WO2014165389A1 - Détection de tourbillon de fond de trou pendant le forage - Google Patents

Détection de tourbillon de fond de trou pendant le forage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014165389A1
WO2014165389A1 PCT/US2014/032042 US2014032042W WO2014165389A1 WO 2014165389 A1 WO2014165389 A1 WO 2014165389A1 US 2014032042 W US2014032042 W US 2014032042W WO 2014165389 A1 WO2014165389 A1 WO 2014165389A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
measurements
whirl
bit
frequency
accelerometer
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PCT/US2014/032042
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English (en)
Inventor
Junichi Sugiura
Original Assignee
Schlumberger Canada Limited
Services Petroliers Schlumberger
Schlumberger Holdings Limited
Schlumberger Technology B.V.
Prad Research And Development Limited
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/874,814 external-priority patent/US9926779B2/en
Application filed by Schlumberger Canada Limited, Services Petroliers Schlumberger, Schlumberger Holdings Limited, Schlumberger Technology B.V., Prad Research And Development Limited, Schlumberger Technology Corporation filed Critical Schlumberger Canada Limited
Priority to EP14778107.4A priority Critical patent/EP2981673A4/fr
Publication of WO2014165389A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014165389A1/fr

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing

Definitions

  • Disclosed embodiments relate generally to dynamics measurements made while drilling and more particularly to a method for detecting and quantifying bit whirl while drilling.
  • Bit bounce includes axial vibration of the drill string, sometimes resulting in temporary lift off of the drill bit from the formation ("bouncing" of the drill bit off the bottom of the borehole).
  • Axial vibrations e.g., bit bounce
  • ROP rate of penetration
  • Lateral vibrations are those which are transverse to the axis of the drill string (cross-axial). Such lateral vibrations are commonly recognized as a leading cause of drill string, drill string connection, and BHA failures and may be caused, for example, by bit whirl and/or the use of unbalanced drill string components.
  • Stick/slip refers to a torsional vibration induced by friction between drill string components and the borehole wall.
  • Stick/slip is known to produce instantaneous drill string rotation speeds many times that of the nominal rotation speed of the table.
  • stick/slip conditions a portion of the drill string or bit sticks to the borehole wall due to frictional forces often causing the drill string to temporarily stop rotating. Meanwhile, the rotary table continues to turn resulting in an accumulation of torsional energy in the drill string.
  • the torsional energy exceeds the static friction between the drill string and the borehole, the energy is released suddenly in a rapid burst of drill string rotation.
  • Instantaneous downhole rotation rotates have been reported to exceed four to ten times that of the rotary table.
  • Stick/slip is known to cause severe damage to downhole tools, as well as connection fatigue, and excess wear to the drill bit and near-bit stabilizer blades. Such wear commonly results in reduced ROP and loss of steerability in deviated boreholes.
  • Bit or stabilizer whirl may be caused by the instantaneous center of rotation moving around the face of the bit (or about the axis of the string).
  • the movement (rotation of the whirl) is generally in the opposite direction of the rotation of the drill string (counterclockwise vs. clockwise).
  • Cutting elements on a whirling bit have been documented to move sideways, backwards, and at much higher velocities than those on a non-whirling bit.
  • the associated impact loads are known to cause chipping and accelerated wear of the bit components. For example, severe bit damage has been observed even after very short duration drilling operations for polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits.
  • PDC polycrystalline diamond compact
  • Stick/slip conditions can often be overcome via increasing the drill string rotation rate and reducing weight on bit.
  • the use of less aggressive drill bits also tends to reduce bit bounce, lateral vibrations, and stick/slip in many types of formations.
  • the use of stiffer drill string components is further known to sometimes reduce stick/slip.
  • the damaging dynamic conditions may often be mitigated as described above, reliable measurement and identification of such dynamic conditions can be problematic.
  • lateral vibration and stick/slip conditions are not easily quantified by surface measurements. In fact, such dynamic conditions are sometimes not even detectable at the surface, especially at vibration frequencies above about 5 hertz.
  • Downhole dynamics measurement systems have been known in the art for at least 15 years. While these, and other known systems and methods, may be serviceable in certain applications, there is yet need for further improvement.
  • known systems typically make use of dedicated sensors which tends to increase costs and expend valuable BHA real estate (e.g., via the introduction of a dedicated dynamics measurement sub).
  • dedicated sensors tend to increase power consumption and component counts and, therefore, the complexity of MWD, LWD, and directional drilling tools, and thus tend to reduce reliability of the system.
  • dedicated sensors must typically be deployed a significant distance above the drill bit. [0009] Therefore there exists a need for an improved method for making downhole dynamics measurements and particularly for making such measurements as close to the drill bit as possible.
  • a method for making downhole whirl measurements (such as bit whirl measurements) in a drill string includes rotating a downhole sensor set in a borehole.
  • the sensor set is deployed in the drill string and includes at least first and second cross-axial accelerometer and first and second cross-axial magnetometers.
  • the sensors used to obtain sensor measurements including a plurality of accelerometer measurements and a plurality of magnetometer measurements at predetermined measurement intervals.
