective, dependent from the thermal power desired and the AC supply frequency.
  • Figure 1 1 shows a possible embodiment of the present invention in which an aircraft has circuits 37 on the aerodynamic surfaces like wings, ailerons, and the like that are realized with a ferromagnetic material. These circuits can be obtained by depositing a ferromagnetic layer directly on the aircraft surface, or by laying ferromagnetic-clad wires 39 as shown above. Importantly, this form of execution can easily be applied surfaces of composite materials: Fe-Ni layers can be coated directly on composite- reinforced resin, while ferromagnetic-clad wires can be adhesively bond thereupon or incorporated in the resin itself before curing.
  • the shape and dimension of the circuits 37 can be modified, depending from the size and geometry of the surface that ought to be protected from ice.
  • the invention is not limited to the specific shape that is presented in the figure by way of example. It must be understood that the present invention is not limited to an airliner, as represented in the figure, but could be used in any airplane, drone, helicopter, balloon, or any other kind of aerial vehicle.
  • the circuit 37 is connected to a suitable high-frequency generator that delivers current at a frequency comprised, preferably, between 0.4 and 100 kHz.
  • a suitable high-frequency generator that delivers current at a frequency comprised, preferably, between 0.4 and 100 kHz.
  • Such generator can be comprised in the ordinary aircraft's equipment and need not be placed close to the surfaces that must be protected from ice. In this manner the invention achieves an effective de- icing, without adding weight to the aerodynamic surfaces, or using space inside the wings.
  • Many airliners have electrical generators that generate 400 Hz AC current, and are driven by the engines through a constant speed drive gearbox. In other cases, however, the generators are directly coupled to the engine gearboxes and operate at variable frequency, for example between 360 and 800 Hz.
  • the de-icing system of the invention can operate in an ample span of frequencies, and could therefore draw their supply from any constant or variable-frequency source in this range.
  • a fixed high AC supply at any desired frequency between 1 .0 and 100 kHz, or even above, can be obtained by a suitable solid-state converter.
  • the invention is not limited to an airplane application, but could also be usefully employed in other vehicles.
  • the circuit 37 could be applied to glass windows, windshields, external mirrors or other surfaces of vehicles.
  • the inventors investigated the effect of AC current at frequencies of 20 kHz and 50 Hz on heating of 20 mm2 aluminium wires. The
  • aluminium wire 1 with a mechanically wound Fe-Zn 0.6 mm wire 3 around (figure 2) with three various steps of winding.
  • Figures 6-7 show measured heating during 10 minutes at 20 kHz 8 Amp and 50 Hz 16 Amp correspondingly.
  • the uniform nickel coating with a thickness 100 microns heats up to 35°C (temperature increase above ambient:1 5°C) after 10 minutes by 20 kHz current, while, by application of 50Hz current, the corresponding temperature rise was 7°C; the
  • the present invention comprises a step of depositing a ferromagnetic layer on a surface that is treated for ice- removal with a Gas dynamic cold spray system.
  • Gas dynamic cold spray is a coating deposition method in which solid powders (comprising nano-particles and/or micro-particles with diameters ranging from sub-micrometre to 50 micrometres) are
  • a spraying nozzle is scanned manually or automatically along the substrate in order to obtain a coat having a desired thickness ranging from few micrometres to some millimetre.
  • the method is suitable to deposit coats of metals, polymers, and composite materials.
  • the kinetic energy of the particles, supplied by the expansion of the gas, is converted to plastic deformation energy during bonding.
  • thermal spraying techniques e.g., plasma spraying, arc spraying, flame spraying, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) the powders are not melted during the spraying process.
  • HVOF high velocity oxygen fuel
  • the mechanical properties of the sprayed object for example the flexibility in the case of a conductor wire, are not significantly altered.
  • Cold spray technology is used in a wide range of surfacing applications, manufacturing, repair and coating. They are particularly suitable for creating strong coatings in good electric contact with the substrate, even on metals with an impervious oxide barrier, like for example aluminium. If required, micro- or nano-particles of corundum, or a similar abrasive agent, can be added to the powder composition for surface cleaning.
  • the cold spray coating technology can be used advantageously to coat a ferromagnetic layer on a conductor, for example a copper or aluminium conductor's surface, or on an electric power transmission cable, that has a desired combination of magnetic properties and Curie temperature.
  • a conductor for example a copper or aluminium conductor's surface, or on an electric power transmission cable, that has a desired combination of magnetic properties and Curie temperature.
  • This can be obtained by choosing the composition of the nano-particles that are introduced in the spraying torch.
  • the composition of the nano-particles that will form the coating on the conductor is chosen to give a Curie temperature lower than 20 °C, more preferably lower than 10 °C and, optimally, close to 0 °C.
  • the magnetic coating will produce heat to actively prevent ice build-up at temperatures close to the freezing point or lower, but will switch off, and not introduce appreciable losses at higher temperatures.
  • Several known materials can be used to realize magnetic coating with a Curie temperature close to this value.
  • the mains current at 50 or 60 Hz transmitted by the conductor will generate the required thermal power and keep the cable free from ice without external intervention or additional power supplies.
  • the magnetic coating comprises one or several Thermomagnetic Alloys with Curie point values are between-40 and 200 °C, for example copper-nickel alloys (30- 40% Cu), iron-nickel (30%-38% Ni), and iron-nickel alloys (30-38%
  • Ni)further comprising Cr (up to 14%), Al (for example up to 1 .5% ), Mn (for example up to 2%).
  • Copper-nickel alloys have proved effective in temperatures ranging from -50 to +80. °C; Iron-nickel alloys, depending on the
  • composition can be used either in a narrow (-20 to 35 °C) or in a wide (60 to 170 ° C) temperature range.
  • Fe-Ni-Cr alloys have proved effective at temperatures ranging from -70 °C to +70 °C
  • Ni-Cu alloys Several alloys, many of them including nickel and another magnetc or non-magnetic metal can be used in the frame of the invention, for example Ni-Cu alloys. They allow Curie Tc temperatures as low as -20 °C with 40% of Cu and +50°C with 30% of Cu.
  • Tc 610 °C at 68% Ni, and then falls.
  • An alloy with 36% of nickel known as invar
  • Tc 230 °C.
  • Tc drops even lower and reaches a minimum of Tc ⁇ 300 K around 28-29% content.
  • Cobalt can also be used, alone, or in alloy with other
  • ferromagnetic elements like iron and/or nickel, in the frame of the invention.
  • Ternary alloys like Fe-Cr-Ni or higher alloys, for example Fe-Cr-Ni- Mn can also be used in the frame of the invention.
  • the invention could also comprise the deposition of a coating comprising metallic and/or non- metallic components, for example combinations of iron, or another ferromagnetic substance, and an oxide of Zn, Sn, In; ferrites could also be employed.
  • the magnetic reversal losses determined not only by the magnetic permeability ⁇ , but also by the magnetic hysteresis cycle, the area bounded by the hysteresis cycle determining, as it is known, the magnetic reversal losses.
  • the magnetic coating of the invention is a metallic alloy realized by direct gas dynamic cold spraying of a mixture of metallic micro- or nano-particles having the appropriate combination of
  • the properties can be prepared and pulverized to nano- or micro-particles suitable for gas-dynamic cold spraying.
  • the deposition temperature can vary, in function of the chosen material, but favourable results have been obtained with deposition temperatures lower than 100 °C.
  • Magnetic properties of the magnetic coating and the heating of this coating by the alternative current depend strongly from the coating density and on presence of emptiness in this coating.
  • a prepared mixture of metallic micro- or nano-particles contains two or more groups of powders with different particles sizes. Particles with a smaller size fill spaces between a bigger particles. This special prepared mixture increases the coating density and improves the magnetic properties. The bigger size particles are useful to increase of the particles kinetic energy and for better adhesion of sprayed coating.
  • the Curie temperature depends strongly, as we have seen above, from the relative concentrations of its constituents. The difference of components material densities gives a different particles velocities and a different kinetic energies that can give a not identical Curie temperature on coating thickness. A prepared mixture of metallic micro- or nano-particles contains bigger size particles of easier components and smaller size of heavier components that gives the identical weight of all particles.
  • the invention can also include a step of melting, annealing, or applying a suitable heat treatment to the magnetic coating after it has been deposited to the substrate.
  • the ferromagnetic layer of the invention can also be deposited by a technique of Atmospheric Plasma Spray gun for thermal spray or plasma torch.
  • the inventors find that these techniques allow to depose layers with higher magnetic quality.
  • the plasma torches employed are of the non-transferred DC type, with electrodes internal to the body/housing of the torch itself.
  • the thickness of the ferromagnetic layer will be chosen in function of the thermal power that is required to effectively protect the line from ice, and preferably will be higher than 300 ⁇ .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)

