WO2014066968A1 - Composition and formulation containing rice oil and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention describes a composition and formulation thereof containing rice oil, for topical use, having a high skin healing capacity. The composition is capable of maintaining adequate moisture content in the wound healing region and of keeping the surrounding regions dry and protected, and can also have a systemic effect, these all being factors that accelerate the healing process.

Description

 RICE OIL BASED COMPOSITION AND FORMULATION

Field of the Invention

 The present invention relates to a rice oil based composition. More specifically the present invention relates to a topical composition with high skin healing ability. Furthermore, further objects are their use and a formulation comprising said composition.

 Background of the Invention

 Human attempts to intervene in the wound healing process, whether accidental or intentionally promoted during surgical procedures, date back to antiquity. The incidence and prevalence of chronic ulcers is extremely high, resulting in high financial costs. Although accurate data are not found in Brazil, some studies show that there is a major psychosocial and economic impact of wound chronification. They are the second cause of absence from work in Brazil (Ereno, 2003).

 Many general and local variables influence this long and complex process. Among the general factors, age, nutritional status, underlying diseases such as diabetes, cardiocirculatory and coagulation disorders, atherosclerosis, renal dysfunction, systemic infectious conditions and systemic drug use interfere. In addition, they also interfere with the anatomical location of the lesion, race, surgical technique used, etc. (Mandelbaum, 2003).

 For a skin ulcer to heal, a cascade of events occurs at the cellular and molecular levels that work together for the repaving and reconstitution of the injured tissue (Ortonne, 1994).

The healing process can be more simply divided into three phases: inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling (Pittman, 2007). In the inflammatory phase, after hemostatic coagulation has begun, numerous chemical mediators are released by inflammatory cells. We first three days, the action of polymorphonuclear cells responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria predominates. The macrophage is the most important cell of this phase and will remain from the third to the tenth day. Lymphocytes appear in the lesion approximately one week later. The lymphokines released by them influence the action of macrophages (Mandelbaum, 2003). In addition to these, this phase relies on fibronectin. Synthesized by fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells, it adheres simultaneously to fibrin, collagen, and other cell types, thus acting as a glue to consolidate fibrin clot, cells, and matrix components (Mosher, 1981).

 The proliferation phase is responsible for the closure of the lesion itself. In it happens reepithelization by the migration of keratinocytes from the wound edges and attachments if they have been preserved (Dielgmann et al., 1981; Clark, 1985; Gentilhomme et al, 1999). Cytokines modulate the inflammatory process that is necessary in the healing process but can be harmful if excessive. They are also responsible for faster and more effective healing (Gentilhomme et al, 1999). Matrix formation depends, in addition to inflammatory and endothelial cells, on the fibroblast responsible for the production of substances important for both debridement and physiological remodeling (Van Winkle, 1967). The proliferation of vessels that occurs at this stage is essential for the supply of oxygen and nutrients for healing. Thus, it can be said that the proliferation phase is divided into reepithelization, fibroplasia and angiogenesis (Mandelbaum, 2003).

Remodeling is the last phase, lasting months and is responsible for increasing tensile strength and decreasing scar size. Collagen reformulations, improvement in collagen fiber components, water resorption are events that allow for a connection that increases scar strength and decreases thickness (Doillon et al., 1985). Local neovasculature decreases, and the normal healing area has about 80% of the normal tensile strength of the skin, is not bulky and is flat (Mandelbaum, 2003). Among the inflammation-related substances believed to interfere with the healing process, the following stand out: adiponectin, leptin, interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ) -a, insulin-related growth factor (IGF) -1, interferon (IFN) -ae IFN-γ.

