WO2014071459A1 - Système et méthode de gestion de stabilité de réseau - Google Patents

Système et méthode de gestion de stabilité de réseau Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014071459A1
WO2014071459A1 PCT/AU2013/001294 AU2013001294W WO2014071459A1 WO 2014071459 A1 WO2014071459 A1 WO 2014071459A1 AU 2013001294 W AU2013001294 W AU 2013001294W WO 2014071459 A1 WO2014071459 A1 WO 2014071459A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
battery
power source
compensation
response
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2013/001294
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Tim Robbins
Mark Kelly
Anthony Csillag
Francois El Kazzi
Edward Smith
Original Assignee
Mpower Projects Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2012904890A external-priority patent/AU2012904890A0/en
Application filed by Mpower Projects Pty Ltd filed Critical Mpower Projects Pty Ltd
Publication of WO2014071459A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014071459A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/10—The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
    • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a grid stability control system and a method of controlling grid stability being supplied power from a primary power system and being supplemented by a relatively unstable (RU) power source.
  • the invention has particular, although not exclusive, utility in managing a solar power generating plant for supplementing the power supply to a grid from a diesel power generating plant in remote areas.
  • PV Photovoltaic
  • An object of the present invention is to implement methods of managing the output power of a relatively unstable power source to provide for a more stabilised supply of power.
  • a relatively unstable power source is characterised by having an output that fluctuates with environmental conditions.
  • the inventive concept arises from a recognition that a system for controlling the stability of a grid that is being supplied power from a relatively unstable power source can be advantageously controlled by operating one or more processes that in isolation or combination seek to at least partially compensate for transient fluctuations detected in the grid.
  • the present invention in a first aspect provides a controller operating a plurality of processes including a deadzone control process to maximise battery open circuit mode duration and minimise power consumption of the inverters.
  • the present invention in a second aspect provides a controller operating a plurality of processes including a rate of change of output power limiting process to accommodate a grid.
  • the present invention in a third aspect provides a controller operating a plurality of processes including:
  • the present invention in a fourth aspect provides a controller comprising a battery manager operating a plurality of processes including a partial state of discharge targeting process to manage the SOC of a plurality of battery clusters comprising the battery and inverter system.
  • Fig 1 is a diagrammatical view of a power generation system in accordance with the preferred embodiment.
  • Fig 2 is a diagrammatical view of the electrical power flow of the power generation system.
  • Fig 3 is a diagrammatical view of the control signal paths of the power generation system.
  • Fig 4 is a graphical view of the target control response of the rolling average of the power output of the solar power system.
  • Fig 5 is a graphical view of the target control response of the power output of the solar power system.
  • Figs 6A and 6B are block diagrams depicting the various processes and sub-processes performed by the PLC system of a grid stability control system.
  • Figs 7A, 7B and 7C form a set of graphs showing the step disturbance response of output power from the solar power system (SPS) which is described as part of the power response control process.
  • SPS solar power system
  • Fig. 8 is a graph charting how power output from the solar power system is compensated within deadzone limits.
  • Fig 9 is a flowchart depicting the steps performed by the power response control process.
  • a first embodiment of the invention provides a method and system in which a compensation power response is provided when a measured power output of a relatively unstable power system is determined to deviate from recent values by a predetermined negative power value or a predetermined positive power value.
  • Fig. 1 provides a schematic overview of an electrical grid 13 for supplying power to electrical loads 14.
  • a preferred embodiment of the best mode for carrying out the present invention is directed towards a grid stability control system (GSCS) 11 that forms part of an electrical grid 13.
  • GSCS grid stability control system
  • the two originating sources of electrical power for the electrical grid 13 are a diesel power system (DPS) 16 and a solar power system, (SPS) 17.
  • the SPS 17 comprises photovoltaic panels, and the DPS 16 comprises diesel-powered generator sets.
  • the SPS 17 is a relatively unstable (RU) power source, as its output fluctuates with environmental conditions, in particular incident sunlight.
  • the DPS 16 forms a mainstay of power generation, as its power output depends only upon its capacity and fuel supply, barring service intervals.
  • the DPS 16 and SPS 17 are co-ordinated by the GSCS 11.