Abstract

Selon un mode de réalisation, cette invention concerne un système de chauffage à conducteur conçu pour éliminer le givre ou la neige sur une surface. Ledit système comprend de préférence un revêtement ferromagnétique et/ou un conducteur enroulé autour de l'objet chauffé, ainsi qu'une source de C.A., par exemple un onduleur avec une boîte d'adaptation couplé à l'objet. L'énergie électromagnétique provoque la génération de chaleur par le revêtement et/ou le conducteur enroulé, de façon à faire fondre la neige et le givre. Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, un conducteur de puissance est revêtu par projection dynamique par gaz froid d'une composition magnétique dont le point de Curie est proche de 0 °C.
PCT/EP2014/059667 2013-05-13 2014-05-12 Système de dégivrage WO2014184146A1 (fr)

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CH00948/13 2013-05-13
CH9482013 2013-05-13

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Cited By (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3135587A1 (fr) * 2015-08-25 2017-03-01 The Boeing Company Absorption de bruit synergique et antigivrage pour aéronefs
EP3135588A1 (fr) * 2015-08-25 2017-03-01 The Boeing Company Absorption de bruit synergique et antigivrage pour aéronefs
CN106811714A (zh) * 2017-03-31 2017-06-09 武汉理工大学 一种高电阻率电热涂层及其制备方法和应用
WO2017124005A1 (fr) * 2016-01-13 2017-07-20 General Cable Technologies Corporation Système et procédé permettant d'appliquer un revêtement sur des conducteurs de transport d'énergie aérien en utilisant un véhicule aérien sans pilote
WO2017177044A1 (fr) * 2016-04-06 2017-10-12 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Nebraska Systèmes et procédés de construction d'une dalle en béton électroconductrice avec protection contre les fuites de courant
US10256006B1 (en) 2015-12-18 2019-04-09 Nutech Ventures Electrically conductive concrete mix for electromagnetic (EM) ground plane
US20200062408A1 (en) * 2018-08-27 2020-02-27 De-Ice Technologies, Inc. De-icing systems
GB2577522A (en) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-01 2D Heat Ltd A blend, coating, methods of depositing the blend, heating device and applications therefore
US12024299B2 (en) * 2019-08-27 2024-07-02 De-Ice Technologies, Inc. De-icing systems

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GB1306062A (fr) 1968-11-19 1973-02-07
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EP3135587A1 (fr) * 2015-08-25 2017-03-01 The Boeing Company Absorption de bruit synergique et antigivrage pour aéronefs
US10256006B1 (en) 2015-12-18 2019-04-09 Nutech Ventures Electrically conductive concrete mix for electromagnetic (EM) ground plane
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