 Adiponectin is a protein that acts on glucose and lipid homeostasis. Circulating adiponectin levels are high, reaching approximately 0.01% of plasma proteins (Basu, 2009). It is induced during adipocyte differentiation and its secretion is stimulated by insulin. Adiponectin is an adipokine that influences systemic metabolism. It acts on glucose and fatty acid metabolism, being in some situations antagonistic to TNF-α (Yano, 2008). Induces a decrease in serum glucose and triglyceride levels, increases the level of glucagon. In the liver it promotes insulin-dependent inhibition of gluconeogenesis and has anti-fibrous action; In skeletal muscle it promotes the use and oxidation of fatty acids, glucose use and lactate production. Acts as anti-inflammatory and has protective action against atherosclerosis (Berg, 2001). In the skin of diabetic patients, adiponectin acts directly on keratinocytes, regulating the expression of immunomodulatory substances produced by these cells; This indicates that adiponectin acts indirectly on other cells through keratinocyte products. Another action would be the suppression of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, which would be beneficial in cases of hyperkeratinization (Kaway, 2008). A study conducted in Brazil indicates that overweight has the ability to increase healing time (Nascimento, 2006).

Lack of leptin in animals as well as in humans can lead to weight gain and also to increased healing time. Direct administration of leptin leads to reduced healing time, with greater reepithelization, but without interfering with angiogenesis. Another fact observed in animals is the increased expression of leptin receptor genes locally, which indicates the importance of leptin for healing process. Leptin leads to an increase in keratinocytes at the site of application at the beginning of healing (Nascimento, 2006).

 IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine (like most cytokines), ie it has multiple effects: a single cytokine can interact with more than one cell type, have multiple biological activities, interact with other cytokines with which it may have overlapping activities (Arai, 1990). Produced primarily by mitogenic or antigenically activated T lymphocytes. It has a key role in promoting clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells. In addition, IL-2 is capable of mediating multiple immune responses in a variety of cell types. IL-2 stimulates thymocyte proliferation, proliferation and differentiation of activated B cells; promotes monocyte growth and differentiation and cytocidal activity; induces the growth of natural killer cells and their production of cytokines and cytolytic activity; increases the production of lymphocyte-activated killer cells (LAK) and induces oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation (Goldsmith, 1994). In hypertrophic scarring and keloid situations, IL-2 is found in local lymphocytes, suggesting pro-scarring action (Armour, 2007).

IL-4 is also a pleiotropic cytokine that has multiple immune response modulation activities in a variety of cell types. It is a B cell activation / differentiation factor that regulates the isotope exchange of Ig, particularly IgG1 and IgE. It suppresses the development of IFN-γ-producing CD4 + T cells and regulates the differentiation of naive helper T cells in the Th2 subset that mediates the allergic and humoral immune response. Together with TNF-α synergistically induces the expression of VCAM- (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) in smooth endothelial and muscle cells, resulting in selective recruitment of eosinophils and lymphocytes at the inflammation site. IL-4 negatively regulates the production of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, TNF-α, and prostaglandin 2 (PGE ₂ ) in monocytes. Anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. The cells that secrete IL-4 are basophils, CD8 + T, memory CD4 + and naive Th2, mast cells, eosinophils, and virus-activated dendritic cells. IL-4 is the primarily responsible for stimulating the production of tenascin (an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, present as a thin layer in the adult papillary dermis, but which is restated in the healing process) by fibroblasts in the earlier stages of collagen deposition and cell migration (akhluf, 1996). ).

 IL-6 is a cytokine that plays important roles in host defense, acute phase reactions, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and cancer progression. IL-6 is essential for the transition from acute inflammation. It is secreted by various cell types and production is regulated by numerous signals such as mitogenic or antigenic stimuli, lipopolysaccharides, calcium, other cytokines, and viruses. Cytokines IL-4, IL-0 and IL-13 inhibit IL-6 expression in monocytes (Hirano, 1996). Elevated IL-6 serologic levels were observed in pathological situations such as viral and bacterial infections, trauma, autoimmune diseases and inflammation. IL-6 increases early in the healing process and is important because it has mitogenic properties in keratinocytes as well as chemotactic to neutrophils and their infiltration to the affected area has the ability to increase local angiogenesis and increase local collagen deposition. of the wound (Lin, 2003).

