WO2014104291A1

WO2014104291A1 - Precipitation gauge

Info

Publication number: WO2014104291A1
Application number: PCT/JP2013/085092
Authority: WO
Inventors: 益義松田
Original assignee: 株式会社Ｍｔｓ雪氷研究所
Priority date: 2012-12-27
Filing date: 2013-12-27
Publication date: 2014-07-03
Also published as: JP5963064B2; JPWO2014104291A1

Abstract

An omnidirectional precipitation gauge is provided capable of measuring the direction and angle of inclination from which precipitation particles (rain and snow) fell. An omnidirectional precipitation gauge has a water receiving unit to receive precipitation particles (rain and snow) and a measuring unit to measure the volume of precipitation particles (rain and snow) received by the water receiving unit. The water receiving unit has a first water receiving receptacle that forms a conical funnel and for which the circular opening of the funnel faces toward zenith, and a plurality of n second water receiving receptacles that correspond to the number of divisions on a side face when equally dividing the circumference of the circular opening of the first water receiving receptacle into n divisions. The measuring unit measures the volume of water received (Pm) by the first water receiving receptacle and the volume of water received (Ps₁ - Psn) in each of the plurality of n second water receiving receptacles, and determines the direction (α) from which the precipitation particles fell from the ratio of the volume of water received (Ps₁ - Psn) in each of the plurality of n second water receiving receptacles and determines the angle of inclination (β) from zenith from which the precipitation particles fell from the ratio of the measured volume of water received (Pm) by the first water receiving receptacle and the total volume of water received (Ps₁ - Psn) in the plurality of n second water receiving receptacles.

Description

Precipitation meter

The present invention relates to a precipitation meter, and more particularly to a precipitation meter that can detect the direction of precipitation of precipitation particles during rain or snow.

Conventional rain gauges including falling mass rain gauges and precipitation gauges (hereinafter simply referred to as conventional rainfall gauges) have a single water receiver, and the water receiving surface is leveled assuming a horizontal ground surface. In order to measure the amount of precipitation particles colliding with the horizontal surface (precipitation amount), it is intended to measure approximately.

However, the actual surface of the earth is not limited to a horizontal plane, but is composed of inclined surfaces or curved surfaces having various orientations and inclination angles including the horizontal plane. In conventional precipitation gauges, precipitation particles collide with these inclined surfaces or curved surfaces. Approximate amount (precipitation) cannot be measured. In order to make approximate measurements, it is necessary to detect the direction of precipitation particles.

Also, in the case of strong winds where precipitation particles fly obliquely or horizontally, wind turbulence occurs around the precipitation gauge, and the amount of precipitation particles that cannot be captured on the receiving surface increases. In such a case, it is difficult to accurately measure precipitation.

For example, in steep slopes, precipitation particles also fly from the horizontal direction due to the blowing wind, so it was difficult to accurately measure precipitation with conventional precipitation gauges.

In order to deal with this problem, the inventor of the present application first changed a water receiver having a horizontal water receiving surface in a conventional rain gauge into a spherical water receiver (or a water collector), and the spherical surface was a gap. It is composed of 12 water receivers that are divided into 12 parts and all the water receiving surfaces form part of the sphere, receiving rainwater coming from all directions, and from the lower direction that can detect the amount of rainfall and the direction of arrival. Has proposed an omnidirectional rain gauge that includes the direction of flight (Patent Document 1).

JP 2009-156865 A

Here, in the invention described in Patent Document 1, the shape of the water receiver is made spherical, and the spherical surface is divided into three parts in the horizontal direction and four parts in the vertical direction. It has a structure for receiving rainwater. Furthermore, the individual rainwater received by the 12 water receiving surfaces is dropped as water droplets of a constant volume, and the number of drops within a predetermined time is counted to measure the amount of water received on the individual water receiving surfaces. From the measured 12 received water amounts, the direction of rainwater flight can be calculated and acquired.

However, the omnidirectional rain gauge proposed earlier has a problem that the shape of the water receiver and the structure of the measuring part are complicated, and the cost is likely to increase in terms of manufacturing.

Therefore, the inventor of the present application examines the omnidirectional rain gauge of the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, devise the shape of the water receiver, and obtain the rainwater flying direction even if the number of water receiving surfaces is further reduced. We have found a solution principle that can ensure the continuity of the falling mass rain gauge, which has been used in the world for a long time, with the past large amount of rainfall records.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a precipitation meter that can be realized with a simpler structure based on the newly found solution principle. More specifically, in the omnidirectional precipitation meter according to the invention described in Patent Document 1, precipitation from all directions including the downward direction can be detected, but detection of the flying direction in the direction including the horizontal plane is possible. Often it is sufficient. Therefore, the present invention provides a precipitation meter capable of measuring precipitation in the entire sky direction including a horizontal plane.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a precipitation meter capable of measuring rainfall or precipitation particles caused by snowfall, which can measure not only rainfall but also snowfall based on the precipitation meter according to the present invention.