  • the sensor measurements are then processed in combination with a predetermined blade count to obtain a whirl magnitude.
  • the sensor measurements may be processed to obtain a rotation rate of the drill string, which may be in turn further processed in combination with a stabilizer or drill bit blade count to obtain a whirl frequency.
  • the sensor measurements may then be processed in combination with the whirl frequency to obtain the whirl magnitude.
  • the disclosed embodiments may provide various technical advantages.
  • the disclosed method may make use of existing accelerometer and magnetometer sensor sets to obtain whirl frequency and magnitude parameters while drilling.
  • the sensors may be deployed very close to the drill bit enabling the acquisition of bit whirl parameters (such as bit whirl magnitude).
  • Measuring the bit whirl magnitude while drilling may enable an operator to prevent damage to the drill string.
  • drill string rotation rate and weight on bit may be controlled at the surface in a closed loop fashion to automatically mitigate harmful vibrations.
  • FIG. 1 depicts one example of a conventional drilling rig on which disclosed methods may be utilized.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a lower BHA portion of the drill string shown on FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a circular cross section of an accelerometer arrangement deployed in the lower BHA shown on FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a flow chart of one disclosed method embodiment.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B depict a plot of gravitational acceleration versus toolface angle of the sensor sub.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart of an example method embodiment for
  • FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D depict plots of x- and y- axis accelerometer and magnetometer data obtained during a downhole drilling operation.
  • FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D depict plots of transverse (xy) accelerometer and magnetometer data obtained during a downhole drilling operation.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an example drilling rig 10 suitable for using various method embodiments disclosed herein.
  • a semisubmersible drilling platform 12 is positioned over an oil or gas formation (not shown) disposed below the sea floor 16.
  • a subsea conduit 18 extends from deck 20 of platform 12 to a wellhead installation 22.
  • the platform may include a derrick and a hoisting apparatus for raising and lowering a drill string 30, which, as shown, extends into borehole 40 and includes a drill bit 32 and a near-bit sensor sub 60 (such as the iPZIG® tool available from PathFinder®, A Schlumberger Company, Katy, Texas, USA).
  • Drill string 30 may further include a downhole drilling motor, a steering tool such as a rotary steerable tool, a downhole telemetry system, and one or more MWD or LWD tools including various sensors for sensing downhole characteristics of the borehole and the surrounding formation.
  • a downhole drilling motor such as a rotary steerable tool
  • a downhole telemetry system such as a Bosch steerable tool
  • MWD or LWD tools including various sensors for sensing downhole characteristics of the borehole and the surrounding formation.
  • FIG. 1 It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the deployment illustrated on FIG. 1 is merely an example. It will be further understood that disclosed embodiments are not limited to use with a semisubmersible platform 12 as illustrated on FIG. 1. The disclosed embodiments are equally well suited for use with any kind of subterranean drilling operation, either offshore or onshore.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the lower BHA portion of drill string 30 including drill bit 32, a near-bit sensor sub 60, and a lower portion of a steering tool 80.
  • sensor sub body 62 is threadably connected with the drill bit 32 and therefore configured to rotate with the drill bit 32.
  • the sensor sub 60 includes tri-axial accelerometer 65 and magnetometer 67 navigation sensors and may optionally further include a logging while drilling sensor 70 such as a natural gamma ray sensor.
  • the sensors 65 and 67 may be deployed as closed to the bit 32 as possible, for example, within two meters, or even within one meter, of the bit 32.
  • Suitable accelerometers for use in sensors 65 and 67 may be chosen from among substantially any suitable commercially available devices known in the art.
  • suitable accelerometers may include Part Number 979-0273-001 commercially available from Honeywell, and Part Number JA-5H 175-1 commercially available from Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. (JAE).
  • Suitable accelerometers may alternatively include micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) solid-state accelerometers, available, for example, from Analog Devices, Inc. (Norwood, Massachusetts). Such MEMS accelerometers may be advantageous for certain near bit sensor sub applications since they tend to be shock resistant, high-temperature rated, and inexpensive.
  • Suitable magnetic field sensors may include conventional three-axis ring core flux gate magnetometers or conventional magnetoresistive sensors, for example, Part Number HMC-1021D, available from Honeywell.
  • FIG. 2 further includes a diagrammatic representation of the tri-axial accelerometer and magnetometer sensor sets 65 and 67.
  • tri-axial it is meant that each sensor set includes three mutually perpendicular sensors, the accelerometers being designated as A x , A y , and A z and the magnetometers being designated as B x , B y , and B z .
  • the z-axis accelerometer and magnetometer (A z and B z ) are oriented substantially parallel with the borehole as indicated (although disclosed embodiments are not limited in this regard).
  • the accelerometer and magnetometer sets may therefore be considered as determining a plane (the x and y-axes) and a pole (the z-axis along the axis of the BHA).
  • the accelerometer and magnetometer sets may be configured for making downhole navigational (surveying) measurements during a drilling operation. Such measurements are well known and commonly used to determine, for example, borehole inclination, borehole azimuth, gravity toolface, and magnetic toolface.
  • the accelerometer and magnetometer sets 65 and 67 are rotationally coupled to the drill bit 32 (e.g., rotationally fixed to the sub body 62 which rotates with the drill bit).
