WO2014145582A2 - Silicone surfactants for emulsion assays - Google Patents
Silicone surfactants for emulsion assays Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014145582A2 WO2014145582A2 PCT/US2014/030374 US2014030374W WO2014145582A2 WO 2014145582 A2 WO2014145582 A2 WO 2014145582A2 US 2014030374 W US2014030374 W US 2014030374W WO 2014145582 A2 WO2014145582 A2 WO 2014145582A2
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- silicone surfactant
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- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- -1 POLYSILOXANE Polymers 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- UUJLHYCIMQOUKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[oxo(trimethylsilylperoxy)silyl]peroxysilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OO[Si](=O)OO[Si](C)(C)C UUJLHYCIMQOUKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 claims 4
- 238000004987 plasma desorption mass spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 31
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007843 droplet-based assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Si] Chemical group [O].[Si] OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(dioctadecyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002866 fluorescence resonance energy transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001506 fluorescence spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012203 high throughput assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003463 organelle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004853 protein function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZQTYRTSKQFQYPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisiloxane Chemical compound [SiH3]O[SiH2]O[SiH3] ZQTYRTSKQFQYPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
- C12Q1/686—Polymerase chain reaction [PCR]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
- C08G77/46—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/48—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
- C08G77/50—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms by carbon linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/10—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences
- C08L83/12—Block- or graft-copolymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/14—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers in which at least two but not all the silicon atoms are connected by linkages other than oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K23/00—Use of substances as emulsifying, wetting, dispersing, or foam-producing agents
- C09K23/54—Silicon compounds
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/5436—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals with ligand physically entrapped within the solid phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/70—Siloxanes defined by use of the MDTQ nomenclature
Definitions
- An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Typically, one liquid, referred to as the dispersed phase, is dispersed into the other liquid, referred to as the continuous phase.
- Emulsions hold substantial promise for revolutionizing high-throughput assays, as emulsification techniques can create thousands, millions, or even billions of discrete aqueous droplets from a single sample.
- the resulting aqueous droplets due to their isolation from each other within an immiscible continuous phase, can function as independent reaction chambers for biochemical reactions. Significantly, even a small aqueous sample can be partitioned into a vast number of droplets.
- an aqueous sample with a volume of 200 microliters can be dispersed into approximately four million droplets, each having a volume of 50 picoliters.
- individual biological components e.g., cells, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.
- individual biological components can be manipulated, processed, and studied discretely in a massively high-throughput manner.
- Emulsions for assays are often formulated to have a continuous phase that includes a perfluorinated oil and a perfluorinated surfactant.
- a fluorophilic continuous phase around droplets can provide a permissive surrounding environment for certain biochemical reactions, such as PCR amplification, to occur in the droplets.
- emulsions containing perfluorinated oil can suffer from various problems.
- aqueous droplets are typically buoyant in perfluorinated oil, which can create problems during droplet manipulation.
- the buoyant droplets may be more likely to be damaged by exposure to air above the emulsion, particularly when heated.
- such emulsions may require removal of excess oil below the droplets to position the droplets closer to a heat source.
- the droplets may be difficult to stabilize for heat treatment, such as thermocycling to promote amplification, and may be difficult to singulate prior to detection.
- the present disclosure provides a system, including methods and compositions, for making and using emulsions that include a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant.
- the emulsions may include aqueous droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant.
- the aqueous droplets may contain an analyte, optionally at partial occupancy, and/or a luminescent (e.g., photoluminescent) reporter.
- An assay of the analyte may be performed with the droplets.
- signals may be detected from the droplets, and a characteristic of the analyte, such as an analyte level or activity, may be determined based on the signals.
- the present disclosure provides a system, including methods and compositions, for making and using emulsions that include a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant.
- the emulsions may include aqueous droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant.
- the aqueous droplets may contain an analyte, optionally at partial occupancy, and/or a luminescent (e.g., photoluminescent) reporter.
- An assay of the analyte may be performed with the droplets.
- signals may be detected from the droplets, and a characteristic of the analyte, such as an analyte level or activity, may be determined based on the signals.
- composition may comprise a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant, and aqueous droplets disposed in the continuous phase.
- the droplets may include an analyte at partial occupancy.
- an emulsion may be formed that includes droplets disposed in a continuous phase.
- the continuous phase may include a silicone oil and at least one silicone surfactant.
- Data related to an analyte disposed in the dispersed droplets may be collected.
- the system may have substantial advantages.
- the emulsion may prevent a droplet-air interface from forming because the droplets of the emulsion may be denser than the oil, which causes the droplets to be positioned below any excess oil in a PCR tube or plate.
- the droplets may be stable to thermocycling during PCR without the need for a protein skin around each droplet.
- the droplets may sink, which allows the droplets to be packed readily prior to detection or other manipulation, affording more control over droplet transport in a droplet reader (or other device for droplet manipulation), and potentially avoiding a need for a focusing fluid in a droplet reader (or other device for droplet manipulation).
- At least one silicone oil may be used to form the emulsion.
- the oil may form at least a majority of the continuous phase of the emulsion.
- the oil may have a low viscosity, such as less than about 10, 5, or 2 centistokes, or about one or less centistoke.
- the oil may be non-volatile and/or may have a density less than water.
- a silicone oil, as used herein, includes one or more component compounds having a polysiloxane backbone with organic side chains. That is, the backbone of a silicone oil includes a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (-Si-O-Si-O-Si-), where the silicon atoms are substituted by various hydrocarbon moieties.