A first aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object is a precipitation meter having a water receiving part that receives precipitation particles due to rainfall or snowfall, and a measurement part that measures the amount of precipitation particles received by the water receiving part. There,
The water receiving part is
A conical funnel is formed, and the circumference of the first water receiver in which the circular opening of the funnel faces the zenith direction and the circular opening of the first water receiver is equally divided into a plurality of n. And a plurality of n second water receivers corresponding to the number of equal divisions on the side surface, and the measuring unit receives the amount of water received by the first water receiver per predetermined time (Pm) and the plurality of n Measure the amount of water received (Ps ₁ to Psn) in each of the second water receivers, and the precipitation particles come from the ratio of the amount of water received (Ps ₁ to Psn) in the second n water receivers. Precipitation particles from the ratio of the direction azimuth α and the measured amount of water received by the first water receiver (Pm) and the total amount of water received by the plurality of second water receivers (Ps ₁ to Psn) The inclination angle β from the zenith in the flying direction is determined.

As an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object, in the second aspect, a water receiving unit that receives precipitation particles due to rain or snow and a measurement unit that measures the amount of precipitation particles received by the water receiver are provided. A precipitation gauge,
The water receiving part forms a conical funnel, and the circumference of the first water receiver with the circular opening of the funnel facing the zenith direction and the circumference of the circular opening of the first water receiver is 4 Dividing into four second water receivers on the side surface, the measuring unit receives the amount of water received (Pm) by the first water receiver per predetermined period and the four second water receivers. Measure the amount of water received in each water device (Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ), and the direction α (clockwise angle from the north in the direction of rain or snow) and the slope β (Inclination angle from the zenith in the rain or snow flying direction) is determined from the measured values Pm, Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , Ps _{4 according} to the following relational expression:
tanβ = (πr / 2L) / (Pm / Ps)
If Ps ₁ ≧ Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ -Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ -Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ),
If Ps ₂ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = (-Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ -Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ )
If Ps ₃ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = (Ps ₁ -Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ -Ps ₄ )
If Ps ₄ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ ,
tanα = (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ -Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (-Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ )
Where r is the radius of the circular opening of the funnel,
L is the height of the second water receiving part,
Ps is a total value of Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , and Ps ₄ .

Furthermore, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above-described problem, in the first or second aspect, water is received on the bottom side of each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver. It has a discharge hole for discharging precipitation particles to the bottom, and is configured to be individually connected from the discharge hole to the measurement unit through a water conduit.

Moreover, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object, in the first or second aspect, the measurement unit corresponds to each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver. A falling mass is provided, precipitation particles received through the water conduit are guided to the falling mass, and the number of falls of the falling mass is independently measured.

Moreover, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above object, in the first or second aspect, the measurement unit corresponds to each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver. The amount of each precipitation particle flowing down through the water conduit is measured.

Furthermore, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above-described problems, in any of the above aspects,
Each of the second water receivers has a plurality of fins arranged radially from the center of the first water receiver toward the outer periphery of the second water receiver. .

Furthermore, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above-described problems, in any of the above aspects,
It has a mesh-shaped bellows covering surrounding the outer periphery of the second water receiver.

Furthermore, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above-described problems, in any of the above aspects,
Each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver has a mesh-shaped heating net cover, and the heating net portion covering the second water receiver has an upper end at the first water receiver. It is fixed to the outer edge part of the funnel funnel, and the lower end side is open.

Further, as an aspect of the present invention that achieves the above-mentioned problem, in the above aspect, the covering of the bellows and the covering of the heating net are formed of a material having thermal resistance, and when energizing when measuring the amount of snowfall, It is characterized by being heated to the melting temperature for snow particles. *

The following effects can be obtained by the configuration of the present invention described above.

(1) The precipitation meter according to the present invention captures rainwater or snowfall from any direction within a range of 0 to 90 degrees from the zenith with a simple configuration, so that accurate precipitation can be measured.

Thus, by using the precipitation gauge of the present invention, the past rainfall or precipitation values measured by the rain gauges or precipitation gauges used in various parts of the world so far have been underestimated. It turns out.

For example, on the windward slope of a strong wind area such as Mt. Fuji, precipitation particles may fly from the horizontal or below, and such rainwater or precipitation cannot be captured at all by existing rain gauges or precipitation gauges. As a result, we had to give up the installation of the rain gauge or the precipitation gauge itself. However, with the precipitation gauge of the present invention, it can be installed on any terrain, and can measure precipitation in all directions including the horizontal plane. It becomes possible.

The amount of rainfall or precipitation is related to the estimation of the reservoir inflow in the water source area, the estimation of the amount of surface collision and the infiltration of rainwater in the event of a slope sediment disaster, and various water resource plans and water use plans. It is indispensable and the most basic numerical information for planning and formulating countermeasures for rainfall disasters. The precipitation gauge of the present invention makes it possible to provide more accurate precipitation information necessary for these.