  • the SPS 17 and GSCS 11 form a site power source 15 that supplements the DPS 16 to supply electrical loads 14.
  • the site power source 15 and DPS 16 in effect form a power station for supplying the electrical load 14.
  • the GSCS 11 comprises a bidirectional inverter system 19, an energy storage system in the form of a battery system 21 , and a PLC system 23.
  • the inverters used in the bi-directional inverter system 19 are single-phase low voltage grid feeding inverters arranged in groups of three to provide for the delivery of three-phase power from the VRLA battery strings.
  • the batteries used in the battery system 21 are valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries arranged in multiple strings each comprising a series of connected monoblocks.
  • VRLA valve regulated lead acid
  • the battery strings in the battery system 21 and the inverters in the bidirectional inverter system 19 are grouped into clusters where each cluster contains a battery group comprising multiple battery strings and a group of three inverters.
  • the PLC system 23 comprises a programmable logic controller (PLC) system with associated communications adaptors to connect to various components of the electrical grid 13 via appropriate communication hardware.
  • PLC programmable logic controller
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are diagrams that relate to the electrical grid 13
  • FIG. 1 schematically depicted in Fig. 1 , insofar as these supplementary diagrams represent the electrical power flow through the electrical grid 13 (Fig. 2), and the control signal paths implemented by the PLC system 23 in the electrical grid 13 (Fig. 3).
  • the PLC system 23 includes processes to perform the following principal functions:
  • ⁇ respond to commands and control levels from the diesel generator power system of the DPS 16.
  • Figs. 6A and 6B jointly depict the actual processes and sub-processes that are run on the PLC system 23 to perform these functions, set out below as follows.
  • Power response control process 31 for calculating compensation power command levels essentially involving:
  • Cluster power apportioning process 33 for apportioning the compensation power levels to cluster power command levels, essentially involving:
  • Battery maintenance process 41 for monitoring battery voltage and current level status essentially involving:
  • Facility control process 43 for initiating automated shutdown of processes and devices, and energising and de-energising air- conditioners, essentially involving:
  • the Power response control process 31 monitors the total real rms power level of the SPS 17, Ppv, and compares Ppv to the rolling average real power output Pps of the site power source 15, which corresponds to the site output power.
  • the GSCS 11 is designed so that a small difference in power level within a compensation deadzone power range does not produce a compensation power response - which is required to minimise the cumulative energy throughput of the battery storage 21 , and is within the normal grid load variation level of the DPS 16.
  • the GSCS 11 is designed so that a large difference in power level, exceeding the compensation deadzone power range, initiates a compensation power requirement, and a compensation power level is calculated.
  • the compensation power level when added to the output power of the SPS 17, maintains the real power output of the site power source 15 within immediate power level variation bounds, and longer duration power level ramp rate bounds.
  • the immediate power level variation bounds, and the power level ramp rate bounds may have different bounds of levels for increasing and decreasing site power source output power.
  • the PLC system 23 of the GSCS 11 uses a process variable in respect of the site output power, Pps.
  • the rate of change of Pps is selected to be constrained to between (for example) +60kW/minute increasing, and -SR/minute decreasing, where SR is the spinning reserve of the DPS 16.
  • the power output from the SPS 17, Ppv is measured by a first AC meter and is typically exported directly from the SPS 17. Any change in Ppv is treated as a main disturbance to the PLC control loop - and change of Ppv is bounded by the maximum prospective power level of the SPS (PRC).
  • PRC maximum prospective power level of the SPS
  • the manipulated variable is the power transferred through the bidirectional inverter 19, Pgsc, and can be:
  • a negative peripheral power transfer also occurs due to auxiliary control functions of the PLC system 23, in particular the air-conditioners.
  • the individual cluster power levels are not required to be the same, and are effectively operated independently.
  • the maximum prospective power capability of each cluster Pcpi is dependent on the capability of the bi-directional inverter system 19 and the capability of the battery system 21.
  • the sum of Pcpi is compared to the power limit level PRC to determine if the GSCS 11 can cover any future disturbance event (either positive or negative excursion). If the GSCS 11 cannot cover possible events, then the maximum power level of the SPS inverters (as opposed to the bidirectional inverter system 19) is reduced accordingly. This scenario may occur if the state of charge (SOC) of the battery system 21 is too low, or too high, or battery strings are off-line, or clusters are off-line.