- silicone oils may be suitable for use as a continuous phase for the purposes of the present invention.
- One exemplary silicone oil that may be a suitable continuous phase, or a component of a continuous phase is a trisiloxane oil, such as octamethyl trisiloxane.
- one or more components of the continuous phase may be a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer.
- the continuous phase includes a PDMS silicone oil having a relatively low kinematic viscosity (the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density) of about 0.1 to about 10 cSt, more preferably about the silicone oil is a 5 cSt PDMS.
- aqueous-silicone oil emulsion may be enhanced by the addition of a surfactant (amphiphile).
- a surfactant amphiphile
- some surfactants that provided good emulsion characteristics when used with carbon-based oils have been found to provide less satisfactory results when used in combination with silicone oils.
- Silicone surfactants may be used to stabilize the aqueous-silicone oil emulsion without suffering from the disadvantages of previously used surfactants.
- At least one silicone surfactant may be included in the emulsion, generally as part of the oil phase.
- the surfactant may be heat stable, that is, stable to heating to a temperature of at least about 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, or 1 10 °C for at least about 1 , 2, 10, 30, 60, 120, or 180 minutes, among others.
- the surfactant may be biocompatible, biologically inert, and/or compatible with one or more chemical reactions, such as enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
- the surface may be compatible with amplification (i.e., may not inhibit amplification substantially), such as by the polymerase chain reaction, in droplets of the emulsion.
- the surfactant collectively, or one or more surfactants individually, may be present at any suitable concentration in the continuous phase or in the oil before the emulsion is formed.
- concentrations that may be suitable include about 0.1 % to 10%, 0.2% to 5%, 0.5% to 2%, or about 1 % by weight, among others.
- the silicone surfactant may be described by the following general formula:
- the SILICONE BACKBONE moiety corresponds to a polysiloxane chain having a repeating silicon-oxygen structure substituted by alkyl substituents, having the formula:
- a is 5-500
- each R moiety is hydrogen or an alkyl substituent, which may be the same or different, although each R moiety is typically a lower alkyl group having 1 -6 carbons.
- the silicone chain is substantially completely substituted by methyl groups, and the resulting silicone chain is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer.
- the silicone backbone moiety may be further substituted by one or more additional substituents, represented in the general formula by the moieties ALKYL, POLYETHER, and POLYSILOXANE.
- additional substituents represented in the general formula by the moieties ALKYL, POLYETHER, and POLYSILOXANE.
- the particular nature and number of the additional substituents may be selected to tailor the hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity of the surfactant, and thus to fine-tune the utility of the surfactant for stabilizing a particular aqueous/silicone oil emulsion composition.
- the silicone backbone chain of the surfactant may be further substituted by one or more hydrophilic moieties, where the hydrophilic moiety is selected to confer enhanced hydrophilicity on the surfactant.
- the silicone backbone may be substituted by 1 -5 hydrophilic moieties, which may be the same or different.
- an appropriate hydrophilic moiety is a POLYETHER moiety, such as an organic polyether chain.
- the organic polyether may be a linear alkyl that incorporates a plurality of bridging oxygen atoms.
- the hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety or a polypropylene glycol moiety.
- the hydrophilic moiety includes a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety having the formula:
- b is 5-300, or more typically b is 15-100.
- the hydrophilic moiety may be an organic olyether that is itself further substituted by an inorganic polysiloxane.
- hydrophilic moiety is a POLYSILOXANE moiety
- it may include an inorganic polysiloxane that is optionally substituted one or more times by alkyl having 1 -6 carbons.
- the inorganic polysiloxane side chain is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chain, such as, for example, a polysiloxane substituent having the formula:
- polysiloxane moiety may include a branched polysiloxane chain, such as a secondary polysiloxane having the formula:
- polysiloxane moiety may include a tertiary branched polysiloxane chain, as, for example, a hydro hilic moiet having the formula:
- each c is independently 2-100.
- a polysiloxane substituent may therefore be described by the formula:
- each R is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 -6 carbons
- d is 1 -3
- f is (3-d)
- each c is independently 2-100.
- Each polysiloxane moiety may be derivatized by one or more alkyl groups having 1 -6 carbons, for example, at the side chain terminus.
- the silicone backbone chain may be substituted by one or more hydrophobic moieties, where the hydrophobic moiety is selected to confer enhanced hydrophobicity on the surfactant.
- the silicone backbone chain may be substituted by 1 -5 hydrophobic moieties, which may be the same or different.
- the hydrophobic moiety if present, is an ALKYL moiety, which includes a linear alkyl side chain having 8- 14 carbons.
- the silicone surfactant may have any suitable structure, including a comb structure, a di-block structure, a tri-block structure, a zwitterionic structure, an X block structure, a Y block structure, or a combination thereof, among others.
- the silicone surfactant may include the specific surfactants ABIL® EM 90 or ABIL® EM 180, and/or one or more of Surfactants A-F shown below:
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each i is independently 1 -5;
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each i is independently 1 -5;
- each j is independently 15-50;
- each k is independently 2-100.
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each i is independently 1 -5;
- each j is independently 15-50;
- each k is independently 2-100.
- the silicone surfactant may have the structure
- each g is 10-25;
- each h is independently 1 -3;
- each i is independently 2-4;
- each j is independently 15-20;
- each k is independently 10-50.