(2) In the precipitation meter according to the present invention, when the precipitation is replaced with the count value of the number of water droplets of precipitation particles due to rain or snowfall, the measurement accuracy (for example, water drops between the switches of the switch unit) When counting the energized state when passing, the weight (depending on the uniformity of the weight of one water drop (about 0.1 g)) is significantly improved (100 times or more) compared to the conventional falling mass rain gauge. As a result, it is possible to detect a slight amount of rainfall (0.5 mm or less) such as drizzle that could not be measured with a conventional rain gauge, and to measure the rainfall.

(3) By applying the present invention, precipitation particles due to rainfall or snowfall can be captured and measured, and converted into precipitation particle collision amount on a slope having an arbitrary direction and inclination. As a result, with the precipitation gauge of the present invention, it is not possible to use a conventional rain gauge. Can be measured directly. In addition, it can be expected to contribute to the research and prediction of many disasters such as floods involving rainfall.

It is a figure which shows the principle structural example of the water receiver of the omnidirectional precipitation meter according to this invention. It is a figure which shows the 1st Example structure which eliminates the problem of the principle structural example of FIG. It is a figure which shows the 2nd Example structure which eliminates the problem of the principle structural example of FIG. It is a perspective view of another Example structure. FIG. 5 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in the top view of FIG. 5 as viewed from the top surface of the water receiving portion in the embodiment of FIG. 4. It is a conceptual diagram which shows an example of a measurement part. It is a conceptual diagram which shows an example of the measurement part used for the rain gauge previously proposed by patent document 1. FIG. It is an example of the shape of the dripping pipe | tube 5 shown in FIG. It is a geometrical relationship diagram (part 1) between the flying direction and the water receiving area. It is the geometric relationship figure (part 2) of a flying direction and a water receiving area. It is a figure which shows another Example structure of the precipitation meter according to this invention. It is a figure which shows the cover part of the Example of FIG. It is a figure which shows the 1st water receiving part of the Example of FIG. It is a figure which shows the 2nd water receiving part of the Example of FIG. It is a top view of the 2nd water receiving part of the Example of FIG. FIG. 15 is a view showing a cross section taken along line AA in the top view of FIG. 14. FIG. 15 is a view showing a cross section taken along line BB in the top view of FIG. It is a schematic perspective view of a 3rd Example. It is a top view of the third embodiment. FIG. 16B is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIGS. 16A and 16B.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. In addition, an Example is for understanding of this invention, and application of this invention is not limited to this.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a principle configuration example of a water receiving portion of a precipitation meter according to the present invention. FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example of a principle configuration observed from an obliquely upward side surface of the water receiving unit, and FIG. 1B is an example of a principle configuration observed from the zenith direction of the water receiving unit.

In FIG. 1, the water receiver has a first water receiver and a second water receiver. The funnel-shaped first water receiver 10 and the opening circumference of the first water receiver 10 are divided into four by

partition plates

1, 2, 3, and 4. It is the structure which has the 4th

2nd water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 formed. However, the present invention is not limited to such a configuration. That is, in order to measure the azimuth more precisely, the opening circumference of the first water receiver 10 may be equally divided into a plurality of n (> 4) as the second water receiver.

The first water receiver 10 and the

second water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 each have a water guide section 25 on the lower side. The water guide portion 25 includes a vertical peripheral edge 25A and a skirt portion 25B in the peripheral portion, and a concave dish 25C having a connection portion between the peripheral edge 25A and the skirt portion 25B as an upper side.

Here, since the diameter of the peripheral edge 25A of the water guide portion 25 is slightly larger than the opening diameter 2r of the first water receiver 10 by a, the peripheral edge 25A of the water guide portion 25 of the

partition plates

1, 2, 3, 4 The lower end part in contact with is widened by a. The reason why the diameter of the peripheral edge 25A of the water guide portion 25 is slightly larger than the opening diameter 2r of the first water receiver 10 by a is particularly in the embodiment shown in FIGS. It is necessary to make sure that water is received in the water receiver. However, since the measurement error increases as the size of a increases, it is preferable to determine the size of a in relation to the allowable error.

The first water receiver 10 and the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 are associated with five channels Ch0, Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, and Ch4, and on the bottom side of each water receiver, Corresponding discharge holes 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 for discharging received rainwater or snowmelt water (hereinafter simply referred to as water) to the lower part are provided in the dent dish 25 </ b> C.

As is clear from FIG. 1B, the second water receivers 11 to 14 (channels Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, and Ch4) surround the first water receiver 10 (channel Ch0).

The above configuration can be formed of a material that does not corrode, such as stainless steel, and is easier to manufacture than the configuration proposed in Patent Document 1 above.

Here, in the example of the principle configuration shown in FIG. 1 (A), when raindrops fly to the

second water receivers

11, 12, 12, and 14, the raindrops fly in the lateral direction of the second water receiver. May pass through without being supplemented.

Such inconvenience can be solved by a specific configuration example shown below.

FIG. 2 shows a first specific configuration example thereof. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing the configuration as viewed from the obliquely upward side of the water receiver and FIG. 2B as viewed from the zenith direction of the water receiver, as in FIG. 1. Similar parts to those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals.

