WO2014130618A1 - Cyclohexenone compositions and process for making thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided herein are processes of preparing cydohexenone compounds useful for cancer treatments and/or diseases. The present disclosure relates to composition and processes of preparing cyclohexenone compounds. In one aspect, there are provided a process for preparing a compound of formula I, comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula II.

Description

CYCLOHEXENONE COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THEREOF

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(00Θ1) The present disclosure relates to composition and processes of preparing

cyclohexe me compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

}0M2 j In one aspect, there are pro vided a process for preparing a compound of formula I:

c

omprising a step of reacting a compound of formula II, (II) with a compound of formula (III), PhjPCHR_bRJL (III) in the presence of a base, wherein L is a leaving group, PI is a hydroxy ! protecting group;

each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, NR₅ or sulfur;

R is H, C(-0)OR₅, C(0_.)Rs, C(===0)NR₅R_s, C(===0)SR_s, C(===S)R_S, or C(^::::S)NR₅R_i.; each of Rj, R₂ and * independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cr alkyl: each of Rs, and independently is an optionally substituted O-Cnalkyi or

(CH₂CH= (CH^(CH₃))_ro-R_4> wherein

R₄ h 11 NR-sRfe O j, OC(-0)R₇, C -0)OR₅, C(-0)Rj_; CK>)NR.₅¾ halogen, 5 or 6-merabered lactone, C_t-C_Ha!kyl, C -C₃alkenyl, C,-C₃alkyayl, ary!, glucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C_j-C^alkyl, C.,-C₃alkerryi, C,-C₈alkynyl, aryl, and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more subsliruents selected from NRsR,-,, OR₅, OC(-0)R , C(===0)OR₅, C(===0)R₅, C(=0)NR_sRs₅ C_rC_¾ a!kyl, C,-C_¾ aikenyi, C,~ C„ alkyny!, C..-C. cvcloalkvl, and C.-C. haloalkvl;

each of Rj and ¾ is independently H or C_j-C₃aikyl;

R₇ is a Chalk !, OR_? or _S¾; |00Θ3| In another aspect, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula ia:

comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula Ha, ¾ (Ha) with a compound of formula (H ),

(Ill) in the presence of a base,

wherein L is a leaving group, Pi is a hydroxy I protecting group;

R is H, C{-0)OR₅> CH¾Rs, C(=0)NR^«R<i, C(-0)SRs, C(-S)R , or C(-S)NRsR*; each of Rj, R₂ and R> independently is H, or an optionally substituted Ci-Csaalkyl; each of R_b and R_c independently is an optionally substituted CrCijalkyI or

wherein

R₄ is H, NRsR_fe ORs, OC(-0)R¾ C(O)0R₅, C(0)R₅, C(0)NR₅R«, halogen, 5 or 6^«roembered lactone, C₍~C_salkyi, C,^«C_salkenyl, C,-C^alkynyl, aryl, giucosyl. wherein the 5 or 6-raembered lactone, C_j-C^alkyi, C.,-C₃alkerryi, C.,-C₃alkyrryl, aryl, and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more siibstituents selected from NRs & OR₅, OC(-0)R , C(===0)OR_5! C(===0)R₅, C(-0) R_;R , C_rC_i. aikyl, C-C, aikenyl, C,~

C„ alkynyl, C..-C. cvcloalkvk and C.-C. haloalkvl;

each of Rs and R₆ is independently H or C_j-C^alkyJ;

R7 is a C_r aIkyL OR₅ or NR,R,;

m - 0- 1 1 .

{0004] in another aspect of the present invention, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula IV:

(IV) comprising reacting art enol or enoiate compound of formula V,

(V) wit a

CH₃ compound of formula (VI), ' ⁿ (VI) under suitable conditions, wherein each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, NR5 or sulfur;

R^pis an oxo protecting group;

1. is a leaving group;

each of j , a and Rj independently is H, or an optionally substituted Ci-Cualkyi;

R4 is Ji, s ^ ORi, OCK))R_7> CH>)OR_5; C{0)Rs, C«))NR₅R_6! halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C -C alky!, C.,~C_sa!kenyl, C,-C₈alkynyl, aryl, glucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C_j-C^aiky!, C,-C„aikeny!, C,-C_¾aiky«yL aryl, and glttcosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from N s * OR?, OC( >)R₇, C(-0)OR₅, C(0)R<_s C(^∞0)NR₅R<s, C._rC_s aikyl, C,-^ aikenyl C ··

C₈ alkynyi, C,-C₃ cycloaikyl, and C,~C₈ ha oalkyl;

each of R; and R is independently H or C ^«C_salkyl;

R₇ is a C_rC_¾alkyl, OR_s or NR_;¾;

and n^::::l -.12.

{OOOSj In another aspect of the present invention, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula fVa:

(IVa) comprising reacting an enol or enoiate compound of formula V,

iVa) with compound oi formula (V a),

(Via) under suitable conditions, wherein

p is an oxo protecting group;

L is a leaving group; and

each of Ru s and R_:? independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cjjaikyl, [0006] in one aspect, there are provided a compound of formula X:

acceptable salt, metabolite, solvate or prodrug thereof, wherein

each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, MR? or sulfur;

R is H, C(=O ₅, C( ))R₅, C(-0)NR._;R_ii, C(0)SR₅, C(=S)R₅, or C(-S)NR₅R₆; each of j , R2 and ¾ independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-COalkyl; R4 is I f R₅ ft, OR5,

halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C -C_halky!, C,~C_sa1kenyl. ^C_jalk n f aryi, glocosy wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C_t-C₃aikyl, C_¾-C₈alkeny1, C.,-C₈alkynyl_t aryl, and gkicosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from N _^ ,;, ORs, OC(= ))R₇, C(-0)OR_s, C(0)R_$> C(-0) R₅R_{tf r}C_s alky I, C,-C₈ aikeuyl, C,- C_e alkynyi, C--C₃ cycloaikyl, and€~€_& haloa!k l.;

each of s and R« is independently H or C_}-C₃alkyl;

R? is a C-C^alk l, ORs or NR._L<¾; the dotted line denotes an optionally present bond; an n^:::;l -i 2_? provided when X and Y are oxygen, each, of Rj and R? independently is a substituted

INCORPO ATIOI BY REFERENCE

I^'OO Tj All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent. or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Cyc!ohexenone compounds ma be isolated from die extracts of Antr dia camphorafa. For example, Compounds 1, and 3-7 axe isolated from organic solvent extracts.

[000.9] in some embodiments, certain cyciohexeoone compounds can be prepared

synthetically. The following are some non~limited examples.

19

20

{00.1 j Many cyc!ohexenone compounds isolated from the extracts of Ammdia camphorata provide certain biological effects, is particular, Compounds 25 to 31 were prepared and tested against Compound 1 to determine their biologicai properties.

{OOllj in some embodiments, there are provided a compound of formula X:

(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, metabolite, solvate or prodrug thereof, wherein the doited line of ihe ring is either a single or double bond; each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, NR¾ or sulfur;

R is H, C«»OR₅, CC-ORj, C(0)NR₅R₆, C«»SR₅, C(-S)R _! or C(-S)NRjR«; each of j, ^ an independently is E, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cualkyl; R₄ is H, sRs, OR?, OC(-0)R₇, C(O)0R_s, C(=0)R_5> C(0)NR₅.R«- halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C,-C_tfaIky C.,-C₃alkenyl, C,-C₈alkynyl aryl, glucosyl wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C -Chalky I, C,-C₃alken l, C,-C₃alkynyl, aryl and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more subsiiruents selected from NR$R«, ORj, 0C(O)R_7t C(-0)OR₅, C(0)R_5> C(-0)NR₅R_{i, C_rC_s alkyl, C,-C₃ alkenyl, C,~

C„ alkynvl C cycloaikvl, and C -C₄ haloalkvl;

each of s and <; is independently H or C,-C₃alkyl;

? is a C. -C_halky I,

dotted line denotes an optionally present bond; and n=i~I2, provided when X and Y are oxygen, each of Rj and R> independently is a substituted CrCnalkyl.

