WO2014181184A2

WO2014181184A2 - Cathodic protection anodes

Info

Publication number: WO2014181184A2
Application number: PCT/IB2014/001484
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mohammed AL-OTAIBI; Abdulaziz AL-MESHARI
Original assignee: Saudi Basic Industries Corporation
Priority date: 2013-05-06
Filing date: 2014-05-01
Publication date: 2014-11-13
Also published as: WO2014181184A3

Abstract

An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode is disclosed. An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode is also disclosed. An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode is also disclosed. An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode is also disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of using and methods of making the article of manufacture.

Description

CATHODIC PROTECTION ANODES

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/819,710, filed on May 6, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Cathodic protection systems have been known for almost two centuries and are currently used to protect, inter alia, pipelines, ship hulls, off shore platforms, water treatment systems, tank farms, reinforcing steel in concrete and underground storage systems from corrosion. Cathodic protection requires application of a cathodic current onto a protected structure, which minimizes anodic dissolution. Typically, in cathodic protection systems, electrons are provided to the protected structure (e.g., a pipeline) through utilization of a DC source and an ancillary anode.

[0003] The anodes typically used in the art for cathodic protection are expensive and, due to their expense, typically have limited manufacture in some countries, such as, for example, those that incorporate scrap iron with 14 wt % silica and less than 5 wt % chromium. Accordingly, there is a need for an anode that can be manufactured from a simple precursor at low cost without limitation.

SUMMARY

[0004] The current invention satisfies these and other needs by providing an article useful in cathodic protection systems which can be readily manufactured from by-products of steel making processes without limitation.

[0005] In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, disclosed in one aspect is an article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode.

[0006] In still another aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode. [0007] In a further aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[0008] In an even further aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising a byproduct from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[0009] In another aspect, disclosed is an impressed current cathodic protection system comprising the article of manufacture disclosed herein.

[0010] In a further aspect, disclosed is a method for using the article of manufacture disclosed herein comprising: a) providing the article of manufacture disclosed herein; b) placing the article of manufacture sufficiently close to a cathode to allow for the passage of current; c) electrically connecting the article of manufacture and the cathode to a DC current source to form an impressed current cathodic protection system; and d) flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

[0011] In a yet further aspect, disclosed is a method for using the article of manufacture disclosed herein comprising: a) providing the article of manufacture disclosed herein; a cathode; and an electrical connection as an impressed current cathodic protection system; and b) flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

[0012] While aspects of the present invention can be described and claimed in a particular statutory class, such as the system statutory class, this is for convenience only and one of skill in the art will understand that each aspect of the present invention can be described and claimed in any statutory class. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification.

[0013] Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

DESCRIPTION

[0014] The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention.

[0015] Before the present compositions, systems, devices, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwise specified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.

A. DEFINITIONS

[0016] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0017] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and/or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about" that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 1 1, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

[0018] References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.

[0019] A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.

[0020] As used herein, the term "article" is the same as the term "article of manufacture." B. ARTICLE

[0021] In one aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode. In a further aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[0022] In another aspect, the article is in the shape of a wire, a mesh, a rod, a tube, a pipe, a sheet, a plate, a sphere, or a strip, or a combination thereof.

[0023] In still another aspect, the article is embedded in a carbonaceous backfill material. As used herein, the term embedded means that the article is placed in the material. In still another aspect, the carbonaceous backfill material is high conductivity coal or calcined coke breeze.

[0024] In one aspect, the carbonaceous backfill, also known as earth contact backfill, is used to surround the article in the impressed current cathodic protection system. In a further aspect, the carbonaceous backfill surrounds a buried article in the impressed current cathodic protection system, also known as the article being embedded. In another aspect, the carbonaceous backfill increases the effective size of the article, giving a lower resistance to earth, and is consumed at a predictable rate from the current discharge.

[0025] In one aspect, the article comprises iron. The total iron percentage in the article is based on the total elemental weight content of the article, which is the total iron and the total elemental weight content of the article and is exclusive of oxygen content. The total iron percentage in the article can be calculated as the sum of iron (II), iron (III), and any other iron from iron oxides or non-oxide iron, for example, metallic form, divided by the total elemental weight content of the article.