  • the accelerometers may also be electronically coupled to a digital controller via a low-pass filter (including an anti-aliasing filter) arrangement.
  • a low-pass filter including an anti-aliasing filter
  • Such "DC coupling” is generally desirable for making accelerometer based surveying measurements (e.g., borehole inclination or gravity toolface measurements).
  • FIG. 3 depicts a circular cross sectional view of one example accelerometer arrangement in sensor sub 60.
  • the x-axis and y-axis accelerometers 65x and 65y are circumferentially spaced apart from one another by about 90 degrees.
  • the z-axis accelerometer is not depicted and may be deployed substantially anywhere in the sub body 62.
  • the accelerometers 65x and 65y may each be aligned with a radial direction 69 such that each accelerometer is substantially insensitive to centripetal acceleration (i.e., the radially directed acceleration caused by a uniform rotation of the sub body 62).
  • accelerometers 65x and 65y may be deployed at substantially the same location in the tool body 62.
  • the accelerometers 65x and 65y may alternatively be aligned with a tangential direction such that they are substantially insensitive to tangential acceleration and sensitive to centripetal (radial) acceleration.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a flow chart of one example of a method 100 for making downhole dynamics measurements with rotating navigational sensors.
  • Navigational sensors are rotated in a borehole at 102, for example, while drilling the borehole (by either rotating the drill string at the surface or rotating the drill bit with a conventional mud motor).
  • the x- and y-axis navigation sensor data are unused while the sensors are rotated (e.g., drill string or drill bit rotation during drilling).
  • the navigational sensors may include a tri-axial accelerometer set and a tri-axial magnetometer set as described above with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the sensors may be deployed as close to the bit as possible, for example, in a near-bit sensor sub as is also described above with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • Accelerometer measurements are made at a predetermined time interval at 104 while rotating in 102 (e.g., during the actual drilling process) to obtain a set (or array) of accelerometer measurements.
  • the accelerometer measurements may then be digitally (numerically) differentiated at 106 to remove a DC component of the acceleration and obtain a set of differentiated accelerometer measurements (i.e., acceleration differences).
  • Maximum and minimum difference values obtained over some time period or number of difference samples may then be processed at 108 to obtain a drill string vibration parameter. This process may be optionally repeated substantially any number of times at 110 to obtain an averaged difference value at 1 12. This averaged value may then be taken as an indication of lateral or axial vibration as is described in more detail below.
  • the accelerometer measurements obtained at 104 commonly include numerous acceleration components.
  • such measurements may include: (i) a gravitational acceleration component due to the gravitational field of the earth, (ii) a centripetal acceleration component due to the rotational speed of the sensor sub body, (iii) a tangential acceleration component due to the rotational acceleration of the sensor sub body, and (iv) one or more vibrational components due to lateral and/or axial vibration of the drill string.
  • Components (i), (ii), and (iii) may be considered as unwanted noise in applications in which the accelerometer measurements are being used as an indicator of lateral and/or axial vibration.
  • method 100 may further optionally include the removal of any one, two, or all three of the following: (i) a gravitational acceleration component at 1 14, (ii) a tangential acceleration component at 1 16, and/or (iii) a centripetal acceleration component at 1 18 (since these accelerations may register in the x- , y- and/or z-axis accelerometers and be taken to be the result of lateral vibration).
  • the accelerometer measurements made at 104 may be made at a rapid interval so as to be sensitive to drill string vibration.
  • the interval may be in the range from about 0.0001 to about 0.1 second (i.e., a measurement frequency in the range from about 10 to about 10,000 Hz). For example, in one embodiment a measurement interval of 10 milliseconds (0.01 second) may be successfully utilized.
  • Ai d represents the differentiated accelerometer measurements (i.e., a difference between sequential acceleration measurements)
  • Ai represents a measured acceleration value made along the -axis (i being representative of the x-, y-, and/or z- axis)
  • n represents the array index in the set of accelerometer measurements such that Ai(n - l) and Ai(n) represent sequential accelerometer measurements.
  • the differentiation may be performed one measurement point at a time (i.e., as each data point is acquired) or as a set of measurements after a predetermined number of measurements has been acquired. The disclosed methods are not limited in these regards.
  • the differentiated accelerometer measurements may then be processed to obtain a vibration parameter at 108, for example, by computing a difference between the maximum and minimum values of the differentiated accelerometer measurements, for example, as follows:
  • Ai A max Ai d - min Ai d « 2 max Ai d Equation 2
  • Ai A represents the vibration parameter and max Ai d and min Ai d represent the maximum and minimum differentiated acceleration values over a predetermined time period or for a predetermined number of samples (e.g., as determined in Equation 1). It will be understood that the differentiated accelerometer measurements
  • the differentiated data may be sub-sampled at substantially any other suitable frequency, for example, including 10 or 50 samples per second.
  • the sub-sampled data may then be evaluated so as to monitor the vibration severities at predetermined frequencies (i.e., at other measurement intervals).
  • a measurement interval of 10 milliseconds and a time period of 1 second are utilized such that the set of acceleration differences determined in Equation 1 includes 100 raw differentiated acceleration values.