{0012j in certain embodiments, the compound of formula (X) is isolated from the organic solvent extracts of Atftrodia c tiphomia. In some embodiments, the organic solvent is selected from alcohols (e.g., methanol, eilianol, propanol, or the like), esters (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, or the like), aikanes (e.g., peniane, hexane, heptane, or the like), halogenated aikanes (e.g., chloromethane, ch!oraethane, chloroform, methylene chloride, and the like), and the like. In certain embodiments, the organic solvent is alcohol. In certain embodiments, the alcohol is ethanoL to some embodiments, the compound of formula (X) is isolated from the aqueous extracts otAtiirodm cmnphorata. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (X) is prepared synthetically by the disciosed method herein. In other embodiments, the compound of formula (X) is prepared by other methods readily available i the art such as via synthetic or semi-synthetic methods.

{0013] in some embodiments, each of X and Y independently is a bond. In some

embodiments, R is H, C(-0)0^'Rj,

In certain embodiments, R is H,

In some embodiments, each of Rt, ₂ and R? independently is hydrogen, or a substituted Cr Cnaikyl. In some embodiments, each of R_i5 R₂ and 3 independently is hydrogen, or an ary I. or heferoarj i substituted C_t-Cnalkyl. in certain embodiments, _{ is methyl, ethyl, propyl buiyi, pentyl or hexyl substituted with phenyl or pyridmyl in certain embodiments, Rt is a CHj-P^'h, in certain embodiments, Rj is H, methyl, eih i, propyl, buiyi, pentyl or hexyl provided one of X and Y is a bond. In certain embodiments, R₂ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl substituted with phenyl or yridin l. In certain embodiments, R_;; is CH₂-Ph. in certain embodiments, R₂ is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl provided one of X and Y is a bond. I some embodiments, R¾ is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, buiyi, pentyl or hexyl. in some embodiments, R is H, halogen, NH_, .NHCH.?, ^'(CH. ₂, OC¾, QC₂¾, C(=0)C¾, C(=0)C_aH₅, Ci=0)OC¾, C( >)OC₂H5-, C(=0}NHC¾,

C{-0)NHC>H_5s C{0)NH₂, OC(-0)CH_s, OC(-0)CiH_s, OC(-0)OCH₃, OC(-0)OC₂Hs, 0C(O)NHCH₅, OC(=0) HC₂H₅, or 0C(O)NH₂. in some embodiments, R₄ is

C₂HjC(C¾)₂OH, CiH₅C(CH )₂0CH._;, CH₂COOH, QHjCOOH, C¾OH, QHjOH, CH₂Ph, C₂H_sPh,

5 or 6-membered lactone. C,~C_salkeny C^C^aikynyl, ary , and giucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C,-

C.alkenyl, C-C.alkyny t, and, arid giucosyl are optionally substituted with, one or more substituents selected from NR_SR«, OR₅, 0C(O)R₇,

C _f C_e a!kvi, C- alkenvl. C-C_* aikyny!, C-C, cvcioaikvL and C,-C_« haloalkvi. In certain embodiments, R* is Cii;;CH^:::C(CH5)?- In certain embodiments, the compound of formula

(X) is selected from group consisting of .

|0 14| Due to the high cost of obtaining cyc!ohexnone compounds ii mAnfrodki camphorata by purification, and/or to prepare desired analogs for further clinical testing, synthetic processes of preparing cyc^'iohexnone compounds are described herein.

[0015] In accordance with the present invention, there are pro vided processes for preparing a compound of formula 1:

comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula (II),

ill) with a compound of formula (111), PhjPCH bRJL (HI) in the presence of a base, wherein L is a leaving group, PI is a hydroxy} protecting group:

each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, NRj or sulfur;

R is H, C(0)OR₅, C(=0)R₅, C(-0)NR._;R_fe C(=0)SR_5> C(=S)R₅, or C(-S}NR₅R₆; each of Rj, Rj and R¾ independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cualkyi; each of Rb and e independently is hydrogen, C Csjalk i, optionally substituted with

(CH₂CH-C(CH₃)(CH2))_(!!~R_4; wherei«

4 is hydrogen, RsR^ ORs, 0C(O)R₇, C(O)0Rs_s C(=K))R₅, C(===<⁾)NR_SR₍>, halogen, 5 or 6-mernbered lactone, C,-C₃alkyl, C,-C_aalkenyk C₂-C₈alky»yl, aryS, giucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6~me.mbe.red lactone, C.~C^* _saS.kyi, C₆-€₈alkenyi, C₆- C₈alkynyl„ aryl, and gi cosyl are optionally substituted with one or more subsrituents selected from NRsRs, OR;, 0C(O}R₇, C(=-0)OR;, C(0)R₅, Ci<>)NR₃Rs _rC_s alky! C,-C_¾ alkenyl C_t-C_e alkynyl, Cl-C₃ cycloalkyl, and C,-C₃ haioalkyl;

each of Rs and R_{, is independently H or C, -C_halky I;

R₇ is a C_rC_salkyl, OR₅ or R₅¾;

m ~ 0-1 1. In certain embodiments, R is a hydroxy! protecting group such as a si!yl protecting group, and othe suitable protecting groups same of different from PL {0016] The reaction between a compound of formula (II) and a compound of formula (III) is known as Wittig, reaction. Since aldehydes, in general, axe no! chemically stable, the compounds of formula 01} in some embodiments, are prepared in situ. Scheme 1 provides a non-limited exemplary route to prepare a compound of formula if). Protection of the free hydroxy! group of Compound 35 follo ws by reduction of the lactone ring to afford the aldehyde compound of formula Of), which then undergo Wittig reaction with Pl¾PCH¾R_eI to prepare intermediate A, After deprotection and oxidation. Compound B (which is a compound of formula (I)) is prepared. Compound 36 where R is H can be easily prepared by deprotection reaction.

7. cfeprotextiort2

1 , protection 1

2. reduction

de rotextion2

3.

4.

5, deprotedionl

Scheme I. Exemplary synthetic scheme to prepare a compound of formula (I)

|0017j An aldehyde can be prepared from reduction of acy!silanes, carboxylic acids, acid ha!ides, anhydride, esters, lactones, amides, nitri!es, or the like, !n some instances, an aldehyde can be prepared from oxidation of a free hydroxy! group. A skilled person in the ail can readily consider other soitable reaction based on ihis invention to prepare a compound of formula. (11). in some embodiments, a compound of formula ill),

is halogen. OR OCi^:::0)R? j ft.

|00l.8j In some embodiments, a compound of formula (11),

(11) is

prepared from oxidation of a compound having

{00i j In some embodiments, R is any suitable hydroxy! protecting group that can survive Wittig reaction conditions. For example, R is C(-0)ORs, C(~Q)R?,€(~ϋ)Ν^.<¾,

C(-0)SR₅, C(-S)R₅, C(-$)NR.₅¾ , or the like.

t^'0020^'j in some embodiments, said base is a base that can form an ylide from a compound of formula (01), for example, n-biiiy I lithium (n-BtsLi), or the like.

J0021 j In some embodiments, each of Rt. R₂ and R? independently is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl optionall substituted with an ar l. or heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, each of j , Ri and ₅ independently is H, or methyl.

(0022) The Wittig reaction provided herein is applicable to many isoprene unit precursors.

For example, the reaciion is applicable where _¾ is C¾ and R_s is CHj substituted with

(CH₂CH '(CH₃)(CH₂) _a-R4. wherein is R₄ is hydrogen N s ^ ORs, 0CiO)R?, Cf=0)ORs_;

C(=0)R«, C(=0)NR_sR₆, halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C C_galkyt C.,-C₈aUcenyI. C,- C^alkysiyi, ary!, gfeeosyS, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C, -C₈alky k C., ^aikenyk C.-C^aikyo i aryl, and gfocosyl are optionally substituted with one or more S!tbsiiiuents selected from N ;R _; OR,, 0Ci=O)R?_> C(O)0¾, C(=0) ₅, Ci=0)NR_;R_6; C,-C₈ alky], C,- C_s alkenyl, C\-C₃ alkynyi C_¾-C_¾ cycloalkyl, and C,-C₈ haloalky!; each of Rs and !¾ is independently H or C.-C^alkyl; and R? is a C_j-C^alkyl, OR5 or RjR*.

