WO2014070988A1 - Compounds and methods to enhance the oral availability of glycomimetics - Google Patents
Compounds and methods to enhance the oral availability of glycomimetics Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014070988A1 WO2014070988A1 PCT/US2013/067705 US2013067705W WO2014070988A1 WO 2014070988 A1 WO2014070988 A1 WO 2014070988A1 US 2013067705 W US2013067705 W US 2013067705W WO 2014070988 A1 WO2014070988 A1 WO 2014070988A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- alkyl
- individual
- aikenyi
- haioalkenyl
- Prior art date
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 20
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- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 claims description 19
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- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(dioctadecyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC OGQYPPBGSLZBEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000002355 alkine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002785 azepinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007681 bariatric surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008107 benzenesulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000928 benzodioxinyl group Chemical group O1C(=COC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid group Chemical group C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005878 benzonaphthofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005872 benzooxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004619 benzopyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001164 benzothiazolyl group Chemical group S1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003354 benzotriazolyl group Chemical group N1N=NC2=C1C=CC=C2* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- HSDAJNMJOMSNEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl chloroformate Chemical compound ClC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 HSDAJNMJOMSNEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
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- PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chelidonic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC(=O)C=C(C(O)=O)O1 PBAYDYUZOSNJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- JGFBRKRYDCGYKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl(oxo)tin Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](=O)CCCC JGFBRKRYDCGYKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003844 furanonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000004211 gastric acid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002307 glutamic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005016 hydroxyalkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003406 indolizinyl group Chemical group C=1(C=CN2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004628 isothiazolidinyl group Chemical group S1N(CCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001786 isothiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003965 isoxazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical class C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=2OC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=C1 SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004593 naphthyridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CN=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009871 nonspecific binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005060 octahydroindolyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2CCCCC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005061 octahydroisoindolyl group Chemical group C1(NCC2CCCCC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006186 oral dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000160 oxazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000466 oxiranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005476 oxopyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmitic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000013415 peroxidase activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108040007629 peroxidase activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NQFOGDIWKQWFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenalene Chemical compound C1=CC([CH]C=C2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 NQFOGDIWKQWFMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001791 phenazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001484 phenothiazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2SC3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001644 phenoxazinyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004592 phthalazinyl group Chemical group C1(=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000037081 physical activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004962 physiological condition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000036470 plasma concentration Effects 0.000 description 1
- DIJNSQQKNIVDPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pleiadene Chemical compound C1=C2[CH]C=CC=C2C=C2C=CC=C3[C]2C1=CC=C3 DIJNSQQKNIVDPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000159 protein binding assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003072 pyrazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- WEMQMWWWCBYPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N s-indacene Chemical compound C=1C2=CC=CC2=CC2=CC=CC2=1 WEMQMWWWCBYPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013207 serial dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003797 solvolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-Q spermidine(3+) Chemical compound [NH3+]CCCC[NH2+]CCC[NH3+] ATHGHQPFGPMSJY-UHFFFAOYSA-Q 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001981 tert-butyldimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])[*]C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001412 tetrahydropyranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000147 tetrahydroquinolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004568 thiomorpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JBWKIWSBJXDJDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethyl chloride Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 JBWKIWSBJXDJDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005455 trithianyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
- C07H15/22—Cyclohexane rings, substituted by nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/222—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/226—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings
- C07H15/234—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings attached to non-adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings, e.g. kanamycins, tobramycin, nebramycin, gentamicin A2
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to compounds and methods to enhance the oral availability of giycomimetics.
- a glycomimetic is modified, for example by replacement of one or more substituents on the glycomimetic or by covalently linking the glycomimetic to a molecule that is transported on its own across a biological membrane, in order to increase absorption of the glycomimetic by the Gi tract.
- routes for the administration of a therapeutic agent include intravenous and non-intravenous administration, Examples of non-intravenous routes include oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual
- a number of therapies require the therapeutic agent to be administered to a patient intravenously. This is often the result of the agent either being not absorbed or poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (Gi) tract, or being rendered inactive by the Gi tract milieu, following non-intravenous administration of the agent.
- Gi gastrointestinal
- bioavailability is how much and how fast a therapeutic agent (or active metabolite thereof) enters systemic circulation.
- Low therapeutic agent bioavailability will be the result of a single cause or a combination of causes. Such causes may be due to the general nature, or specific composition, of the therapeutic agent; or the particular patient; or both.
- a general cause of low bioavailability of a therapeutic agent is, for example, insufficient time for absorption in the Gi tract.
- causes specific to a particular therapeutic agent include the inability of an agent to dissolve readily or to penetrate the epithelial membrane. The latter may be due, for example, to the agent being highly ionized or polar.
- Another example of a cause that can be specific to a particular therapeutic agent is any chemical reaction (such as hydrolysis by gastric acid or digestive enzymes) that, reduces absorption and therefore may decrease bioavailability.
- Factors that can affect the therapeutic- agent's bioavailability in a particular patient include age, sex, physical activity, genetic phenoiype, stress, disorders (e.g., achlorhydria or malabsorption syndromes), and previous Gl surgery (e.g. , bariatric surgery).
- Non-intravenous route of administration (of a therapeutic agent) that can result in low bioavailability is oral administration.
- Many therapeutic agents may be metabolized before adequate plasma concentrations are reached.
- Orally administered drugs must pass through common sites of metabolism (e.g., the intestinal wail and the portal circulation to the liver) that occur prior to an agent reaching systemic circulation.
- Therapeutic- agents which when in oral dosage forms are poorly water-soluble and slowly absorbed, are the most common candidates for low bioavailability.
- a compound has formula (i):
- n is any single integer from 1 to 1 1 ;
- R 1 is Ci-Cg aikyl, C 2 -Cs aikenyl, C Cg alkynyl, Cj-Cs haloalkyl, C 2 -Cs haloaikenyl or C 2 -C 3 haloalkynyl;
- R 2 is H, -L'-CrCg alkyl, -L'-C 2 -Cg alkenyl -L !