  • SOC state of charge
  • Fig. 7 indicates a drop disturbance with a corresponding battery power discharge sawtooth shape, with a leading edge peak power level equal to the drop in Ppv, and with Pgsc ramping at -SR/min. This represents a worst-case battery power excursion to cover a large step disturbance in SPS power Ppv.
  • the cluster power level is controlled by a real power setpoint with a preset power factor (PF) level.
  • PF power factor
  • Fig. 9 depicts a flowchart for the Power Response Control process 31 , and involves the following sub-processes, referred to above, and described in further detail below:
  • the Test for Active Response Level sub-process 45 is performed as follows.
  • the rolling average of Pps (Psra) is calculated using 1 second samples of
  • the Active Response Required sub-process 47 uses the parameters LIMpos and LIMneg to signify the required deadzone limit levels.
  • the sizing of the deadzone limits is a compromise between higher levels of Pps fluctuations, and more frequent periods where Pgsc is non-zero. Non-zero Pgsc accumulates to higher annual levels of cycling of the battery system 21 , and as a consequence power loss.
  • LIMneg Natural variations in output of the SPS 17, namely Ppv, are likely to limit the practical minimum levels of LIMneg and LIMpos.
  • a default level of LIMneg may be initially set to 50% of the spinning reserve of DPS 16.
  • the parameter ZZ is typically selected to be a relatively low value (as an example, a value of for example 1 0% may be suitable, depending upon the site), but not too low that 'jitter' in Ppv keeps Pgsc ⁇ 0 for longer than needed.
  • a smaller ZZ value ensures that a compensation power response continues to be provided until Ppv is relatively close to Psra, and certainly well within the deadzone band defined as the range between Psra less LIMneg, and Psra plus LIMpos.
  • a second embodiment of the present invention provides a method and system in which a combined power output - provided by the compensation power response combined with the power output of the relatively unstable power source - is constrained to a maximum predetermined negative rate of change, and a maximum predetermined positive rate of change.
  • the second embodiment of the invention can operate independently of the first embodiment of the invention, or in conjunction with the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the second embodiment of the invention is substantially the same as the first embodiment of the invention, as described above with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • a compensation power response is provided by the GSCS 11 , to compensate when required changes in the power output of the SPS 17.
  • the quantum of the Pgsc that may be provided is denoted in Table 1 above. If a compensation power response is required by the GSCS 11 , but the Ppv change is not large enough to exceed the deadzone band limits, but could exceed the allowable ramp rate for Pps, then Pps is adjusted to ramp at the maximum ramp rate allowable.
  • the amount of compensation power response Pgsc provides is equal to
  • RATEpos is rate of power increase over the period of the rolling average for Psra. If ⁇ ( > RATEpos/2 then
  • RATEneg is rate of power decrease over the period of the rolling average for Psra.
  • a third embodiment of the invention integrates the first embodiment of the invention and the second embodiment of the invention, as described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, and as foreshadowed in relation to the second embodiment of the invention.
  • the third embodiment of the invention provides a method and system in which a compensation power response is provided when a measured power output of a relatively unstable power system is determined to deviate from recent values by a predetermined negative power value or a predetermined positive power value, and a combined power output - provided by the
  • compensation power response combined with the power output of the relatively unstable power source - is constrained to a maximum predetermined negative rate of change, and a maximum predetermined positive rate of change.
  • FIG. 8 An example of the deadzone band response is shown in a graph depicted as Fig. 8. Ppv exceeds the positive and negative deadzone limits in three separate instances in the minute from 0 to 60s indicated.
  • Ppv at the origin has a slightly higher value than Psra in this example.
  • Deadzone limit lines are for convenience drawn for t>0, but rather than remain horizontal (as shown, for convenience of depiction), the deadzone limit lines will drift move up and down as Psra varies for t>0.
  • a fourth embodiment of the invention provides a method and system by which management of a battery system is effected when used in conjunction with a bi-directional inverter system and a PLC system for providing a compensation power response to supplement a relatively unstable power source.
  • the fourth embodiment of the invention is preferably provided in a context substantially the same as that of any one of the first, second or third
  • the fourth embodiment of the invention can integrate any one or more of the first, second or third embodiments of the invention.