}0023| For example, without limitation, a skilled artisan may use the following isoprene precursors whe

|0024j hi some embodiments, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (I) wherein X is oxygen, NR, or sulfur. For example, X may be O, S, NH„ NCH₃, NC₂H;₅ or the like.

{0025} in other embodimen ts, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (1) wherein Y is oxygen, NR$ or sulfur. For example, Y may be O, S, NH, NCH-s, CjHs, or the like.

}0026j hi other embodiments, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (I) wherein X is O and Y is C\ or X is O and Y is S, or X is S and Y is O, or X is Q and Y is NH. or X is NH and Y is O.

} 27| in some embodiments, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula (la):

- S 3- comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula Ha,

(Ha) with a compound of formula (111), PhjPCHR_k cL (ΪΪΪ) in die presence of a base, wherein wherein L is a leaving group. .PI is a hydroxy! protecting group;

R is H, C(O)0.R_¾ C(=0)R_5l C(-0}NRsR₆, C(0)SR₅, C(-S}R_5; or C(-S) R.;.R_(S- each of R R; and R¾ independently is H, or an optionally substituted C nalk I: each ofR_h and R_t. .independently is hydrogen, C Cf ja kyl, optionally substiluied with (CH₂CH XC¾)<CH₂)VR4, wherein

R₄ is NR_;R_6! OR5, 0C(O)R₇, C(=0)OR₅, C(OjR₅, C(0) R_sR_6> halogen, 5 or 6- membered lactone, C_j-C₈alkyi, C.,-C'_saikenyl C._?-C₈alkynyi, aryl, gkieosyi wherein 5 or 6-membered ketone, C,-C₈alky1, C,~C_eaikeny1, C,-C,,aiky«yL aryl, and ghieos l, wherein, the 5 or 6-membered lactone, ϋ,-C^aiky!, C,-C₈alkenyf, CVC^afkynyl aryl and giucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from j ts, ORs, OC( ⁾)R_7j

CJ-CJ, alkyl, C,-C_P alkenyl C._?-C₃ alkynyl, C,-C₃ cycloalkyl and C,-C₃ haloaJkyi;

each of Rs and R_$ is independently H or C₍-C₈a!kyl;

R₇ rs a C_rC_salkyi, OR; or NR5R&;

rn - 0-Π.

j^'002$j in some embodiments, there are prov ided processes of prepar ing compounds of formula (1) or (la) wherein R is H or -Ct 0)C ,-C.,alkvi and each of Ri, Rjand R*

independently is H, or CrC₅.aJ.kyl..

}0029j In certain embodiments, R is H, methyl ethyl, propyl butyl, pentyl, or the like, in certain embodiments, s is H. methyl ethyl, propyl butyl pentyl, or the like, in certain embodiments, 2 is H, methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl, or the like. In certain embodiments, R* is H, methyl ethyl propyl buty pentyl, or the like.

}0030] in some embodiments, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula IV;

- S4-

c

omprising reacting an enol or enolaie com ound of formula V, (V) with a compound of formula (V ),

e conditions, wherein each of X sod Y independently is a bond, oxygen, NR_? or sulfur;

R^p is an oxo protecting group;

L is a leaving group;

each of K R_;; and R¾ independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cj?aikyi: is H, NR₅R₍>, OR₅, 0C(O)R_?, C(O)0Rs_s C(=0)R₅, C(-0)NR₅ 6, halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C_t-C₃alkyl, C,-C₃alkenyl, C -C₃alkynyl aryl, giucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone. C.-Calkvi, C,-C.alkenv C,-C.alkvnvl, arvl, and giucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from NR$R« OR5, 0C(- )R_7> C OJORs, C(===0)R_5j C(-0) R_sF _! C_fC_s a!kyi, C₃-C, alkenyl, C,- CL a!kvnvl, C,~C„ cvcloaikyl, and C -C haloaikyl;

each of j and is independently H or C,-C_ealkyi;

7 is a C alkyi, OR₅ or NR₅R«;

J 0031 in some embodiments, the enol compound of formula V,

(V) is prepared under suitable conditions (e.g., acid promotion or silyl trapping).

^■ S 5-

|0032 Z : = H or siiyl protecting group

JO033) in some embodiments, the enolaie compound of formula V, ^R2 (V) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula V with a strong base. A skilled artisan will readily find oilier suitable conditions follows the known procedure to prepare the etio! or enolate compound of formula V,

}0034j In certain embodiments, P is an oxo protecting group that can withstand the acidic or basic condi ions for generating enol or enolaie compound of Formal at V. For example, P is an acyclic or cyclic ketai or an acyiic or cyclic thioketal thai is stable to aqueous and nonaqueous bases, to nacleophiles including organometailic reagents and to hydride reduction. In some embodiments, P is an acyclic or cyclic thioketal that is stable to aqueous and nonaqueous acids, io nucieophiles including organometailic reagents and to hydride reduction. In certain embodiments, P is i ,3-dithiola«e, or the like.

}0035| In some embodiments, L is a leaving group that undergoes either S L SN2 or SNi reaction under suitable conditions. For example, L is a halogen such as CI, Br or S . In some instances, L is hydroxyl derived leaving group such as a tosylate or raethlate. Other suitable leaving groups may be used by a ski! led artisan follows the readil available known

procedure.

|0036j In some embodiments, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (IV), wherein X is oxygen, NRs or sulfur. For example, X may be O, S, NH, NQ¾, ^'NC2H5, or the like.

j_.0037] In oilier embodiments, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (IV) wherein Y is oxygen, NR_¾ or snlfur. For example, Y may be O, S, NH, NCH_:¾, CjHs, or the like.

|0038| In other embodiments, there are pro vided processes of preparing compounds of formula (TV) wherein X is O and Y is O, or X is O and Y is S, or X is S and Y is O, or X is O and Y is NH, or X is NH and Y is O.

- S 6- |ββ39] In some embodiments, there are provided processes for preparing a compound of formula IVa:

c

omprising reacting as enol or enoSate compound of formula V, (Va) with a

CH₃

compound of formula (Via), '3 (Via) under suitable conditions, wherein $^>is an oxo protecting group;

L is a leaving group; and

each of Ri, R^ and R,₅ independently is H, or an optionally substituted Cj-Ciaalkyl.

1 040 j in some embodiments, there are provided processes of preparing compounds of formula (IV) or (IVa) wherein R is H or ~C(^::::0)C -C₃alky ! and each of R , R; and R? independently is H, or CrCnalkyi.

[0041 j In certain embodiments, R is H, methyl, ethyl propyl, butyl, pentyl or the like. In certain embodiments, Rt is H, methyl, ethyl propyl, butyl, pentyl or the tike, in certain embodiments, i is H, methyl ethyl, propyl butyl pentyl, or the like, in certain embodiments, R? is H, methyl, ethyl propyl butyl pentyl, or the like.

(0042j in certain embodiments, the compounds described herein are modified using various eiectrophiies or nucieophiles to form new functional groups or subsiituents. Table 1 entitled "Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors Thereof lists selected, non-limiting examples of covalent linkages and precursor functional groups that are used to prepare the modified compounds. Precursor functional groups are shown as eSeetrophiSk groups and iiu.cleophiiic groups.