- R 3 is -OH, C
- R 4 is -OR 13 , -NHOR , -NHN(R 1 )(R 15 ), -NHS0 2 R 12 , -NHS0 2 aryI, heieroaryi, -NH-heterocyc!yl, -NH-heteroaryL or -N(R ! 4 )(R 15 );
- R 3 is -OH, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkyl, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkenyl, CpCg hydroxyaikynyl or C3-C.6 cycloa!kyl;
- R 6 and R n are each independently -OH, -N3 ⁇ 4, halo, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 2 ⁇ C g alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 aikynyi, Q-Cs haioalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloaikenyl or C 2 ⁇ Cg haloalkynyi;
- R 7 is -CH 2 OH, -CH 2 NH 2 , Ci-C 8 alkyl, Q-C 8 alkenyl, C 2 ⁇ C S aikynyi, C Cg haioalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloaikenyl or C 2 -Cg haloalkynyi;
- R 8 and R 52 are each independently Q-Cg alkyl, C 2 -C8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 3 aikynyi, Ci-Cg haioalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloaikenyl or C 2 ⁇ Cg haloalkynyi;
- R' y and R'° are each -OH
- R 13 is H, Cj-Cg alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -Cg aikynyi, Ci-Cg haioalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloaikenyl or C 2 -C* haloalkynyi;
- R' 4 and R 55 are each independently H, Cj-Cg alkyl, C 2 -Cg alkenyl, C 2 -Cg aikynyi C 3 ⁇ 4 -C 8 haioalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloaikenyl or C 2 -C 3 haloalkynyi;
- L 3 is an optional linker
- R 1 and R 9 are both CH 3 , R 2 is H, R 8 is CH 2 OH, all of R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , R !0 , R 1 1 and R i 2 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R 1 and R 9 are both CH 3 , R 2 is H, R 5 is NHCH 3 , R 8 is CH 2 OH, ail of R 3 , R 7 , R i0 , R H and R 12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R 5 and R 9 are both C3 ⁇ 4 5 R 2 is H, R 5 is NHBn, R 8 is CH 2 OH, all of R 3 , R 7 , R i0 , R n and R 1 2 are OH, and n is 2.
- inventions include embodiments (a), (b), (e), and (d) and (e) as follows:
- R 5 is ⁇ - ⁇ 2 , N(CH 3 ) 2 , or NRR' where R and R f are independently selected from H and C Cg alkyl;
- R 5 is NHCH 3 ;
- R ! is CH 3 or CH 3 CH 2 ;
- a composition comprises a compound of formula (I) above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or exeipient.
- a method for treating a cancer in an individual comprises administering to the individual a compound having the formula (I) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
- a method for treating a cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual (a) a compound having the formula (I) above, or a
- composition as described above and (b) at least one of (i) chemotherapy and (ii)
- radiotherapy in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
- a method for decreasing the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation in an individual comprising administering to the individual a compound having the formula (I) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to decrease the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation,
- a method for decreasing inflammation in an individual comprising administering to the individual a compound having the formula (1) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to decrease inflammation.
- Figure 1 is a diagram of the synthesis of a compound of formula (I) herein.
- glycornimetics refers to any naturally occurring or non-natural ly occurring carbohydrate compound in which one or more substituents has been replaced, or one or more rings has been modified (e.g. , substitution of carbon for a ring oxygen), to yield a compound that is not fully carbohydrate.
- each embodiment may be combined in any way, so as to utilize the resultant combination of any two, any three, or all four embodiments.
- oral availability of a giycomimetic is enhanced by increasing its hydrophobicity (i.e., decreasing the polar surface area) and increasing its log D, For example, a hydroxyl group is replaced with hydrogen or an aliphatic carbon chain.
- hydrophobicity i.e., decreasing the polar surface area
- log D For example, a hydroxyl group is replaced with hydrogen or an aliphatic carbon chain.
- a general rule used to approximate whether a compound is sufficiently non-polar to he reasonably likely to be orally active is "Lipinski's Rule" (C.A. Lipinski et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Review 25:3-25 (1997).
- oral availability of a glyeoraimetic is enhanced by targeting the g!yeomimetic to an active transport system that provides transport across a biological membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer).
- the bile acid active transport system may be used.
- An example of a bile acid active transport system is the cholic acid active transport system.
- cholic acid is covIERly attached to a glycomimetic.
- oral availability of a glycomimetic is enhanced by adding a lipid "tail" to the glycomimetic so as to increase its hydrophobicity for passive transport across a biological membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer),
- a lipid (or Hpid-iike) aliphatic chain is added to a glycomimetic.
- oral availability of a glycomimetic is achieved by enhancing passive transport of the glycomimetic.
- Passive transport is enhanced by forming a facile amphiphile by covendingly attaching the glycomimetic to a molecule that is passively transported across a biologicai membrane (e.g. , lipid bilayer) when not conjugated (attached) to the glycomimetic.
- a facile amphiphile is one that is formed with a glycomimetic and cholic acid (or a derivative thereof).
- the glycomimetic may be cov 1985ly attached to a passive transport molecule via a linker th t contains a labile bond.
- the labile bond is cleaved once the conjugate is transported across a biological membrane, or once in the biood system.
- an activated ester in the linker of the conjugate an esterase residing in the blood system can cleave the labile bond.
- the facile amphiphile may be a glycomimetic itself, or a prodrug form of a glycomimetic.
- a compound in an embodiment of a compound useful to enhance oral availability, a compound has the formula (I):
- n is any single integer from i to 1 1 ;
- R ! is Ci-Cg alkyl, C 2 -Cg aikenyi, C 2 -Cg alkynyl, CpC 8 haloalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloalkenyl or C 2 -C 8 ha!oalkynyi;
- R 2 is H, -L J -Ci-C 8 alkyl, -L 1 -C 2 -C 8 a!kenyi, -L l -C 2 -C$ alkynyl, -L ] -C,-C 8 haloalkyl, ⁇ L ] -C 2 -C S haloalkenyl, -L 1 -C 2 -C 8 haloalkyny! or ⁇ L ! -M;
- R 4 is -OR 13 , -NHOR 14 , -NHN(R 14 )(R !5 ), -NHS0 2 R 12 , -NHS0 2 aryl, heteroaryl, -NH-heterocyclyL -NH-heteroary!, or -N(R i )(R f 5 );
- R 5 is -OH, Ci-Cg hydroxy alkyl, CpCg hydroxyalkenyl, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkynyl or C3-C5 cycloalkyl;
- & and R 1 1 are each independently -OH, -Nl3 ⁇ 4, halo, CpCg alkyl, C 2 -Cg aikenyi, Oy-Cs alkynyl, Ci-Cg haloalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloalkenyl or C 2 -Cg haSoalkynyl;
- R 7 is -CH 2 OH, ⁇ CH 2 N13 ⁇ 4 5 Ci-Cg alkyl, C 2 -C G aikenyi, C 2 ⁇ C 3 ⁇ 4 alkynyl, CpCg haloalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloalkenyl or CT-CS haioalkynyi;
- R S and R 52 are each independently Cj-Cg alkyl, C 2 -Cg aikenyi, C 2 -Cg alkynyl, CpCg haloalkyl, C 2 -Cs haloalkenyl or C 2 -Cg haioalkynyi;
- R 9 and R ! 0 are each -OH;
- R 33 is H, CpCg alkyl, C 2 -C 8 aikenyi, C 2 -Cg alkynyl, C r C 8 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 8 haloalkenyl or C 2 -C S haioalkynyi;
- R 14 and R I S are each independently H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 2 -Cg aikenyi, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C Cg haloalkyl, C 2 -Cg haloalkenyl or C 2 -C 8 haioalkynyi;
- L 5 is an optional linker
- R 2 is H
- R 8 is CH 2 OH
- all of R 3 , R 5 , R 7 , R 10 , R U and R 12 are OH
- n is 2
- R S and R 9 are both CH 3>
- R 2 is H
- R s is HBn
- R 8 is C3 ⁇ 4OH
- ail of R 3 , R 7 , R 10 , R 1 1 and R 12 are OH
- n is 2.