[0026] In one aspect, the article comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20.0 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article, including exemplary values of 21% by weight, 22 % by weight, 23 % by weight, 24 % by weight, 25 % by weight, 26 % by weight, 27 % by weight, 28 % by weight, 29 % by weight, 30 % by weight, 31 % by weight, 32 % by weight, 35 % by weight 40 % by weight, 45 % by weight, 50 % by weight, 55 % by weight, 60 % by weight, 65 % by weight, 66 % by weight, 67 % by weight, 68 % by weight, 69 % by weight, 70 % by weight, 71 % by weight, 72 % by weight, 73 % by weight, 74 % by weight, 75 % by weight, 76 % by weight, 77 % by weight, 78 % by weight, and 79 % by weight. In still further aspects, the article can comprise total iron in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75 % by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article. In still another aspect, the article comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 32 % by weight to 70% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article.

[0027] In one aspect, the article comprises iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 63 wt%, 65 wt%, 67 wt%, 70 wt%, 73 wt%, 75 wt%, 77 wt%, 80 wt%, 83 wt%, 85 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, and 97 wt%. In still further aspects, the article can comprise iron oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the article can comprise iron oxide in an amount ranging from 5.5 % by weight to about 37.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0028] In one aspect, the article comprises silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 6 % by weight, 7 % by weight, 8 % by weight, and 9 % by weight. In still further aspects, the article can comprise silicon oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the article can comprise silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0029] In one aspect, the article comprises calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 6 % by weight, 6.1 % by weight, 6.2 % by weight, 6.3 % by weight, 6.4 % by weight, 6.5 % by weight, 6.6 % by weight, 6.7 % by weight, 6.8 % by weight, 6.9 % by weight, 7 % by weight, 8 % by weight, 9 % by weight, 10 % by weight, 1 1 % by weight, 12 % by weight, 13 % by weight, and 14 % by weight. In still further aspects, the article can comprise calcium oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the article can comprise calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 12 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0030] In one aspect, the article comprises magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.001 % by weight and about 6.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 5.1 % by weight, 5.2 % by weight, 5.3 % by weight, 5.4 , 5.5 % by weight, 5.6 % by weight, 5.7 % by weight, 5.8 % by weight, and 5.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0031] In one aspect, the article comprises aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.005 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.1 % by weight,

1.2 % by weight, 1.3 % by weight, 1.4 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 1.6 % by weight, 1.7 % by weight, 1.8 % by weight, 1.9 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 2.2 % by weight, 2.4 % by weight, 2.5 % by weight, 2.7 % by weight, 2.9 % by weight, 3.1 % by weight, 3.3 % by weight, 3.5 % by weight, 3.7 % by weight, 4.0 % by weight, 4.3 % by weight, 4.5 % by weight, 4.7 % by weight, and 4.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight and 4.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0032] In one aspect, the article comprises carbon in an amount ranging from 0 % by weight to 2.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.1 % by weight, 1.2 % by weight,

1.3 % by weight, 1.4 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 1.6 % by weight, 1.7 % by weight, 1.8 % by weight, and 1.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the article can comprise carbon in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 1.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the article can comprise carbon in an amount ranging from 0.06 % by weight and about 1.8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0033] In one aspect, the article comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0 % by weight to 0.6 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.015 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.45 % by weight , 0.5 % by weight, and 0.55 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the article comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0.01 % by weight to 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the article comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0.02 % by weight to 0.45 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In one aspect, the article comprises sulfur as sulfur oxide.

[0034] In a further aspect, the article comprises iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.001 % by weight to 6.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.005 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0035] In a further aspect, the article comprises iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 4.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0036] In one aspect, the article comprises one or more optional ingredients. In another aspect, the optional ingredient comprises chromium or another metal that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In a yet further aspect, the optional ingredient comprises a nonmetal or substance that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In an even further aspect, the article does not comprise an optional ingredient. In one aspect, the article further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof. In another aspect, the article further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the article further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the optional ingredient comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In a further aspect, the article comprises one or more optional ingredients comprising carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0037] In an further aspect, when one or more optional ingredients are present, the article comprises the one or more optional ingredients in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt% to 50 wt% based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 1 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 40 wt%, and 45 wt%. In another aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise the one or more optional ingredients in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt% to 1 wt% based on the total weight of the article.