Table : Examples of Covalent Linkages and Precursors Thereof

Carboxamides acyl haiides amiues/aniKues

Esters ac l hai des alcohols¾henols

Esters acyl niiriles alcohols/phenols

Carboxamides acyl nitriles amines anilines

I mes Aldehydes amines/anilines

Hvdrazones aldehydes or ketones Hydrazines

Oximes aldehydes or ketones Hydroxylarnines

Alky! amines aikyl ha!ides amines anilines

Esters aikyl haiides earboxvlie acids

Thioeihers aikvl haiides Thiols

Ethers aikyl haiides alcohols/phenols

Thioeihers aikyl sulfonates Thiols

Esters aikyl sulfonates earboxvlie acids

Ethers aikyl sulfonates alcohols/phenols

Esiers Anhydrides alcohols/phenols

Carboxamides Anhydrides amines anilines

T ophenois aryi haiides Thiols

Aryi a in iocs aryi haiides Amines

Thioeihers A/iodines Thiols

Boronate esiers Boronates Glycols

Carboxamides carboxyiic acids amines/anilines

Esters carboxyiic acids Alcohols hydrazines Hydrazides earboxvlie acids

A-acyiureas or Anhydrides carbodiimides carboxyiic acids

Esiers diazoalkaoes carboxy he acids

Thioeihers Epoxides Thiols

Thioeihers haloacetamides Thiols

Ammoft mes halotriaz ies amines/anilines

Triazioyl ethers haloiriaziries alcohols/phenols

Amidities imido esters amines anilines

Ureas Isocyanates amines/anilines

Urethanes Isocyanates alcohols/phenols

Thioureas isothioevanates amines/anilines

Thioeihers Maleiovides Thiols

Phosphite esiers phosphoramidites Alcohols

Si!vl ethers silyl haiides Alcohols

Aikyl amines sulfonate esters amines/anilines

Thioeihers sulfonate esters Thiols

Esiers sulfonate esters carboxyiic acids

Ethers sulfonate esters Alcohols

Sulfonamides sul&rr i haiides amines/anilines

Sulfonate esters sulfonyl haiides phenols/alcohols

Use of Protecting Groups

|0ti43j In the reactions described, it is necessary m certain embodiments to protect reactive lurietional groups, fo example hydroxy, amino, thiol or carboxy groups, where these are desired in ihe final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Proiectin groups are used to block some or all reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed. In one embodiffleiit, each protective group is removable by a different means. Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction, conditions fulfill the -requirement of differential removal. In some embodiments, protective groups are removed by acid, base, and/or hydrogenoiysis. Groups such as trityl, dimeihoxytrttyl, acetal and t-butyJdimethylsily! are acid labile and are used in certain embodiments to protect, carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected with Cbx groups, which are removable by hydrogenoiysis, and or Fmoc groups, which are base labile. In other embodiments, carboxy lie acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked, with base labile groups such as, but not limited, to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl in the presence of amines blocked with acid labile groups such as t-butyl carbamate or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable. 1004 S In another embodiment, carboxy He acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with hydrolyticall removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids are blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc, In another embodiment, carboxy lie acid reactive moieties are protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, or they are, in yet another embodiment, blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimeiho ybenzy!, while co-existing amino groups are blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates.

[0045] Ally! blocking groups are useful in the presence of acid- and base- protecting groups since the former are stable and are optionally subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts. For example, an ai!yl-b!ocked carboxy lie acid is optionally deprotected with a Pd(0)-cataly/ed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups. Yet another form of protecting grou is a resin to which a compound or intermediate is attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and cannot react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react.

{0046] Typically blocking/protecting groups are, by way of example only:

- S -

alh l allot: Me

TBPMS

£M1 tritvi j 0047 Other protecting groups, plus a detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene and Witts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, ew York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Veriag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure.

I^'0048^'j The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable sails are obtained by reacting a compound provided herein with acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound provided herein with a base to form a salt.

[0049] Compounds described herein, may he formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The type of pharmaceutical acceptable sa!is, include, but are not limited to; (I ) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, roetaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid,

cyclopentanepropionic acid, glyeolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, mslonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifiuoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydro ybei oyi)benzoie acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,

meihanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1 ,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfontc acid, toluenesulfbtuc acid, 2- napfaihalenesulfonic acid, 4-meth Ibicycio-j 2.2.2 joct-2-en - i -carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4 ^* -methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene- 1 -carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, irimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxy naphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylaeetie acid, phenylbutyrie acid, valproic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g. , an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases, compounds described herein may coordinate wi h an organic base, such as, but not limited to, efhanoJamine, diethano!amine, triethanolarnine, tromethamiae, N-methylgJucamiae. dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)mefhylamine. In other cases, compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form sails with compounds that, include an acidic proton, include, boi are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like, I_.005OJ The term "leaving group" as used herei may be any grou which is usually known as a leaving group in organic synthesis, without limitation, for example: halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, aikylsulfonyioxy groups such as methanesulfonyioxy, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy and ethanesulfonyloxy, atylsulfonyloxy groups such as benzenesuifonyloxy and p-toluenesidfony loxy. Preferred "leaving groups" are halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

}0§S1 i It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.

Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethano!, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholaies are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvaied. forms. In general, the solvaied forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

0052| Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the standard meaning pertaining to the claimed subject matter belongs. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for terms herein, those in this section prevail. Where reference is made to a URL or other such identifier or address, it -understood that such identifiers can change and particular information on the internet can come and go, but equivalent

information can be found by searching the internet. Reference thereto evidences the

availability and public dissemination of such information,

[0053] it is to be anderstood thai the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of any subject matter claimed, i this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, in this application, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term "including" as well as other forms, such as "include",

"includes," and "included," is not limning,

l^'0054^'l Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, .N MR,

HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology are employed. Unless specific definitions are provided, die standard nomenclature employed in connection with, and the standard laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry are employed. In certain instances, standard techniques are used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical preparation, formulation, and delivery, and treatment of patients. In certain embodiments, standard techniques are used for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, iipofection). in some embodiments, reactions and purification techniques are performed e.g., using kits of

manufacturer's specifications or as commonly accomplished or as described herein.

jflOSSj As used throughout this application and the appended claims, the following terms have the following meanings:

(0056) The term "alky!" as used herein, means a straight, branched chain, or cyclic (in this case, it would also be known as "cycloalkyl") hydrocarbon containing from 1-10 carbon atoms, illustrative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl !so-propyi, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-bntyl, n-pentyi, iso entyS, neapent l, n-hexyl, 3~

memylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylhex.yl, n-heptyi n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl. j0057j The term "CrQ-afkyl" as used herein, means a straight, branched chain, or cyclic (in ibis case, it would aiso be known as "cycloalkyr) hydrocarbon containing from 1 -6 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, iso-propyl, c c!opy!, n -butyl, sec-butyl ten-butyl, cyclobut l, n-pentyi, isopetrt l, neopentyl, cyclopeaiyl, and n-hexyS,

(0058) The term "thioalkyl" as used herein, means an alkyi group, as defined herein, appended so she parent motecuiar moiety through a sulfur atom, illustrative examples of thioalkyl include, but are not limited to, metb.yi.thio, eihylihio, butyithio, tert-butyithio, and hexyhhio,

l^'0059^'l The term "halo'" or "halogen" as used herein, means a -CI -Br, -1 or -F,

[0060] As used herein, the term "suifiiry refers to a -S(^:::0)~R, where is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heieroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heterocycioaikyi (bonded through a ring carbon).

(006!) As used herein, the term "suifosiyl" refers to a -Si=0)rR, where R. is selected from the group consisting of alkyi, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryi (bonded through a ring carbon) and heterocycioaikyi (bonded through a ring carbon).