  • the battery system 21 which operates in conjunction with a bi-directional inverter 19, under control of a PLC system 23.
  • This forms the GSCS 11 which supplements the SPS 17, and provides a compensation power response Pgsc as required.
  • the Pgsc is ultimately sources from the battery system 21.
  • Power response control process 31 involves -broadly - calculating compensation power command levels.
  • This process 31 comprises a Set Cluster Power Level sub- process 49, which uses the following parameters:
  • the Set Cluster Power sub-process 49 firstly tests if Pgsc ⁇ PF * Pcp(Max1 ) + Pch(Max2) + Pch(Max3), for a GSCS 11 having three clusters, where
  • Pcp(Max1 ) is the Pep level of the cluster with the 'worst' SOC (which changes depending on whether the Pgsc is positive or negative) and PF is the power factor setting of that cluster, and Pch(Max2) and Pch(Max3) are the power levels of the other two clusters which may be operating with a maintenance power level for their batteries. If Pgsc cannot be supported by the first chosen cluster, then the test is made for the sum of the first two clusters, with the worst SOC. If Pgsc cannot be supported by two clusters, then the test is made for the sum of the three clusters.
  • This testing loop aims to use only as many clusters as are needed (and no more - to minimise cluster power losses and battery cycling, and allow
  • the cluster with the highest Pep level is chosen.
  • Pgsc is spread over the clusters with the same percentage loading as to Pcpi.
  • Pgsc is spread over the clusters with the same percentage loading as to Pcpi.
  • the choice of cluster can alternate when SOC changes. As an example, the SOC between the two clusters will be almost the same, and the choice of clusters may churn.
  • a level of hysteresis (as an example, 2% of SOC) is used to bias the worst cluster so that particular cluster remains the chosen cluster to thereby avoid excessive churning.
  • Modifying Ppvm to minimise the occurrence and extent of non-zero values Pgsc, or in other words compensation power response support activity, is a generally preferred strategy.
  • PRC is set to a suitable margin above Psra such that there is always 'headroom' above Psra for small fluctuations in Ppv, and rapid Ppv excursions above the deadzone limit are constrained.
  • ⁇ Pchi is the sum of cluster maintenance power levels Pchi and adjusts the test condition to cover maintenance charging when it is active.
  • the Margin value is the headroom above the Psra level.
  • each cluster to generate a prospective power level is continuously calculated from parameters that include battery string SOC, the number of connected battery strings, battery string voltage, battery monobloc alarm levels, inverter temperature, inverter on-line status, and the polarity of the power.
  • Cluster power apportioning process 33 This is achieved through the Cluster power apportioning process 33, which involves SOC battery management and prospective cluster power processing.
  • the cluster SOC will vary with each period where Pgsc ⁇ 0 or Pchi ⁇ 0 (ie. when Pci ⁇ 0).
  • the SOC needs to be maintained in a range that allows the GSCS 11 to adequately respond to future worst-case events, whether positive or negative going.
  • the capability of the battery system 21 to absorb charge(Pgsc ⁇ 0) is less than its ability to discharge (PgsoO), as the charge efficiency falls rapidly above about 80-85% SOC, especially at high charge rates.
  • the likelihood of reduced battery service life increases as the time spent at lower SOC increases.
  • the appropriate range of maintained SOC is a
  • the PLC system 23 uses two sub-processes: a Calculate string SOC sub-process 55 and a Set Maintenance Charge Level sub- process 57.
  • the Calculate string SOC sub-process 55 calculates SOC by tracking battery capacity using normalised capacity changes each second.
  • the cluster power is divided amongst the on-line battery strings, and any power losses in transferring cluster power to the battery strings are also apportioned.
  • the cluster power level Pci is referenced to the AC port of the inverters, and so incurs additive/subtractive losses when referenced to a battery depending on charge or discharge power flow.
  • the battery string SOC, SOCj is reset to a limit level during a maintenance charge (for example, 100% for full equalisation). Table 5 directly below outlines this.
  • Cbatjr is modified over time as battery strings age, based on periodic full discharge capacity tests of each string, but is taken as a constant in between periodic tests.