 IL-2 is a heterodimeric glycoprotein, which increases cytotoxic activity and induces IFN-γ production in the natural epidermal dendritic kyler, T and T cells. It also induces IFN-γ production in macrophages. This cytokine, together with others of the same family (IL-23 and IL-27), is capable of promoting the development of immune response through CD4 + Th1 T cells; In response to infections, IL-12 promotes Th1 cell production after IL-27 has transformed ThO into Th0 / 1; Together with IL-18, IL-12 creates memory Th1 cells from effector cells (Hamza, 2010). In scarring processes, IL-12 has increased gene expression, causing macrophages to produce and secrete more IFN-Y (Ishida, 2004).

TNF-α plays critical roles in normal host resistance to infection and growth of malignant tumors, serving as immunostimulants and as mediators of the inflammatory response. A lot of TNF production, however, has been implicated as playing a role in a number of pathological conditions, including cachexia, septic shock, and autoimmune diseases. TNF-α is produced by activation of macrophages and other cell types, including T and B cells, NK cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and some tumor cells. In healing, the absence of receptors for this cytokine accelerates the process (Ware, 1996). In wounds, TNF-α is responsible for initiating the proinflammatory cascade and is responsible for healing strength and tension (Mast, 1996).

 IGF-I, also known as somatomedine C, is a member of the insulin superfamily. It has been found to mediate hormone actions in somatic cell growth, but it has also been shown to be an important regulator of cell metabolism, differentiation and survival. IGF-I is synthesized as a preprotein that is proteolytically cleaved to generate mature protein (Humbel, 1990). IGF-1, together with platelet-derived growth factor 2 (PDGF-2), can increase skin thickness in wound healing (Lynch, 1989), and this substance is directly involved in the regeneration of various tissue types. , not just the epithelial (Chen, 2010).

 IFN-α is a cytokine family glycoprotein that participates in cell control and replication, host defense against foreign organisms such as viruses or bacteria and is a major type I interferon. It is produced by mononuclear phagocytes in response to viral infection. It has a role in inhibiting viral replication and enhancing the expression of type I (MHC type I) main histocompatibility complex molecules, either by autocrine or paracrine activity (Krause, 2005). Another form of action of IFN-α is to protect some cells against virus entry. Numerous investigations have shown that IFN is involved in cell growth regulation and immunomodulatory effect (Ferrantini, 2007).

IFN-γ, also known as type II interferon, was initially identified as a product with anti-viral activity of mitogenically activated T lymphocytes. Has a key role in host defense performing immunoregulatory, antiproliferative, and proinflammatory activities (Boehm, 1997). Some of the most important functions are macrophage effector function stimulation, IL-12 induced Th1 differentiation, modulation of MHC molecule class I and II expression, regulation of immunoglobulin (Ig) class exchange and regulation of interactions between leukocytes and endothelium. IFN-γ has also been involved in physiological roles in sensory neurons and spermatogenesis (Neumann, 1997; Kanzaki, 1998).

 Both interferons have anti-scarring action, inhibiting collagen synthesis and cell proliferation and may increase the production of metalloproteinases. IFN-α may increase the production of collagenase enzyme, which increases its anti-scarring action. Thus, both must have their values increased in the final phase of healing, preventing it from progressing to hypertrophic injury (Tredget, 2000).

 Studies have been conducted evaluating the potential of using natural products as an active ingredient in healing resources. Among these, studies were conducted with oil palm (Sasidharan, 2012), thermal water (Faga, 2011), aloe (Duansak, 2003), Jatyadi Taila (Shailajan, 2011), pine oil (Tumen, 2011) and mint (Takayama, 2011).