J0 62] Ihe term "optionally substituted" or "substituted" means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional groitp(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryi, heteroalicyciic, hydroxy, alkoxy, arySoxy, alkylthio, aryhhio, alkylsu!foxide, arylsuifoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsuifone, cyasio, halo, nitro, haloaikyS, fiuorealkyi, fluoroalkoxy, and amino, including mono- and di-substitoted amino groups, and the protected deri vati ves thereof. By way of example an optional substituents may be haiide, -CM,. -NO_?, or L_¥R_S, wherein each L_s is independently selected from a bond, - 0-, -C( K -CCOX>-, -S-, -SCO)-, -S(0)₂-_< -NH-, -NHC(O -C(0)NH-_s SCO)₂ H-, -NHSCOk -0C(O)NH-, - BCiOKK or -(C_rG; alkyle e)-: and each R, is selected from H, alkyl, flaoroalkyi, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heieroaryl, or heterocycioaikyi. The protecting groups that may form the protective derivatives of th above substituents may be found in sources such as Greene and Wuis, above, in some embodiments, optional

substituents are selected from halogen, »€N, - llj, -Oil, *N(C¾};>, alkyl fluoroalkyi, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycioaikyi, aryl, heteroaryi, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, aryhhio, alkylsulf xide, arylsuifoxide, alkylsulfone, and arylsuifone. in some embodiments, an optional substituents is halogen, -C , «NH>, -OR, -NH(C¾), -N{C¾);, alkyi, fluoroalkyi, heteroalkyl alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, ~S-alkyl, or -SCO^aikyl. hi some embodiments, an optional substiureni is selected from halogen, -CN, -NH₂, -OH, -NH(C¾), *N(C¾}_¾ -C¾, - CH-iCHi, -CF;i, -OC¾, and -OCF.?. in some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one or two of ihe preceding groups. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, an optional subsiituent on an aliphatic carbon atom (acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms, excluding aromatic carbon atoms) includes oxo (^::::0),

(0063) The term "protected amine'^" refers io an amine with a removable protecting group which modifies the reactivity of an amine, against undesirable reaction during synthetic procedures arid to be later removed. Examples of amine protecting groups include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), -fluorenylmethyl carbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl ffr) and carbobeiizyioxy (Cbz), For example, to protect and activate the pyrrolidine ring system with the 6-amlno moiety in accordance with the present invention, bis-BOC, or bis- FMOC, CBZ, alloc, Teoc, methyl/ethyl-oxycarbonyl, bis-aceiyi , or N-succiuyl or N- phthaloyl may be used in addition to their mouo-N protected analogs.

Example

Example i , Preparation of the exemplary cyclohexenone compounds from Antrodia camphorata

0064] One hundred grams of myce!ia, f uiting bodies or mixture of both from A rodia c mphorat were placed into a flask. A proper amount of water and alcohol (70-100% alcohol solution) was added into the flask and were stirred at 20-25 ^* C for at least I hour. The solution was filtered through a filter and 0.45

filtrate was collected as the extract.

(0065) The filtrate o( Antrodia camphorata was subjected to High Performance Liquid chromatography (H.PLC) analysis. The separation was performed on a R.P.18 column, the mobile phase consisted of methanol (A) and 0,3% acetic acid fB), with the gradient

conditions of 0-10 min in 95% - 20% B, 10-20 mm m 20%- 10% B, 20-35 mm m 10%- 10% B, 35-40 min in I %-95% B, at the flow rate of i ml/min. The column effluent was

monitored with a UV-visibie detector.

I0&66] The fractions collected at 25 to 30 min were collected and concentrated to yield 4- hydroxy«2,3»dmieihoxy»6»meuiyl-5-(3₅7,l l *trimeihyldodeca-2 >,i 0-trieny!)cyciohex^»2-enone (compound 1), a product of pale yellow brown liquid. The analysis of compound 1 showed the molecular formula of C H .¾ ⁽¾, molecular weight of 390 with melting point of 4 to 52 X. NMR spectra showed thai ¹ H-NMR (CDC¾) δ (ppm)-L5i , 1.67, 1.71 , .1.75, 1.94, 2.03. 2.07, 2.22, 2.25, 3.68, 4.05, 5.07, and 5.14; ^t:;C-NMR (CDCI₃) 5 fppm)-12.31,, 16.1, 16.12, 1 .67, 25.67, 26.44, 26.74, 27.00, 39.71 , 39.81 , 40.27, 43.34, 59.22, 60.59, .120.97, 123.84, 124.30, 131.32, 135.35, 135.92, 138.05, 160.45, and 197.12.

1

Compound 1 : -hydroxy-2₅3-dimetkoxy-6-meihyi>5-(3,7.J 1 -trimelhyldodeca-2,6,.10- trienyi)cyclohex-2-ertorte

J0067) Compound 27, a metabolite of compound 1, was obtained from urine samples of rats fed with Compound 1 in the animal study. Compound 2? was determined to be 4-hydroxy- 2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-5-(3-methyl-2-hexenok acid)cyclo^'hex~2~enoae with molecular weight of 312 (Cif, HjiOi). Compound 25 which was determined as 2,3KU eihoxy-5- raethyi-6-((2E₅6E)-3 ,7 J Mrimethyldodeca-2,6 ,1.0-trienyi)cyclohexa-2,5-diene- l ,4-dione was obtained from the purification process.

[0068] Compound 26, 4-hydroxy-2-meihoxy-6-nietliyi-5-({2E E}-3J, i .1 -trimeih Idodeca- 2_t6_>10-trienyl)cyc1ohex-2-enone, was also prepared by purification process wiih molecular

28 was also prepared.

26

[006.9] H (500 MHz; CD₃OD) 5 1.16 (3H, d, J - 6.9 Hz), 1.58 f 3H, s), 1.60 f 3B, s), 1.62 (3H, s), 1.65 (3H, s), 1.77-1.83 (I B, ), 1 .93-2.20 (2H, m), 2.00-2.20 (7H, m), 2.23-2.31 ( 01 m). 2.63-2.71 (IB, i»)_s 3.59 (3H, s). 4.64 (IH, dd, /- 5,5 and 3.7 H ,), 5.07-5.12 (2H, m), 5.21 (1H_: t, ^~ 7.3 H )_r 5.91 ( IH, d, J - 5.7 Hz); '¾ ( 125 MHz; CD₃OD) δ 13.1, 16.2, 17.8, 17.8, 25.9, 27.4, 27.8, 28.2, 40.9, 43.4, 47.5, 48.5, 49.8, 553, 65.0, 1 16.6, 123.3, 125.3

, 152.0, 198.7.

1_.0070] iaf 66.9 (c 0.69, MeOH); ^{H (600 MHz; CDjOD) δ 1.14 (3H_f d, J - 6.9 Ik), 1.65-1.70 (I E, ml 1.67 (311 s_.h 2.24 (211 t, J === 7.4 Ezl 2.32 ( 2H. i, ./ - 7.4 Hz), 2.43 (2H, i, /= 7.4 Hz), 2.44-2.50 (m, 1H), 3.57 (3H, $), 4.04 (3H, $), 4.36 (1H, d, J= 3.5 Hz), 5.2 (1H, {. J— 7.1 Hz); ^,3C (150 MHz; CD₅OD) § 12.8, 16.2, 28.1 , 33.8, 35.8, 41.4, 45.6, 58.6, 60.7,

199.4.

|0071j El-MS, Jz 486 [M+Na ; Ή (600 MHz; CD₃OD) § 1.19 BR d, J - 7,0 Hz), i .24 (311 d. J - 7.4 Hz), ί .60 (3H, s), ί .69 (3H, s), ί .93-2.00 (2H, ml 2.00-2.04 (1 H, nil.

2.05-2.08 f2H, m), 2.1 1 (3H, s), 2.13-2.20 (2H, m), 2.20-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.31 (2H, m), 2.40 (1H, dd, · - 13.8 Hz and 7.0 Hz), 2,50-2.56 (iH, m), 2.73-2.80 f lH, m\ 3.63 (3H, s), 4.00 (311 s), 4.69-4.74 (I E, ml 5.17 OH, I, J === 6.7 Hz), 5.31 i S H. i, ./ - 7.0 Hz), 5.75 (Hi d, ,/ - 3.1 Hz); ^{3C (150 MHz; CD OD) 5 13.1, 16.0, 16.2, 16.5, 20.9, 27.1, 28.0, 35.0, 35.6, 40.5, 42.5, 44.2, 5.9, 60.3, 61.1 , 70.4, 78.8, 122.5, 129.2, 131.7, 138.3, 138.7, 160.5, 171.4, 182.7, 199.0.

Example.2 ; . Preparation .oi.ex.emp.larv cvciohexenone. core,

1. TsCS, pyridine ₃ j

i! ? OH" I Pi n_H ^{3 K0H}W ^{tben HC}

4. p-TsOH

32 33 5^{, '}PDC ₃₄

R^s= H, CH₃, OMe, OBn

{0072) Compound 33 ( ^* ~ H) was prepared by a known method (e.g, J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 8789-8795) from compound 32. The exemplary intermediate 34a (R^a ~ H) was prepared by the following steps. Other exemplary core intermediates (34b~d, R³ - CH_¾ OMe, OBn, respectively, or the like) can be prepared accordingly.