- the compound has the formula;
- Compounds of formula (I) include ail isomers, physiologically acceptable salts (i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable salts), hydrates, solvates, polymorphs, metabolites and prodrugs of any.
- physiologically acceptable salts i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable salts
- hydrates i.e., solvates
- polymorphs i.e., metabolites and prodrugs of any.
- isomers are stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomers and race-mates) and tautomers.
- compositions that comprise one or more of the compounds of formula (I), substructures and specific structures thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound may be used in one or more therapeutic methods in need of a therapeutic agent with increased oral availability.
- a number of therapeutic agents used in treatment, for example of cancer or inflammation, can be administered only intravenously.
- a method for treating a cancer in an individual by administering a compound of formula ( ⁇ ), or a composition comprising the compound, to the individual.
- the compound (or composition comprising the compound) may be administered in conjunction with (i.e., as an adjunct therapy, which is also called adjunctive therapy) with chemotherapy or radiation or both.
- the chemotherapy or radiation therapy or combination of both may be referred to as the primary anti-tumor or anti-cancer therapy that is being administered to the individual to treat the particular cancer.
- a giyeomimetie compound of formula (1), or a composition comprising the compound may be used for treating any one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein, or for the preparation or manufacture of a medicament for use in treating any one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein.
- n is any single integer from 1 to 11" means that “n” can be 1 ,
- n is 1-2, l-
- Cj-Cs alkanyl refers to an aikane substituent with one to eight carbon atoms and may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkanyi).
- a "Ci-Cg halo alkanyl” refers to a Cr-Cg alkanyl substituted with at least one halogen (halo), When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at least three present).
- a "C 2 -C8 aikenyl” refers to an alkene substituent with two to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and may be straight chain, branched or cyclic (c-ycloalkenyl).
- Examples are similar to “Cr-Cg alkanyl” examples except the aikenyl has at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- a "Ci-Cs haloalkenyl” refers to a C 2 - Cg aikenyl substituted with at least one halogen (halo). When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at ieast three present).
- a "C -Cg alkynyi” refers to an alkyne substituent with two to eight carbon atoms, at ieast one carbon-carbon triple bond, and may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic (e.g.,
- Cj-Cs haloalkynyi refers to a "C 2 -Q alkynyl" substituted with at least one halogen (halo), When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at least three present).
- Halo (or “halogen” or “haiide”) is fluoro (F), chloro (CI), bromo (Br), or iodo (I) radical,
- Ary refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring.
- the aryi radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems.
- Aryl radicals include, aryi radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, os-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenyiene.
- Aralkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R b -Rc where R b is an alkylene chain as defined above and R c is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, trityl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.
- Heierocyclyl “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoras selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
- the heterocyclyl radical is a 5-10 membered heterocycle that comprises 3-9 carbon atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms.
- the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atom(s) in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated, Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include dioxolanyl, thienyi[ l,3]dithianyL
- Heterocyclylaikyl refers to a radical of the formula -R b -Rc where R3 ⁇ 4 is an alkylene chain as defined above and R c is one or more heterocyclyl radicals as defined above, for example, tetrahydrofurany!-methyl, tetrahydropyranyl-raethyl and the like.
- a 6- membered heterocyclylaikyl refers to a heterocyclylaikyl, wherein the heterocyclyl moiety has 6 atoms in the ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycialkyl group may he optionally substituted.
- Heteroaryl refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring.
- the heteroaryl radical is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl that comprises 3-9 carbon atoms and from 1 -3 heteroatoms.
- the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyciic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized.
- Examples include azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyi, benzodioxolyl,
- Heteroaryialkyl refers to a radical of the formula -R b -R c where 3 ⁇ 4 is an aikylcne chain as defined above and R c is one or more heteroaryl radicals as defined above, for example, furanyl-methyi, pyridyi-methy! and the like.
- a 6-membered heteroarylaikyl refers to a heteroarylaikyl, wherein the heteroaryl moiety has 6 atoms in the ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroarylaikyl group may be optionally substituted.
- the compounds described herein may generally be used as the free acid or free base.
- the compounds may be used in a salt, for example, an acid or base addition salt.
- Acid addition salts of the free base amino compounds may be prepared according to methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic acids. Suitable organic acids include maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic. methanesulfontc, acetic, oxalic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, mandelie, cinnamic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, glycol ic, glutamic, and benzenesulfonic acids.
- Suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobroniic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids.
- Base addition saits of the free acid compounds of the compounds described herein may also be prepared by methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic bases.
- Suitable inorganic bases included the hydroxide or other salt of sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like, and organic bases such as substituted ammonium salts.
- pharmaceutically acceptable salt or physiologically suitable salt of compounds of formula (I) and substructures thereof, as well as any and all substructures and specific compounds described herein is intended to encompass any and all pharmaceutically suitable salt forms.
- a compound of formula (I), substructures thereof and specific structures thereof, may sometimes be depicted as an anionic species.
- the compound exists with an equimoiar ratio of cation.
- the compounds described herein can exist in the fully protonated form, or in the form of a salt such as sodium, potassium, ammonium or in combination with any inorganic base as described above.
- each anionic species may independently exist as either the protonated species or as the salt species.
- the compounds described herein exist as the sodium salt.
- any compound described herein may exist as polymorphs, which are also included and contemplated by the present disclosure.
- some of the compounds may form solvates with water or other solvents. Such solvates are similarly included within the scope of compounds and compositions described herein.
- a compound of formula (I) as well as any substructure or specific structure described herein may have one or more ehJral (or asymmetric) centers, and may thus give rise to stereoisomers including enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as ( ?)- or (S) ⁇ .
- a compound described herein contains an olefinie double bond(s) or another center of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers (e.g., cis or trans).
- Prodrug is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound described herein.
- prodrug refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound described herein that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
- a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound as described herein.
- Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound described herein, for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
- the prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp.
- prodrugs are provided in SHiguchi, T., et al., "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated in full by reference herein.
- prodrug is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers which release the active compound as described herein in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.
- Prodrugs of a compound described herein may be prepared by modifying a functional group(s) present in the compound described herein in such a way that the modification(s) is cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to yield a parent compound described herein as a compound of formula (I).
- Prodrugs include a compound described herein wherein, for example, a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound is administered to a mammalian subject, it is cleaved to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.
- Examples of prodrugs include an ester or amide derivative of hydroxy, carboxy, mercapto or amino functional groups in a compound described herein and the like.
- Synthesis of a compound of formula (1), a substructure, and a specific compound thereof may be performed as described herein, including the disclosure within Example 1 , using techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art, A synthesis scheme for preparing an exemplary compound of formula (I) is described in Example 1. The methods may be used for synthesis of a compound of formula (I) by using appropriate reactants for preparation of the specific compound using the techniques and methods described herein, and that are routinely practiced in the art or available in the technical literature.