[0038] In one aspect, the article comprises potassium as potassium oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises potassium oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In a further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise potassium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0039] In one aspect, the article comprises titanium as titanium oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises titanium oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In a further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise titanium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0040] In one aspect, the article comprises vanadium as vanadium oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises vanadium oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In a further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise vanadium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0041] In one aspect, the article comprises manganese as manganese oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises manganese oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In a further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise manganese oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0042] In one aspect, the article comprises zinc as zinc oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.9 wt %, 1 wt %, 3 wt %, 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, and 24 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0043] In one aspect, the article comprises lead as lead oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises lead oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.9 wt %, 1 wt %, 1.3 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 1.7 wt %, 1.9 wt %, 2 wt %, 2.2 wt %, 2.4 wt %, 2.6 wt %, and 2.8 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the article can comprise lead oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 2.2 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0044] In another aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode. In an even further aspect, disclosed is an article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[0045] The by-product can comprise oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof. In another aspect, the by-product comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide. In one aspect, the by-product can be produced from an electric steelmaking process.

[0046] As used herein, red oxide typically occurs in nature and is typically the basic mineral for a steel making plant. In a further aspect, the by-product can comprise red oxide. In another aspect, the by-product does not comprise red oxide. In a further aspect, the byproduct comprises a trace amount of red oxide. In a yet further aspect, the by-product does not comprise substantially any red oxide. In an even further aspect, the by-product comprises red oxide as an unreacted starting material from the steel making process.

[0047] In one aspect, the by-product comprises an optional ingredient. In another aspect, the by-product comprises chromium or another metal that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In a yet further aspect, the optional ingredient comprises a nonmetal or substance that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In an even further aspect, the by-product does not comprise an optional ingredient. In one aspect, the by-product further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof. In another aspect, the by-product further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the by-product further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In one aspect, the optional ingredient comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In a further aspect, the by-product comprises one or more optional ingredients comprising carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0048] In another aspect, the article comprises a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the article consists of a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the article consists essentially of a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the article is made 100% from the by-product from a steel process. In a further aspect, the by-product is not refined further before forming the article.

[0049] In one aspect, the oxide fines are metal oxide fines from a steel mill or other metallurgical process waste. In another aspect, the oxide fines comprises particles with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or a diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof.

[0050] In one aspect, the mill scale is a flaky iron oxide scale formed on the surface of hot rolled steel. The mill scale can comprise one or more iron oxide compounds such as hematite, and magnetite and is typically less than 1 mm (0.039 in) in thickness.

[0051] In one aspect, the slurry is a fluid mixture of pulverized solids (e.g. metals and metal oxides) with a liquid. Slurries can behave in some ways like thick fluids, flowing under gravity but also can be capable of being pumped if the slurry is not too thick.

[0052] In one aspect, steel making plants generate tons of slag and other ferrous oxide materials a year, mostly from their direct iron reduction (DRI) and electric arc furnace (EAF) operations which can be by-products. In a further aspect, the by-products comprise electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). In a still further aspect, the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) comprises EAFD produced in various regions, for example, EAFD from North America or Europe or the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia. In a yet further aspect, the EAFD comprises EAFD of varying compositions depending on the type of scrap used, type of additives used during the production stage and the type of steel manufacture. The fine oxide- rich metallic powder generated by the EAFs can be known as bag house dust (BHD) when collected by bag house filters and is used to prevent atmospheric pollution. In a further aspect, the EAFD comprises unstabilized, untreated EAFD. In a still further aspect, the EAFD comprises stabilized, untreated EAFD. In a yet further aspect, the EAFD comprises treated EAFD. In an even further aspect, the article can comprise at least one additional byproduct, for example, fly ash, blast furnace slag, or silica fume, or the like.

[0053] In one aspect, the by-product comprises oxide fines comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide. In another aspect, the byproduct comprises oxide fines comprising iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.2% by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 2 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 0.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. [0054] In a further aspect, the by-product comprises oxide fines further comprising potassium oxide, or manganese oxide, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the by-product comprises oxide fines further comprising potassium or manganese or a combination thereof.

