WO2014098746A1 - Gastight reactor comprising rotating crushing means - Google Patents

Gastight reactor comprising rotating crushing means Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014098746A1
WO2014098746A1 PCT/SE2013/051541 SE2013051541W WO2014098746A1 WO 2014098746 A1 WO2014098746 A1 WO 2014098746A1 SE 2013051541 W SE2013051541 W SE 2013051541W WO 2014098746 A1 WO2014098746 A1 WO 2014098746A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reactor
shaft
housing
gap
reaction chamber
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE2013/051541
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Anders Olsson
Original Assignee
Cassandra Oil Technology Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Cassandra Oil Technology Ab filed Critical Cassandra Oil Technology Ab
Publication of WO2014098746A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014098746A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
    • B01J19/1806—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside resulting in a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in centrifugal-type reactors, or having a high Reynolds-number
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C13/00—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills
    • B02C13/02—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with horizontal rotor shaft
    • B02C13/04—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills with horizontal rotor shaft with beaters hinged to the rotor; Hammer mills
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a reactor for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing.
  • the present invention also concerns a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor, and use of the reactor.
  • SE, C2, 534 399 shows a reactor of the type described by way of introduction. At least a first part of the rotor is situated in the housing and the shaft extends in only one direction from said first part through and out of the housing.
  • the construction is not optimum as regards providing conditions for a process having as small an impact on the surrounding environment as possible.
  • a first object of the present invention is to provide a reactor which in operation has less out-leakage of environmentally detrimental gases and less in- leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor than hitherto known reactors of a comparable type.
  • a second object of the present invention is to provide a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor.
  • a third object of the present invention is to provide a use of the reactor.
  • the invention embraces a reactor for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing.
  • the reactor has at least one shaft seal, positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft, between said reaction chamber and the surroundings, said shaft seal only comprising at least one fluid channel which, in a first end, is connected to at least one fluid source which provides at least one inert gas, said fluid channel, in a second end, being in hydraulic communication with said reaction chamber, said fluid channel being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part rotating in the operation of the reactor and at least one second part non-rotating in the operation of the reactor, said gap extending around said shaft, and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel non-rotating in the operation of the reactor being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of said gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply.
  • Said inert gas may maintain a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in said reaction chamber in the operation of the reactor.
  • Said inert gas may be nitrogen gas.
  • Said gap may entirely separate said first part and said second part.
  • Said first part may be located directly or indirectly on said shaft and said second part may be located radially and/or axially next to said first part.
  • Said first part may consist of said shaft and said second part may be located radially and/or axially next to said shaft.
  • Said gap may be of the labyrinth type.
  • Said shaft seal may also comprise at least one gasket of conventional type.
  • Said gasket of conventional type may consist of at least one graphite packing. Said gap may be located between said reaction chamber and said gasket of conventional type.
  • Said shaft may extend in only one direction from said first part through and out of said housing. At least one support device may together act on a part of said shaft situated outside said housing, alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, wherein said support device may entirely support the reactor. At least one support device may together act on a part of said shaft situated outside said housing, alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, wherein said support device may partly support the reactor.
  • Said shaft may be mounted in bearings in at least two planes extending primarily perpendicular to a principal direction of extension of said shaft, and where said planes are situated outside said housing.
  • Said support device may comprise at least one stand.
  • Said support device may comprise at least two bearings for the bearing mounting of said shaft in said planes.
  • Said support device may comprise at least one bearing housing.
  • Said housing may have a primarily cylindrical shape.
  • Said housing may have at least one dismountable part.
  • Said dismountable part may be attached to a remainder of said housing by screw joints and/or bolt joints.
  • Said dismountable part may be internally provided with wear-resistant material.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing and be supported entirely by this/these.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing and be supported partly by this/these.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least two bearings and be supported entirely by this/these.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least two bearings and be supported partly by this/these.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one stand and be supported entirely by this/these.
  • the remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one stand and be supported partly by this/these.
  • Said first part of said rotor may comprise at least one hammer. At least one of said hammers may comprise at least one fixed part and at least one articulated part.
  • Said fixed part may be fixedly attached to said first part of said rotor and said articulated part may be articulately attached to said fixed part.
  • Said articulated part may have a centre of gravity which is lying on a first radius r1 of said rotor at the same time as an axis of rotation for the rotation between said articulated part and said fixed part is lying on a second radius r2 of said rotor, said first radius r1 trailing said second radius r2 upon rotation of said rotor in connection with operation of the reactor.
  • the invention also embraces a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor, which reactor is intended for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing, the method comprising the steps of
  • said shaft seal only comprising at least one fluid channel, said fluid channel being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part rotating in the operation of the reactor and at least one second part non-rotating in the operation of the reactor, and said gap extending around said shaft, and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel non-rotating in the operation of the reactor being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of at least one inert gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply,
  • Said inert gas may be nitrogen gas.