With respect to the principle configuration example of FIG. 1, the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 are arranged in the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 from the center of the first water receiver 10. 14 has a plurality of “fin plates” 100 arranged radially toward the outer periphery. With the fin plate 100, it is possible to reliably catch raindrops that reach the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 in the lateral direction.

It is desirable that the material of the “fin plate” 100 itself is also made of a material that does not corrode such as stainless steel.

FIG. 3 shows still another configuration example that eliminates the above-mentioned inconveniences in the principle configuration example of FIG. In FIG. 3, similarly to FIG. 1, FIG. 3 (A) is a diagram showing a configuration viewed from the side obliquely upward of the water receiver, and FIG. 3 (B) is a configuration viewed from the zenith direction of the water receiver. .

3 is characterized in that a bellows-like cover 110 that covers the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 is provided. Other parts that are the same as in FIG. 1 are given the same reference numerals.

The bellows-like cover 110 is preferably not a plate material but a mesh-like stitch structure. The size of the stitch is desirably a stitch of 1 mm or less through which raindrops do not pass. In particular, the configuration shown in FIG. 3 can be grasped with respect to snowfall with a stitch as will be described later, and can also be used as a precipitation meter for measuring the amount of snowfall.

It is desirable to form the bellows-shaped cover 110 from a material that does not corrode such as stainless steel.

In particular, when used as a precipitation meter for measuring the amount of snowfall, the bellows-shaped cover 110 is made of a mesh itself with a material having thermal resistance against energization, or coated with a material having thermal resistance on the mesh. Then, by energizing the mesh, the bellows-shaped cover 110 is heated, and the attached snowfall can be melted. Or you may comprise so that the heat | fever emitted from a heating wire may be transmitted to the whole bellows-shaped covering 110 by making the heating wire into a heat-resistant conductor using the bellows-shaped covering 110 as a good heat conductor.

And the snowmelt water is guided to the discharge holes 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 corresponding to the respective channels as in the case of precipitation, as described above with reference to FIG.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of still another embodiment, and FIG. 5 is a top view thereof. Such a configuration, together with the configuration shown in FIG. 3, is intended to enable measurement of not only precipitation but also snowfall. As a feature, the first water receiver 10 and the

second water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 are each covered with a heating net 50.

The heating net 50 that catches rainwater or snow that has come in is formed in a mesh shape with a material (metal, synthetic resin, rubber material, or the like) that has thermal resistance to energization, as in the embodiment of FIG. The material having heat resistance is coated on the mesh. Then, by energizing the mesh, the heating net 50 is heated, and the attached snowfall can be melted. Or you may comprise so that the heat | fever emitted from a heating wire may be transmitted to the whole heating net 50 by making the heating net 50 into a heat | fever good conductor like the previous Example, and heating wires.

The heating net 50 is connected to the peripheral portion of the funnel portion of the first water receiver 10 and the lower end side is released in the portion corresponding to the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14. ing. The heating net 50 is heated to an appropriate temperature by supplying electricity.

With such a configuration, snowfall adheres to the net 50, melts and travels through the net 50 in the water state, and is guided to the water guide holes 22 (20, 21, 23, 24).

As a result, the amount of snowfall can be measured in accordance with the equivalent of rainwater described above.

Here, if the amount of water that adheres to the stitches and is not guided to the measurement section increases, a measurement error of precipitation occurs. From this point of view, the amount of attached water is important, and the sizes of the meshes constituting the bellows-shaped cover 110 in the embodiment of FIG. 3 and the heating net 50 in the embodiment of FIG. 4 were examined.

The following measurement results were obtained through experiments ([Table 1]).

According to the measurement results in Table 1, the amount of water adhering to the bellows-shaped cover 110 (or the heating net 50) depends on the mesh line interval (mesh roughness), and the mesh roughness is 2 to 3 mm. The amount of adhering water was the largest. As the mesh became finer than 2 to 3 mm, the amount of adhering water decreased, and when it was 1.4 mm or less, the measurement error was so small that it would not be a problem at all. Further, the amount of water adhered decreased as the mesh became coarser than 2 to 3 mm, and it was confirmed that the amount of water adhered decreased when the stitch was too rough. *

This is because when the stitches become rough, water cannot adhere to the film by its surface tension, but only adheres to the flank of the metal wire. It was confirmed that as the mesh became finer, more stitches were covered with a water film, but the water film was very thin, and in the case of No. 7 mesh with a spacing of 1.2 mm, the average thickness of the water film was horizontal to the mesh. It was calculated as 0.4 mm (0.2 mm when vertical).

The finer the mesh, the smaller the amount of water attached, but if the stitches are larger than the snowfall particles, the snow particles will slip through without catching the stitches.

On the other hand, if the stitches are made too fine, clogging is likely to occur due to dust. Accordingly, it is preferable that the stitches should be about snow particles (1 to 1.5 mm), and the line thickness should be strong and thin.

Referring back to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG. 5 as viewed from the upper surface of the water receiving portion.

The tip of the discharge holes 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 is a measuring unit (not shown in FIG. 1) that measures the amount of water received by each water receiver of the water receiving unit through the water guiding unit 25. It is connected.

FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of a measurement unit.

That is, the

water guide pipes

30, 31, 32, 33, 34 accommodated in the water guide section 25 connected to the discharge holes 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 corresponding to the respective channels Ch0, Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch4. Thus, the received rainwater is guided to the corresponding falling

masses

40, 41, 42, 43, 44.

For example, when the predetermined amount of rainwater enters one of the troughs as in state S1, the overturning mass 40 is overturned and discharged with the weight of rainwater. Next, as shown in state S2, rainwater accumulates up to a predetermined amount on the opposite side of the ridge, falls into a state of being discharged, and transitions to state S1 again. Then, by counting the number of falls, and multiplying the count value by a predetermined amount that accumulates rainwater in the reeds, the amount of rainfall to the corresponding water receiver can be determined.

FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of a measurement unit used in the rain gauge previously proposed in Patent Document 1.

8 is expanded to the lower left of FIG. 8 at the tips of

water conduits

30, 31, 32, 33, 34 connected to the discharge holes 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 corresponding to the five channels Ch0, Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch4. A drip pipe 5 is provided for forming water drops as shown.

The tip diameter S of the dripping pipe 5 has such a size that the weight of one water drop is about 0.1 g.

Therefore, the water flowing down the

water guide pipes

30, 31, 32, 33, 34 corresponding to the five dropping pipes Ch 0, Ch 1, Ch 2, Ch 3, Ch 4 becomes water droplets having a weight of 0.1 g from the dropping pipe 5. Dripping.

FIG. 9 is an example of the shape of the dripping pipe 5 shown in FIG. It has an upper tube and a lower tube 5B, and the upper tube is packed with a filter 5A.

Thereby, about 0.1 g of water droplets are made by the lower tube 5B and dropped. Furthermore, it has a pair of electrode parts 6a and 6b in the middle of dropping. When the water droplet passes between the electrode parts 6a and 6b, the electrode parts 6a and 6 are electrically connected.

The pair of electrode portions 6a and 6b are switches as detection portions that detect water droplets by energization between them.

Therefore, the number of water droplets to be dropped can be counted by counting the number of conductions between the electrode portions 6a and 6b. Thereby, if the number of water droplets counted is multiplied by the weight of one water droplet 0.1 g, the amount of rainwater received by each water receiver can be calculated.

Here, in the present invention, the method of detecting the water droplets is not limited to the method by energization between the electrode portions 6a and 6b, and various other modes are possible. For example, as a non-contact method, either a method of detecting water droplets by changing the amount of transmitted light, or a method of detecting water droplets by dropping water droplets onto a microphone and detecting the presence or absence of sound changes at that time, etc. This method is not limited as an object of the present invention.

In this way, the direction and inclination of the flying direction can be obtained from the amount of rain or snow received by the five water receivers. The principle will be described below.

If the rain or snow flying direction is defined as the direction α (clockwise angle from the north of the flying direction) and the slope β (tilting angle from the zenith in the flying direction), the flying direction as shown in FIGS. A geometrical relationship diagram between the direction and the water receiving area [FIG. 10 (part 1), FIG. 11 (part 2)] can be drawn.

The water receiver 11 corresponding to the channel Ch1 in the water receiving region between the north (N) and the east (E) corresponds to the channel Ch2 in the water receiving region between the east (E) and the south (S). The water receiver 12 corresponds to the channel Ch3 in the water receiving region between the south (S) and the west (W), and the water receiver 13 corresponding to the channel Ch3 is channeled in the water receiving region between the west (W) and the north (N). Consider a water receiver 14 corresponding to Ch4.

Further, the radius of the first water receiver 10 is r, and the height of the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 is L. Accordingly, the area M ₀ of the first water receiver 10 is M ₀ = πr ² , and the side area S ₀ of the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 is S ₀ = 2rL. .

10 and 11, the area received by the first water receiver 10 is M, and the area received by the

second water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 is S.

In FIG. 11, if the slope of the rain or snow flying direction is β, the area M where the first water receiver 10 receives rain or snow is M = M ₀ sin (90−β) = M ₀ cos β = pi] r ² cos .beta, the area S to receive the rain water or snow second

water receiving unit

11, 12, 13, 14 _is _{_{S = S 1 + S 2 +}} S 3 + S 4 = S 0 sinβ = 2rLsinβ.

Furthermore, areas S ₁ , S ₂ , S ₃ , S _{4 in} which each of the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 receives rain or snow from FIG. 10 are as follows.