[0055] In another aspect, the by-product comprises mill scale comprising iron oxide in an amount ranging from 60 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0056] In a further aspect, the by-product comprises mill scale further comprising potassium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, or manganese oxide, or a mixture thereof. In another aspect, the by-product comprises mill scale further comprising potassium, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0057] In one aspect, the by-product comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide. In another aspect, the by-product comprises slurry comprising iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.8 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 4 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0058] In another aspect, the by-product comprises a slurry further comprising potassium oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, or manganese oxide, or a mixture thereof. In a further aspect, the by-product comprises a slurry further comprising potassium, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0059] In another aspect, the by-product comprises bag house dust comprising iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 7 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 10 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article; and aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In one aspect, the by-product comprises bag house dust further comprising zinc in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 30 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0060] In a further aspect, the by-product comprises bag house dust comprising zinc oxide, lead oxide, titanium oxide, carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chlorine, fluorine, or water or a mixture thereof. In another aspect, the by-product comprises bag house dust comprising zinc, lead, titanium, carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chlorine, fluorine, or water or a mixture thereof.

[0061] In one aspect, the by-product comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20.0 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article, including exemplary values of 21% by weight, 22 % by weight, 23 % by weight, 24 % by weight, 25 % by weight, 26 % by weight, 27 % by weight, 28 % by weight, 29 % by weight, 30 % by weight, 31 % by weight, 32 % by weight, 35 % by weight 40 % by weight, 45 % by weight, 50 % by weight, 55 % by weight, 60 % by weight, 65 % by weight, 66 % by weight, 67 % by weight, 68 % by weight, 69 % by weight, 70 % by weight, 71 % by weight, 72 % by weight, 73 % by weight, 74 % by weight, 75 % by weight, 76 % by weight, 77 % by weight, 78 % by weight, and 79 % by weight. In still further aspects, the by-product can comprise total iron in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75 % by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 32 % by weight to 70% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article.

[0062] In one aspect, the by-product comprises iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, 49 wt%, 50 wt%, 51 wt%, 52 wt%, 53 wt%, 54 wt%, 55 wt%, 56 wt%, 57 wt%, 58 wt%, 59 wt%, 60 wt%, 63 wt%, 65 wt%, 67 wt%, 70 wt%, 73 wt%, 75 wt%, 77 wt%, 80 wt%, 83 wt%, 85 wt%, 87 wt%, 88 wt%, 89 wt%, 90 wt%, 91 wt%, 92 wt%, 93 wt%, 94 wt%, 95 wt%, 96 wt%, and 97 wt%. In still further aspects, the by-product can comprise iron oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the by-product can comprise iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product can comprise iron oxide in an amount ranging from 5.5 % by weight to about 37.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0063] In one aspect, the by-product comprises silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 6 % by weight, 7 % by weight, 8 % by weight, and 9 % by weight. In still further aspects, the by-product can comprise silicon oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the by-product can comprise silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product can comprise silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0064] In one aspect, the by-product comprises calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 6 % by weight, 6.1 % by weight, 6.2 % by weight, 6.3 % by weight, 6.4 % by weight, 6.5 % by weight, 6.6 % by weight, 6.7 % by weight, 6.8 % by weight, 6.9 % by weight, 7 % by weight, 8 % by weight, 9 % by weight, 10 % by weight, 1 1 % by weight, 12 % by weight, 13 % by weight, and 14 % by weight. In still further aspects, the by-product can comprise calcium oxide in a range derived from any two of the above listed exemplary values. For example, in one aspect, the by-product can comprise calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product can comprise calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 12 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0065] In one aspect, the by-product comprises magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.001 % by weight and about 6.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 3 % by weight, 4 % by weight, 5 % by weight, 5.1 % by weight, 5.2 % by weight, 5.3 % by weight, 5.4 , 5.5 % by weight, 5.6 % by weight, 5.7 % by weight, 5.8 % by weight, and 5.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the by-product can comprise magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0066] In one aspect, the by-product comprises aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.005 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight,