  • Said shaft seal may also comprise at least one gasket of conventional type.
  • Said gap may be located between said reaction chamber and said gasket of conventional type.
  • the invention also embraces a use of the reactor according to the above for the separation of material included in composite raw material.
  • the raw material may be tyres for cars and/or other vehicles.
  • the raw material may be plastic.
  • the raw material may be oil.
  • the raw material may be nylon.
  • the raw material may be polyester.
  • the raw material may be digested sludge.
  • the raw material may be wood.
  • the raw material may be slaughterhouse waste.
  • the raw material may be oil plants. List of Figures
  • Figure 1 shows, in a partly sectioned perspective view, a reactor according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows, in a partly sectioned side view, a part of the reactor in Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 shows, in a partly sectioned front view, a housing and a part of a rotor which may be included in the reactor in Figure 1.
  • the reactor 1 comprises a reaction chamber 2 and a rotor 3 which is positioned at least partly in the same and has hammers 4 mounted on a rotor shaft 5.
  • the reaction chamber 2 is surrounded by a housing 6 consisting of two parts, viz. a first part 6a and a second part 6b.
  • the first part 6a has one or more inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c for raw material to the reactor and the second part 6b has one or more outlet openings 9a, 9b for products from the reactor.
  • the housing 6, 6a, 6b is primarily cylindrical and the first part 6a as well as the second part 6b is provided with a mating circumferential flange having a first diameter for a common bolt joint.
  • the second part 6b connects to a bearing housing 10, the second part 6b as well as the bearing housing 10 being provided with a mating circumferential flange having a second diameter for a common bolt joint.
  • the first diameter is greater than the second diameter.
  • the bearing housing 10 is in turn supported by a stand (not shown) and
  • a covering (not shown) of a wear- resistant material such as steel or ceramic material is present on the inside of the first part 6a.
  • an inner wall 16 - primarily parallel to the primarily circular end surface of the second part 6b and at a certain distance from the same - and which allows gas to pass through the centre of said wall 16 - i.e., between the wall 16 and the rotor shaft 5 - to an inner/rear space in the reaction chamber 2 from where the gas can continue out of the reactor through an outlet opening 9a of said outlet openings 9a, 9b and further to an inlet channel of an eductor (not shown) or a distillation unit (not shown) or a condensation unit (not shown) or directly for combustion in an engine (not shown) or heating system (not shown). Solid particles may leave the reactor through another outlet opening 9b of said outlet openings 9a, 9b.
  • the reaction chamber 2 is, apart from occurring inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c, outlet openings 9a, 9b, and shaft seal 24 at a shaft bushing for the rotor shaft 5, separated from the surroundings, i.e., the housing 6, 6a, 6b and occurring connection to said bearing housing 10 are in other respects to be considered as primarily gas-tight in relation to the surroundings. In this way, the reaction chamber 2 and the reactor 1 differ from usual hammer mills which are more or less open toward the surroundings.
  • Said shaft seal 24 comprises a fluid channel 25 which, in a first end, is connected to a fluid source (not shown) which provides an inert gas in the form of nitrogen gas or another inert gas.
  • the fluid channel 25 is in hydraulic communication with the reaction chamber 2 and is partly in the form of a gap located between a first part 26 rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 and a second part 27 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1.
  • the first part 26 is here located directly on the shaft 5 and the second part 27 is located radially and axially next to the first part 26. It is, however, fully feasible to have one or more additional parts (not shown) between the first part 26 and the shaft 5.
  • the shaft seal 24 also comprises two gaskets 28 of the first part 26 consist of the proper shaft 5 and with the second part 27 located radially and/or axially next to the shaft 5.
  • the gap extends around the shaft 5.
  • a remaining part of the fluid channel 25 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 is directly connected to the gap for non-rotating supply of the gas to the gap in the operation of the reactor 1 for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in the gap emanating from the supply.
  • the gap is of the labyrinth type.
  • the shaft seal 24 also comprises two gaskets 28 of the
  • the gap is located between the reaction chamber 2 and the graphite packings 28.
  • the supplied nitrogen gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 , which results in a smaller amount of nitrogen gas continuously flowing through the remaining part of the fluid channel 25, into the gap and further into the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 .
  • This in turn guarantees that no environmentally detrimental gases penetrate out from the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 and that no gases detrimental to the process in the reactor 1 penetrate into the reaction chamber 2.
  • the smaller amount of nitrogen gas which continuously passes into the reaction chamber 2 has no negative influence on the separation process in the reactor.
  • u a constant which is between 0.62 and 0.98
  • the housing 6, 6a, 6b is in heat exchanging contact with a channel 20 intended to convey gas for heat exchange between the gas and the housing 6, 6a, 6b.