  • the maximum and minimum values of the set may then be used to compute a vibration parameter in Equation 2.
  • This process of differentiating the accelerometer measurements over a predetermined time period e.g., 1 second
  • ten sequential vibration parameters may be averaged (or summed) to obtain a single vibration parameter which is indicative of the drill string vibration within a 10 second time window (i.e., over 10 one-second time periods).
  • a smoothing algorithm may alternatively be utilized in which the vibration parameters may be averaged (or summed) with predetermined nearest neighbors to determine a vibration parameter which is indicative of the drill string vibration within a one-second time window.
  • Such smoothing may be advantageous for computing vibration severities that may be transmitted in real-time to the surface thereby enabling the driller to change certain drilling parameters if necessary and to observe the effects of such changes (e.g., to drill string rotation rate, weight on bit, drilling fluid flow rate, etc.).
  • the disclosed methods are not limited in regard to such averaging or smoothing techniques.
  • the parameter obtained directly from Equation 2 (with no averaging or smoothing) may likewise be utilized.
  • a gravitational acceleration component may be optionally removed at 1 14 from the vibration parameter determined in Equation 2 as follows:
  • Vi A represents the corrected vibration parameter
  • Gi A represents a gravitational acceleration component
  • Ai A represents the vibration parameter described above with respect to Equation 2.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B depict one methodology for determining Gi A .
  • the instantaneous gravitational acceleration as well as the differentiated gravitational acceleration Gi at the sensor set is mathematically related to the borehole inclination (Inc) and the toolface angle of the accelerometer ( ⁇ ).
  • the gravitational acceleration component may be expressed mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • max(3 ⁇ 4 and min (3 ⁇ 4 represent the maximum and minimum differentiated gravitational acceleration values. It is well known that the maximum slope of a sine wave is located at the zero crossing as indicated in FIG. 5B.
  • the maximum differentiated gravitational acceleration may be represented mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • the cross-axial gravitational acceleration component is a maximum in a horizontal well (90 degree inclination) and near zero in a vertical well (zero degree inclination).
  • the axial gravitational acceleration component is described in more detail below.
  • the gravitational acceleration component may be removed from the vibration parameter to obtain a corrected vibration parameter when the borehole inclination and rotation rate of the sensor are known.
  • the borehole inclination may be obtained from the accelerometer measurements, for example, according to one of the following equations:
  • mag(G) represents the magnitude of the earth's gravitational field.
  • the rotation rate of the sensor sub may also be obtained from the accelerometer measurements but is generally obtained from substantially simultaneous magnetometer measurements, for example, as follows: n 30 30 e m (n) - e m (n - l)
  • R represents the rotation rate in units of RPM
  • ⁇ represents the angular velocity in units of radians per second
  • G m represents the magnetic toolface
  • t represents the predetermined measurement interval
  • n represents the array index in the set of magnetic toolface measurements such that 0 m (n - V) and 0 m (n) represent sequential magnetic toolface measurements.
  • tan # m My/Mx where Mx and My represent the x-axis and y-axis magnetometer measurements.
  • re-write Equation 8 such that the rotation rate is expressed in alternative units such as in radians per second or degrees per second (the disclosed embodiments are not limited in these regards).
  • gravity toolface and magnetic toolface may be computed from one another by adding (or subtracting) the angle difference between them, where the angle difference may be computed, for example from a conventional static survey.
  • the tangential acceleration component may be optionally removed from the vibration parameter at 116 to obtain a corrected vibration parameter, for example, as follows:
  • Vi A represents the corrected vibration parameter
  • Ti A represents the tangential acceleration component
  • Ai A represents the vibration parameter described above with respect to Equation 2.
  • i represents one of the cross-axial axes (i.e., x- or the -axis) as there is generally minimal z-axis (axial) tangential or centripetal acceleration.
  • Tangential acceleration is related to the angular acceleration (i.e., the rate of change of the rotation rate) of the sensor (the accelerometer) and may be expressed mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • Ti represents a substantially instantaneous tangential acceleration
  • r represents the radial distance between the accelerometer and the center of the sensor sub (i.e., the radius)
  • a represents the angular acceleration of the sensor
  • ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the sensor
  • t represents the predetermined measurement interval
  • n represents the array index in the set of angular velocity measurements such that ⁇ ( ⁇ - 1) and ⁇ ( ⁇ ) represent sequential angular velocity measurements.
  • the angular velocity ⁇ may be obtained by differentiating the magnetic toolface measurements, for example, as shown below in Equations 13 and 19.
  • a tangential acceleration component Ti A may be expressed mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • max Ti and min Ti represent the maximum and minimum instantaneous tangential accelerations within a set of measurements (made for example within a predetermined time period).
  • centripetal acceleration component may be optionally removed from the vibration parameter at 1 18, for example, as follows:
  • Vi A Ai A - Ci A Equation 12 [0050] where Vi represents the corrected vibration parameter, Ci represents the centripetal acceleration component, and Ai A represents the vibration parameter as described above in Equation 2.
  • Vi represents the corrected vibration parameter
  • Ci represents the centripetal acceleration component
  • Ai A represents the vibration parameter as described above in Equation 2.