- Figure 1 provides a schematic of a synthesis scheme for an exemplary compound disclosed herein.
- the compounds used in the reactions described herein may be made according to organic synthesis techniques known to one of ordinary skill in this art, starting from one or more commercially available chemicals or from one or more compounds described in the chemical literature, "Commercially available chemicals” may be obtained from standard commercial sources including Acros Organics (Pittsburgh PA), Aldrich
- kits with a unit dose of one or more of the compounds of formula (I), or a composition containing at least one such compound are provided for oral administration.
- a kit may include a container containing the unit dose, an informational package insert describing the use and attendant benefits of the therapeutic in treating the pathological condition of interest, and optionally an appliance or device for delivery of the composition,
- This mixture is dissolved in dichioromethane at room temperature.
- the sulfide is dissolved in methanol at room temperature. A solution of 25% sodium methoxide in methanol is added and the reaction mixture stirred overnight. The solvent is removed and the product filtered through silica to afford the triol.
- the inhibition assay to screen a glycomimetic antagonist of E-seiectin is a competitive binding assay, which allows the determination of IC 50 values.
- E-selectin/Ig chimera is immobilized in 96 well microliter plates by incubation at 37°C for 2 hours.
- bovine serum albumin is added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours.
- the plate is washed and serial dilutions of the test compounds are added to the wells in the presence of conjugates of biotinylated, sLe a polyaerylamide with streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature.
- TMB 3,3 ⁇ 5,5' tetramethylbenzidine
- relative IC50 values are determined by a ratio of the IC50 measured for the test compound to that of an internal control (reference) stated for each assay,
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Abstract
Compounds and methods are provided for enhancing the oral availability of glycomimetics. More specifically, in an embodiment, a glycomimetic is modified to decrease the polar surface area of the glycomimetic in order to increase absorption from the GI tract. In another embodiment, a glycomimetic is targeted to an active transport system, such as the bile acid active transport system, that provides transport across a biological membrane in order to increase absorption of the glycomimetic from the Gl tract.
Description
COMPOUNDS AND METHODS TO ENHANCE THE ORAL AVAILABILITY OF GLYC0MIMETICS
BACKGROUND Tschnical.Field
The present disclosure relates generally to compounds and methods to enhance the oral availability of giycomimetics. A glycomimetic is modified, for example by replacement of one or more substituents on the glycomimetic or by covalently linking the glycomimetic to a molecule that is transported on its own across a biological membrane, in order to increase absorption of the glycomimetic by the Gi tract.
Description of the Related Art
A variety of potential routes exist for the administration of a therapeutic agent. The routes include intravenous and non-intravenous administration, Examples of non- intravenous routes include oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or sublingual
administration. A number of therapies require the therapeutic agent to be administered to a patient intravenously. This is often the result of the agent either being not absorbed or poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (Gi) tract, or being rendered inactive by the Gi tract milieu, following non-intravenous administration of the agent.
Furthermore, even where absorption of an agent from the patient's Gi tract is sufficient, the bioavailability of the agent (or an active metabolite thereof) may be too low to have a proper therapeutic effect. Bioavailability is how much and how fast a therapeutic agent (or active metabolite thereof) enters systemic circulation. Low therapeutic agent bioavailability will be the result of a single cause or a combination of causes. Such causes may be due to the general nature, or specific composition, of the therapeutic agent; or the particular patient; or both.
A general cause of low bioavailability of a therapeutic agent is, for example, insufficient time for absorption in the Gi tract. Examples of causes specific to a particular therapeutic agent include the inability of an agent to dissolve readily or to penetrate the epithelial membrane. The latter may be due, for example, to the agent being highly ionized or polar. Another example of a cause that can be specific to a particular therapeutic agent is any chemical reaction (such as hydrolysis by gastric acid or digestive enzymes) that, reduces
absorption and therefore may decrease bioavailability. Factors that can affect the therapeutic- agent's bioavailability in a particular patient include age, sex, physical activity, genetic phenoiype, stress, disorders (e.g., achlorhydria or malabsorption syndromes), and previous Gl surgery (e.g. , bariatric surgery).
An example of a non-intravenous route of administration (of a therapeutic agent) that can result in low bioavailability is oral administration. Many therapeutic agents may be metabolized before adequate plasma concentrations are reached. Orally administered drugs must pass through common sites of metabolism (e.g., the intestinal wail and the portal circulation to the liver) that occur prior to an agent reaching systemic circulation.
Therapeutic- agents, which when in oral dosage forms are poorly water-soluble and slowly absorbed, are the most common candidates for low bioavailability.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for enhancing the oral availability of therapeutic agents, such as giycomimeiic therapeutic agents. The present disclosure fulfills this need and further provides other related advantages.
BRIEF SUMMARY
These and other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawing. The present disclosure includes the following compounds and compositions.
m an embodiment, a compound has formula (i):
or an isomer, polymorph, prodrug or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable, salt of any of the foregoing,
wherein:
n is any single integer from 1 to 1 1 ;
R1 is Ci-Cg aikyl, C2-Cs aikenyl, C Cg alkynyl, Cj-Cs haloalkyl, C2-Cs haloaikenyl or C2-C3 haloalkynyl;
R2 is H, -L'-CrCg alkyl, -L'-C2-Cg alkenyl -L!-C2-C8 aikynyi, -L'-Cj-Cg haioalkyl, -L'-CrCg haloaikenyl, -L* -C2~Cg haloalkynyi or -L]~M;
alkyl, -OC(=0)C3-C6 cycloalkyi, -OC(=0)aryl, -NHC(-0)aryl, or -NHC(=0)R12;
R4 is -OR13, -NHOR , -NHN(R1 )(R15), -NHS02R12, -NHS02aryI, heieroaryi, -NH-heterocyc!yl, -NH-heteroaryL or -N(R! 4)(R15);
R3 is -OH, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkyl, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkenyl, CpCg hydroxyaikynyl or C3-C.6 cycloa!kyl;
R6 and Rn are each independently -OH, -N¾, halo, Ci-Cg alkyl, C2~Cg alkenyl, C2-C8 aikynyi, Q-Cs haioalkyl, C2-Cg haloaikenyl or C2~Cg haloalkynyi;
R7 is -CH2OH, -CH2NH2, Ci-C8 alkyl, Q-C8 alkenyl, C2~CS aikynyi, C Cg haioalkyl, C2-Cg haloaikenyl or C2-Cg haloalkynyi;
R8 and R52 are each independently Q-Cg alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C3 aikynyi, Ci-Cg haioalkyl, C2-Cg haloaikenyl or C2~Cg haloalkynyi;
R'y and R'° are each -OH;
R13 is H, Cj-Cg alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-Cg aikynyi, Ci-Cg haioalkyl, C2-Cg haloaikenyl or C2-C* haloalkynyi;
R'4 and R55 are each independently H, Cj-Cg alkyl, C2-Cg alkenyl, C2-Cg aikynyi C¾-C8 haioalkyl, C2-Cg haloaikenyl or C2-C3 haloalkynyi;
L3 is an optional linker; and
with the provisos that the compound does not possess the combination of R1 and R9 are both CH3, R2 is H, R8 is CH2OH, all of R3, R5, R7, R!0, R1 1 and Ri 2 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R1 and R9 are both CH3, R2 is H, R5 is NHCH3, R8 is CH2OH, ail of R3, R7, Ri0, RH and R12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R5 and R9 are both C¾5 R2 is H, R5 is NHBn, R8 is CH2OH, all of R3, R7, Ri0, Rn and R1 2 are OH, and n is 2.