  • the channel 20 surrounds the greater part of the cylindrical outer surface - however not the primarily circular end surface - of the first part 6a of the housing 6 , 6a, 6b, an inlet opening for the heat exchanging gas being present in a lower part of the channel 20 and an outlet opening (not shown) for the heat exchanging gas being present in an upper part of the channel 20. It is feasible to
  • the channel 20 entirely or partly surround also the end surface of the first part 6a of the housing 6, 6a, 6b. It is feasible to correspondingly let the channel 20 entirely or partly surround also one or more of the inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c for the raw material - however primarily the inlet opening 8a for the raw material in the form of tyres and/or plastic and/or oil and/or nylon and/or polyester and/or digested sludge and/or wood and/or slaughterhouse waste and/or oil plants and/or the like and the inlet opening 8b for sand and/or catalyst and/or the like.
  • An extra casing 22, 22a, 22b is present around the housing 6, 6a, 6b, also this for practical reasons being divided into a first part 22a and a second part 22b.
  • the casing 22, 22a, 22b is primarily cylindrical and the first part 22a as well as the second part 22b is provided with a mating circumferential flange having a third diameter for a common mechanical joint. The third diameter is greater than the first diameter.
  • Supporting stays (not shown) are present between the casing 22, 22a, 22b and the housing 6, 6a, 6b.
  • the casing 22, 22a, 22b is made from stainless steel but also other suitable metals and/or materials may occur.
  • the rotor 3 in Figures 1 and 2 has hammers 4 of simpler type.
  • Figure 3 it is seen how a part of an alternative rotor 3 may look.
  • the rotor shaft 5 is in the same plane provided with six hammers 4 but the number of hammers in the same plane may vary, each hammer 4 consisting of a fixed part 4a and an articulated part 4b.
  • the articulated part 4b is pivoted around an axis 14 which extends primarily parallel to the principal direction of extension of the rotor shaft 5.
  • the articulated part 4b When the rotor 3 rotates - anti-clockwise in the figure - the articulated part 4b has a centre of gravity 15 which is lying on a first radius r1 of said rotor at the same time as the axis 14 for the rotation between the articulated part 4b and the fixed part 4a is lying on a second radius r2 of said rotor, said first radius r1 trailing said second radius r2 in the rotation, i.e., said first radius r1 forming an angle with said second radius r2.
  • a force F2 arises which is proportional to
  • the force F2 attacks in the central point (the centre of mass) of the material that is accumulated on the hammer and against which the force F2 is to work.
  • a desired power per hammer can be calculated and set by predetermining the parameters listed above. Occurring torque will hold each hammer in the predetermined place - against a stop for each hammer (not shown)
  • the articulated part 4b bends rearward and lets the material pass until equilibrium of forces arises again. This function provides a levelling effect during normal operation and protection against breakdown if, for instance, foreign objects should accompany the material to be processed.
  • raw material is brought in through one or more of occurring inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c into the reaction chamber 2 where it is decomposed, by the kinetic energy of the hammers 4 of the rotor, as well as by the kinetic energy of particles which are thrown around by the rotary motion of the rotor and by the heat energy that is created by friction between the hammers 4 and parts of the raw material.
  • Inorganic material in the form of sand, catalysts, steel, glass, etc., may be used to increase the friction and thereby the
  • the inorganic particles affect the decomposition process favourably by the fact that they have a large total contact surface which acts as an efficient heat exchanger against the raw material, as well as a catalyst for the breaking of hydrocarbon polymers and greater hydrocarbon molecules. Hydrocarbon compounds, water, and other organic material are gasified in the device. The centrifugal forces created by the rotor separate the gas from the heavier inorganic materials, the gas part being brought out of the reactor in the centre thereof and the heavier particles can be tapped at the periphery of the reactor and in both cases through occurring outlet openings 9a, 9b.