S ₁ = r (sin α + cos β) · L sin β
S ₂ = r (1-cosα) · Lsinβ
S ₃ = 0
S ₄ = r (1-sinα) · Lsinβ
The area received by the first water receiver 10 is M, the amount of water received is Pm (measurement unit: kg), and the area received by each of the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 is S _1. , S ₂ , S ₃ , S ₄ , and the amount of water received (measurement unit: kg) is Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
Pm / M = Ps / S, where Ps = Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄
Therefore, Pm / Ps = M / S
= (M ₀ cosβ) / (S ₀ sinβ)
= Πr ² cosβ / 2rLsinβ
= Πr / 2Ltanβ
Therefore, tanβ = (πr / 2L) / (Pm / Ps)
Also, Ps ₂ / Ps = S ₂ / S
= R (1-cosα) L / 2rL
= (1-cosα) / 2
Therefore, cosα = 1−2Ps ₂ / Ps
Similarly,
Ps ₄ / Ps = S ₄ / S
= R (1-cosα) Lsinβ / 2rLsinβ
= (1-sinα) / 2
Therefore, sinα = 1−2Ps ₄ / Ps
Therefore, if Ps ₁ ≧ Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = sinα / cosα
= (1-2Ps ₄ / Ps) / (1-2Ps ₂ / Ps)
_{= (Ps-2Ps 4) /} (Ps-2Ps 2)
= (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ -Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ -Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ )
It becomes. However,
If Ps ₂ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = (-Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ -Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ )
If Ps ₃ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₃ , Ps ₄ ,
tanα = (Ps ₁ -Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ -Ps ₄ )
If Ps ₄ ≧ Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₃ ,
tanα = (Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ -Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ ) / (-Ps ₁ + Ps ₂ + Ps ₃ + Ps ₄ )
As described above, the azimuth α and the inclination β can be calculated from the measured values of the received water amount (Pm, Ps, Ps ₁ , Ps ₂ , Ps ₄ ). Note that the measurable range of β is 0 to 90 degrees.

In addition, although the said description is an example of 5 channels by the 1st water receiver 10 and the

2nd water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14, it is generalized and it is more than n 2nd water receivers. Assuming the case where it is divided into two, the amount of rainfall or the amount of snowfall can be measured with a finer accuracy by the following relationship. *

That is, the first water receiver 10 is formed into a conical funnel, and the circular opening of the funnel faces the zenith direction, and the circumference of the circular opening of the first water receiver 10 is set to a plurality of n. It divides | segments equally and is comprised so that it may have the 2nd water receiver of the n corresponding to the said equal division | segmentation number on a side surface.

The measuring unit measures the amount of water received by the first water receiver 10 per predetermined period (Pm) and the amount of water received by the plurality of n second water receivers (Ps ₁ to Psn). To do. Next, the direction α of the rain arrival direction is determined from the ratio of the received water amounts (Ps ₁ to Psn) in the plurality of second receivers.

Further, the ratio between the measured amount of water received by the first water receiver 10 (Pm) and the amount of water received by the plurality of n

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 (Ps ₁ to Psn). The inclination angle β from the zenith in the rain flying direction can be determined.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the configuration of another embodiment of the precipitation meter according to the present invention.

The configuration of the previous embodiment is an integrated configuration in which a plurality of

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 are arranged on the lower side of the funnel shape of the first water receiver 10.

On the other hand, FIG. 12 is a figure which shows the structure arrange | positioned outside 10 A of trunk | drum parts of the 2nd water receiver 1st water receiver 10 as another Example structure. In FIG. 12, the configuration is partially shown in a perspective form for easy understanding.

In such a configuration, a commonly used precipitation meter using a falling mass can be used as the first water receiver 10. Furthermore, the 1st water receiver 10 and the

2nd water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 can be comprised so that isolation | separation is possible.

In FIG. 12, the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 are surrounded by the body 60 of the main body. It is covered with a cover 51 having a lower diameter corresponding to the upper edge circle of the body 60 of the main body. The upper diameter of the cover 51 corresponds to the diameter of the first water receiver 10.

The covering portion 51 has the heating net 50 described in the previous embodiment.

13A, 13B, and 13C are diagrams showing the embodiment of FIG. 12 further divided for easy understanding. 13A is a top view of the cover 51, FIG. 13B is the first water receiver 10, and FIG. 14 is a top view of the

second water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14.

The cover part 51 shown to FIG. 13A has the heating net 50 similarly to the previous Example. The heating net 50 may itself be a heating wire, or may be a heat conductor that transmits heat of a heating element attached separately. When used in winter, it is possible to melt snow by the cover 51 and to reduce the amount of snowfall.

As the first water receiver 10 shown in FIG. 13B, a commonly used falling mass type precipitation meter can be used. In FIG. 13B, the falling mass is not shown.

FIG. 13C is a diagram showing the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14. In this embodiment, the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 are integrally formed by an outer cylinder 60 and an inner cylinder 61. The inner cylinder 61 is equal in height to the first water receiver 10 and has a diameter into which the first water receiver 10 is inserted.

The height of the outer cylinder 60 is smaller than the height of the inner cylinder 61, and a funnel-shaped second water receiver is formed in a region formed by the difference between the diameter of the outer cylinder 60 and the inner cylinder 61 as will be described later. 11, 12, 13, and 14 are formed. In FIG. 13C, only the water receiver 11 is shown, and the water guide hole 20 and the water guide pipe 21 are shown correspondingly. A falling mass corresponding to the lower portion of the water guide pipe 21 or a water droplet number detection switch mechanism shown in FIG. 9 is provided.

In FIG. 13C,

reference numerals

1 and 2 denote channel partition plates, and reference numeral 100 denotes a fin plate that receives lateral precipitation.