- the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion may include a silicone resin solution, for example such as XIAMETER® RSN-0749, also known as DOW CORNING® 749 FLUID, and optionally at least one silicone surfactant as described above.
- the emulsion, continuous phase, and/or oil composition used to prepare the emulsion may include a silicone resin solution such as GP-422, available from GENESEE POLYMERS CORPORATION (Burton, Michigan).
- the silicone resin solution may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.1 % to 10%, 0.2% to 5%, 0.5% to 2%, or about 1 % by weight, among others.
- the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion may include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, and/or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, which may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.0.5% to 5%, 0.1 % to 2.5%, 0.25% to 1 %, or about 0.5% by weight, among others.
- the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion may include trimethylsiloxysilicate (TSS).
- TSS trimethylsiloxysilicate
- the TSS may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.0.5% to 5%, 0.1 % to 2.5%, 0.25% to 1 %, or about 0.5% by weight, among others.
- silicone-based surfactants may be designed and prepared via the modification of existing carbon-based surfactants through the substitution of one or more of the hydrocarbon backbone chains and/or polyether side chains with a corresponding polysiloxane chain.
- the details of the geometry and chain length of the polydimethylsiloxane backbone and side chains could be readily tailored to meet the particular demands of the particular emulsion system in which the surfactant is used (or intended to be used).
- the emulsion may contain aqueous droplets formed from a continuous aqueous phase.
- the droplets may be monodisperse.
- the droplets may include, and/or may be formed with an aqueous phase including, an aqueous surfactant.
- the droplets also may include at least one analyte to be characterized in a droplet-based assay.
- the analyte may be present at partial occupancy, such that one or more (e.g., a plurality) of the droplets contain no copies of the analyte, one or more (e.g., a plurality) of the droplets may contain a single copy (only one copy) of the analyte, and, optionally, yet one or more of the droplets (e.g., the rest of the droplets) may contain two or more copies of the analyte.
- partial occupancy is not restricted to the case where there is no more than one copy of a particular analyte in any droplet.
- Droplets containing an analyte at partial occupancy may, for example, contain an average of more than, or less than, about one copy, two copies, or three copies, among others, of the analyte per droplet when the droplets are provided or formed. Copies of an analyte may have a random distribution among the droplets, which may be described as a Poisson distribution.
- Exemplary analytes include a biological material, such as a cell, a viral particle, an organelle, a nucleic acid target or template, a protein, an amino acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a hormone, a receptor, a ligand, a metabolite, a catabolite, an ion, or the like.
- the analyte may be characterized in the droplets to determine any suitable characteristic, such as a qualitative level (present/absent), a quantitative level or concentration, an activity, or any combination thereof, among others.
- the aqueous droplets may include a reporter.
- the reporter may be or include a dye, which in turn may include a luminophore (e.g., a fluorophore).
- the reporter may be configured to interact, associate, or bind to the analyte, a reaction product representing the analyte, or the like. In any event, the reporter may be configured to report the occurrence and/or extent of a reaction, such as a chemical reaction in the droplets.
- the reporter may report pH, a change in cellular ion concentration, cellular activity or death, protein function, viscosity, temperature, etc.
- exemplary reporters for nucleic acid amplification include a dye-labeled probe, a generic reporter (e.g., an intercalating dye), or the like.
- a signal may be detected by direct detection of droplets without involvement of a reporter.
- the droplets may contain all necessary components to report a characteristic or activity occurring in the droplets, or additional materials may be delivered to the droplets during droplet use.
- the aqueous droplets may contain a reaction mixture to perform a chemical reaction in the droplets.
- the reaction may be an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and the droplets may contain at least one enzyme.
- Signals may be detected from the droplets.
- the signals may be detected with the droplets moving or disposed in a one-dimensional array, a two-dimensional array, or a three-dimensional array, among others.
- Each signal may represent an electrical characteristic of the droplets, a thermal change, a pH, or detected light (e.g., luminescence (intensity, lifetime, polarization, energy transfer (e.g., FRET), etc.), absorbance, reflectivity, methods of direct detection, not involving reporters, etc.), among others.
- the signals may represent light detected from the droplets, such as light emitted in response to irradiation with excitation light.
- One or more signals may be detected from each of a plurality of the droplets.
- the signals may be detected from the droplets serially, such as while the droplets flow past a detector, in parallel, such as by imaging the droplets or with parallel flow channels (e.g., with a multi-channel singulator), laser scanning, or a combination thereof, among others.
- the signals may be processed to quantitatively or qualitatively determine a characteristic of the analyte and/or the droplets.
- the term "luminescence” means emission of light that cannot be attributed merely to the temperature of the emitting body. Exemplary forms of luminescence include photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, electroluminescence, or the like.
- a "luminophore” is any atom or associated group of atoms capable of luminescence.
- Photoluminescence is any luminescence produced in response to irradiation with excitation light and includes fluorescence, phosphorescence, etc. Accordingly, a luminophore may be a fluorophore or a phosphor, among others.
- a silicone surfactant having the formula:
- BACKBONE has the formula:
- a is 5-500, and each R moiety is independently hydrogen or an alkyl having 1 -6 carbons.
- ALKYL is an alkyl moiety having 8-14 carbons.
- POLYETHER is an organic polyether side chain.
- each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 -6 carbons, each c is independently 5-100, d is 1 -3, and f is (3-d).