  • a method is applied of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from the reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor 1 , the method comprising the steps of - providing the shaft 5 with a shaft seal 24, positioned directly or indirectly on the shaft 5, between the reaction chamber 2 and the surroundings, the shaft seal 24 comprising a fluid channel 25, the fluid channel 25 being partly in the form of a gap located between a first part 26 rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 and a second part 27 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 , and the gap extending around the shaft 5, and a remaining part of the fluid channel 25 non- rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 being directly connected to the gap for non-rotating supply of an inert gas to the gap in the operation of the reactor 1 for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in the gap emanating from the supply,
  • the shaft seal also comprises two gaskets of conventional type in the form of two graphite packings. The gap is located between the reaction chamber 2 and the graphite packings.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention concerns a reactor (1) for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber (2) and at least one rotor (3), said reaction chamber (2) comprising at least one housing (6, 6a, 6b) which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening (8a, 8b, 8c) and at least one outlet opening (9a, 9b) and said rotor (3) comprising at least one shaft (5), and at least a first part of said rotor (3) being situated in said housing (6, 6a, 6b) and said shaft (5) extending from said first part through and out of said housing (6, 6a, 6b). At least one shaft seal (24), positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft (5), is present between said reaction chamber (2) and the surroundings, said shaft seal (24) only comprising at least one fluid channel (25) which, in a first end, is connected to at least one fluid source which provides at least one inert gas, said fluid channel (25), in a second end, being in hydraulic communication with said reaction chamber (2), said fluid channel (25) being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part (26) rotating in the operation of the reactor (1) and at least one second part (27) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ), said gap extending around said shaft (5), and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel (25) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ) being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of said gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor (1) for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply. The present invention also concerns a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor (1) and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor (1), and use of the reactor (1).

Description

GASTIGHT REACTOR COMPRISING ROTATING CRUSHING MEANS
The present invention concerns a reactor for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing. The present invention also concerns a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor, and use of the reactor.
Prior Art
SE, C2, 534 399 shows a reactor of the type described by way of introduction. At least a first part of the rotor is situated in the housing and the shaft extends in only one direction from said first part through and out of the housing. However, the construction is not optimum as regards providing conditions for a process having as small an impact on the surrounding environment as possible.
Summary of the Invention
A first object of the present invention is to provide a reactor which in operation has less out-leakage of environmentally detrimental gases and less in- leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor than hitherto known reactors of a comparable type. A second object of the present invention is to provide a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor. A third object of the present invention is to provide a use of the reactor. Thus, the invention embraces a reactor for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing. The reactor has at least one shaft seal, positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft, between said reaction chamber and the surroundings, said shaft seal only comprising at least one fluid channel which, in a first end, is connected to at least one fluid source which provides at least one inert gas, said fluid channel, in a second end, being in hydraulic communication with said reaction chamber, said fluid channel being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part rotating in the operation of the reactor and at least one second part non-rotating in the operation of the reactor, said gap extending around said shaft, and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel non-rotating in the operation of the reactor being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of said gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply.
Said inert gas may maintain a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in said reaction chamber in the operation of the reactor. Said inert gas may be nitrogen gas. Said gap may entirely separate said first part and said second part.
Said first part may be located directly or indirectly on said shaft and said second part may be located radially and/or axially next to said first part. Said first part may consist of said shaft and said second part may be located radially and/or axially next to said shaft. Said gap may be of the labyrinth type. Said shaft seal may also comprise at least one gasket of conventional type. Said gasket of conventional type may consist of at least one graphite packing. Said gap may be located between said reaction chamber and said gasket of conventional type.
Said shaft may extend in only one direction from said first part through and out of said housing. At least one support device may together act on a part of said shaft situated outside said housing, alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, wherein said support device may entirely support the reactor. At least one support device may together act on a part of said shaft situated outside said housing, alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, wherein said support device may partly support the reactor. Said shaft may be mounted in bearings in at least two planes extending primarily perpendicular to a principal direction of extension of said shaft, and where said planes are situated outside said housing. Said support device may comprise at least one stand. Said support device may comprise at least two bearings for the bearing mounting of said shaft in said planes. Said support device may comprise at least one bearing housing.
Said housing may have a primarily cylindrical shape. Said housing may have at least one dismountable part. Said dismountable part may be attached to a remainder of said housing by screw joints and/or bolt joints. Said dismountable part may be internally provided with wear-resistant material.
The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing and be supported entirely by this/these. The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing and be supported partly by this/these. The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least two bearings and be supported entirely by this/these. The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least two bearings and be supported partly by this/these. The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one stand and be supported entirely by this/these. The remainder of said housing may be attached to at least one of said at least one stand and be supported partly by this/these.
Said first part of said rotor may comprise at least one hammer. At least one of said hammers may comprise at least one fixed part and at least one articulated part. Said fixed part may be fixedly attached to said first part of said rotor and said articulated part may be articulately attached to said fixed part. Said articulated part may have a centre of gravity which is lying on a first radius r1 of said rotor at the same time as an axis of rotation for the rotation between said articulated part and said fixed part is lying on a second radius r2 of said rotor, said first radius r1 trailing said second radius r2 upon rotation of said rotor in connection with operation of the reactor.