A study conducted with rice bran oil demonstrates that it has the ability to increase the immune response of mice, such as proliferation of B lymphocytes and cytokines such as IL-2 and TNF-α, as well as decreased IL-4 and IgE ( Sierra, 2005). A study with rice bran oil isolated oryzanol indicates that this phytochemical has the ability to increase cellular and humoral immune activity, such as delayed hypersensitive response, induces antibody production by B and T lymphocytes, increases hematopoiesis and induced phagocytosis. by macrophages (Ghatak, 2012). Another study shows that the use of rice bran oil bioactive compounds has anti-aging action when used in topical rabbit skin formulations, where the gel and cream formulated with the bioactive did not show erythema or local edema, as well as improved the hydration, elasticity, thickness and roughness of the skin of human volunteers (Manosroi, 2012). In 2002, de Paepe and colleagues reported that the use of rice starch in both bath water and lipid-free formulations or "water in oil" bath lotion led to a 20% increase in the healing capacity of patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as improved skin barrier functions (de Paepe, 2002). Rice bran oil is also reported to be a natural source of squalene (an intermediate triterpene in cholesterol biosynthesis) which is the major component of skin surface polyunsaturated lipids and has advantages for the skin as emollient and antioxidant as well as for hydration and anti-tumor activities, having dermocosmetic development potential (Huang, 2009). Another study indicates that consuming about 18 grams of modified rice bran milk for 5 weeks has the ability to lower serum cholesterol and also LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes (Lai, 2011). South Korean researchers report that a brown rice diet (present in many drinks and teas and marketed as a type of "sprouted brown rice") suppresses weight gain and fat accumulation in the liver and epididymal adipocytes and improved profiles. serum lipids, in part by controlling adipogenesis through the reduction of transcriptional factors (Ho, 2012). A study of diacylglycerol-associated rice bran oil in Calcutta indicated that consumption of this oil significantly decreases the weight of rats and the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides circulating in plasma, indicating a possible use for obesity prevention and incidence. of hypercholesterolemia (Dhara, 2012). However, there is a study indicating that lipids isolated from refined rice oil are capable of causing duodenal ulcer in rats (Jayaraj, 2000).

Among the documents found in the State of the Art, Paepe (Paepe et al., 2002) and collaborators describe the use of rice starch in two formulations for the treatment of dermal diseases. The use of water-suspended rice starch was used to increase the barrier function of damaged but not ulcerated skin. The document does not evaluate the use of rice oil, nor the action on healing.

 US20020182260 of 11/03/2002 deals with an anti-inflammatory product containing at least one animal, mineral or vegetable oil or wax and among the vegetable source options they cite rice bran. In this application the inventors cite the use of any oil of mineral, animal and vegetable origin, including rice oil, which may have an immunomodulatory action used at any concentration and conveyed in any formulation.

 However, the inventive work is limited to the method for obtaining compositions containing an inflammation-causing therapeutic agent and an immunomodulatory concentrate. The inventors themselves mention previous patents that have anti-inflammatory substances in their composition and do not consider that in the healing process the benefit of the use of a given product is often due to the balance of pro and anti-healing action of that product. Since inflammation is needed in healing, it can be detrimental to the process if too much. The action of TNF-alpha in the healing process makes this reality clear. This cytokine may have pro or anti-healing action depending on the concentration or phase of the healing process in which it is used, as studied by Mast as early as 1996. Adiponectin, for example, has an anti-healing action which is desirable at the stage. end of the healing process called remodeling in order to prevent keloid formation.

 Thus, the same inflammatory product may have anti-inflammatory action and it is necessary to compare and inventive work to obtain a product whose action in vivo proves to be beneficial in the healing process as a whole.

US20070207222 of 28/02/2007 describes a composition that includes a wax for treating anti-inflammatory diseases, among the wax options they cited rice. In this patent the therapeutic substance is the tar used for topical treatment of dermatological diseases. responsive to tar. The inventors cite rice wax as a substance that can be added to the tar solution and rice starch as a possible absorbent to be added to the tar.

 WO2004093569 of 11/02/2004 describes a honey and rice flour based composition, which in the document is detached for absorbing wound fluids, keeping honey longer in place. It is just like the above, with no mention of the use of oil as an active ingredient.

 In view of the information available in the prior art, the process described in the present invention has advantages in several respects. First, the characteristics of an effective wound care product should include ease of removal and comfort for the patient, good value for money, keeping the healing area moist and dry and protected, ease of application and adaptability (conformation to different parts of the body). Another differential of the process described here is related to the systemic action that the technology has, where the serum levels of some substances have been altered, as well as being able to accelerate the healing process in relation to the type of collagen deposited in the site, being more effective than others. products commonly used for this purpose.

Brief Description of the Invention

 The present invention is a topical rice oil based composition with high skin healing ability. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to the use and formulation of said composition.