  • Centripetal acceleration is related to the angular velocity (i.e., the rotation rate) of the sensor sub and may be expressed mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • Ci rc> r ⁇ Equation 13
  • Ci represents a substantially instantaneous centripetal acceleration
  • r represents the radial distance between the accelerometer and the center of the sensor sub (i.e., the radius)
  • ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the sensor
  • 6> m represents the magnetic toolface of the sensor
  • t represents the predetermined measurement interval
  • n represents the array index in the set of magnetic toolface measurements such that ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ - ⁇ ) and 6 m (n) represent sequential magnetic toolface measurements.
  • the centripetal acceleration component Cx A may be expressed mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • Ci A max Ci - min Ci Equation 14
  • Equations 8, 10, and 13 may be equivalently expressed in terms of angular acceleration and angular velocity vectors a and ⁇ (the disclosed embodiments are not limited in this regard).
  • tangential and centripetal accelerations are primarily sensed by the cross-axial accelerometers (i.e., the x- and y- axis accelerometers) while the axial accelerometer (the z-axis accelerometer) tends to be insensitive tangential and centripetal accelerations.
  • misalignment of the accelerometers with the previously defined tool coordinate system can result in significant tangential and centripetal accelerations being sensed by all three accelerometers.
  • the magnetic toolface may be differentiated as given in Equation 19 to obtain substantially instantaneous angular velocities which may in turn be further differentiated as shown in Equation 10 to obtain substantially instantaneous angular accelerations.
  • the accelerometer and magnetometer sensors commonly include hardware low-pass filters (as described above).
  • a lateral vibration parameter may be obtained via combining both cross-axial accelerometer measurements (the x-axis and y-axis accelerometers).
  • the combined lateral vibration parameter may be computed, for example, as follows:
  • Vxy ⁇ Vx 1 + Vy 1 Equation 15
  • Vxy represents the combined lateral vibration parameter and Vx and Vy represent the cross-axial lateral vibration parameters computed, for example, via one of Equations 2, 3, 9, or 12 using corresponding x- and -axis accelerometer measurements. Also, by analyzing the sign (vibration direction) of both x-axis and y-axis vibrations (Vxy), the type of lateral vibration (e.g. forward whirl, backward whirl, chaotic whirl etc.) and the movement of drillstring, stabilizer, and bit (depending on sensor position) may be identified.
  • Vxy represents the sign (vibration direction) of both x-axis and y-axis vibrations (Vxy)
  • the type of lateral vibration e.g. forward whirl, backward whirl, chaotic whirl etc.
  • the movement of drillstring, stabilizer, and bit depending on sensor position
  • an axial vibration parameter may be readily obtained using the axial (z-axis) accelerometer, for example, via Equation 2 or 3.
  • the z-axis accelerometer is not generally sensitive to tangential or centripetal accelerations as described above, and hence removal of these components is not generally advantageous.
  • it may be advantageous to remove a gravitational acceleration component for example, following the procedure described above with respect to Equations 3-6 such that:
  • Vz A Az A - Gz A Equation 16
  • Vz A represents the corrected axial vibration parameter
  • Az A represents the axial vibration parameter
  • Gz A represents the axial gravitational acceleration component
  • R represents the rotation rate of the sensor sub in units of RPM
  • t represents the predetermined measurement interval in units of seconds
  • g represents the gravitational acceleration of the earth
  • Inc represents the borehole inclination.
  • axial gravitational acceleration component is maximum in a vertical well (zero degree inclination) and near zero in a horizontal well (90 degree inclination).
  • the rotation rate of the sensor sub may be determined via simultaneous magnetometer measurements as described above.
  • a stick/slip parameter (a torsional vibration parameter), thereby enabling a full suite of dynamics measurements to be obtained using the navigational sensors (i.e., lateral vibration, axial vibration, and torsional vibration).
  • Stick/slip is commonly quantified in the industry as a maximum drill string rotation rate minus a minimum drill string rotation rate within some predetermined time period.
  • a stick/slip parameter may be quantified mathematically, for example, as follows:
  • SSN represents a normalized stick/slip parameter
  • max ⁇ » and min ⁇ » represent maximum and minimum instantaneous angular velocities during some predetermined time period
  • ave ⁇ a represents the average angular velocity during the predetermine time period (e.g., 10 seconds).
  • the stick/slip parameter SS need not be normalized as shown in Equation 16, but may instead be expressed simply as the difference between the maximum and minimum instantaneous rotation rates max ⁇ a and ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the stick/slip parameter is essentially equal to or proportional to the maximum instantaneous rotation rate max ⁇ a .
  • max ⁇ a may be a suitable alternative metric for quantifying stick/slip conditions.
  • This alternative metric may be suitable for some drilling applications, especially since damage and wear to the drill bit and other BHA components is commonly understood to be related to the maximum instantaneous drill string rotation rate.
  • the maximum instantaneous rotation rate may be computed downhole and transmitted to the surface where an operator may compare the value with the surface controlled (average) rotation rate.
  • the instantaneous rotation rate may be determined via magnetometer measurements, for example, as described above with respect to Equation 13.