Thus, the invention also embraces a method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor, which reactor is intended for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber and at least one rotor, said reaction chamber comprising at least one housing which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening and at least one outlet opening and said rotor comprising at least one shaft, and at least a first part of said rotor being situated in said housing and said shaft extending from said first part through and out of said housing, the method comprising the steps of
- providing said shaft with a shaft seal, positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft, between said reaction chamber and the surroundings, said shaft seal only comprising at least one fluid channel, said fluid channel being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part rotating in the operation of the reactor and at least one second part non-rotating in the operation of the reactor, and said gap extending around said shaft, and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel non-rotating in the operation of the reactor being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of at least one inert gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply,
- connecting said fluid channel in a first end to at least one fluid source which provides said inert gas,
- connecting said fluid channel in a second end to said reaction chamber,
- from said remaining part of said fluid channel, supplying said inert gas to said gap, and
- arranging so that said inert gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in said reaction chamber in the operation of the reactor.
Said inert gas may be nitrogen gas. Said shaft seal may also comprise at least one gasket of conventional type. Said gap may be located between said reaction chamber and said gasket of conventional type.
Thus, the invention also embraces a use of the reactor according to the above for the separation of material included in composite raw material. The raw material may be tyres for cars and/or other vehicles. The raw material may be plastic. The raw material may be oil. The raw material may be nylon. The raw material may be polyester. The raw material may be digested sludge. The raw material may be wood. The raw material may be slaughterhouse waste. The raw material may be oil plants. List of Figures
Figure 1 shows, in a partly sectioned perspective view, a reactor according to the invention.
Figure 2 shows, in a partly sectioned side view, a part of the reactor in Figure 1.
Figure 3 shows, in a partly sectioned front view, a housing and a part of a rotor which may be included in the reactor in Figure 1.
Description of Embodiments
In Figures 1 and 2, it is seen how a reactor according to the invention looks. The reactor 1 comprises a reaction chamber 2 and a rotor 3 which is positioned at least partly in the same and has hammers 4 mounted on a rotor shaft 5. The reaction chamber 2 is surrounded by a housing 6 consisting of two parts, viz. a first part 6a and a second part 6b. The first part 6a has one or more inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c for raw material to the reactor and the second part 6b has one or more outlet openings 9a, 9b for products from the reactor. The housing 6, 6a, 6b is primarily cylindrical and the first part 6a as well as the second part 6b is provided with a mating circumferential flange having a first diameter for a common bolt joint.
In an analogous way, in a second end, the second part 6b connects to a bearing housing 10, the second part 6b as well as the bearing housing 10 being provided with a mating circumferential flange having a second diameter for a common bolt joint. The first diameter is greater than the second diameter. The bearing housing 10 is in turn supported by a stand (not shown) and
accommodates two bearings 12 for the bearing mounting of the rotor shaft 5 where the same extends outside the reaction chamber 2, i.e., only on one side of the reaction chamber 2, the stand accordingly supporting the entire reactor .
A covering (not shown) of a wear- resistant material such as steel or ceramic material is present on the inside of the first part 6a. In the second part 6b, there is present an inner wall 16 - primarily parallel to the primarily circular end surface of the second part 6b and at a certain distance from the same - and which allows gas to pass through the centre of said wall 16 - i.e., between the wall 16 and the rotor shaft 5 - to an inner/rear space in the reaction chamber 2 from where the gas can continue out of the reactor through an outlet opening 9a of said outlet openings 9a, 9b and further to an inlet channel of an eductor (not shown) or a distillation unit (not shown) or a condensation unit (not shown) or directly for combustion in an engine (not shown) or heating system (not shown). Solid particles may leave the reactor through another outlet opening 9b of said outlet openings 9a, 9b.
The reaction chamber 2 is, apart from occurring inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c, outlet openings 9a, 9b, and shaft seal 24 at a shaft bushing for the rotor shaft 5, separated from the surroundings, i.e., the housing 6, 6a, 6b and occurring connection to said bearing housing 10 are in other respects to be considered as primarily gas-tight in relation to the surroundings. In this way, the reaction chamber 2 and the reactor 1 differ from usual hammer mills which are more or less open toward the surroundings.
Said shaft seal 24 comprises a fluid channel 25 which, in a first end, is connected to a fluid source (not shown) which provides an inert gas in the form of nitrogen gas or another inert gas. In a second end, the fluid channel 25 is in hydraulic communication with the reaction chamber 2 and is partly in the form of a gap located between a first part 26 rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 and a second part 27 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1. The first part 26 is here located directly on the shaft 5 and the second part 27 is located radially and axially next to the first part 26. It is, however, fully feasible to have one or more additional parts (not shown) between the first part 26 and the shaft 5. It is also fully feasible to let the first part 26 consist of the proper shaft 5 and with the second part 27 located radially and/or axially next to the shaft 5. The gap extends around the shaft 5. A remaining part of the fluid channel 25 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 is directly connected to the gap for non-rotating supply of the gas to the gap in the operation of the reactor 1 for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in the gap emanating from the supply. The gap is of the labyrinth type. The shaft seal 24 also comprises two gaskets 28 of the
conventional type in the form of two graphite packings 28. The gap is located between the reaction chamber 2 and the graphite packings 28.