Step 1. Preparation of [(i R R,3 ,4S)-3 .2,i Jh pt-5-en-2-

\i|methvl 4-methvi-benzene-l -sulfonate

|0073| To a solution of Compound 21 (8.3 g, 59 mmol) in CHjC? (210 mL) at ice bath were added Et₃N (21.0 mL, .148 mmol), 4-DMA.P ( 1.0 g, 8.9 mmol), and TsCi ( 16.9 g, 88.8 mmol). ^'I^'he mixture was aiiowed to warm to room iemperaUire and stirred for 16 h, washed with ¾0 (100 mL x 3) and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over a₂S0 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography 00 silica gel (EtOA hexane, 1 :3, Ri -0.46) to provide Ϊ4.8 g {50.2 mmol, 85%) as a colorless oil. El^'-MS, mz 3 ?

[M+Naf; [af*D~14.8 (c 2.34, CHCL); (600 MHz; C1X¾) δ i ,04 (3H, d,./= 7.3 Hz), 1.83-1.90 (IH, ffi).1.91-1.9? (lH,m), 2.5.1 (3H, s).4.02 (ILL i, J- .8 Hz), 4.22 (lH,dd,J - 9.5 and 5,4 Hz), 4.49 illi. s), 4.75 ί ϋί. s), 6.32 illi. dd, ~ 5.8 Hz and 1.6 Hz), 6.41 (IH, dd, J = 5.8 and 1. Hz), 7,43 (2H, d, «/= 8.2 Hz), 7.87 (2H, d, J - 8.2 Hz); "C (150 MHz; CDC¾)514.1,21.4, 33,6, 39.2, 71.0, 80.0, 84.5, 127,6, 129.7, 132.6, 134.4, 135.9, 144,7.

{0074) To a solution of Compound 21 (8.3 g, 59 mmol) in CHjCL (210 mL) at ice bath were added £¾N (21.0 mL, 14 mmol), 4-DMAP (1.0 g, 8.9 mmol), and TsCl (16.9 g, 88.8 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 h_? washed with ¾0 (100 mL x 3) and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over aaSC^ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gei (EtOAc:hexane, 1:3, R/ΟΛ ) to provide 14.8 g (50.2 mmol, 85%) as a colorless oil. ELMS, mix 317

{M-i-Naf; [af 14.8 (c 2.34, CHC ); ^lH (600 MHz; CDC¾) δ 1.04 (3H, d, 7.3 Hz), 1.83-1,90 (IH, ml 1.5) 1-1.97 (IH, m), 2,51 (3H, s),4,02 ( !H, i, J~ 9.8 Hz), 4,22 (IH, dd, = 9,5 and 5.4 Hz), 4.49 (IB, s), 4.75 (ill, s), 6.32 (iH, dd, J" 5,8 Hz and 1.6 Hz), 6.41 (iH, dd, J^{■■■■■■} 5.8 and 1.6 Hzl 7,43 (2H, d, J~- 8.2 Hz), 7.87 (2H_f d, J- 8.2 Hz); ^,?C (150 MHz; CDC ) 3.14.1, 21.4, 33.6, 39.2, 71.0, 80.0, 84.5, 127.6, 129.7, 132.6, 134,4, 135.9, 144.7, Step 3. Preparation of 2-{{ lR,2S,3R,4S)-3-methyl-7-oxabieyclo j .2 , If hept«S««»-2-

J0075] The nitxiie (6.7 g, 45 mmo prepared in Step 2 was heated to reflux for 4 h in IN potassium hydroxide solution (480 nil.-, 480 mmol). After 4 h, the mixture was concentrated. The residue was aiiowed to cool to ice bath_* acidified to pH I with cone. HC *_j), and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ^χ 3). The combined organic -fractions were dried over Na?S04 and concentrated in vacuo to yield acid (7.4 g, 44 mmol, 98%), TLC AV 0.63 (ElOAchexane, 2:1); EI- S, mfz 191 M÷Naf ; | a *_D -7.03 (c 1.95, CHCfe); Ή (600 MHz; CDC¾) δ 1.0 (3H, d J ^:::: 7.3 Hz), 1.77- 1.84 (1H, m), 1.98-2.04 (111 m), 2.39 (iH, dd. J ^::: 16.9 and 10.0 Hz), 2.51 (I H, dd, J- 16.9 and 5.4 Hz), 4.45 (iH, s), 4.65 (ΪΗ, s), 6.31 (2H, s); C (150 MHz; CDC¾) δ 1 .3, 33.5, 34.0, 35.9, 82.8, 84.8, 135.1, 135.6, 179.2.

Step 4, Preparation of (3aS, ,7aR)^methyi«2^a, ^7a>h xah dn^l'- «iizofi{ran'-

J0076] A solution of acid (500 mg, 2.97 mmoi) resulted from Step 3 ami/?-TSA (57 mg, 0.30 mmo!) in toluene (20 ml.) was ^'heated, at 100 %^' for 3 h. Alter 3 h, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to yield ^'hydroxy! lactone compound 35a (450 mg); TLC 76-0,46

(ElOAc:hexane, 2:1); EI-MS, mix 191 JM+Naf.

[0077] To a stirred solution of crude hydroxy i lactone 35a {450 mg) in CHjCi? (15 mL) was added PDC (2.0 g_> 5.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), and filtered. The residue was concentrated in vacuum and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc.hexane, i : 1 , TLC R. 0.38) to provide compound 34a, 294 mg (1.77 mmol, 60%, 2 steps) as whit solids; EI-.MS, mix 58

[M+Naf; {af% -269.3 (c 2.03, CH(¾); ⁵H (600 MHz; C!X¾) 3 1.15 (3H, d, J= 6.9 Hz), 2.17 (IH. dd, ,/- 17.4 and 12.7 Hz), 2.53 (I H, dd, J - 17.4 and 8.5 Hz), 2,78 (1 H, dd, J^:::: 6.7 and 5.5 Hz), 3,26-3,35 (IH, m), 5.32 (Hi dt, ,/ ^::: 7.2 and 1. Hz), 6.18 (iH, dd, J === 10.3 and 1.3 Bz), 6.68 (IH, dt, J - 10.3 and L9 Hz); ^BC (150 MHz; CDC¾) δ 12.9, 29.6, 41.1, 5.2, 131.1, 141. L 174.4, 197.7.

Example 3; Preparation of an exemplary. Compound 36a from lactone 35 a.

1. TBDPS-Ci

2. DiBAL-H NaOAe

A1

J0078} Compound 36a was prepared from Compound 35a under the following steps. The hydroxy} group was first protected with /-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride (TBDPS-C!) (other noo- iimiied exemplary suitable hydroxy! protecting groups that are inert to strong basic conditions can be used as well, e.g., MOM, MEM, THP protecting groups, or the like). The resulted compound was then first reduced by DIBAL-H and then reacted with P-¾P H(Ctfc)(CH_.)l (Wittig reaction) under the basic condition (n-Bu^'Li) to afford the intermediate Al. The hydroxyl group of the intermediate Al was first protected with Acetate (condition: AcsO, pyridine) and then the silyi protecting group TBDPS was removed by n-B¾ F. The naked hydroxy! group was then oxidized with PDC to afford Compound BL Deproieciion of the acetate group afforded Compound 36a. A series of Compound 36 can be prepared similarly.

Ή (600 MHz; CD₃Cl) 5 0.77 OH. d. 7.3 Hz), 1 .07 (91 s), 1 .65 (3H, s), 1 .73 (3H, s), 1 .84- 1.90 (Hi, m), 2.02-2.! 0 ( 1H, ffi), 2.21-2.28 (2H, m), 3.93 ( ill t, J~ 4.0 Hz), 4.) 8 O H, bf), 5.20-5.25 (1 E, m), 5.66 O H, dd, </ - 9.9 Hz and 4.5 Hz), 5.85 ( ill dd, </ - 9.9 Hz and 4.0 Hz), 7.37-7.41 (4H m), 7.42-7.46 (2H, m), 7.66-7.70 (4H, m).

Example_. ;_..Prg ara^_^^

(0080] The desired Compounds 37a and 37b were prepared by reaction wish ₃X (X is a leaving group such as halogen or tosyiate) with concentrated MCI in aqueous solution.