FIG. 14 is a top view of the precipitation meter of the embodiment of FIG. A water introduction hole 20 of the first water receiver 10 is seen at the center. The first water receiver 10 is inserted into the inner cylinder 61 of the

second water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14.

The

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 are formed between the outer cylinder 60 and the inner cylinder 61.

Partition plates

1, 2, 3, and 4 are partition plates that divide each of

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14. Corresponding to each of the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, 14 formed by

partition plates

1, 2, 3, 4, there are water guide holes 20, 21, 22, 23.

The positions of the water guide holes 20, 21, 22, 23 are lower than the height of the outer peripheral edge of the outer cylinder 60, and the corresponding water guide holes 20, 21, 22, from the peripheral edge and the lower ends of the

partition plates

1, 2, 3, 4. A funnel shape is formed by the inclination toward 23.

15A and 15B are diagrams showing a cross section taken along the line AA and a cross section taken along the line BB in the top view of FIG. 14, respectively.

The shape of the

channel partition plates

1, 2, 3, 4 and the fin plate 100 is the same triangle. The angle of the upper corner is about 30 °. This corresponds to the fact that the inclination on the upper edge side of a general falling mass type precipitation gauge is standardized at 30 °.

On the lower side of the fin plate 100, as can be seen from FIGS. 15A and 15B, the

second water receivers

11, 12, 13, and 14 correspond to the inclination of the funnel shape (the part surrounded by the figure). It ’s floating.

Such a second precipitation meter can be constructed by expanding an existing general overturning precipitation meter. Therefore, it is appropriate to use a one-dimensional precipitation meter or a three-dimensional precipitation meter depending on the intended use. It is easy to change the configuration.

FIGS. 16A, 16B, and 16C are diagrams for explaining a precipitation meter according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 16A is a schematic perspective view of the third embodiment. FIG. 16B is a top view thereof, and FIG. 16C is a schematic sectional view taken along line AA of FIGS. 16A and 16B.

The feature of the third embodiment is a form in which the first water receiver in the first and second embodiments is combined with the function of the second water receiver.

Conceptually, the four water receivers S1, S2, S3, and S4 are formed by equally dividing the first water receiver in the first and second embodiments. Thereby, the

2nd water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14 formed in the side surface in the 1st and 2nd Example has comprised the form which abbreviate | omitted.

That is, the cylindrical container 110 having at least the upper surface opened is divided into four equal parts by four

partition plates

201, 202, 203, and 204 that are approximately half the length of the cylindrical container 110 in the circumferential direction. Four water receivers S1, S2, S3, S4 are formed.

The four

partition plates

201, 202, 203, 204 have an inclination that decreases from the upper end surface of the cylindrical container 110 toward the center of the cylinder. A funnel-shaped water receiving portion is provided on the lower end side of the four

partition plates

201, 202, 203, 204.

The form of the funnel-shaped water receiving part can be well understood from FIGS. 16B and 16C. FIG. 16B is a top view of the precipitation meter of the third embodiment, and is a funnel shape of four water receivers S1, S2, S3, S4 partitioned by four

partition plates

201, 202, 203, 204.

Water receiving portions

220, 221, 222, and 223 are shown.

Each funnel-shaped

water receiving part

220, 221, 222, 223 has a

corresponding drain hole

211, 212, 213, 214. Receiving water is sent to the overturning mass not shown or the water droplet number detection switch mechanism shown in FIG. 9 through the water distribution pipes connected to the drain holes 211, 212, 213, and 214.

FIG. 16C is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 16B. In the cross section, the water receivers S2 and S4 belong, and the corresponding funnel-shaped

water receiving portions

221 and 223 and drain

holes

212 and 214 thereof are shown. A broken line portion conceptually shows the

partition plates

203 and 204.

In the third embodiment, the azimuth and inclination angle of the precipitation direction of the precipitation particles can be obtained from the precipitation amounts of the four water receivers S1, S2, S3 and S4. The inclination angle can be obtained within a range of 90 ° from the zenith. For example, in FIG. 16A, precipitation from the direction perpendicular to the drawing is received most by the water receiver S3. Therefore, the precipitation direction and the inclination angle of the precipitation particles can be obtained from the ratio of the amount of water received at the water receivers S1, S2, S3 and S4.

Furthermore, the total configuration amount can be obtained from the sum of precipitation amounts of the four water receivers S1, S2, S3, S4.