The supplied nitrogen gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 , which results in a smaller amount of nitrogen gas continuously flowing through the remaining part of the fluid channel 25, into the gap and further into the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 . This in turn guarantees that no environmentally detrimental gases penetrate out from the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1 and that no gases detrimental to the process in the reactor 1 penetrate into the reaction chamber 2. The smaller amount of nitrogen gas which continuously passes into the reaction chamber 2 has no negative influence on the separation process in the reactor. The penetrating amount of nitrogen gas can be estimated by the formula q=1 .5x10 xuF(p1/TA(1/2)x(p2/p1 )A(1/1.4)x(((1-(p2/p1 )A(1/3.5)))A0.5) whereinq= penetrating amount of nitrogen gas (kg/h)
x=multiplication sign
A=sign of exponent of power
u=a constant which is between 0.62 and 0.98
F=gap area (mm2)
p1 =nitrogen gas pressure (bar)
T=temperature (K)
p2=back-pressure in the reaction chamber 2 (bar) Example:
If an inner diameter of the second part 27 in the form of an outer ring 27 is 200.2 mm and an outer diameter of the first part 26 in the form of an inner ring 26 is 200.0 mm, F=62.83 is obtained. If u=0.75, p1 =1.51 , p2=1.50 and T=273, q=6.96 is obtained.
The housing 6, 6a, 6b is in heat exchanging contact with a channel 20 intended to convey gas for heat exchange between the gas and the housing 6, 6a, 6b. The channel 20 surrounds the greater part of the cylindrical outer surface - however not the primarily circular end surface - of the first part 6a of the housing 6 , 6a, 6b, an inlet opening for the heat exchanging gas being present in a lower part of the channel 20 and an outlet opening (not shown) for the heat exchanging gas being present in an upper part of the channel 20. It is feasible to
correspondingly let the channel 20 entirely or partly surround also the end surface of the first part 6a of the housing 6, 6a, 6b. It is feasible to correspondingly let the channel 20 entirely or partly surround also one or more of the inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c for the raw material - however primarily the inlet opening 8a for the raw material in the form of tyres and/or plastic and/or oil and/or nylon and/or polyester and/or digested sludge and/or wood and/or slaughterhouse waste and/or oil plants and/or the like and the inlet opening 8b for sand and/or catalyst and/or the like.
An extra casing 22, 22a, 22b is present around the housing 6, 6a, 6b, also this for practical reasons being divided into a first part 22a and a second part 22b. The casing 22, 22a, 22b is primarily cylindrical and the first part 22a as well as the second part 22b is provided with a mating circumferential flange having a third diameter for a common mechanical joint. The third diameter is greater than the first diameter. Supporting stays (not shown) are present between the casing 22, 22a, 22b and the housing 6, 6a, 6b. In the space between the casing 22, 22a, 22b and the housing 6, 6a, 6b, there is insulating material. The casing 22, 22a, 22b is made from stainless steel but also other suitable metals and/or materials may occur.
The rotor 3 in Figures 1 and 2 has hammers 4 of simpler type. In Figure 3, it is seen how a part of an alternative rotor 3 may look. Here, the rotor shaft 5 is in the same plane provided with six hammers 4 but the number of hammers in the same plane may vary, each hammer 4 consisting of a fixed part 4a and an articulated part 4b. The articulated part 4b is pivoted around an axis 14 which extends primarily parallel to the principal direction of extension of the rotor shaft 5. When the rotor 3 rotates - anti-clockwise in the figure - the articulated part 4b has a centre of gravity 15 which is lying on a first radius r1 of said rotor at the same time as the axis 14 for the rotation between the articulated part 4b and the fixed part 4a is lying on a second radius r2 of said rotor, said first radius r1 trailing said second radius r2 in the rotation, i.e., said first radius r1 forming an angle with said second radius r2. For each hammer, in the direction of rotation, then a force F2 arises which is proportional to
- a mass m of said articulated part 4b of the hammer,
- a perpendicular distance 11 between said first radius r1 and said axis of rotation 14, and
- a speed of rotation v1 squared of said centre of gravity 15, as well as inversely proportional to
- an effective length I2 of the hammer, and - a radius r1 from the centre of said rotor to said centre of gravity 15.
By the effective length I2 of the hammer, reference is made to a
perpendicular distance between the force F2 and said axis of rotation 14. The force F2 attacks in the central point (the centre of mass) of the material that is accumulated on the hammer and against which the force F2 is to work.