Other embodiments include embodiments (a), (b), (e), and (d) and (e) as follows:
(a) R5 is ΝΙ-Ϊ2, N(CH3)2, or NRR' where R and Rf are independently selected from H and C Cg alkyl;
(b) R5 is NHCH3;
(c) R! is Ci-Cg alkyl;
(d) R! is CH3 or CH3CH2; and
(e) R3 is OBz or NHAc,
In an embodiment, a composition comprises a compound of formula (I) above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or exeipient.
In an embodiment, a method for treating a cancer in an individual, comprises administering to the individual a compound having the formula (I) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
In an embodiment, a method for treating a cancer in an individual, comprising administering to the individual (a) a compound having the formula (I) above, or a
composition as described above, and (b) at least one of (i) chemotherapy and (ii)
radiotherapy, in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
In an embodiment, a method for decreasing the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a compound having the formula (I) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to decrease the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation,
In an embodiment, a method for decreasing inflammation in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a compound having the formula (1) above, or a composition as described above, in an amount effective to decrease inflammation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Figure 1 is a diagram of the synthesis of a compound of formula (I) herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention in one aspect provides compounds and methods to enhance the oral availability of glycornimetics. The term "giycomimetic" refers to any naturally occurring or non-natural ly occurring carbohydrate compound in which one or more substituents has been replaced, or one or more rings has been modified (e.g. , substitution of carbon for a ring oxygen), to yield a compound that is not fully carbohydrate.
As set forth herein, the oral availability of a giycomimetic may be enhanced by one of several different embodiments. Additionally, each embodiment may be combined in any way, so as to utilize the resultant combination of any two, any three, or all four embodiments.
In an embodiment, oral availability of a giycomimetic is enhanced by increasing its hydrophobicity (i.e., decreasing the polar surface area) and increasing its log D, For example, a hydroxyl group is replaced with hydrogen or an aliphatic carbon chain. A
general rule used to approximate whether a compound is sufficiently non-polar to he reasonably likely to be orally active is "Lipinski's Rule" (C.A. Lipinski et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Review 25:3-25 (1997).
In an embodiment, oral availability of a glyeoraimetic is enhanced by targeting the g!yeomimetic to an active transport system that provides transport across a biological membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer). For example, the bile acid active transport system may be used. An example of a bile acid active transport system is the cholic acid active transport system. Tn an embodiment, cholic acid is covaiently attached to a glycomimetic.
n an embodiment, oral availability of a glycomimetic is enhanced by adding a lipid "tail" to the glycomimetic so as to increase its hydrophobicity for passive transport across a biological membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer), For example, a lipid (or Hpid-iike) aliphatic chain is added to a glycomimetic.
In an embodiment oral availability of a glycomimetic is achieved by enhancing passive transport of the glycomimetic. Passive transport is enhanced by forming a facile amphiphile by covaiently attaching the glycomimetic to a molecule that is passively transported across a biologicai membrane (e.g. , lipid bilayer) when not conjugated (attached) to the glycomimetic. An example of such a facile amphiphile is one that is formed with a glycomimetic and cholic acid (or a derivative thereof). The glycomimetic may be covaiently attached to a passive transport molecule via a linker th t contains a labile bond. The labile bond is cleaved once the conjugate is transported across a biological membrane, or once in the biood system. For example, by use of an activated ester in the linker of the conjugate, an esterase residing in the blood system can cleave the labile bond. Alternatively, the facile amphiphile may be a glycomimetic itself, or a prodrug form of a glycomimetic.
in an embodiment of a compound useful to enhance oral availability, a compound has the formula (I):
(I)
or ars isomer, polymorph, prodrug, or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing, wherein:
n is any single integer from i to 1 1 ;
R! is Ci-Cg alkyl, C2-Cg aikenyi, C2-Cg alkynyl, CpC8 haloalkyl, C2-Cg haloalkenyl or C2-C8 ha!oalkynyi;
R2 is H, -LJ-Ci-C8 alkyl, -L1-C2-C8 a!kenyi, -Ll-C2-C$ alkynyl, -L]-C,-C8 haloalkyl, ~L]-C2-CS haloalkenyl, -L1-C2-C8 haloalkyny! or ~L!-M;
R3 is -OH, Ci-Cs alkoxy, CpC8 cycloalkylalkoxy, -OC(-0)CpC« alkyl, -OC(=0)C3-C6 cycloalkyl, -0C(=O)aryl, -NHC(=0)aryl, or -NHC(=0)R12;
R4 is -OR13, -NHOR14, -NHN(R14)(R!5), -NHS02R12, -NHS02aryl, heteroaryl, -NH-heterocyclyL -NH-heteroary!, or -N(Ri )(Rf 5);
R5 is -OH, Ci-Cg hydroxy alkyl, CpCg hydroxyalkenyl, Cj-Cg hydroxyalkynyl or C3-C5 cycloalkyl;
& and R1 1 are each independently -OH, -Nl¾, halo, CpCg alkyl, C2-Cg aikenyi, Oy-Cs alkynyl, Ci-Cg haloalkyl, C2-Cg haloalkenyl or C2-Cg haSoalkynyl;
R7 is -CH2OH, ~CH2N1¾5 Ci-Cg alkyl, C2-CG aikenyi, C2~C¾ alkynyl, CpCg haloalkyl, C2-Cg haloalkenyl or CT-CS haioalkynyi;
RS and R52 are each independently Cj-Cg alkyl, C2-Cg aikenyi, C2-Cg alkynyl, CpCg haloalkyl, C2-Cs haloalkenyl or C2-Cg haioalkynyi;
R9 and R! 0 are each -OH;
R33 is H, CpCg alkyl, C2-C8 aikenyi, C2-Cg alkynyl, CrC8 haloalkyl, C2-C8 haloalkenyl or C2-CS haioalkynyi;
R14 and RI S are each independently H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C2-Cg aikenyi, C2-C8 alkynyl, C Cg haloalkyl, C2-Cg haloalkenyl or C2-C8 haioalkynyi;
L5 is an optional linker; and
with the provisos that the compound does not possess the combination of R1 and R* are both CH.3, R2 is H, R8 is CH2OH, all of R3, R5, R7, R10, RU and R 12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of RS and R9 are both CH3> R2 Is H, R5 is NHCH3, R8 is CH2OH, all of R3, R7, R/ , R11 and R12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R! and R9 are both CH?„ R2 is H, Rs is HBn, R8 is C¾OH, ail of R3, R7, R10, R1 1 and R12 are OH, and n is 2.