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each i is independently 1 -5;
- each j is independently 15-50;
- each k is independently 2-100.
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each k is independently 2-100.
- each g is independently 5-200;
- each h is independently 1 -5;
- each i is independently 1 -5;
- each j is independently 15-50;
- each k is independently 2-100.
- a composition comprising at least one silicone surfactant according to one of paragraphs 1 -1 1 .
- composition of paragraph 13, wherein the composition is an emulsion.
- composition of paragraph 12 or 13, wherein the composition includes a silicone oil 14.
- a composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase including a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant; and (B) aqueous droplets disposed in the continuous phase, the droplets including an analyte at partial occupancy.
- a method of performing an assay comprising: (A) forming an emulsion including droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and at least one silicone surfactant according to one of paragraphs 1 -1 1 ; and (B) collecting data related to an analyte disposed in the droplets.
- the silicone surfactant includes a silicone surfactant having a di-block or tri-block structure.
- the silicone surfactant is present at a concentration of about 0.2% to 5% by weight.
Abstract
System, including methods and compositions, for making and using emulsions that include a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The emulsions may include aqueous droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The aqueous droplets may contain an analyte, optionally at partial occupancy, and/or a luminescent (e.g., photoluminescent) reporter. An assay of the analyte may be performed with the droplets. In some cases, signals may be detected from the droplets, and a characteristic of the analyte, such as an analyte level or activity, may be determined based on the signals.
Description
SILICONE SURFACTANTS FOR EMULSION ASSAYS
Cross-Reference to Priority Application
This application is based upon and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 1 19(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/789,676, filed March 15, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Cross-References to Other Materials
This application incorporates by reference in their entireties for all purposes the following materials: U.S. Patent No. 7,041 ,481 , issued May 9, 2006; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0173394 A1 , published July 8, 2010; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 201 1/0217712 A1 , published September 8, 201 1 ; and Joseph R. Lakowicz, PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY (2nd Ed. 1999).
Introduction
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable). Typically, one liquid, referred to as the dispersed phase, is dispersed into the other liquid, referred to as the continuous phase. Emulsions hold substantial promise for revolutionizing high-throughput assays, as emulsification techniques can create thousands, millions, or even billions of discrete aqueous droplets from a single sample. The resulting aqueous droplets, due to their isolation from each other within an immiscible continuous phase, can function as independent reaction chambers for biochemical reactions. Significantly, even a small aqueous sample can be partitioned into a vast number of droplets. For example, an aqueous sample with a volume of 200 microliters can be dispersed into approximately four million droplets, each having a volume of 50 picoliters. In this way, individual biological components (e.g., cells, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) can be manipulated, processed, and studied discretely in a massively high-throughput manner.
Emulsions for assays are often formulated to have a continuous phase that includes a perfluorinated oil and a perfluorinated surfactant. The use of such a fluorophilic continuous phase around droplets can provide a permissive surrounding environment for certain biochemical reactions, such as PCR amplification, to occur in the droplets.
However, emulsions containing perfluorinated oil can suffer from various problems. For example, aqueous droplets are typically buoyant in perfluorinated oil,
which can create problems during droplet manipulation. The buoyant droplets may be more likely to be damaged by exposure to air above the emulsion, particularly when heated. Also, such emulsions may require removal of excess oil below the droplets to position the droplets closer to a heat source. Furthermore, the droplets may be difficult to stabilize for heat treatment, such as thermocycling to promote amplification, and may be difficult to singulate prior to detection.
Summary
The present disclosure provides a system, including methods and compositions, for making and using emulsions that include a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The emulsions may include aqueous droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The aqueous droplets may contain an analyte, optionally at partial occupancy, and/or a luminescent (e.g., photoluminescent) reporter. An assay of the analyte may be performed with the droplets. In some cases, signals may be detected from the droplets, and a characteristic of the analyte, such as an analyte level or activity, may be determined based on the signals.
Detailed Description
The present disclosure provides a system, including methods and compositions, for making and using emulsions that include a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The emulsions may include aqueous droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant. The aqueous droplets may contain an analyte, optionally at partial occupancy, and/or a luminescent (e.g., photoluminescent) reporter. An assay of the analyte may be performed with the droplets. In some cases, signals may be detected from the droplets, and a characteristic of the analyte, such as an analyte level or activity, may be determined based on the signals.
A composition is provided. The composition may comprise a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant, and aqueous droplets disposed in the continuous phase. The droplets may include an analyte at partial occupancy.
A method of performing an assay is provided. In the method, an emulsion may be formed that includes droplets disposed in a continuous phase. The continuous phase may include a silicone oil and at least one silicone surfactant. Data related to an analyte disposed in the dispersed droplets may be collected.
The system may have substantial advantages. The emulsion may prevent a droplet-air interface from forming because the droplets of the emulsion may be denser than the oil, which causes the droplets to be positioned below any excess oil in a PCR tube or plate. The droplets may be stable to thermocycling during PCR without the need for a protein skin around each droplet. Also, the droplets may sink, which allows the droplets to be packed readily prior to detection or other manipulation, affording more control over droplet transport in a droplet reader (or other device for droplet manipulation), and potentially avoiding a need for a focusing fluid in a droplet reader (or other device for droplet manipulation).
Further aspects of the present disclosure are presented in the following sections: (I) oil phase, (II) aqueous phase, (III) detection of signals from droplets, and (IV) examples.