1.1 % by weight, 1.2 % by weight, 1.3 % by weight, 1.4 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 1.6 % by weight, 1.7 % by weight, 1.8 % by weight, 1.9 % by weight, 2 % by weight, 2.2 % by weight, 2.4 % by weight, 2.5 % by weight, 2.7 % by weight, 2.9 % by weight, 3.1 % by weight, 3.3 % by weight, 3.5 % by weight, 3.7 % by weight, 4.0 % by weight, 4.3 % by weight, 4.5 % by weight, 4.7 % by weight, and 4.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the by-product can comprise aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight and 4.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0067] In one aspect, the by-product comprises carbon in an amount ranging from 0 % by weight to 2.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.5 % by weight, 0.6 % by weight, 0.7 % by weight, 0.8 % by weight, 0.9 % by weight, 1 % by weight, 1.1 % by weight,

1.2 % by weight, 1.3 % by weight, 1.4 % by weight, 1.5 % by weight, 1.6 % by weight, 1.7 % by weight, 1.8 % by weight, and 1.9 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the byproduct can comprise carbon in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 1.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product can comprise carbon in an amount ranging from 0.06 % by weight and about 1.8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article.

[0068] In one aspect, the by-product comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0 % by weight to 0.6 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.01 % by weight, 0.015 % by weight, 0.02 % by weight, 0.03 % by weight, 0.04 % by weight, 0.05 % by weight, 0.06 % by weight, 0.07 % by weight, 0.08 % by weight, 0.09 % by weight, 0.1 % by weight, 0.2 % by weight, 0.3 % by weight, 0.4 % by weight, 0.45 % by weight , 0.5 % by weight, and 0.55 % by weight. For example, in one aspect, the by-product comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0.01 % by weight to 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In still another aspect, the by-product comprises sulfur in an amount ranging from 0.02 % by weight to 0.45 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article. In one aspect, the article comprises sulfur as sulfur oxide.

[0069] In one aspect, the by-product comprises one or more optional ingredients. In another aspect, the optional ingredient comprises chromium or another metal that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In a yet further aspect, the optional ingredient comprises a nonmetal or substance that will not interfere with the article's anodic properties. In an even further aspect, the by-product does not comprise an optional ingredient. In one aspect, the by-product further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof. In another aspect, the by-product further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof. In a further aspect, the by-product comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, water, lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0070] In an further aspect, when one or more optional ingredients are present, the byproduct comprises the one or more optional ingredients in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt% to 50 wt%, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 1 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 40 wt%, and 45 wt%. In another aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise the one or more optional ingredients in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt% to 1 wt%, based on the total weight of the article.

[0071] In one aspect, the by-product comprises potassium as potassium oxide. In another aspect, the by-product comprises potassium oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise potassium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0072] In one aspect, the by-product comprises titanium as titanium oxide. In another aspect, the by-product comprises titanium oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise titanium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0073] In one aspect, the by-product comprises vanadium as vanadium oxide. In another aspect, the by-product comprises lead oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise vanadium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0074] In one aspect, the by-product comprises manganese as manganese oxide. In another aspect, the by-product comprises manganese oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, and 0.9 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise manganese oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0075] In one aspect, the by-product comprises zinc as zinc oxide. In another aspect, the article comprises zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 25 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.9 wt %, 1 wt %, 3 wt %, 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, and 24 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the by-product can comprise zinc oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 0.3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0076] In one aspect, the by-product comprises lead as lead oxide. In another aspect, the byproduct comprises lead oxide in an amount ranging from 0 wt % to 3 wt %, based on the total weight of the article, including exemplary values of 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.3 wt %, 0.4 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 0.6 wt %, 0.7 wt %, 0.8 wt %, 0.9 wt %, 1 wt %, 1.3 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 1.7 wt %, 1.9 wt %, 2 wt %, 2.2 wt %, 2.4 wt %, 2.6 wt %, and 2.8 wt %. In further aspect, the weight percentage can be in a range derived from any two exemplary values. For example, the byproduct can comprise manganese oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 wt % to 2.2 wt %, based on the total weight of the article.

[0077] In the articles disclosed herein, any of the inventive methods of making or using recited herein throughout this specification can be employed.