In an embodiment, the compound has the formula;
Compounds of formula (I) include ail isomers, physiologically acceptable salts (i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable salts), hydrates, solvates, polymorphs, metabolites and prodrugs of any. Examples of isomers are stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomers and race-mates) and tautomers.
Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that comprise one or more of the compounds of formula (I), substructures and specific structures thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound may be used in one or more therapeutic methods in need of a therapeutic agent with increased oral availability. A number of therapeutic agents used in treatment, for example of cancer or inflammation, can be administered only intravenously.
In an embodiment, a method is provided for treating a cancer in an individual by administering a compound of formula (Ϊ), or a composition comprising the compound, to the individual. The compound (or composition comprising the compound) may be administered in conjunction with (i.e., as an adjunct therapy, which is also called adjunctive therapy) with chemotherapy or radiation or both. The chemotherapy or radiation therapy or combination of both may be referred to as the primary anti-tumor or anti-cancer therapy that is being administered to the individual to treat the particular cancer. A giyeomimetie compound of formula (1), or a composition comprising the compound, may be used for treating any one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein, or for the preparation or manufacture of a medicament for use in treating any one or more of the diseases or conditions described herein. Each of these methods and uses are described in greater detail herein.
Definitions
The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise, Certain chemical groups named herein are preceded by a shorthand notation indicating the total number of carbon atoms that are to be found in the indicated chemical group, A chemical group recited herein may be referred to by an abbreviation that is customary in the art. Examples of such an abbreviation are "Ac" for acetyl, "Ph" for phenyl, "Bn" for benzyl, and "Bz." for benzoyl.
As used herein, "n is any single integer from 1 to 11" means that "n" can be 1 ,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11, as well as any range of these numbers, for example, n is 1-2, l-
3, 1-4, etc.
As used herein, a "Cj-Cs alkanyl" refers to an aikane substituent with one to eight carbon atoms and may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic (e.g., cycloalkanyi).
Examples are methyl ("Me"), ethyl ("Et"), prop l, isopropyl, butyl and t— butyl. A "Ci-Cg halo alkanyl" refers to a Cr-Cg alkanyl substituted with at least one halogen (halo), When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at least three present). A "C2-C8 aikenyl" refers to an alkene substituent with two to eight carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and may be straight chain, branched or cyclic (c-ycloalkenyl). Examples are similar to "Cr-Cg alkanyl" examples except the aikenyl has at least one carbon-carbon double bond. A "Ci-Cs haloalkenyl" refers to a C2- Cg aikenyl substituted with at least one halogen (halo). When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at ieast three present). A "C -Cg alkynyi" refers to an alkyne substituent with two to eight carbon atoms, at ieast one carbon-carbon triple bond, and may be straight chain, branched, or cyclic (e.g.,
cyeloaikynyl). Examples are similar to Cj-Cs alkanyl examples except the alkanyl has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, A "Cj-Cs haloalkynyi" refers to a "C2-Q alkynyl" substituted with at least one halogen (halo), When more than one halogen is present, the halogens present may be the same or different or both (if at least three present).
"Halo" (or "halogen" or "haiide") is fluoro (F), chloro (CI), bromo (Br), or iodo (I) radical,
"Ary!" refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryi radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, aryi radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems
of aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, os-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenyiene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term "aryl" or the prefix "ar-" (such as in "aralkyl") is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.
"Aralkyl" refers to a radical of the formula -Rb-Rc where Rb is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rc is one or more aryl radicals as defined above, for example, benzyl, diphenylmethyl, trityl and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.
"Heierocyclyl" "heterocycle" or "heterocyclic ring" refers to a stable 3- to 24-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from one to 8 heteroatoras selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl radical is a 5-10 membered heterocycle that comprises 3-9 carbon atoms and from 1-3 heteroatoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atom(s) in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated, Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include dioxolanyl, thienyi[ l,3]dithianyL
decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolmyi, irmdazolidinyi, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyi, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4~piperidonyl3 pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidiny!, thiazoiidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorphoiinyi, l-oxo-ihiomorpho!inyl, Ι, ί -dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 12- crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, 21-crown~7„ aza-18-crown-6, diaza-18-crown-6, aza-21- crown-7, and diaza-21-crown-7. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted.
"Heterocyclylaikyl" refers to a radical of the formula -Rb-Rc where R¾ is an alkylene chain as defined above and Rc is one or more heterocyclyl radicals as defined above, for example, tetrahydrofurany!-methyl, tetrahydropyranyl-raethyl and the like. A 6- membered heterocyclylaikyl refers to a heterocyclylaikyl, wherein the heterocyclyl moiety has 6 atoms in the ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycialkyl group may he optionally substituted.
"Heteroaryl" refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl radical is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl that comprises 3-9 carbon atoms and from 1 -3 heteroatoms. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyciic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyi, benzodioxolyl,
benzofuranyi, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[6][l ,4]dioxepinyl, 1 ,4-benzodioxanyI, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazoiyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, henzopyranonyl, benzofuranyi, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl
(benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[l,2-a]pyridinyi, carbazoiyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyi, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindo!yl, indolinyl, isoindolinyi, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazoiyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazoly!, oxiranyl, 1 -oxidopyridinyl, i-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, i-oxidopyridazinyi, 1 -phenyl-IH-pyrrolyl.
phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyi, purinyi, pyrroiyl, pyrazolyl, pyridmyi, pyrazinyi, pyrimidinyi. pyridazinyi, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinoiinyl, quinuciidinyl, isoquinolinyi. tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyi). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl group ma be optionally substituted.
"Heteroaryialkyl" refers to a radical of the formula -Rb-Rc where ¾ is an aikylcne chain as defined above and Rc is one or more heteroaryl radicals as defined above, for example, furanyl-methyi, pyridyi-methy! and the like. A 6-membered heteroarylaikyl refers to a heteroarylaikyl, wherein the heteroaryl moiety has 6 atoms in the ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroarylaikyl group may be optionally substituted.
The compounds described herein may generally be used as the free acid or free base. Alternatively, the compounds may be used in a salt, for example, an acid or base addition salt. Acid addition salts of the free base amino compounds may be prepared according to methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic acids. Suitable organic acids include maleic, fumaric, benzoic, ascorbic, succinic.
methanesulfontc, acetic, oxalic, propionic, tartaric, salicylic, citric, gluconic, lactic, mandelie, cinnamic, aspartic, stearic, palmitic, glycol ic, glutamic, and benzenesulfonic acids. Suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobroniic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids. Base addition saits of the free acid compounds of the compounds described herein may also be prepared by methods well known in the art, and may be formed from organic and inorganic bases. Suitable inorganic bases included the hydroxide or other salt of sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like, and organic bases such as substituted ammonium salts. Thus, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" (or physiologically suitable salt) of compounds of formula (I) and substructures thereof, as well as any and all substructures and specific compounds described herein is intended to encompass any and all pharmaceutically suitable salt forms.