  • KRj translates battery string operation at a discharge rate (Rate), which different from the reference level of a 5 hour discharge rate.
  • Rate discharge rate
  • Table 8 directly below indicates how KRj is calculated.
  • the Set Maintenance Charge Level sub-process 57 calculates a maintenance power level Pchi for each cluster i. Pchi is used in the Set Cluster Power Level sub-process 49.
  • This factor switches on the maintenance power, when SOC is outside a range of SOC centred on StartSOC, with the range set by SOCrange.
  • the smoothing ramp factor Fchsi provides a ramp from 0 to 1 , or 0 to -1 , over a duration to smooth the application of the maintenance power.
  • the Maintenance Power Level Pchr is selected to a setting suitable for the battery.
  • Prospective cluster power processing provides for the maximum prospective throughput power of a cluster, Pcpi, which is set by the inverter activate status of the bidirectional inverter system 19, inverter thermal limits, battery SOC, and the number of battery strings connected.
  • the inverters of the bidirectional inverter system 19 have power limited throughput based on internal inverter temperatures.
  • Battery SOC is continuously calculated by the PLC system 23 for each battery string and cluster of the battery system 21.
  • a factor Fbtj modifies Pcpi to account for SOC with both charge and discharge conditions.
  • a battery string status factor Fbvj identifies when a string is not connected.
  • Prospective cluster power processing uses a Cluster Capability sub- process 59 that determines the parameters Pcpi, which constitute the individual cluster prospective power levels.
  • the cluster power capability is the minimum capability of the 3 inverters in the cluster, as cluster output power must be balanced.
  • Batteries are considered able to meet any demand, however a derating is introduced towards the limits of the acceptable operating SOC range. Derating starts at ⁇ 24% SOC and >83% SOC. Derating is selectively applied to negative and positive demands - in other words, a low SOC causes derating of positive Pep, whereas a high SOC causes derating of negative Pep.
  • a compensation power level response is apportioned to one or more clusters according to the polarity and magnitude of the response level; the prospective power level capability of each cluster; whether a cluster is previously supplying a level of compensation response; and whether a cluster is previously maintaining its battery strings.
  • the DPS 16 may command a maximum level of power generation from the site power source 15 for reasons which include appropriate diesel genset loading conditions and allocation of defined levels of spinning reserve.
  • the PLC system 23 transfers the maximum power level to the site power source 15 power level to the SPS 17.
  • the PLC system 23 may further reduce the maximum SPS 17 power level to within a controlled margin above the present site power source 15 output power level.
  • the combination of a controlled margin, and a ramp rate increase characteristic for the power limit level of the SPS 17, can minimise the requirement for the GSCS 11 to compensate for increasing SPS 17 power levels.
  • the PLC system 23 may further control and limit maximum power level of the SPS 17 for the purpose of full or partial shutdown of the site power source 15. In addition, the PLC system 23 may further control and limit maximum power level of the SPS 17 in response to a full or partial reduction in prospective power level capability of the GSCS 11.
  • the power capability of Ppv can be controlled by the PLC system 23 using the SPS power limit command process 35, which transfers the command setting to each inverter of the SPS 17. This process is required for the following sub- processes to be performed:
  • the DPS 16 can issue a SPS Max Power Setpoint at any time.
  • Ppv will ramp down at fastest rate configured for PV inverters due to lower PRC, and communications time delays to SPS inverters.
  • the GSCS 11 can vary PRC if needed, as long as PRC ⁇ SPS Max Power Setpoint.
  • the activation and deactivation of clusters during the day is made a function of the SPS 17 output power level, the SPS 17 power limit level PRC, and the prospective power level capability of activated clusters Pcpi.
  • the number of activated clusters is kept to a minimum to reduce power loss within the site power source 15.
  • the cluster's battery strings When a cluster is activated, the cluster's battery strings are maintained at open-circuit conditions unless there is a need for the cluster to generate a compensation power response, or a maintenance power response.
  • the cluster's battery strings are maintained within a target range of partial state-of-charge by calculating the change in state of charge and tracking the state of charge and applying a maintenance charge or discharge.
  • the Operating Mode process 37 controls the activation and deactivation of clusters using a Cluster Activation sub-process 61.