C. METHODS OF MAKING THE ARTICLE

[0078] Also disclosed herein are methods of making the articles described herein. The article can be made and shaped using conventional anode preparation techniques. In one aspect, the article can be made using casting. For example, the article casting can be performed using the techniques described in ERZMETALL 60 (2007) No. 2 or in the Handbook of Thermoprocessing technologies, edited by Axel Von Starck et al. (2005), which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for their teaching of anode casting.

[0079] In one aspect, the article is made from a by-product from a steel process. The steel process can be a conventional steel process. In one aspect, the article is made 100% from the by-product from a steel process. In a further aspect, the by-product is not refined further before forming the article.

[0080] As disclosed herein, the article can be made from a simple precursor at low cost. Accordingly, the article produced herein can be made more inexpensively than a conventional anode.

[0081] In the methods disclosed herein of making the articles, any of the inventive articles or the methods of using recited herein throughout this specification can be employed. D. METHODS OF USING THE ARTICLES

[0082] Also described here are methods of using the articles described above.

[0083] In one aspect, described herein is an impressed current cathodic protection system comprising the article of manufacture. The system further comprises a cathode, a DC current source, and an electrical connection between the article of manufacture, cathode, and DC current source.

[0084] In one aspect, a method for using the article described herein is provided. The method includes the steps of providing an article, placing the article sufficiently close to a cathode to allow for the passage of current, electrically connecting the article and the cathode to a DC current source to form an impressed current cathodic protection system, and flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system. In another aspect, the method for using the article described herein comprises providing the article of manufacture described herein; a cathode; and an electrical connection as an impressed current cathodic protection system; and flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

[0085] In another aspect, the cathode comprises a tank, a pipe, a pipeline, a communication cable, a power cable, a water distribution system, a gas distribution system, a heat exchanger, a ship, a marine structure, or a telecommunications structure. The article and cathode can be electrically connected to the DC power source by any conventional method. The DC power source can be any source known to those of skill in the art.

[0086] The cathodic protection system can be used to protect, for example, pipelines, ship hulls, off shore platforms, water treatment systems, tank farms, reinforcing steel in concrete and underground storage systems from corrosion. In one aspect, the cathodic protection requires application of a cathodic current onto a protected structure, which minimizes anodic dissolution. Typically, in cathodic protection systems, electrons are provided to the protected structure (e.g., a pipeline) through utilization of a DC source and an ancillary anode.

[0087] In another aspect, an impressed current cathodic protection system is provided. The system includes an article as described herein, a cathode and a DC current source electrically connected to the article and the cathode.

[0088] In the methods of using disclosed herein, any of the inventive articles or methods recited herein throughout this specification can be employed. E. ASPECTS

[0089] The disclosed articles and methods include at least the following aspects.

[0090] Aspect 1 : An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode.

[0091] Aspect 2: The article of manufacture of aspect 1, wherein the article of manufacture is embedded in a carbonaceous backfill material.

[0092] Aspect 3 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-2, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15.0 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.001 % by weight to 6.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.005 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[0093] Aspect 4: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-3, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20 % by weight to 80% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

[0094] Aspect 5: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-4, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13.0

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 4.0

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[0095] Aspect 6: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-5, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

[0096] Aspect 7: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-6, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

[0097] Aspect 8: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-7, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[0098] Aspect 9: An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode.

[0099] Aspect 10: The article of manufacture of aspect 9, wherein the oxide fines comprise particles with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or a diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof.

[00100] Aspect 11 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-10, wherein the byproduct comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide. [00101] Aspect 12: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-11, wherein the byproduct comprises oxide fines comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.2 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 2 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 0.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00102] Aspect 13 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-12, wherein the byproduct comprises mill scale comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 60 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00103] Aspect 14: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-13, wherein the byproduct further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof. [00104] Aspect 15: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-14, wherein the byproduct comprises a slurry comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.8 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00105] Aspect 16: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-15, wherein the byproduct further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[00106] Aspect 17: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 9-16, wherein the byproduct comprises bag house dust comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 7 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 10 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture. [00107] Aspect 18: An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[00108] Aspect 19: The article of manufacture of aspect 18, wherein the article of manufacture is embedded in a carbonaceous backfill material.