 Brief Description of the Figures

 The structure and operation of the present invention, together with further advantages thereof may be better understood by reference to the accompanying figures and the following description:

- Figure 1 shows the unhealed area of the wounds (%) over 10 days of treatment of group 1 animals (Control). - Figure 2 shows the unhealed wound area (%) over 10 days of treatment of Group 2 animals (AGE).

 - Figure 3 shows the unhealed area of wounds (%) over 10 days of treatment of Group 3 animals (Rice Oil).

 - Figure 4 presents a graph regarding cellularity on the control side of the 3 groups.

 - Figure 5 presents a graph regarding the cellularity on the treated side in the three groups.

 Brief description of attachments

 - Annex 1 shows the aspect of the side injuries subjected to the treatments for four days.

 Detailed Description of the Invention

 The present invention discloses a topical rice oil healing composition.

 The main examples of products which may be prepared from the composition object of the present invention are:

 - lotion;

 - cream;

 - ointment;

 - Post;

 - sprays;

 - folders; ,

 - gels;

 - Suspensions and

 - Stickers.

 The composition of the present invention comprises the following components:

 - rice oil;

 - Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

In addition to these components, the composition of the present invention may further comprise optional components to provide some desirable characteristic not achieved with the aforementioned components such as emollient, humectant, chelating agent, thickening system, antioxidant component, preservative system, colorants and flavorings.

 The components used in the composition of the present invention as well as other components optionally added in the formulation will be described in more detail below. For each product prepared the concentrations and components may vary.

Rice oil

 The rice oil employed is obtained by the process described in patent application BR1020120087189, and added in concentration ranging from 0.001% to 99.999%, preferably 70%.

 The dosage of rice oil, extracted through the patent BR 10 2012 0087189, to be used depends on many factors, such as the causative agent, the age, weight and clinical condition of the patient as well as the experience and judgment of the physician or professional. who administers the therapy. The effective amount of rice oil provides the patient improvement detectable by a qualified practitioner. The dosage range varies with the compound used, the route of administration and the potency of the particular compound. Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle:

 Local absorption and effectiveness of the present invention can be improved by using as appropriate carrier an appropriate amount of medium chain essential fatty acids or other chemical compounds known to facilitate absorption and delivery of the active compounds of the present invention used as a carrier for oil. of rice. This will be the preferred carrier of the composition of the present invention by a suitable percentage (q.s.p.) to achieve 100% of the formula based on the total weight of the composition. Still other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be used as saline and buffers.

In addition to these components, the composition of the present invention may further comprise optional components such as: - Chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its salts;

 PH adjusting agent such as triethanolamine or inorganic hydroxides;

 Preservative such as parabens, organic acids, imidazolidinines, diazolidines, phenolic alcohols;

 - Emollient such as alcohols and fatty acids, esters, ethers, mono-, di- or triglycerides, natural or synthetic hydrocarbons or organic carbonates and combinations thereof.

 Humectant such as glycols, preferably glycerin, propylene glycol, butylene glycol and combinations thereof.

 Bacteriostatic agent such as methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chloride and the like.

 - Active ingredients such as antibiotics, anesthetics, pain killers and scaling. Examples of representative drugs within these classes include gentamicin, benzoyl peroxide, glucocorticoids, hydrocortisone, vitamin D3, methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids.

 - dyes;

 - Flavoring.

The composition described in the present invention may be prepared employing any process known in the prior art. Rice oil extracted through BR 10 2012 0087189 may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservative, buffer or propellant as required. Topical preparations can be made by combining rice oil extracted through BR 10 2012 0087189 with conventional pharmaceutical diluents and vehicles commonly used in dry, liquid, cream and aerosol topical formulations. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or lipid base with the addition of suitable thickening or gelling agents. Ointments, creams, pastes and gels may also contain excipients such as vegetable and animal fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, cellulose derivatives, talc, zinc oxide, silicones, polyethylene glycol, silicic acid among others. Powders and sprays may contain excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate and polyamide powder, or a mixture of these substances. Additionally, sprays may contain propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbon, butane and propane.