  • the instantaneous rotation rate of the sensor sub may be computed via differentiating magnetic toolface measurements as follows:
  • ⁇ represents the angular velocity of the sensor sub
  • Q m represents the magnetic toolface
  • t represents the predetermined measurement interval
  • n represents the array index in the set of magnetic toolface measurements such that 6 m (n - 1)
  • a stick slip parameter may be obtained, for example, via (i) rotating magnetic field sensors in the borehole, (ii) obtaining a plurality of magnetic field measurements at a predetermined measurement interval, (iii) processing the magnetic field measurements to obtain corresponding magnetic toolface measurements, (iv) differentiating the magnetic toolface measurements to obtain angular velocities, (v) alternatively integrate the differentiated toolface values to obtain sub-sampled angular velocities, and (vi) and processing the angular velocities to obtain the stick/slip parameter.
  • the alternative integration step and sub-sampling step may enable a frequency dependence of the torsioanl vibration to be evaluated, e.g.
  • the differentiated data may be sub-sampled at substantially any other suitable frequency, for example, including 10 or 50 samples per second. The sub-sampled data may then be evaluated so as to monitor the vibration severities at predetermined frequencies.
  • Magnetic field measurements may be further utilized to correct accelerometer measurements for vibrational effects such that a corrected gravity toolface angle may be computed.
  • the corrected gravity toolface angle may be computed while drilling via: (i) rotating magnetic field sensors and accelerometers in a borehole, (ii) obtaining a plurality of magnetic field measurements and accelerometer measurements at a predetermined measurement interval while rotating (or drilling), (iii) processing the magnetic field measurements to obtain centripetal and/or tangential acceleration components (e.g., via Equations 10 and 13 as described above), (iv) subtracting at least one of the centripetal and tangential acceleration components from the corresponding accelerometer measurements to obtain corrected accelerometer measurements, and (v) utilizing the corrected accelerometer measurements to compute a corrected gravity toolface.
  • Such corrected gravity toolface measurements may be utilized, for example, in LWD imaging tools.
  • the computed downhole dynamics parameters may be stored in downhole memory for subsequent surface analysis and/or transmitted to the surface during drilling to enable substantially real time mitigation as required.
  • Those of ordinary skill will readily appreciate the potential benefits of transmitting the dynamics parameter(s) while drilling so that corrective measures (including changes to the drilling parameters) may be implemented if necessary.
  • each of the dynamics parameters may be reduced to a two-bit value (i.e., four levels; low, medium, high, and severe).
  • Non-limiting encoding examples are shown in Table 1 for axial and lateral vibration parameters and Table 2 for a stick/slip parameter.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart of a method 200 for detecting and quantifying a whirl magnitude (such as a drill bit or stabilizer whirl magnitude) using rotating sensors.
  • a whirl magnitude such as a drill bit or stabilizer whirl magnitude
  • method 200 may make use of substantially any suitable sensor set in the drill string.
  • the sensors may include, for example, cross-axial accelerometer and magnetometer sets deployed substantially anywhere in the drill string (e.g., just above the bit or further up the string).
  • the sensors are rotated at 202, for example, while drilling the borehole (e.g., by rotating the drill string at the surface or rotating the drill bit with a conventional mud motor).
  • navigational sensors may include a tri- axial accelerometer set and a tri-axial magnetometer set, although the disclosed embodiments are not limited in this regard.
  • Sensor data is acquired at a predetermined time interval at 204 while rotating in 202 (e.g., during the actual drilling process) to obtain a set (or array) of sensor measurements.
  • the sensor measurements may be made at a rapid interval so as to be sensitive to whirl (and other drill string vibrational modes as described above with respect to FIG. 4).
  • the interval may be in the range from about 0.0001 to about 0.1 second (i.e., a measurement frequency in the range from about 10 to about 10,000 Hz). For example, in one embodiment a measurement interval of 10 milliseconds (0.01 second) may be successfully utilized.
  • the sensor measurements are processed at 206 to compute a rotation rate of the sensors (or a sensor sub or tool body in which the sensors are deployed).
  • the instantaneous rotation rate of the sensors may be computed, for example, via differentiating magnetic toolface measurements as described above with respect to Equation 19.
  • Gyroscopic e.g., using solid state gyroscopic sensors
  • accelerometer based methods for obtaining the rotation rate may also be utilized.
  • the rotation rate of the sensors is then processed in combination with a predetermined blade count (e.g., a drill bit or stabilizer blade count) to compute a bit frequency at 208.
  • the sensor measurements are then further processed at 210 to compute a whirl magnitude at the whirl frequency computed in 208.
  • a severity of the whirl magnitude may then be classified and transmitted to the surface if so desired.
  • the whirl magnitude and frequency may also be stored in downhole memory.
  • a bit whirl frequency (also referred to in the art as a backward whirl frequency) may be computed based on the number of blades in a PDC drill bit, for example, as follows:
  • whirl represents the bit whirl frequency
  • ⁇ represents the rotation frequency (or the instantaneous rotation frequency) of the sensor sub (or drill string)
  • N represents the number of blades on the PDC drill bit
  • M represents the number of lobes in the "star" whirl pattern (which is described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 7).
  • the whirl magnitude may be computed from the accelerometer measurements.