[00109] Aspect 20: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-19, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15.0 % by

[00110] Aspect 21 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-20, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20 % by weight to 80% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

[00111] Aspect 22: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-21, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 4.0 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00112] Aspect 23 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-22, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

[00113] Aspect 24: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-23, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

[00114] Aspect 25: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 18-24, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[00115] Aspect 26: An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

[00116] Aspect 27: The article of manufacture of aspect 26, wherein the oxide fines comprise particles with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or a diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof.

[00117] Aspect 28: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-27, wherein the byproduct comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide.

[00118] Aspect 29: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-28, wherein the byproduct comprises oxide fines comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.2 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 2 % by

[00119] Aspect 30: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-29, wherein the byproduct comprises mill scale comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 60 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00120] Aspect 31 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-30, wherein the byproduct further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

[00121] Aspect 32: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-31, wherein the byproduct comprises a slurry comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.8 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00122] Aspect 33 : The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-32, wherein the byproduct further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

[00123] Aspect 34: The article of manufacture of any of aspects 26-33, wherein the byproduct comprises bag house dust comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 7 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 10 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

[00124] Aspect 35: An impressed current cathodic protection system comprising the article of manufacture of any of aspects 1-34.

[00125] Aspect 36: The system of aspect 35, further comprising a cathode, a DC current source, and an electrical connection between the article of manufacture, cathode, and DC current source. [00126] Aspect 37: A method for using the article of manufacture of any one of aspects 1-34 comprising: a. providing the article of manufacture of any one of aspects 1 -34; b. placing the article of manufacture sufficiently close to a cathode to allow for the passage of current; c. electrically connecting the article of manufacture and the cathode to a DC current source to form an impressed current cathodic protection system; and d. flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

[00127] Aspect 38: The method of aspect 37, wherein the cathode comprises a tank, a pipe, a pipeline, a communication cable, a power cable, a water distribution system, a gas distribution system, a heat exchanger, a ship, or a marine structure.

[00128] Aspect 39: A method for using the article of manufacture of any one of aspects 1-34 comprising: a. providing the article of manufacture of any one of aspects 1-34; a cathode; and an electrical connection as an impressed current cathodic protection system; and b. flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

[00129] Aspect 40: The article of manufacture of any one of aspects 1-34, wherein the article of manufacture is in the shape of a wire, a mesh, a rod, a tube, a pipe, a sheet, a plate, a sphere, or a strip, or a combination thereof.

[00130] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

F. EXPERIMENTAL

[00131] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

[00132] Several methods for preparing the articles of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples.

[00133] In Table 1, Examples 1-4 show the typical analysis of the by-product from the

SABIC, Hadeed Saudi Arabia steel process. The actual analysis can vary lot to lot. In Table 1, the other ingredients can include trace amounts of carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, and/or water.

[00134] Table 1 : Example anodic compositions

[00135] Examples 1-4 illustrate four different anodic compositions of the invention by using a by-product from the Hadeed steel process such as oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust. An anode of Example 1 can be prepared using oxide fines with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or with a diameter from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof. An anode of Example 2 can be prepared using a slurry. An anode of Example 3 can be prepared using mill scale. An anode of Example 4 can be prepared using bag house dust. An anode of Example 5 can be prepared using red oxide. The red oxide mostly occurs in nature and is the basic mineral for a steel making plant. The red oxide composition in Example 5 is used for comparison to Examples 1-4.

[00136] Table 2 shows the typical analysis of the total iron content of Examples 1-5, based on the total elemental weight content of the anode (excluding oxygen). The actual analysis can vary lot to lot. The total iron is typically the sum of iron (II), iron (III), and any elemental iron. The total iron comprises the iron from the iron oxide(s) and any other iron, such as elemental iron.

[00137] Table 2:

[00138] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is: CLAIMS

1. An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide,

magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode.

2. The article of manufacture of claim 1, wherein the article of manufacture is embedded in a carbonaceous backfill material.