 Example 1: In Vivo Testing

 For the tests we used isogenic rats of Rattus norvegicus albinus strain NTacUnib: SD (SpragueDawIey), with an average age of 7 weeks and weight between 220 to 270g. The experiment was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Campinas, according to Federal Law 6.638.

 After the cage adaptation period, the animals were prepared to perform the wounds and began to receive daily treatments with the different types of oil, separated into "groups" as shown in table 1 below. In each group of animals were subdivided to be sacrificed on days 2, 4 and 10 after the first treatment application.

 The change in the projected periods for two, seven and 14 day sacrifices occurred because a faster than expected healing process was clinically observed in the shorter periods of 4 and 10 days. most appropriate.

 Respecting the direction of the head to the tail, in all animals four wounds were made on the left side, designated "A", "B", "C" and "D" and those on the right side another four designated "E". "," F "," G "and" H ". The left side always received the product of "Control" or "Witness" and the right the "Treatment".

Table 1 schematically shows the distribution of wounds and treatments received by each group of animals. Table 1. Treatments applied in each study group.

 Left Side (Control) Right Side (Treatment)

Group 1 Occlusive dressing with sterile gauze Mineral oil

Group 2 Mineral Oil Essential Fatty Acids

Group 3 Mineral Oil Rice Oil

To receive the specified treatment and avoid stress, each animal was taken to a separate room from the others where it was anesthetized with a specific dose for its mass class with ketamine 50mg.kg ^"1 , xylazine 7.0mg. Kg ^{" 1} and diazepam 2 0.0 mg. kg ^"1. After it is completely anesthetized and the paravertebral completamete scapular regions were shaved and disinfected was made with a 2% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate for disinfection of the area where the wound would be produced.

 In the trichotomized area, 4 wounds were made on the right side and 4 on the left side, 1 cm bristle along the spine. For a better homogeneity of wounds between the 8 wounds of each animal and among all animals studied, a 6mm diameter disposable circular scalpel was used for a disc-shaped cut across the depth of the skin. The disc-shaped cutaneous fragment was lifted by forceps and excised with scissors.

Immediately after the wounds were produced, the animal received the first application of the wound-specific product as stipulated in table 1, which was covered with gauze on each side of the animal to prevent contamination of the different oils applied to the same animal. The gauze was attached by micropore-type adhesive and reinforced with external adhesive. The wounds were cleaned daily with saline, the treatments repeated with the respective oils and the bandages replaced until the day determined for the sacrifice. For daily dressings, the animals were not anesthetized so that there was no interference with hepatic metabolism, since all animals accepted all procedures without aggression and were tolerant to manipulation. The back and each wound of each animal were photographed with camera and digital magnifying glass, respectively, for later evaluation. After a draw for sacrifice on days 2, 4 or 10, the animals in which the wounds had been produced were again anesthetized with thiopental (85.0 mg. Kg ^"1 ), photographically documented and decapitated with guillotine. Immediately after, blood was collected. for dosing of inflammation-related substances by the Elisa technique.

 The skin of the trichotomized areas of the dorsal region was excised to the fascia, separating the proximal halves, with two wounds on each side for 10% formal fixation until the preparation of the slides for histopathological evaluation.

 New biopsies with circular slides of the same diameter were made at the four points of the anterior biopsies in the caudal portion of the excised skin. Each of the four dermis or skin fragments removed were immediately identified and placed in a container containing liquid nitrogen and cryopreserved at -80 ° C at the end of the experiment until preparation for the tissue real time PCR of the inflammation-associated substances. .

 The visual assessment made during the daily manipulation of each animal, for treatment renewal, photographic recording and dressing change, indicated that in group 1 there was faster healing on the side treated with mineral oil when compared to the side that was only treated. saline was used and a comparatively significant improvement of group 3 animals treated with rice oil. From the second or third day, a more effective wound healing could be observed in this group. An example of the appearance of injuries on the fourth day of treatment can be seen in Annex 1.