  • a set of accelerometer measurements e.g., a set of 1000 measurements obtained in a 10 second interval or a set of 10,000 measurements obtained in a 100 second interval
  • Suitable transforms include a Fourier Transform, a cosine transform, a sine transform, a polynomial transform, a Laplace transform, a Hartley transform, a wavelet transform, and the like.
  • a transform may be selected, for example, in view of the ease with which it may be handled via a downhole processor.
  • Cosine transforms may reduce downhole processing requirements in that they make use of only real-number coefficients (as opposed to complex coefficients).
  • Fast transforms may also be utilized, for example, including a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) or a Fast Cosine Transform (FCT).
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transform
  • FCT Fast Cosine Transform
  • Such transforms are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and are commercially available, for example, via software such as MathCad® or Mathematica® (Wolfram Research, Inc., Champaign, IL), or MATLAB® (The Mathworks Inc.).
  • whirl may be quantified, for example, via obtaining the signal amplitude at the computed whirl frequency or by integrating the signal over some frequency range about the whirl frequency (e.g., within 1 Hz of the whirl frequency).
  • a digital band pass filter may be applied to a set of accelerometer measurements (e.g., a set of 1000 measurements obtained in a 10 second interval or a set of 10,000 measurements obtained in a 100 second interval).
  • the magnitude of the filtered data set may then be taken to be an indication of the whirl magnitude.
  • the magnitude of the filtered data set may be expressed as a root mean square (RMS), for example, as follows:
  • x rms represents the root mean square of the filtered data set
  • n represents the number of accelerometer measurements in the data set
  • x l , x 1 ,...x n represent the filtered individual accelerometer measurements.
  • the digital band pass filter may include, for example, a filter having a center frequency about equal to the computed whirl frequency and a pass band of one or two Hertz about the center frequency.
  • Suitable filters may include, for example, digital finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters.
  • FIR digital finite impulse response
  • IIR infinite impulse response
  • a suitable digital filter may be computed uphole or downhole.
  • a downhole controller may be programmed with instructions for computing filter coefficients for a suitable digital filter based on the computed whirl frequency.
  • filters may be computed uphole and stored in downhole memory. These filters may be computed for each of a plurality of expected whirl frequencies within a predetermined range of frequencies. A suitable filter may then be obtained from memory based on the computed whirl frequency.
  • the whirl magnitude may also be stored in downhole memory for subsequent surface analysis and/or transmitted to the surface during drilling to enable substantially real time mitigation as required. Due to the aforementioned bandwidth constraints of conventional telemetry techniques, the whirl magnitude may be reduced, for example, to a one or two-bit value. A one bit value may indicate whether or not the magnitude exceeds some predetermined threshold. Two bits may indicate four magnitude levels, e.g., low, medium, high, and severe. The numerical value of the whirl magnitude may also be transmitted to the surface, e.g., as eight-bit or sixteen-bit floating point values. The whirl magnitude may also be normalized, for example, with respect to drill bit diameter or borehole inclination.
  • the whirl magnitude may also be combined with other dynamics measurements (e.g., the axial and lateral vibration and stick slip measurements described above) so as to obtain a combined parameter (e.g., a whirl / stick slip parameter, and so on).
  • a combined parameter e.g., a whirl / stick slip parameter, and so on.
  • a transmitted whirl magnitude may be used in an automated drilling routine.
  • the whirl magnitude and other dynamics parameters may be processed at the surface and used to automatically adjust one or more drilling parameters.
  • drilling parameters may include, for example, weight on bit (WOB), drill string rotation rate (RPM), and drilling fluid flow rate.
  • WOB weight on bit
  • RPM drill string rotation rate
  • a whirl magnitude received at the surface may be compared with a predetermined threshold. If the whirl magnitude is greater than the threshold and the WOB is less than some maximum value, then the WOB may be incrementally increased (e.g., by about 10%).
  • the RPM may be incrementally decreased (e.g., by 10%).
  • the routine may be continually repeated as long as desired.
  • the routine may further process received stick slip values. For example, if the received stick slip is greater than a threshold and the WOB is greater than some minimum value, then the WOB may be incrementally decreased (e.g., by about 5%). If the stick slip remains greater than the threshold and the RPM is less than some maximum value, the RPM may then be incrementally increased (e.g., by 10%).
  • the raw magnetometer and accelerometer data may be transmitted to the surface (e.g., using a wired drillpipe) and that the raw data may be processed at the surface according to any one or more of the various methods disclosed herein.
  • a BHA such as MWD and telemetry tools
  • the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the use of a near-bit sensor sub, but are equally applicable to the MWD directional module deployed further away from the bit and/or other LWD imaging tools (gamma, density, neutron, caliper, resistivity imaging tools) including a directional sensor package.
  • FIGS 7 and 8 depict plots of accelerometer and magnetometer data obtained during the aforementioned drilling operation.
  • FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D depict plots of the x- and y- axis accelerometer and magnetometer data obtained during the drilling operation. It will be understood that the x- and y- axes are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the drill string (also referred to as cross-axial) as described above with respect to FIGS 2 and 3.