3. The article of manufacture of any of claims 1 -2, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15.0 % by

4. The article of manufacture of any of claims 1-3, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20 % by weight to 80% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

5. The article of manufacture of any of claims 1-4, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13.0 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 4.0 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

The article of manufacture of any of claims 1-5, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

The article of manufacture of any of claims 1 -6, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

The article of manufacture of any of claims 1-7, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is capable of functioning as an anode.

The article of manufacture of claim 9, wherein the oxide fines comprise particles with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or a diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof.

The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-10, wherein the by-product comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide.

The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-1 1, wherein the by-product comprises oxide fines comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.2 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 2 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 0.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

13. The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-12, wherein the by-product comprises mill scale comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 60 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

14. The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-13, wherein the by-product further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

15. The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-14, wherein the by-product comprises a slurry comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.8 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

16. The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-15, wherein the by-product further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

17. The article of manufacture of any of claims 9-16, wherein the by-product comprises bag house dust comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 7 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 10 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

18. An article of manufacture comprising iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide,

magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

19. The article of manufacture of claim 18, wherein the article of manufacture is embedded in a carbonaceous backfill material.

20. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-19, wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 10.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 15.0 % by

21. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-20, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 20 % by weight to 80% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

22. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-21 , wherein the article of manufacture comprises: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 45 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 8 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.4 % by weight to 13.0 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.3 % by weight to 5.0 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 4.0 weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

23. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-22, wherein the article of manufacture comprises total iron in an amount ranging from 30 % by weight to 75% by weight, based on the total elemental weight content of the article of manufacture.

24. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-23, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

25. The article of manufacture of any of claims 18-24, wherein the article of manufacture further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

26. An article of manufacture comprising a by-product from a steel process comprising oxide fines, mill scale, slurry, or bag house dust or a combination thereof; wherein the article of manufacture is an anode.

27. The article of manufacture of claim 26, wherein the oxide fines comprise particles with a diameter ranging from greater than 0 mm to 3 mm or a diameter ranging from 3 mm to 6 mm or a combination thereof.

28. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-27, wherein the by-product comprises iron oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide.

29. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-28, wherein the by-product comprises oxide fines comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 98 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.2 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 2 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 0.05 % by weight to 0.9 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

30. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-29, wherein the by-product comprises mill scale comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 60 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.1 % by weight to 1.5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

31. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-30, wherein the by-product further comprises carbon, sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, chlorine, fluorine, or water, or a mixture thereof.

32. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-31, wherein the by-product comprises a slurry comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 80 % by weight to 95 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.8 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 0.5 % by weight to 4 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

33. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-32, wherein the by-product further comprises lead, titanium, vanadium, or manganese, or a mixture thereof.

34. The article of manufacture of any of claims 26-33, wherein the by-product comprises bag house dust comprising: a. iron oxide in an amount ranging from 40 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; b. silicon oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 7 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; c. calcium oxide in an amount ranging from 10 % by weight to 15 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; d. magnesium oxide in an amount ranging from 2 % by weight to 5 % by weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture; and e. aluminum oxide in an amount ranging from 1.5 % by weight to 4 % by

weight, based on the total weight of the article of manufacture.

35. An impressed current cathodic protection system comprising the article of

manufacture of any of claims 1-34.

36. The system of claim 35, further comprising a cathode, a DC current source, and an electrical connection between the article of manufacture, cathode, and DC current source.

37. A method for using the article of manufacture of any one of claims 1-34 comprising: a. providing the article of manufacture of any one of claims 1-34; b. placing the article of manufacture sufficiently close to a cathode to allow for the passage of current; c. electrically connecting the article of manufacture and the cathode to a DC current source to form an impressed current cathodic protection system; and d. flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the cathode comprises a tank, a pipe, a pipeline, a communication cable, a power cable, a water distribution system, a gas distribution system, a heat exchanger, a ship, or a marine structure.

39. A method for using the article of manufacture of any one of claims 1-34 comprising: a. providing the article of manufacture of any one of claims 1-34; a cathode; and an electrical connection as an impressed current cathodic protection system; and b. flowing current through the impressed current cathodic protection system.

40. The article of manufacture of any one of claims 1-34, wherein the article of

manufacture is in the shape of a wire, a mesh, a rod, a tube, a pipe, a sheet, a plate, a sphere, or a strip, or a combination thereof.