I. Oil Phase
At least one silicone oil may be used to form the emulsion. The oil may form at least a majority of the continuous phase of the emulsion. The oil may have a low viscosity, such as less than about 10, 5, or 2 centistokes, or about one or less centistoke. The oil may be non-volatile and/or may have a density less than water. A silicone oil, as used herein, includes one or more component compounds having a polysiloxane backbone with organic side chains. That is, the backbone of a silicone oil includes a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (-Si-O-Si-O-Si-), where the silicon atoms are substituted by various hydrocarbon moieties.
A variety of silicone oils, and blends of silicone oils, may be suitable for use as a continuous phase for the purposes of the present invention. One exemplary silicone oil that may be a suitable continuous phase, or a component of a continuous phase, is a trisiloxane oil, such as octamethyl trisiloxane. Alternatively, one or more components of the continuous phase may be a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the continuous phase includes a PDMS silicone oil having a relatively low kinematic viscosity (the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density) of about 0.1 to about 10 cSt, more preferably about the silicone oil is a 5 cSt PDMS.
The stability of an aqueous-silicone oil emulsion may be enhanced by the addition of a surfactant (amphiphile). However, some surfactants that provided good emulsion characteristics when used with carbon-based oils have been found to
provide less satisfactory results when used in combination with silicone oils. Silicone surfactants may be used to stabilize the aqueous-silicone oil emulsion without suffering from the disadvantages of previously used surfactants.
At least one silicone surfactant may be included in the emulsion, generally as part of the oil phase. The surfactant may be heat stable, that is, stable to heating to a temperature of at least about 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, or 1 10 °C for at least about 1 , 2, 10, 30, 60, 120, or 180 minutes, among others. The surfactant may be biocompatible, biologically inert, and/or compatible with one or more chemical reactions, such as enzyme-catalyzed reactions. For example, the surface may be compatible with amplification (i.e., may not inhibit amplification substantially), such as by the polymerase chain reaction, in droplets of the emulsion. The surfactant collectively, or one or more surfactants individually, may be present at any suitable concentration in the continuous phase or in the oil before the emulsion is formed. Exemplary concentrations that may be suitable include about 0.1 % to 10%, 0.2% to 5%, 0.5% to 2%, or about 1 % by weight, among others.
The silicone surfactant may be described by the following general formula:
[SILICONE BACKBONE] [ALKYL] x [POLYETHER]y [POLYSILOXANE]z where x is 0-5, y is 1 -35, and z is 2-50.
In the above general formula, the SILICONE BACKBONE moiety corresponds to a polysiloxane chain having a repeating silicon-oxygen structure substituted by alkyl substituents, having the formula:
Here, a is 5-500, and each R moiety is hydrogen or an alkyl substituent, which may be the same or different, although each R moiety is typically a lower alkyl
group having 1 -6 carbons. Preferably, the silicone chain is substantially completely substituted by methyl groups, and the resulting silicone chain is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer.
The silicone backbone moiety may be further substituted by one or more additional substituents, represented in the general formula by the moieties ALKYL, POLYETHER, and POLYSILOXANE. The particular nature and number of the additional substituents may be selected to tailor the hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity of the surfactant, and thus to fine-tune the utility of the surfactant for stabilizing a particular aqueous/silicone oil emulsion composition. For example, the silicone backbone chain of the surfactant may be further substituted by one or more hydrophilic moieties, where the hydrophilic moiety is selected to confer enhanced hydrophilicity on the surfactant. The silicone backbone may be substituted by 1 -5 hydrophilic moieties, which may be the same or different.
An example of an appropriate hydrophilic moiety is a POLYETHER moiety, such as an organic polyether chain. The organic polyether may be a linear alkyl that incorporates a plurality of bridging oxygen atoms. For example, the hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety or a polypropylene glycol moiety. In one embodiment, the hydrophilic moiety includes a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety having the formula:
Here, b is 5-300, or more typically b is 15-100. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic moiety may be an organic olyether that is itself further substituted by an inorganic polysiloxane.
Where a hydrophilic moiety is a POLYSILOXANE moiety, it may include an inorganic polysiloxane that is optionally substituted one or more times by alkyl having 1 -6 carbons. In one example, the inorganic polysiloxane side
chain is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chain, such as, for example, a polysiloxane substituent having the formula:
Here, c is 2-100. Alternatively, the polysiloxane moiety may include a branched polysiloxane chain, such as a secondary polysiloxane having the formula:
Here, each c is independently 2-100. In yet another alternative, polysiloxane moiety may include a tertiary branched polysiloxane chain, as, for example, a hydro hilic moiet having the formula:
Here, each c is independently 2-100. A polysiloxane substituent may therefore be described by the formula:
Here, each R is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 -6 carbons, d is 1 -3, f is (3-d), and each c is independently 2-100. Each polysiloxane moiety may be derivatized by one or more alkyl groups having 1 -6 carbons, for example, at the side chain terminus.
Alternatively or in addition, the silicone backbone chain may be substituted by one or more hydrophobic moieties, where the hydrophobic moiety is selected to confer enhanced hydrophobicity on the surfactant. The silicone backbone chain may be substituted by 1 -5 hydrophobic moieties, which may be the same or different. Typically, the hydrophobic moiety, if present, is an ALKYL moiety, which includes a linear alkyl side chain having 8- 14 carbons.