37b

}00$i j The following compounds were prepared accordingly.

Compound 31: 3-{b izyloxy)-4-hydix)xy-2-me{hoxy-6-methyl-5-(X2E,6E)-3_>7_< 1 1 - tiimethyidodeca-2,6, 10-trien- i -yl]cyclohex-2-en- 1 -one

|0082] To (4S,5S )S)^½droxy-2 ^imemoxy-f)-metiiyl-5-((2E_>6E)-3₅7;i i-irimeihyMo- deca-2,6,10-i:rien-^'l -ylScyclohex-2-er!~l-one (10.0 g, 25.6 .ramol) in MeOH 50 mL was cooled to 0 °C, cone. HCl_jaq, (22.5 ml., 270 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. After 30 min, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (.100 mL), washed with sat. NaHCC (50 mL ^χ 3) and brine (50 mL), dried over aaSO^ .filtered, concentrated and purified by column chromatography o silica gel (EtOAc:hexane, 1 :5, TLC 0,26) to get product 3.0 g (6.4 mmol, 25%); ELMS, m/z 489 (M+Naf ; + 18.6 (c 2. I9, CHCL); i (500 MHz; CDCI_?) δ 1.16 (3H, d, J ^:::: 7.0 Hz), 1.59 (6H, s), 1.64 (3H, s), 1.67 (3H, s), 1.73-1.75 ( I I m), 1.94-2.00 (2R m), 2.00-2.09 (7H, m), 2.21-2,24 (2¾ ffi), 2.52-2.5 (1H, ml 3,66 (3H, s), 4,35 (1 H, i, J= 3.6 Hz), 5.05-5.10 (211 ml 5. ί 2 ( I I % J = 7,0 Hz), 5.28 ( IB, d, 1 ί ,9 Hz), 5.44 ( H , d, J 11.9 Hz), 7.34-7.39 (5H, m); ^BC (125 MHz; CDCL) S 12.4, 1 .0, 16.1, 17,7, 25.7, 26.5, 26.7, 26.9, 39.?, 39.8, 40.4, 43.4, 60.4, 68.1, 73.4, 121.0, 123.9, .124.3, 127.8, 128.4, 128.6, 131.2, 135.2, .136.3, 136.8, 137.9, 159.8, 197.3.

Compound 30: 2-(ben^loxy)-4-hydfoxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-5- (2E_s6E)-3_s7_< 1 1 - iiimei iyidodeca-2,6, 10-trien- 1 -y ! ]cyclohex-2~en- 1 -one

|0083j 6.1 g (13 mmol, 50 %); TLC 0,26 (EtOAcAexane, 1 :5); El-MS, mix 489 [M-÷- .af ; |a ) -8.04 (c 2.04, CHC¾); *H (600 MHz; CDCls) 0 1.28 (3H, d, ./ - 7,3 Hz), Ϊ .49 (3H, s), 1.55 (3H, s), 1.57 (3H, s), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.67-1 ,77 H), 1.90-1.99 (2H₅ ml, 1.94-1.99 (2H, m), 1.99-2.05 (4.B, ra), 2.05-2.10 ( ill m), 2.21-2.23 (111 jm), 2.61-2.65 (1 H, m), 3.57 (iH, br), 3.67 (3H, s)_: 4.97-5.00 (1H, m), 5.03-5.06 (2H, m), 5.19 (1 H, d, ,/ - 1 1.9 Hz), 5.46 ( IH, d, J - 1 1.9 Hz), 7.32-7.36 (5H, m); ^WC (150 MHz; CDCh) δ 15.9, 16.0, 17.6, 17.7. 24,0, 25,6, 26.4, 26.7, 35.4, 39.6, 39.7, 44.9, 60.5, 70,8, 73,4, 121.8, .123.9, 124.3, 127,7, 128.4, 128.6, 131.2, 133.7, 135.1 , 136.5, 137.9, 165.7, 195.1. -diraeiboxy-5-fiiei yl-4-oxo-6- (2E_!6E)-3,7,l 1 -triraethy ldodeca-2,6, 10-

(0084} To (4S,5S )S)^ iydroxy-2,3- imethoxy-6-methyl-5-((2E )E)-3_>7,l 1-triraethyldo- deca-2,6, 10-ttien- 1 -yl}cycIohex-2-en- -one (500.rag, 1.38 mmol) in pyridine 5 mL was cooled to 0 °C, acetic anhydride (300 μί,., 3.19 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After 4 h, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with I HCS(aq) (10 mL x 2), sat. aHCO?, (10 mL >' 2), brine (20 mL), dried over NajS0₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by columfl chromatography on siiica gel (ElOAcrhexane, 1:3, TLC R 0.56) to get prodoct 404 mg (0.934 mmol, 68%); El-MS, mix 433 [M+H ; ^!H (500 MHz; CDCfe) δ 1 .19 (3H, d, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.56 (3H, s), 1.59 (6 H, s), 1.66 (3H, s), 1.83-1.90 ( IH, ra), ! . 2-2.10 ( iOH, ra), 2.08 (3H, s)₅ 2.20-2.38 ( IH, ), 2,48-2.56 ( IH, ). 3.66 (3H, s), 3.98 (3H, s), 5.06-5.13 (3.B, ra), 5.74 (IH, d, J= 3.2 Hz).

40 1

}008S j Compound 38

In a. reaction flask, compound 38 is slowly added to a solution of LDA in THF at low temperature. After the formation of etiolate, compound 39 is added slowly to the reaction mixture under inner gas condition. The reaction is quenched with water at low temperature and purified to afford compound 4Θ. Deproiection of compound 40 with suitable reagents such as CuClj, CuO in acetone to afford compound 1.

Example 6: . Petennining the cytotoxic effects of exemplary cyc o.hexenone Compounds 25- 31 against Compound i .

(0086) Cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Enzo Life Sciences, Fanniiigdaie, NY). In this assay, WST-8 is reduced by dehydrogenases in ceils to produce a yellow-colored product (for azan), which is soluble in culture medium. The amouni of ibrmazan generated is directly proportional to the number of living cells. After treatment, CCK-8 solution was added to each well and incubated for 4 k The concentration of formazan was measured with a spectrophotometer at an absorban.ce wavelength of 450 am. Cell viability was expressed as a percentage of the corresponding control.

(0087) To determine whether the cytotoxic effects of Compound 1 correlate with the presence of .to mutations, cell lines derived from human lung cancer (A549 and H838), liver cancer (HepG2 and Hep3B), and leukemia (K562 and THP-I) with wild-type .to (H838, Hep3B, and K562) or mutant Has (A549, HepG2. and THP-i) were used. Ceil viability was measured after 48 h of Compound I treatment. The cell lines and their !C¾>s in increasin order were THP-i (2.22 μΜ) < A549 (3.24 μ ) < H838 (3.32 μΜ_.) < Hep3B (3.74 μΜ) < K562 (5.12 μΜ) < HepG2 (6.42 μΜ) (See Table 1). {0088] Next, the IC«» values for Compound I analogs (Compounds 29, 30 and 31 ), a metabolite (Compound 27), and analogues isolated from filamentous A. c mphorat

(Compounds 25, 26, 28) were determined in H838 cells. The results indicated that the 2'- hydroxy group and the famesyl group of Compound 1 were important for its cytotoxic effects. Further, Compound 31 was even more cytotoxic than Compound I. (Table 1 )

[O089 j Table i . ICso values of exemplary compounds of formula X determined by CCK-8 cell viability assay.