  • clusters are activated using the MODEi parameter, which is based primarily on the level of Ppv.
  • Activation preferences cluster 1 then 2, then 3, but manages when Pcpi of a cluster is low.
  • Table 9 directly below indicates the conditions under which MODEi is active.
  • MODEi is active when: : Ppv > LIMneg + Z2 * ⁇ Pcpi
  • the Operating Mode process 37 includes discrete sub-processes to perform other functions, namely: Site Power Source Shutdown sub-process 63 and DPS Directed Start & Start sub-process 65.
  • Site Power Source Shutdown sub-process 63 DPS-directed shutdown of the site power source Hard Shutdown is activated by the DPS STOP command.
  • the PLC system 23 executes the following procedures:
  • the site power source Limited Shutdown is activated by DPS command error, DPS communications alarm, and Meter communications alarm.
  • the PLC system 23 executes the following procedures:
  • the site power source Emergency Shutdown is activated by a single
  • the DPS issues a
  • the PLC commands a Hard shutdown as described previously.
  • the Remote Control process 39 allows communication with the PLC system 23 from offsite.
  • the communication set up of such is common knowledge in the art and will not be described further.
  • the remote control process 39 provides for:
  • the Battery maintenance process 41 involves maintaining each battery string by:
  • Each battery string is monitored by a pcb with:
  • HV High Voltage
  • LV Low Voltage
  • OV Overvoltage
  • UV Undervoltage
  • OC Overcurrent
  • EL Earth Leakage
  • the HV and LV Dl's are used to initiate process transitions that terminate or derate a particular battery string during a charging or discharging event that is being controlled by the PLC.
  • the PLC system 23 can force a contactor on, so the alarm can be overridden if needed, by forcing an Enable and a Latch on the contactor.
  • each battery string including a contactor that is under the control of the PLC and the local battery monitor pcb as previously described.
  • the contactor auxiliary status feedback is used to modify BatOK parameter for SOC level caclulations and for cluster prospective power level calculations.
  • the Battery Equalisation Charge sub-process 69 forces the battery strings in a cluster through an equalisation charge, which is required to periodically reset the SOC tracking level, and also to maintain the battery health.
  • the process ends the following day at a prescribed time, after which the SOC is reset to 100%, and the maintenance power process may then change the SOC to the target range.
  • the remote command signal RSi_Start is active throughout the process, and can be used to deactivate the process.
  • the RSi_Start_Enabled flag remains active during the process, to identify that the process is active, and is reset to zero at the prescribed time when the process is terminated.
  • the Calculate Individual Inverter Demand sort process is biased to not use a cluster undergoing an equalisation charge process, however if the other available cluster(s) cannot fully support a compensation power level, then the equalisation charge process is terminated and that cluster is used to assist supporting the compensation power level.
  • the Battery Discharge sub-process 71 discharges the battery strings in a cluster and allows the pre-existing capacity of the cluster batteries to be measured.
  • the pre-existing capacity can be used to calculate the actual preexisting SOC level, for comparison with the running prediction of SOC level at that time.
  • the remote command signal RSDi Start is active throughout the process, and can be used to deactivate the process.
  • the RSDi_Start_Enabled flag remains active during the process, to identify that the process is active, and is reset to zero when the process is terminated.
  • Sequential charge and discharge processes 69, 71 allow the full-discharge capacity of the cluster batteries of the battery system 21 to be measured.
  • the GSCS 11 operation is biased to not use the battery cluster undergoing a Battery Discharge sub-process 71 , however if the available battery clusters cannot fully support a compensation power level, then the Battery Discharge sub- process 71 is terminated and that battery cluster is used to assist supporting the compensation power level.
  • the Facility Control process 43 involves various PLC relay contacts for local annunciation of events, local activation of a process, local power cycling of communications equipment.
  • the Facility Control process 43 involves several sub-processes, including a Facility Monitoring sub-process 73, a Data Logging Parameters sub-process 75, a Temperature Measurement sub-process 77, and a Reactive Power Control sub- process 81.
  • the Facility Monitoring sub-process 73 monitors the doors to the compartment containing the GSCS 11. A non-urgent alarm is raised when a door is open. The doors need to all be closed for normal operation.