The silicone surfactant may have any suitable structure, including a comb structure, a di-block structure, a tri-block structure, a zwitterionic structure, an X block structure, a Y block structure, or a combination thereof, among others. In some cases, the silicone surfactant may include the specific surfactants ABIL® EM 90 or ABIL® EM 180, and/or one or more of Surfactants A-F shown below:
Surfactant A
where: m~ 90-120 n - 30-60
Surfactant B
n~ 70-130
Surfactant C
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and each k is independently 2-100.
Surfactant D
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
Surfactant E
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
Surfactant F
wherein
each g is 10-25;
each h is independently 1 -3;
each i is independently 2-4;
each j is independently 15-20; and
each k is independently 10-50.
In some cases, the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion, may include a silicone resin solution, for example such as XIAMETER® RSN-0749, also known as DOW CORNING® 749 FLUID, and optionally at least one silicone surfactant as described above. Alternatively, or in addition, the emulsion, continuous phase, and/or oil composition used to prepare the emulsion may include a silicone resin solution such as GP-422, available from GENESEE POLYMERS CORPORATION (Burton, Michigan). The silicone resin solution may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.1 % to 10%, 0.2% to 5%, 0.5% to 2%, or about 1 % by weight, among others.
In some cases, the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion, may include decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, and/or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, which may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.0.5% to 5%, 0.1 % to 2.5%, 0.25% to 1 %, or about 0.5% by weight, among others.
In some cases, the emulsion, the continuous phase, and/or an oil composition used to prepare the emulsion, may include trimethylsiloxysilicate (TSS). The TSS
may be present at any suitable concentration, such as a concentration of about 0.0.5% to 5%, 0.1 % to 2.5%, 0.25% to 1 %, or about 0.5% by weight, among others.
A variety of silicone-based surfactants may be designed and prepared via the modification of existing carbon-based surfactants through the substitution of one or more of the hydrocarbon backbone chains and/or polyether side chains with a corresponding polysiloxane chain. The details of the geometry and chain length of the polydimethylsiloxane backbone and side chains could be readily tailored to meet the particular demands of the particular emulsion system in which the surfactant is used (or intended to be used).
Further aspects of making and using emulsions, and compositions thereof, are disclosed in the documents listed above under Cross-References, which are incorporated herein by reference.
II. Aqueous Phase
The emulsion may contain aqueous droplets formed from a continuous aqueous phase. The droplets may be monodisperse. The droplets may include, and/or may be formed with an aqueous phase including, an aqueous surfactant. The droplets also may include at least one analyte to be characterized in a droplet-based assay. The analyte may be present at partial occupancy, such that one or more (e.g., a plurality) of the droplets contain no copies of the analyte, one or more (e.g., a plurality) of the droplets may contain a single copy (only one copy) of the analyte, and, optionally, yet one or more of the droplets (e.g., the rest of the droplets) may contain two or more copies of the analyte. The term "partial occupancy" is not restricted to the case where there is no more than one copy of a particular analyte in any droplet. Droplets containing an analyte at partial occupancy may, for example, contain an average of more than, or less than, about one copy, two copies, or three copies, among others, of the analyte per droplet when the droplets are provided or formed. Copies of an analyte may have a random distribution among the droplets, which may be described as a Poisson distribution. Exemplary analytes include a biological material, such as a cell, a viral particle, an organelle, a nucleic acid target or template, a protein, an amino acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a hormone, a receptor, a ligand, a metabolite, a catabolite, an ion, or the like. The analyte may be characterized in the droplets to determine any suitable characteristic, such as a qualitative level (present/absent), a quantitative level or concentration, an activity, or any combination thereof, among others.
The aqueous droplets may include a reporter. The reporter may be or include a dye, which in turn may include a luminophore (e.g., a fluorophore). The reporter may be configured to interact, associate, or bind to the analyte, a reaction product representing the analyte, or the like. In any event, the reporter may be configured to report the occurrence and/or extent of a reaction, such as a chemical reaction in the droplets. Alternatively, or in addition, the reporter may report pH, a change in cellular ion concentration, cellular activity or death, protein function, viscosity, temperature, etc. Exemplary reporters for nucleic acid amplification include a dye-labeled probe, a generic reporter (e.g., an intercalating dye), or the like. In some cases, a signal may be detected by direct detection of droplets without involvement of a reporter.
The droplets may contain all necessary components to report a characteristic or activity occurring in the droplets, or additional materials may be delivered to the droplets during droplet use. In some cases, the aqueous droplets may contain a reaction mixture to perform a chemical reaction in the droplets. The reaction may be an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and the droplets may contain at least one enzyme.
Further aspects of aqueous droplets and suitable contents of aqueous droplets are disclosed in the documents listed above under Cross-References, which are incorporated herein by reference.
III. Detection of Signals from Droplets
Signals may be detected from the droplets. The signals may be detected with the droplets moving or disposed in a one-dimensional array, a two-dimensional array, or a three-dimensional array, among others. Each signal may represent an electrical characteristic of the droplets, a thermal change, a pH, or detected light (e.g., luminescence (intensity, lifetime, polarization, energy transfer (e.g., FRET), etc.), absorbance, reflectivity, methods of direct detection, not involving reporters, etc.), among others. The signals may represent light detected from the droplets, such as light emitted in response to irradiation with excitation light. One or more signals may be detected from each of a plurality of the droplets. The signals may be detected from the droplets serially, such as while the droplets flow past a detector, in parallel, such as by imaging the droplets or with parallel flow channels (e.g., with a multi-channel singulator), laser scanning, or a combination thereof, among others. The signals may be processed to quantitatively or qualitatively determine a characteristic of the analyte and/or the droplets.