A compound of formula (I), substructures thereof and specific structures thereof, may sometimes be depicted as an anionic species. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the compound exists with an equimoiar ratio of cation. For instance, the compounds described herein can exist in the fully protonated form, or in the form of a salt such as sodium, potassium, ammonium or in combination with any inorganic base as described above. When more than one anionic species is depicted, each anionic species may independently exist as either the protonated species or as the salt species. In some specific embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as the sodium salt.
Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms of any compound described herein may exist as polymorphs, which are also included and contemplated by the present disclosure. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water or other solvents. Such solvates are similarly included within the scope of compounds and compositions described herein.
With regard to the term "isomer" as used herein, a compound of formula (I) as well as any substructure or specific structure described herein, may have one or more ehJral (or asymmetric) centers, and may thus give rise to stereoisomers including enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as ( ?)- or (S)~. When a compound described herein contains an olefinie double bond(s) or another center of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers (e.g., cis or trans). Likewise, unless otherwise specified, all possible isomers, as well as their racemic and
optically pure forms, and all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. It is therefore contemplated that various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof include "enantiomers," which refers to two stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperiraposeable mirror images of one another. Thus, a compound of formula (Ϊ) may occur in any isomeric form, including racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual enantiomers or diastereomers. A tautomer refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule,
"Prodrug" is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound described herein. Thus, the term "prodrug" refers to a metabolic precursor of a compound described herein that is pharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an active compound as described herein. Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound described herein, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam). A discussion of prodrugs is provided in SHiguchi, T., et al., "Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated in full by reference herein.
The term "prodrug" is also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers which release the active compound as described herein in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of a compound described herein may be prepared by modifying a functional group(s) present in the compound described herein in such a way that the modification(s) is cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to yield a parent compound described herein as a compound of formula (I). Prodrugs include a compound described herein wherein, for example, a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the compound is administered to a mammalian subject, it is cleaved to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugs include an ester or amide derivative of hydroxy, carboxy, mercapto or amino functional groups in a compound described herein and the like.
Compound Synthesis Procedures
Synthesis of a compound of formula (1), a substructure, and a specific compound thereof may be performed as described herein, including the disclosure within Example 1 , using techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art, A synthesis scheme for preparing an exemplary compound of formula (I) is described in Example 1. The methods may be used for synthesis of a compound of formula (I) by using appropriate reactants for preparation of the specific compound using the techniques and methods described herein, and that are routinely practiced in the art or available in the technical literature. By way of further example, Figure 1 provides a schematic of a synthesis scheme for an exemplary compound disclosed herein.
Specific and analogous reactants may also be identified through the indices of known chemicals prepared by the Chemical Abstract Service of the American Chemical Society, which are available in most public and university libraries, as well as through on-line databases (the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., may be contacted for more details). Chemicals that are known, but not commercially available in catalogs may be prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, where many of the standard chemical supply- houses (e.g., those listed herein) provide custom synthesis services. A reference for the preparation and selection of pharmaceutical salts of the present disclosure is P. H. Stahi & C. G. Wermuth "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts," Veriag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2002.
In general, the compounds used in the reactions described herein may be made according to organic synthesis techniques known to one of ordinary skill in this art, starting from one or more commercially available chemicals or from one or more compounds described in the chemical literature, "Commercially available chemicals" may be obtained from standard commercial sources including Acros Organics (Pittsburgh PA), Aldrich
Chemical (Milwaukee WI, including Sigma Chemical and Fluka), Apin Chemicals Ltd. (Milton Park UK), Avocado Research (Lancashire U.K.), BDH Inc. (Toronto, Canada), Bionet (Cornwall, U.K.), Chems rvice Inc. (West Chester PA). Crescent Chemical Co. (Hauppauge NY), Eastman Organic Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester NY), Fisher
Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh PA), Fisons Chemicals (Leicestershire UK), Frontier Scientific (Logan UT), ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa CA), Key Organics (Cornwall U.K.), Lancaster Synthesis (Windham NH), Maybridge Chemical Co. Ltd. (Cornwall U.K.), Parish Chemical Co. (Orem UT), Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc. (Waterbury CN), Polyorganix (Houston TX),
Pierce Chemical Co, (Rockford IL), Riede! de Haen AG (Hanover, Germany), Spectrum Quality Product, inc. (New Brunswick, NJ), TCI America (Portland OR), Trans World Chemicals, Inc. (Rockvilie MD), and Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. (Richmond VA).
Methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art may be identified through various reference hooks, articles and databases. Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reaetants useful in the preparation of compounds of the present disclosure, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, "Synthetic Organic Chemistry," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et ah, "Organic Functionai Group Preparations," 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, "Modern Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A, Benjamin, Inc. Mcnlo Park, Calif. 1972: T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure," 4th Ed., Wiiey-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reaetants useful in the preparation of compounds of the present disclosure, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. "Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials", Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527-29074-5; Hoffman, R.V. "Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text" (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. "Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations" 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 0-471 -29031 -4; March, J. "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure" 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471 -60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) "Modern Carbonyl Chemistry" (2000) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. "Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functionai Groups" (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471 -93022-9; Quin, L.D. et al. "A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry" (2000) Wiiey-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-31824- 8: Solomons, T. W. G. "Organic Chemistry" 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471 -19095-0; Stoweil, J.C., "Intermediate Organic Chemistry" 2nd Edition (1993) Wiiey- Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; "Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ulimann's Encyclopedia" ( 1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645- X, in 8 volumes; "Organic Reactions" (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and "Chemistry of Functional Groups" John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.
A kit with a unit dose of one or more of the compounds of formula (I), or a composition containing at least one such compound, are provided for oral administration.
Such a kit may include a container containing the unit dose, an informational package insert describing the use and attendant benefits of the therapeutic in treating the pathological condition of interest, and optionally an appliance or device for delivery of the composition,
EJCAMPLES EXAMPLE 1
SYNTHESIS OF A COMPOUND OF FORMULA (1)
Synthesis of 2ND compound: 2-Aminogalactose is suspended in a mixture of toluene and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, Benzyloxycarbonyl chloride is added and the mixture is stirred vigorously for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel and the phases are separated. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in pyridine. Acetic anhydride is added and the reaction mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 2 times with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and 2 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford the desired compound.
Synthesis of the 3RD compound: The above product is dissolved in DMF and hydrazine hydrate is added. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 3 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford the anomeric hydroxy! as a mixture of anomers.
This mixture is dissolved in dichioromethane at room temperature.
Trichloroacetonitrile is added followed by powdered potassium carbonate. The reaction mixture is stirred 5 hours at room temperature then filtered and concentrated. The mixture is separated by column chromatography to afford the trichloroacetimidate as a mixture of anomers.
This mixture is dissolved in dichioromethane and cooled on an ice bath. Ethyl sulfide is added followed by BF3'OEt2. The reaction mixture is stirred 3 hours on the ice bath then quenched by addition of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The reaction mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel and the phases separated. The organic phase is dried over
sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column
chromatography to afford the anomeric ethyl sulfide as the β anomer,
The sulfide is dissolved in methanol at room temperature. A solution of 25% sodium methoxide in methanol is added and the reaction mixture stirred overnight. The solvent is removed and the product filtered through silica to afford the triol.