Values were presented as means ± S.E.M.

|00?J | While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention- It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scop of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

ί . A process for preparing a compound of formula I:

comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula II,

(If) with a compound of formula (ΪΪΙ). PhsPCHR_¾R«L (ill) in the presence of base,, wherein

L is a leaving group, P I is a hydroxy I protecting group;

each of X sad Y independently is a bond, oxygen, N s or sulfur;

each of Ru Rj and ¾ independently is H, or an optionally substituted C'rC_??alkyI; each of R¾ and R^- independently is an optionally substituted CrCuaikyl or

wherein

R₄ is H, NR.₅R«, OR_5> OC(=0)R_7i C(=0)OR_5! C(0)R₅, C(=0)NR.₅R_& halogen, 5 or 6-raensbered lactone, C_j-C^a!kyl, C.,-C₃aikettyL C,-C₈alkynyL, aryl glucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-raerahered lactone, C.-C,alkvl. C-Ca!kenvL C~C_*alkYnyi aryl, and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more sitbstitu nts selected from NRjRs, ORs, OC(=0)R₇, C(=0)OR₅, C(=0)R_s, CKrs R^ C_j-C, alkyl, C,-C₈ alkenyl, C_f €„ aJkynyl, C-C,. cvcioalkvh ^'and C,-C_fi haloalkvl;

each of Rj and Rs is independently H or C -C alk l;

7 is a C,-C alkyl, ORj or R5R,;;

m 0-1 1 .

2. A process for preparing a compound of formula la;

(la) comprising a step of reacting a compound of formula Ha,

ilia) with a compouild of formula (111), PhjPCHRfcRcL (ΪΪΪ) in the presence of a base,

wherein L is a leaving group. .PI is a hydroxy! protecting group;

R is H, C(O)0.R¾ C(=0)R_5l C(-0}N sR_6! C(0)SR₅, C(-S}R_5; or C(-S) R.;.R_(S- each of R_;; and independently is H, or an optionally substiiwied Cj-Csjalkyl; each of R¾ and R_t. .independently is an optionally substituted CrC₃.2alk.yi or

wherein

R₄ is H, NR R& ORS, 0C(=O)R₇, C(=0)OR₅, CiO)R. C«>) R₅R& .halogen, 5 or ό-membered lactone, C,-C₈aIkyJ, C,~C_salkenyl, C,~C_salkynyl, atyi, glucosyl, wherei the 5 or 6-memhered lactone, C_j-C^aikyi, C,-C₈alkeny C,~C₈afkynyl, aryl, and ghicosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from R.₅R< , ORs, 0C(O)R7_s C(=-0)O 5, C(0)Rs, C )) R₅R<;, C_}-C_S alkyl, C-C* alkenyi, C,- €„ alkynvl, - cycloa!kvl and C,-C₃ haloalkvl;

each of Rs and R(, is independently H or C , -C_halk i;

R₇ is a C_rC_safkyi, OR₅ or NR.,Rs;

m = 0-l l .

3. A process for preparing a compound of formula IV:

comprising reacting an enoi or enoiate compound of formula V,

(V) with a

CH3 compound of formu ilaa ( (VVII)),, ^L ' ' » ⁿ ((VVII)) u unnddeerr suitable conditions, wherein each of X and Y independently is oxygen, NR; or sulfur; R^pis aii oxo protecting group;

L is a leaving group;

each of j, R^ and ₃ independently is H, or an opiionaliy substituted CrCnalkyl; R₄ is

halogen, 5 or 6- membered lactone, C_j-€_galkyl C.,-C₃aikenyl C,-C₃alkynyl, aryl ghieosyl wherein 5 or 6-rnembered lactone, C,-C₃alkyl, C,-C_ealkenyl, C,-C_¾aikynyl, aryl, and glocosyi are optionally substituted with one or more substituenls selected from N jRi,, GRj, 0C(O)R₇, C(-0)OR₅, C«>)R₅, C(K))N 5R<_i, C_rC_!5 alkyl C,-C_¾ aikenyl C ,~C\ aikyrrvT C,-C_fi cvcloalkvi and C,-C, ialoa!kvl;

each of Rs and R₍, is independently H or C, -C_halky!;

R? is a C.-C_»alkyk O ¾o < §: and

n-I-12 .

A process for preparing a compound of formula V

c

omprising reacting an enol or nolaie compound of formula , (Va) with a

-H

compound of formula (Via), ^L ^ ''3 (V ia) under suitable conditions, wherein

R^pis an oxo protecting group;

L is a leaving group; and

each of Rj , Ra and ₃ independently is H, or an opiionaliy substituted Cj-CnaJkyl

5. The process according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein each of Rj, Rj.and _¾ independently is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl.

6. The process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said base is a luhium salt.

7. The process according to claim 6, wherein said lithium salt is n-butyllithhim.

8. The process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein said enotate compound is prepared under basic conditions.

9. The process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein said enol compound is prepared under acidic conditions.

10. The process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein R^F is an acyclic or cyclic aceial, acyclic or eylie ketal, dithio aceial, dithio ketal, cyclic dithio aceial, cyclic di hi ketal, substituted hydrazone, oxime, oxime derivative, or oxazolidme.

1 i . A compound of formula X:

, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, metabolite, solvate or prodrug thereof^" wherein

each of X and Y independently is a bond, oxygen, R¾ or sulfur;

R is H, C(-0)O j, C(-0}Ri, C(-0) ₅R_& C(0)SR_5> C(-S)R₅, or C(-S)NRiR ; each of j, ^ and R₃ independently is E, or an optionally substituted Cj-Cualkyl; R₄ is H, s ^ ORs, GC(0)R₇, C(O CiO)R₅, C(K))NR₅R«, halogen, 5 or 6-membered lactone, C,-C₈alkyl, G_>-C₃alkenyl, C,-C₈alkynyl, aryl, glucosyl, wherein the 5 or 6-membered lactone, C_J-C₃aiky!, C,-€„aikenyl, C,-€_¾aiky«yL aryl, and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from ._{; t;}!, ORs, OC(=0)R₇, C(=0)OR₅, C(0)R_S, C(=0)NR ₍₅, C_rC, a!kyl, C,-C, alkenyl, C,- C, alkynvl, C,-C. cvcloa!kvl. and C.~C„ haloalkvl:

each of Rj and R_f< i independently H or C_}-C₃alkyl;

R? is a C.-C^alkyl, OR_? or Rs ^: the dotted line denotes an optionally present bond; and 0=4-12, provided when X and Y are oxygen, each of Rj and Rj independently is a substituted C.t-Cn&lkyL

12. The compound of claim i i , wherein R is a hydrogen, C(^::::0)C?Hg, t ^:::C})C?H5_? or C(=0)CH

13. The compound of claim 1 1, wherein each of Ri, R∑ and R¾ independently is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, hepiyl, or ociyi optionally substituted with a aryl or heterearyi.

14. The compound of claim 13, wherein R\ is methyl substituted with phenyl.

15. The compound of claim 13, wherein R-- is -methyl substituted with phenyl.

16. The compound of claim 1 1 , wherein R,i is halogen, N¾ NH<¾, (C¾)₂, OCH5, OC₂H₅, C(0)CH₃, C«))C₂H_s, C(-0)OCH_?> C(=O)0C₃H_S, C(-0)NHC¾, C(=0)NHC¾, Cf-0)NH₂, OCiO -Hs, OC(-0)C₂Hs, OC(-0)OC¾, OCiO^'yOCsHj, OC(=0)N.H H₃, {X:«))NHC₂H_S, or 0C(=O)NH_s.

1 ?. The compound of claim i 1 , wherein R is CsHsCtC

CHjCOOH, C₂HsCOO¾ CH₂OH CJHJOH, CH₂Ph, C;>H;I¾

CH2Ci:i^::::C(Ci^:!?,)(C(^:::0)Ci-i3) 5 or 6-membered lactone, aryi, or giucosyl, wherein 5 or 6- membered lactone, aryi, and glucosyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from NR₅R<s, OR₅, OC{=0)R₇, C(O)0R.₅, C(0)R₅, C{0)NR_{s 65} C_f~C_s alkyl C,~ C, alkenvl, CVCl alkvnvt C,-C„ cvcloalkvk and C.- , haloalkyi

18. The compound of claim 17, wherein R4 is C_t -Chalky 1 optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from RiRe, OR_S, 0C(^::O)R7, C(^::O^')0Rs, C(^:::0)R₅,

Cf^Oj sR^ C_j-C_j, alkyl, C,-C₈ a!kenyl, C₇-C_& alkynyl C C₈ cycloalkyl, and C,-C_S haioa^'lkyi.

1 . The compound of claim i 8, wherein R4 is CHjCHK CH fe.

20. The compound of claim 1 1 , wherein said compound is selected from group consisting