The term "luminescence" means emission of light that cannot be attributed merely to the temperature of the emitting body. Exemplary forms of luminescence include photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, electroluminescence, or the like. A "luminophore" is any atom or associated group of atoms capable of luminescence. Photoluminescence is any luminescence produced in response to irradiation with excitation light and includes fluorescence, phosphorescence, etc. Accordingly, a luminophore may be a fluorophore or a phosphor, among others.
Further aspects of signal detection from droplets, signal processing, and assays that can be performed with emulsions are disclosed in the documents listed above under Cross-References, which are incorporated herein by reference.
IV. Examples
The following examples, presented as a series of numbered paragraphs, describe selected aspects of silicone surfactants, emulsions containing silicone surfactants, and methods of using such emulsions in droplet-based assays. These examples are intended for illustration only and should not limit the entire scope of the present disclosure.
1 . A silicone surfactant having the formula:
[SILICONE BACKBONE] [ALKYL]X [POLYETHER]y [POLYSILOXANE], where x is 0-5, y is 1 -35, and z is 2-50.
2. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 1 , wherein SILICONE
BACKBONE has the formula:
wherein a is 5-500, and each R moiety is independently hydrogen or an alkyl having 1 -6 carbons.
3. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 1 , wherein ALKYL is an alkyl moiety having 8-14 carbons.
4. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 1 , wherein POLYETHER is an organic polyether side chain.
6. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 1 , wherein POLYSILOXANE is an inorganic polysiloxane moiety.
7. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 6, wherein POLYSILOXANE is a polydimethylsiloxane side chain.
8. The silicone surfactant of paragraph 6, wherein POLYSILOXANE has the formula:
wherein each R is independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 -6 carbons, each c is independently 5-100, d is 1 -3, and f is (3-d).
9. The silicone rfactant of paragraph 1 , having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
1 . The sili ne surfactant of paragraph 1 , having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
1 1 . The silicone surfactant of aragraph 1 , having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
12. A composition comprising at least one silicone surfactant according to one of paragraphs 1 -1 1 .
13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the composition is an emulsion.
14. The composition of paragraph 12 or 13, wherein the composition includes a silicone oil.
15. The composition of paragraph 14, wherein the silicone oil includes one or more of octamethyl trisiloxane and a 5 cSt PDMS.
16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 12-15, wherein the silicone surfactant is present in the composition at a concentration of 0.1 % to 10% in an oil phase.
17. A composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase including a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant; and (B) aqueous droplets disposed in the continuous phase, the droplets including an analyte at partial occupancy.
18. The composition of paragraph 17, wherein the silicone surfactant is a silicone surfactant according to one of paragraphs 1 -1 1 .
19. The composition of paragraph 17, wherein the aqueous droplets include a photoluminescent reporter.
20. The composition of one of paragraphs 17-19, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid.
21 . A method of performing an assay, comprising: (A) forming an emulsion including droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and at least one silicone surfactant according to one of paragraphs 1 -1 1 ; and (B) collecting data related to an analyte disposed in the droplets.
22. The method of paragraph 21 , wherein the analyte is a biomaterial.
23. The method of paragraph 21 , wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid.
24. The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 23, wherein copies of the analyte are present in the droplets at partial occupancy when the emulsion is formed.
25. The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 24, wherein the silicone oil includes a polydimethylsiloxane.
26. The method of paragraph 25, wherein the polydimethylsiloxane is a 5 cSt polydimethylsiloxane.
27. The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 26, wherein the continuous phase includes octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.
28. The method of paragraph 27, wherein the octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane is present at a concentration of about 0.1 % to 2% by weight or about 0.5% by weight.
29. The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 28, wherein the continuous phase includes a trimethylsiloxysilicate.
30. The method of paragraph 29, wherein the trimethyloxysiloxysilicate is present at a concentration of about 0.1 % to 5% by weight.
31 . The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 30, wherein the silicone surfactant includes a silicone surfactant having a comb structure.
32. The method of any one of paragraphs 21 to 30, wherein the silicone surfactant includes a silicone surfactant having a di-block or tri-block structure.
33. The method of any of paragraphs 21 to 32, wherein the silicone surfactant is present at a concentration of about 0.2% to 5% by weight.
34. The method of paragraph 33, wherein the silicone surfactant is present at a concentration of about 0.5% to 2% by weight.
The disclosure set forth above may encompass multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. Although each of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form(s), the specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein. The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and subcombinations regarded as novel and nonobvious. Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed in applications claiming priority from this or a related application. Such claims, whether directed to a different invention or to the same invention, and whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the inventions of the present disclosure. Further, ordinal indicators, such as first, second, or third, for identified elements are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate a particular position or order of such elements, unless otherwise specifically stated.
Claims
1 . A silicone surfactant having the formula:
[SILICONE BACKBONE] [ALKYL]X [POLYETHER]y [POLYSILOXANE]2 where x is 0-5, y is 1 -35, and z is 2-50.
2. The silicone surfactant of claim 1 , wherein SILICONE BACKBONE has the formula:
3. The silicone surfactant of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein ALKYL is an alkyl moiety having 8-14 carbons.