This material is dissolved in dry pyridine and treated with trityl chloride. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 days then diluted with ethyl acetate and transferred to a separator)' funnel and washed 3 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford the 3rd compound.
Synthesis rf the 4t!' compound: The above compound is dissolved in methanol, treated with dibutyltin oxide, and refluxed for 4 hours. The solvent is removed and the residue rotovapped 3 times from toluene. The residue is dissolved in DMF and treated with 4-benzyloxy-2-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-butyric acid dimethyl amide and cesium fluoride. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature, The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 3 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is dissolved in pyridine and treated with acetic anhydride and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 3 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford 4th compound.
Synthesis of the 5'h compound : The above compound is combined with the fucosylcyclohexyl alcohol in dichioromethane and cooled on an ice bath. Tert- butyldimethylsilyl in flate is added and the reaction mixture is stirred tor 3 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 2 times with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and 2 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford the desired compound.
Synthesis of the final compound: The above compound is dissolved in ethyl acetate in a Paar bottle and palladium on carbon is added, The reaction mixture is hydrogenated on a Paar apparatus at SOpsi hydrogen pressure until hydrogen uptake ceases. The reaction mixture is filtered through Celite and concentrated.
The residue is dissolved in pyridine and treated with acetic anhydride. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel and washed 3 times with water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is separated by column chromatography to afford peracetylated material
This material is dissolved in methanol at room temperature. A solution of 25% sodium methoxide in methanol is added and the reaction mixture stirred overnight. The solvent is removed and the product filtered through silica to afford the desired product (the last compound structure depicted above).
EXAMPLE 2
E-SELECTIN ACTIVITY - BINDING ASSAY
The inhibition assay to screen a glycomimetic antagonist of E-seiectin is a competitive binding assay, which allows the determination of IC50 values. E-selectin/Ig chimera is immobilized in 96 well microliter plates by incubation at 37°C for 2 hours. To reduce nonspecific binding, bovine serum albumin is added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. The plate is washed and serial dilutions of the test compounds are added to the wells in the presence of conjugates of biotinylated, sLea polyaerylamide with streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature.
To determine the amount of sLea bound to immobilized E-selectin after washing, the peroxidase substrate, 3,3\5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is added. After 3 minutes, the enzyme reaction is stopped by the addition of H3PO4. and the absorbance of light at a wavelength of 450 nm is determined. The concentration of test compound required to inhibit binding by 50% is determined and reported as the IC50 value.
In addition to reporting the absolute [C50 value as measured above, relative IC50 values are determined by a ratio of the IC50 measured for the test compound to that of an internal control (reference) stated for each assay,
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent
applications, non-U. S, patents, non-U. S. patent applications, and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if
necessary, to employ concepts of the various patents, applications, and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
Claims
1 . ornpound having the formula (I):
or an isomer, polymorph, prodrug or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the foregoing,
wherein:
n is any single integer from 1 to 1 1 ;
R5 is Cj -Cg alkyl, C2-C-8 aikenyi, C2-C8 aikynyl, C-i-Cg haloaikyi, C2-C8 haioalkenyl or C2-C& haloalkynyl;
R2 is H, -L'-Ci-Cg alkyl -ΐ θ2-08 aikenyi, -L'-C2-C8 aikynyl, -L'-Ci-Cg haloaikyi,
haioalkenyl, -L' ~C2~C8 haloalkynyl or -L' -M;
R3 is -OH, Ci-Cs alkoxy, C,-C8 eycioalkylalkoxy, -OC(=0)Cj-C8 alkyl, -OC(=0)C3-C6 cycioalkyl, -OC(=0)aryl, -NHC(-0)aryl, or --NHC(=0)R52;
R4 is ~ORi3, -NHOR!4, -NH (R14)(R15), -NHS02R!2, -NHS02aryl,
heteroaryl, -NH-heterocyciyl, -NH~heteroaryi, or -N(Ri4)(Ri5);
R3 is -OH, Cj-Cg hydroxvalkvl, Cj-Cg hydroxy aikenyi, Cj-Cg hydroxyaikynyl or C C6 cycioalkyl;
R6 and Ru are each independentl -OH, -NHj. halo, C>Cg alkyl, C2-Cs aikenyi, C2~Cg aikynyl, Q-Cg haloaikyi, C2~Cs haioalkenyl or Cj-Cg haloalkynyl;
R7 is -CH2OH, -CH2NH2, Ci-Cg alkyl, C2-C8 aikenyi, C2-Cg aikynyl, CrC8 haloaikyi, Cj-Cg haioalkenyl or C2-Cg haloalkynyl;
Rs and R1 are each independently Cj -Cg alkyl, C2-Cg aikenyi, C2-Cg aikynyl, Ct-Ca haloaikyi, C2-Cg haioalkenyl or C2-Cg haloalkynyl;
R9 and R 0 are each -OH;
R13 is H, C Cg alkyl, C2-C8 aikenyi, C2-C8 aikynyl, C C8 haloaikyi, CVCS haioalkenyl or C2-Cs haloalkynyl;
R!4 and R! 5 are each independently H. CpCg aikyi, C2-Cg alkenyh C2-Cg aikyn l, Ct-Cg ha!oalk l, C2~Cg haloa!kenyl or€2-€« haloaSkynyl;
L! is an optional linker; and
with the provisos that the compound does not possess the combination of R: and R are both CH3, R2 is H, R8 is CH2OH, all of R3, R5, R7, R!0, Ru and R12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R! and R9 are both C¾, R2 is H, R5 is HCH3, Rs is CH2OH, ail of R3, R7, R10, Rn and R12 are OH, and n is 2; or the combination of R1 and R are both CH3, R2 is H, R5 is NHBn, R8 is CH2GH, ail of R3, R7, R10, Rn and R12 are OH, and n is 2.
2, The compound of e!aim 1 , wherein R5 is NH2, N(CH3)2, or NRR' where R and R' are independently selected from H and Ct~Cg aikyi.
3 , The compound of claim 2. wherein R5 is NHC¾.
4, The compound of claim 2, wherein R! is C|-C» aikyi,
5< The compound of claim 4, wherein R1 is CH3 or CHjCH?-
6. The compound of claim 2, wherein R3 is OBz or HAc.
7. A composition comprising a compound of any of claims 1 to 6, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient,
8. A method for treating a cancer in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, or a composition of claim 7, in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
9. A method for treating a cancer in an individual, comprising administering to the individual (a) a compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, or a composition of claim 7 and (b) at least one of (i) chemotherapy and (ii) radiotherapy, in an amount effective to treat the cancer.
10, A method for decreasing the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, or a composition of claim 7, in an amount effective to decrease the likelihood of occurrence of thrombus formation.
11. A method for decreasing inflammation in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a compound of any one of claims 1 to 6, or a composition of claim 7, in an amount effective to decrease inflammation.
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