  • FIG. 7A depicts a plot of the y-axis versus the x-axis accelerometer ( A Y vs. A x ) values for each of 1000 data points acquired in a 10 second interval.
  • FIG. 7C depicts a plot of the y-axis versus the x-axis magnetometer (B Y vs. B x ) values.
  • the circular pattern is indicative of rotary motion.
  • FIGS. 7B and 7D depict frequency spectra of plots of A x (FIG. 7B) and B x (FIG. 7D) from which the DC components have been removed.
  • FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D depict plots of transverse (radial) accelerometer and magnetometer ( A ⁇ and B ⁇ ) data obtained during a downhole drilling operation.
  • the transverse (radial) accelerometer and magnetometer values were computed as follows:
  • FIGS. 8A and 8C depict plots of and B ⁇ versus time for the 10 second interval over which the sensor measurement were acquired.
  • FIGS. 8B and 8D depict frequency spectra for the time domain plots of and B ⁇ shown FIGS. 8A and 8C.
  • the DC component of the A ⁇ and B ⁇ spectra has been removed.
  • the A ⁇ spectrum depicted on FIG. 8B shows a clear and strong peak at the bit whirl frequency of 16.2 Hz (the rotation frequency 2.3 Hz times the 7 lobes).
  • the B ⁇ spectrum depicted on FIG. 8D shows a peak at 4.6 Hz (the second harmonic of the 2.3 Hz rotation frequency).
  • the small peak at the fundamental rotation frequency (2.3 Hz) may be taken to be indicative of the drill string rotation being smooth (nearly constant) in the 10 second interval over which the sensor data was acquired. It will be understood that since AC signals are used to detect the whirl frequency, AC coupled accelerometers and/or magnetometers may be used in whirl detection.
  • bottom hole assemblies suitable for use the disclosed embodiments generally include at least one electronic controller.
  • a controller may include signal processing circuitry including a digital processor (a microprocessor), an analog to digital converter, and processor readable memory.
  • the controller may also include processor-readable or computer- readable program code embodying logic, including instructions for computing vibrational parameters as described above, for example, in Equations 1-19.
  • processor-readable or computer- readable program code embodying logic including instructions for computing vibrational parameters as described above, for example, in Equations 1-19.
  • One skilled in the art will also readily recognize that the above mentioned equations may also be solved using hardware mechanisms (e.g., including analog or digital circuits).
  • a suitable controller may further include a timer including, for example, an incrementing counter, a decrementing time-out counter, or a real-time clock.
  • the controller may further include multiple data storage devices, various sensors, other controllable components, a power supply, and the like.
  • the controller may also optionally communicate with other instruments in the drill string, such as telemetry systems that communicate with the surface or an EM (electro-magnetic) shorthop that enables the two-way communication across a downhole motor. It will be appreciated that the controller is not necessarily located in the sensor sub (e.g., sub 60), but may be disposed elsewhere in the drill string in electronic communication therewith.
  • the multiple functions described above may be distributed among a number of electronic devices (controllers).

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé pour réaliser des mesures de tourbillon de fond de trou dans un train de tiges de forage, lequel procédé met en œuvre la rotation d'un ensemble de capteur dans un trou de forage. L'ensemble de capteur est déployé dans le train de tiges de forage, et comprend au moins un accéléromètre transversal à l'axe et au moins un magnétomètre transversal à l'axe. Des mesures de capteur, comprenant une pluralité de mesures d'accéléromètre et une pluralité de mesures de magnétomètre réalisées à des intervalles de mesure prédéterminés, peuvent être obtenues pendant le forage, et utilisées afin de calculer une grandeur de tourbillonnement.
PCT/US2014/032042 2013-03-31 2014-03-27 Détection de tourbillon de fond de trou pendant le forage WO2014165389A1 (fr)

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WO2017061926A1 (fr) * 2015-10-09 2017-04-13 Lkab Wassara Ab Procédé et système d'optimisation de l'utilisation d'énergie au niveau d'une installation de forage
US11174720B2 (en) 2017-02-22 2021-11-16 Evolution Engineering Inc. Automated drilling methods and systems using real-time analysis of drill string dynamics
EP3810896A4 (fr) * 2018-06-11 2022-02-23 Services Pétroliers Schlumberger Étude en temps réel pendant le forage

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US9567844B2 (en) 2013-10-10 2017-02-14 Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc Analysis of drillstring dynamics using angular and linear motion data from multiple accelerometer pairs
GB2519232B (en) * 2013-10-10 2017-10-04 Weatherford Tech Holdings Llc Analysis of drillstring dynamics using angular and linear motion data from multiple accelerometer pairs
WO2017061926A1 (fr) * 2015-10-09 2017-04-13 Lkab Wassara Ab Procédé et système d'optimisation de l'utilisation d'énergie au niveau d'une installation de forage
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US11174720B2 (en) 2017-02-22 2021-11-16 Evolution Engineering Inc. Automated drilling methods and systems using real-time analysis of drill string dynamics
EP3810896A4 (fr) * 2018-06-11 2022-02-23 Services Pétroliers Schlumberger Étude en temps réel pendant le forage
US11692432B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2023-07-04 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Real time surveying while drilling

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