4. The silicone surfactant of one of claims 1 -3, wherein POLYETHER is an organic polyether side chain.
6. The silicone surfactant of one of claims 1 -5, wherein POLYSILOXANE is an inorganic polysiloxane moiety.
7. The silicone surfactant of one of claims 1 -6, wherein POLYSILOXANE is a polydimethylsiloxane side chain.
8. The silicone surfactant of one of claims 1 -6, wherein POLYSILOXANE has the formula:
9. The silicone surfactant of one of claims 1 -6, having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
The silicone surfactant of claim 1 having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
1 1 . Th silicone surfactant of claim 1 , having the formula
wherein
each g is independently 5-200;
each h is independently 1 -5;
each i is independently 1 -5;
each j is independently 15-50; and
each k is independently 2-100.
12. A composition comprising at least one silicone surfactant according to one of claims 1 -1 1 .
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the composition is an emulsion.
14. The composition of claim 12 or 13, wherein the composition includes a silicone oil.
15. The composition of one of claims 12-14, wherein the silicone oil includes one or more of octamethyl trisiloxane and 5 cSt PDMS.
16. The composition of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the silicone surfactant is present in the composition at a concentration of 0.1 % to 10% in an oil phase.
17. A composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase including a silicone oil and a silicone surfactant; and (B) aqueous droplets disposed in the continuous phase, the droplets including an analyte at partial occupancy.
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the silicone surfactant is a silicone surfactant according to one of claims 1 -1 1 .
19. The composition of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the aqueous droplets include a photoluminescent reporter.
20. The composition of one of claims 17-19, wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid.
21 . A method of performing an assay, comprising: (A) forming an emulsion including droplets disposed in a continuous phase that includes a silicone oil and at least one silicone surfactant according to one of claims 1 -1 1 ; and (B) collecting data related to an analyte disposed in the droplets.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the analyte is a biomaterial.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the analyte is a nucleic acid.
24. The method of one of claims 21 -23, wherein copies of the analyte are present in the droplets at partial occupancy when the emulsion is formed.
25. The method of one of claims 21 -24, wherein the silicone oil includes a polydimethylsiloxane.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the polydimethylsiloxane is a 5 cSt polydimethylsiloxane.
27. The method of one of claims 21 -26, wherein the continuous phase includes octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane is present at a concentration of about 0.1 % to 2% by weight or about 0.5% by weight.
29. The method of one of claims 21 -28, wherein the continuous phase includes a trimethylsiloxysilicate.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the trimethylsiloxysilicate is present at a concentration of about 0.1 % to 5% by weight.
31 . The method of one of claims 21 -30, wherein the silicone surfactant includes a silicone surfactant having a comb structure.
32. The method of one of claims 21 -30, wherein the silicone surfactant includes a silicone surfactant having a di-block or tri-block structure.
33. The method of one of claims 21 -32, wherein the silicone surfactant is present at a concentration of about 0.2% to 5% by weight.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the silicone surfactant is present at a concentration of about 0.5% to 2% by weight.
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WO2023117863A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Stilla Technologies | Surfactant for analyzing biological material |
WO2023117864A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Stilla Technologies | Micro-droplet generating apparatus |
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WO2014145582A2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Silicone surfactants for emulsion assays |
US20140335172A1 (en) * | 2013-05-10 | 2014-11-13 | The University Of Hong Kong | Ophthalmological rinsing agent and methods therefof |
KR20230029826A (en) * | 2020-06-24 | 2023-03-03 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | Compositions, silicone polyether surfactants formed therefrom, and related methods and articles |
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US5041468A (en) | 1988-03-08 | 1991-08-20 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Processes for preparing silicone surfactants containing cyclic siloxane pendants, and polyurethane foam using such surfactants |
US5883142A (en) | 1997-05-08 | 1999-03-16 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Silicone surfactants for rigid polyurethane foam made with third generation blowing agents |
JP2000086772A (en) | 1998-09-14 | 2000-03-28 | Ge Toshiba Silicones Co Ltd | Water-in-oil type silicone emulsion composition |
JP3724988B2 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-12-07 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | Novel silicone compound and cosmetic comprising the same |
US6512015B1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2003-01-28 | Dow Corning Corporation | Silicone foam control compositions |
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WO2006051552A2 (en) * | 2004-11-15 | 2006-05-18 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. At The Weizmann Institute Of Science | Directed evolution and selection using in vitro compartmentalization |
WO2006126416A1 (en) | 2005-05-25 | 2006-11-30 | Konica Minolta Medical & Graphic, Inc. | Active ray-curable composition, active ray-curable ink using same, image-forming method, and inkjet recorder |
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DE102009002417A1 (en) | 2009-04-16 | 2010-10-21 | Evonik Goldschmidt Gmbh | Use of organomodified silicone branched siloxanes for the preparation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions |
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GB201119032D0 (en) | 2011-11-03 | 2011-12-14 | Isis Innovation | Multisomes: encapsulated droplet networks |
WO2014145582A2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. | Silicone surfactants for emulsion assays |
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WO2023117863A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Stilla Technologies | Surfactant for analyzing biological material |
WO2023117864A1 (en) | 2021-12-20 | 2023-06-29 | Stilla Technologies | Micro-droplet generating apparatus |
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WO2014145582A3 (en) | 2015-01-08 |
US20190218593A1 (en) | 2019-07-18 |
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EP2970668A2 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
US10150786B2 (en) | 2018-12-11 |
US20170362258A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 |
US9758535B2 (en) | 2017-09-12 |
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