Thus, a desired power per hammer can be calculated and set by predetermining the parameters listed above. Occurring torque will hold each hammer in the predetermined place - against a stop for each hammer (not shown)
- by the determined force F2, and if it is exceeded because of too much material being fed into the reactor or because of some heavier impurity having entered into the reactor, the articulated part 4b bends rearward and lets the material pass until equilibrium of forces arises again. This function provides a levelling effect during normal operation and protection against breakdown if, for instance, foreign objects should accompany the material to be processed.
In use of the reactor, raw material is brought in through one or more of occurring inlet openings 8a, 8b, 8c into the reaction chamber 2 where it is decomposed, by the kinetic energy of the hammers 4 of the rotor, as well as by the kinetic energy of particles which are thrown around by the rotary motion of the rotor and by the heat energy that is created by friction between the hammers 4 and parts of the raw material. Inorganic material in the form of sand, catalysts, steel, glass, etc., may be used to increase the friction and thereby the
temperature. The inorganic particles affect the decomposition process favourably by the fact that they have a large total contact surface which acts as an efficient heat exchanger against the raw material, as well as a catalyst for the breaking of hydrocarbon polymers and greater hydrocarbon molecules. Hydrocarbon compounds, water, and other organic material are gasified in the device. The centrifugal forces created by the rotor separate the gas from the heavier inorganic materials, the gas part being brought out of the reactor in the centre thereof and the heavier particles can be tapped at the periphery of the reactor and in both cases through occurring outlet openings 9a, 9b.
In use of the reactor, a method is applied of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from the reactor and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor 1 , the method comprising the steps of - providing the shaft 5 with a shaft seal 24, positioned directly or indirectly on the shaft 5, between the reaction chamber 2 and the surroundings, the shaft seal 24 comprising a fluid channel 25, the fluid channel 25 being partly in the form of a gap located between a first part 26 rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 and a second part 27 non-rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 , and the gap extending around the shaft 5, and a remaining part of the fluid channel 25 non- rotating in the operation of the reactor 1 being directly connected to the gap for non-rotating supply of an inert gas to the gap in the operation of the reactor 1 for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in the gap emanating from the supply,
- connecting the fluid channel 25 in a first end to a fluid source which provides the inert gas,
- connecting the fluid channel 25 in a second end to the reaction chamber 2,
- from the remaining part of the fluid channel 25, supplying the inert gas to the gap, and
- arranging so that the inert gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in the reaction chamber 2 in the operation of the reactor 1. The inert gas is nitrogen gas or another inert gas. The shaft seal also comprises two gaskets of conventional type in the form of two graphite packings. The gap is located between the reaction chamber 2 and the graphite packings.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments shown herein, but may be varied within the scope of the subsequent claims.

Claims

1. Reactor (1 ) for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber (2) and at least one rotor (3), said reaction chamber (2) comprising at least one housing (6, 6a, 6b) which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening (8a, 8b, 8c) and at least one outlet opening (9a, 9b) and said rotor (3) comprising at least one shaft (5), and at least a first part of said rotor (3) being situated in said housing (6, 6a, 6b) and said shaft (5) extending from said first part through and out of said housing (6, 6a, 6b), characterized by at least one shaft seal (24), positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft (5), between said reaction chamber (2) and the surroundings, said shaft seal (24) only comprising at least one fluid channel (25) which, in a first end, is connected to at least one fluid source which provides at least one inert gas, said fluid channel (25), in a second end, being in hydraulic communication with said reaction chamber (2), said fluid channel (25) being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part (26) rotating in the operation of the reactor (1) and at least one second part (27) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ), said gap extending around said shaft (5), and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel (25) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ) being directly connected to said gap for non-rotating supply of said gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor (1 ) for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply.
2. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said inert gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in said reaction chamber (2) in the operation of the reactor (1 ).
3. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said inert gas is nitrogen gas. 4. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said gap entirely separates said first part (26) and said second part (27).
5. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said first part (26) is located directly or indirectly on said shaft (5) and said second part (27) is located radially and/or axially next to said first part (26). 6. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said first part (26) consists of said shaft (5) and said second part (27) is located radially and/or axially next to said shaft (5).
7. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said gap is of the labyrinth type.
8. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said shaft seal (24) also comprises at least one gasket (28) of conventional type.
9. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 8, wherein said gasket (28) of conventional type consists of at least one graphite packing (28).
10. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 8, wherein said gap is located between said reaction chamber (2) and said gasket (28) of conventional type. 11. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein said shaft (5) extends in only one direction from said first part through and out of said housing (6, 6a, 6b).
12. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein at least one support device (11 ) together acts on a part of said shaft (5) situated outside said housing (6, 6a, 6b), alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, said support device (11 ) entirely supporting the reactor (1 ).
13. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 1 , wherein at least one support device (1 ) together acts on a part of said shaft (5) situated outside said housing (6, 6a, 6b), alternatively on an additional shaft joined to said part, said support device (11 ) partly supporting the reactor (1 ).
14. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said shaft (5) is mounted in bearings in at least two planes extending primarily perpendicular to a principal direction of extension of said shaft (5), and where said planes are situated outside said housing (6, 6a, 6b).
15. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 12 or 13, wherein said support device (11 ) comprises at least one stand (11 ).
16. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 14 when claim 14 depends on claim 12 or 13, wherein said support device (11 ) comprises at least two bearings (12) for the bearing mounting of said shaft (5) in said planes. 7. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 12 or 13, wherein said support device ( 1 ) comprises at least one bearing housing (10).
18. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said housing (6, 6a, 6b) has primarily a cylindrical shape.
19. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said housing (6, 6a, 6b) has at least one dismountable part (6a). 20. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 9, wherein said dismountable part (6a) is attached to a remainder (6b) of said housing by screw joints and/or bolt joints.
21. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 20, wherein said dismountable part (6a) is internally provided with wear-resistant material (13a).
22. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing ( 0) and is entirely supported by this/these.
23. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least one bearing housing (10) and is partly supported by this/these.
24. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least two bearings (12) and is entirely supported by this/these. 25. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least two bearings (12) and is partly supported by this/these.
26. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least one stand (11 ) and is entirely supported by this/these.
27. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 20 or 21 , wherein the remainder (6b) of said housing is attached to at least one of said at least one stand (11 ) and is partly supported by this/these.
28. Reactor (1 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said first part of said rotor (3) comprises at least one hammer (4). 29. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 28, wherein at least one of said hammers (4) comprises at least one fixed part (4a) and at least one articulated part (4b).
30. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 29, wherein said fixed part (4a) is fixedly attached to said first part of said rotor (3) and said articulated part (4b) is articulately attached to said fixed part (4a).
31. Reactor (1 ) according to claim 30, wherein said articulated part (4b) has a centre of gravity (15) which is lying on a first radius (r1 ) of said rotor (3) at the same time as an axis of rotation (14) for the rotation between said articulated part (4b) and said fixed part (4a) is lying on a second radius (r2) of said rotor (3), said first radius (r1 ) trailing said second radius (r2) upon rotation of said rotor (3) in connection with operation of the reactor (1 ).
32. Method of decreasing leakage of environmentally detrimental gases from a reactor (1 ) and decreasing in-leakage of gases detrimental to the process in the reactor (1 ), which reactor (1 ) is intended for the separation of material included in composite raw material and comprising at least one reaction chamber (2) and at least one rotor (3), said reaction chamber (2) comprising at least one housing (6, 6a, 6b) which is sealed in relation to the surroundings and has at least one inlet opening (8a, 8b, 8c) and at least one outlet opening (9a, 9b) and said rotor (3) comprising at least one shaft (5), and at least a first part of said rotor (3) being situated in said housing (6, 6a, 6b) and said shaft (5) extending from said first part through and out of said housing (6, 6a, 6b), the method comprising the steps of
- providing said shaft (5) with a shaft seal (24), positioned directly or indirectly on said shaft (5), between said reaction chamber (2) and the surroundings, said shaft seal (24) only comprising at least one fluid channel (25), said fluid channel (25) being partly in the form of at least one gap located between at least one first part (26) rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ) and at least one second part (27) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ), and said gap extending around said shaft (5), and at least one remaining part of said fluid channel (25) non-rotating in the operation of the reactor (1 ) being directly connected to said gap for non- rotating supply of at least one inert gas to said gap in the operation of the reactor (1 ) for the avoidance of pulsating gas pressure variations in said gap emanating from said supply,
- connecting said fluid channel (25) in a first end to at least one fluid source which provides said inert gas,
- connecting said fluid channel (25) in a second end to said reaction chamber (2), - from said remaining part of said fluid channel (25), supplying said inert gas to said gap, and
- arranging so that said inert gas maintains a pressure which exceeds the pressure that prevails in said reaction chamber (2) in the operation of the reactor (1 )·
33. Method according to claim 32, wherein said inert gas is nitrogen gas.
34. Method according to claim 32, wherein said shaft seal also comprises at least one gasket of conventional type.
35. Method according to claim 34, wherein said gap is located between said reaction chamber (2) and said gasket of conventional type.
36. Use of the reactor (1 ) according to any one of claims 1-31 for the separation of material included in composite raw material.
37. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of tyres for cars and/or other vehicles. 38. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of plastic.
39. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of oil.
40. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of nylon.
41. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of polyester.
42. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of digested sludge.
43. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of wood.
44. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of slaughterhouse waste.
45. Use according to claim 36, wherein the raw material consists of oil plants.
PCT/SE2013/051541 2012-12-21 2013-12-17 Gastight reactor comprising rotating crushing means WO2014098746A1 (en)

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