  • Control 24VDC supplies are monitored for OK status. A non-urgent alarm is raised when any one of the three redundant supplies is not OK.
  • the Data Logging Parameters sub-process 75 calculates and updates specified parameters to the DPS 16 at required intervals, and made available for monitoring and reading.
  • Temperature measurement sub-process 77 reads various temperature sensors in the battery compartment. Each battery inverter has a temperature sensor attached to each battery string. Measured battery compartment temperature is read from each bidirectional inverter 19.
  • the Air-conditioner Control sub-process 79 operates air-conditioners in the compartment to constrain battery inverter internal temperature to within equipment maximum operating temperature limits, and also to maximise Cluster capability during high PRC periods by retaining inverter temperature at 25°C.
  • the air-conditioners use permissive contact activation from the PLC via a solid-state relay powered from 24VDC.
  • Room temperature control is achieved by control via the PLC system 23 of the number of active air-conditioners.
  • the number of operating air-conditioners is increased with cumulative inverter thermal stress.
  • Inverter thermal stress is related to inverter fan speed Fsk and inverter thermal temperature Tlk.
  • the control demand parameter AIR determines the number of air- conditioners enabled, as indicated in Table 10 directly below.
  • AIR ⁇ (FSk) + ⁇ (FSk>0.35) + IF(MIN(Tlk)>30+ToD,0.5,0) ,
  • ⁇ (FSk) represents the cumulative dissipation of all inverters.
  • the contribution of ⁇ (FSk>0.35) represents the number of stressed clusters.
  • the contribution of Tlk represents the compartment air temperature.
  • the Reactive Power Control sub-process 81 allows the PLC to control the power factor PF of each cluster.
  • the default PF level is 1 .0. If PF is not set to 1 .0, the PF level reverts to 1 .0 when the demand level of Pgsc exceeds the cluster capability level ⁇ Pcpi.
  • the invention is not limited to use of photovoltaic-based power generation, and other forms of supplementary power sources may be used, such as wind or tidal power.
  • a range of alternative controller technologies may also be used, such as microprocessor control embedded in to a personal computer or an inverter, or multiple control devices may be used.
  • the invention is not limited to three single-phase inverters in three-phase form of bi-directional inverter, and other configurations such as single-phase form and three-phase inverter in three-phase form may alternatively be used.
  • reference variable While a one-minute rolling average form of reference variable is described, and other forms of reference variable, such as involving different time spans, and sample rates or weighting variables may be used to suit local conditions and selected application.
  • rate of change limit characteristics may be selected, such as stepped rates or conditional rates, or other more complex contraints.
  • deadzone limit characteristics such as stepped or conditional limits may also be used as required.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, un système de gestion de stabilité de réseau (GSCS) (11) est utilisé conjointement avec une centrale électrique solaire (SPS) (17), qui est une source d'énergie relativement instable, pour stabiliser la production d'énergie vers un réseau électrique (13). La SPS (17) complète généralement une centrale électrique au diesel (DPS) (16) à qui elle se combine pour alimenter le réseau électrique (13). Le GSCS (11) comprend un système onduleur bidirectionnel (19), un système batterie (21), et un système API (23). Des processus de gestion au niveau du système API (23) fournissent un processus de gestion de zone morte pour maximiser la durée du mode circuit ouvert de batterie, un processus de limitation de vitesse de modification de production d'électricité pour l'adaptation à un réseau, un mode de gestion de réaction de compensation immédiate, et un mode de gestion de réaction de compensation lente, et un processus de ciblage d'état partiel de déchargement servant à gérer l'état de charge d'une pluralité de grappes de batteries comprenant le système batterie.