10

1st water receiver

11, 12, 13, 14

2nd water receiver

20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Water conveyance hole

30, 31, 32, 33, 34

Water conveyance pipe

40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Falling

mass

1, 2, 3, 4 Partition plate 5 Drip pipe 25 Water guide part 50 Heating net 100 Fin plate 110 Bellows-like covering

Claims

A precipitation meter having a water receiving part that receives precipitation particles due to rainfall or snowfall, and a measurement part that measures the amount of precipitation particles received by the water receiving part,
The water receiving part is
A first water receiver comprising a conical funnel, the circular opening of the funnel facing the zenith direction;
The circumference of the circular opening of the first water receiver is equally divided into a plurality of n, and there are a plurality of n second water receivers corresponding to the number of equal divisions on the side surface.
The measuring unit measures the amount of water received by the first water receiver per predetermined time (Pm) and the amount of water received by the plurality of n second water receivers (Ps 1 to Psn),
From the ratio of the received water amount (Ps 1 to Psn) in each of the plurality of n second water receivers, the direction α of the flying direction of the precipitation particles, and the measured water amount received (Pm) by the first water receiver , The inclination angle β from the zenith in the flying direction of the precipitation particles is determined from the ratio with the total amount of water received (Ps 1 to Psn) in the plurality of second receivers.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In claim 1,
The first water receiver has a cylindrical body portion having an end circle along the periphery of the conical funnel,
The n second water receivers have funnels corresponding to the n pieces formed along the outside of the body part.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
A precipitation meter having a water receiving part that receives precipitation particles due to rainfall or snowfall, and a measurement part that measures the amount of precipitation particles received by the water receiving part,
The water receiving part is
A first water receiver comprising a conical funnel, the circular opening of the funnel facing upward;
The circumference of the circular opening of the first water receiver is equally divided into four, and four second water receivers are provided on the side surface.
The measurement unit receives the amount of water received by the first water receiver per predetermined time (Pm) and the amount of water received by the four second water receivers (Ps 1 , Ps 2 , Ps 3 , Ps). 4 ) measure and
The direction α (the clockwise angle from the north of the rain or snow flying direction) and the slope β (the tilt angle from the zenith in the rain or snow flying direction) of the precipitation particles come from the measured values Pm, Ps. 1 , Ps 2 , Ps 3 , Ps 4 is determined by the following relational expression,
tanβ = (πr / 2L) / (Pm / Ps)
If Ps 1 ≧ Ps 2 , Ps 3 , Ps 4 ,
tanα = (Ps 1 + Ps 2 + Ps 3 -Ps 4 ) / (Ps 1 -Ps 2 + Ps 3 + Ps 4 ),
If Ps 2 ≧ Ps 1 , Ps 3 , Ps 4 ,
tanα = (-Ps 1 + Ps 2 + Ps 3 + Ps 4 ) / (Ps 1 + Ps 2 -Ps 3 + Ps 4 )
If Ps 3 ≧ Ps 1 , Ps 3 , Ps 4 ,
tanα = (Ps 1 -Ps 2 + Ps 3 + Ps 4 ) / (Ps 1 + Ps 2 + Ps 3 -Ps 4 )
If Ps 4 ≧ Ps 1 , Ps 2 , Ps 3 ,
tanα = (Ps 1 + Ps 2 -Ps 3 + Ps 4 ) / (-Ps 1 + Ps 2 + Ps 3 + Ps 4 )
Where r is the radius of the circular opening of the funnel,
L is the height of the second water receiver,
Ps is the total value of Ps 1 , Ps 2 , Ps 3 , Ps 4 ,
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In any one of Claims 1 thru | or 3,
Each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver has a water conduit individually on the bottom side, and is configured to be connected to the measurement unit through the water conduit.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In claim 4,
The measuring unit has a tipping mass corresponding to each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver, guides precipitation received through the conduit to the tipping mass, and the tipping mass. Measure the number of falls of each independently,
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In claim 4,
The measurement unit measures the amount of each precipitation particle flowing down through the water conduit corresponding to each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In any one of Claims 1 thru | or 3,
Each of the second water receivers has a plurality of fin plates arranged radially from the center of the first water receiver toward the outer peripheral direction of the second water receiver.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In any one of Claims 1 thru | or 3,
Having a mesh-shaped bellows covering surrounding the outer periphery of the second water receiver,
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In claim 8,
The covering of the bellows is formed of a material having thermal resistance, and is heated to the snow melting temperature for the snow particles by energization when measuring the amount of snowfall.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In any one of Claims 1 thru | or 3,
Each of the first water receiver and the second water receiver has a mesh heating net covering,
The part of the heating net covering the second water receiver has its upper end fixed to the outer edge of the funnel of the first water receiver, and the lower end side is open,
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
In claim 10,
The covering of the heating net is formed of a material having a thermal resistance, and is heated to the snow melting temperature for the snow particles by energization when measuring the amount of snowfall.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.
A cylindrical container with an open upper surface;
Four partition plates each having an inclination on the upper end side which becomes lower from the upper edge of the cylindrical container toward the center of the cylindrical container;
Four water receivers formed in respective regions equally divided into four circumferentially by the four partition plates;
Corresponding to each of the four water receivers, and having four precipitation detectors for detecting the amount of precipitation received by each,
The four water receivers have funnel-shaped water receivers connected to lower ends of the corresponding four partition plates, and each funnel receiver of the four water receivers has a drain hole. And having a water conduit connected to the drain hole,
From the precipitation detected by the four precipitation detectors corresponding to the four conduits, the direction and inclination angle of the flying direction of precipitation particles are determined.
Precipitation meter characterized by that.