PCT/AU2013/001294 2012-11-09 2013-11-08 Système et méthode de gestion de stabilité de réseau WO2014071459A1 (fr)

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JP5896096B1 (ja) * 2015-09-01 2016-03-30 東芝三菱電機産業システム株式会社 発電設備および発電制御装置
WO2016062703A1 (fr) * 2014-10-23 2016-04-28 Wobben Properties Gmbh Procédé pour faire fonctionner un réseau indépendant
CN106787111A (zh) * 2017-01-13 2017-05-31 安徽工程大学 一种分时双向稳压混合式逆变器及其控制方法
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WO2019025775A1 (fr) * 2017-07-31 2019-02-07 Upside Energy Ltd. Système et procédé de commande de dispositifs dans un réseau de distribution d'énergie
CN110350579A (zh) * 2019-07-10 2019-10-18 青海黄河上游水电开发有限责任公司光伏产业技术分公司 一种可实现光伏出力平滑的多储能电池操作模型
CN111354991A (zh) * 2020-03-27 2020-06-30 南京国电南自新能源科技有限公司 一种电池养护系统、方法及能在线养护电池的微电网系统
CN113098043A (zh) * 2021-05-19 2021-07-09 广东电网有限责任公司 一种分布式云储能充放电有序调控方法及系统
CN113131772A (zh) * 2021-05-06 2021-07-16 阳光电源股份有限公司 逆变器加热控制方法、装置及发电系统
US11394231B2 (en) * 2019-02-01 2022-07-19 Moser Energy Systems Hybrid generator system and method of operation and control
CN114825481A (zh) * 2022-06-14 2022-07-29 广东工业大学 一种风电微网系统和控制方法

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WO2016062703A1 (fr) * 2014-10-23 2016-04-28 Wobben Properties Gmbh Procédé pour faire fonctionner un réseau indépendant
CN107078507A (zh) * 2014-10-23 2017-08-18 乌本产权有限公司 用于运行独立电网的方法
US20170317521A1 (en) * 2014-10-23 2017-11-02 Wobben Properties Gmbh Methods for operating a separate power supply system
JP5896096B1 (ja) * 2015-09-01 2016-03-30 東芝三菱電機産業システム株式会社 発電設備および発電制御装置
CN105259919A (zh) * 2015-10-13 2016-01-20 浙江中控太阳能技术有限公司 定日镜场
DE102016005125A1 (de) * 2016-04-28 2017-11-02 Audi Ag Verfahren zum Steuern einer Energiespeichereinrichtung eines Mild-Hybrid-Kraftfahrzeugs sowie Ladezustandssteuereinrichtung für ein Mild-Hybrid-Kraftfahrzeug
US11650614B2 (en) 2016-08-15 2023-05-16 Danvest Energy A/S Renewable energy supply system, island operation powerline and method
NL2017316B1 (en) * 2016-08-15 2018-02-21 Danvest Energy As Renewable energy supply system, island operation powerline and method
WO2018033432A1 (fr) * 2016-08-15 2018-02-22 Danvest Energy A/S Système d'alimentation en énergie renouvelable, ligne électrique à fonctionnement en îlot et procédé
US11846961B2 (en) 2016-08-15 2023-12-19 Danvest Energy A/S Renewable energy supply system, island operation powerline and method
CN106787111A (zh) * 2017-01-13 2017-05-31 安徽工程大学 一种分时双向稳压混合式逆变器及其控制方法
CN106787111B (zh) * 2017-01-13 2023-08-04 安徽工程大学 一种分时双向稳压混合式逆变器及其控制方法
WO2019025775A1 (fr) * 2017-07-31 2019-02-07 Upside Energy Ltd. Système et procédé de commande de dispositifs dans un réseau de distribution d'énergie
US11394231B2 (en) * 2019-02-01 2022-07-19 Moser Energy Systems Hybrid generator system and method of operation and control
CN110350579A (zh) * 2019-07-10 2019-10-18 青海黄河上游水电开发有限责任公司光伏产业技术分公司 一种可实现光伏出力平滑的多储能电池操作模型
CN110350579B (zh) * 2019-07-10 2022-12-27 青海黄河上游水电开发有限责任公司光伏产业技术分公司 一种可实现光伏出力平滑的多储能电池操作模型
CN111354991A (zh) * 2020-03-27 2020-06-30 南京国电南自新能源科技有限公司 一种电池养护系统、方法及能在线养护电池的微电网系统
CN113131772A (zh) * 2021-05-06 2021-07-16 阳光电源股份有限公司 逆变器加热控制方法、装置及发电系统
CN113098043A (zh) * 2021-05-19 2021-07-09 广东电网有限责任公司 一种分布式云储能充放电有序调控方法及系统
CN114825481A (zh) * 2022-06-14 2022-07-29 广东工业大学 一种风电微网系统和控制方法

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