On the sacrificial day of each animal, the animal wounds were photographed at constant focal length to maintain the same scale on all images. Unhealed areas were quantified in pixel number. Photo scales of excised specimens were corrected for area determination using "ImageTool v.3 UTHSCSA - The University of Texas Health Science Centerin San Antonio" software. For each treated wound on the right side of the animal, the reduction relative to its topographic opposite on the left untreated side was determined. Thus, it can be proportionally quantified how much of the treated wound remained unhealed after the beginning of the experiment, in relation to the injuries of the same animal and in the same transverse plane.

 Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the curves of the second degree polynomial regression, the percentage of unhealed wound area in the animals of groups 1, 2 and 3. The X-axis shows the number of days of treatment and the number of days. Y is the percentage of the unhealed wound area, considering that on day zero all wounds had the same area (100%). The red vertical bars represent when the average healing curve reached 75% wound and 25% healed and the black bars represent when 50% of the area was healed.

 There was a clear clinical difference in healing on the side that was only cleaned with saline and the side treated with mineral oil in the animals of group 1. This observation reinforces the knowledge described since 1945 that healing is more effective maintaining humid environment (Field & Kerstein, 1994). The animals of group 3 (rice oil) presented better healing process clinically than the other groups. The rats treated with rice oil showed the best recovery during the 10 days of treatment, and it was possible to observe improvement from the third day.

The results found with the measurement of ulcer areas showed a higher rate of healing with mineral oil, AGE and rice oil. The healing area was sometimes difficult to measure by the presence of scabs that did not detach from the delicate cleaning. This result can be observed in the graphs shown in figures 1, 2 and 3, where group 3 presents results with very large variation on day 10, due to the presence of crusts, which made the most accurate measurement of the. Healed area. The crusts that persisted to the gentle attempt to remove were not removed because doing so insistently would also remove cells attached to them, interfering with the natural healing process. Therefore, objective histological evaluation was considered the most relevant parameter.

Example 2: Histological Analysis

 The wounds of the proximal portion were initially stored in 90 ° alcohol for 24 hours and then in 10% formaldehyde in individual bottles properly identified for the preparation of slides for histological analysis. After extraction of each wound from a longitudinal section covering the entire remaining wound or scar, the part was stained by the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) method and contained in paraffin block for microtome work and slide assembly.

 The blades were subjectively and objectively analyzed to estimate the wound healing rate blindly, that is, without the evaluators knowing the identification of the blade they were examining. 1) Subjective histological evaluation

 Subjective histological evaluation was done blindly, that is, the dermatopathologist who participated in the project made the evaluation without knowing the identification of the slides she was examining.

On day 2 (inflammatory phase) it can be observed that the reepithelialization had already started, that is, the epidermis began to proliferate to cover the wound (the faster the healing, the greater the extent of the wound that already had reepithelization), however, At this stage of the procedure, it was not justified to assess the extent of the wound that was already reepithelized, because all animals were beginning this process. The vessels were very congested; The greater the number of dilated vessels at this stage, the better for healing to occur. A subjective assessment was made: 0 = mild; 1 = evident. In the next phase, they were no longer as dilated, but their cells began to proliferate and were evaluated in the item "cellularity". The very immature dermal collagen tissue began to be observed, little cellular, with much basophil fundamental substance. It is known that for this phase, the more early young connective tissue is healing. At cells of this connective tissue may already begin to appear at this stage of healing and the more present, the better the healing process. Cellularity was also estimated, subjectively: 0 = very low; 1 = low; 2 = evident; The percentage of young collagen present in the operative cavity was also subjectively estimated.

 Although there is no histological evaluation on day 3, it can be inferred by evaluating animals on day 4 that in this phase there was a significant increase in cellularity. These were endothelial cells (from newly formed vessels that bring nutrition to help heal) and collagen-producing cells (fibroblasts and myofibroblasts). Collagen may be seen in greater quantity on day 4 in those with earlier healing.

By day 4 the proliferative phase, reepithelialization, was already well advanced, with a larger extension of the reepithelialization area. Healing was evaluated: (0 = incipient; 1 = advanced; 2 = complete or almost complete). At this stage there were still a significant number of cells, but in animals in the early stage of healing, the cellularity that began on ^Q3 begins to decrease as as collagen is produced, it inhibits production. cells (called contact inhibition) and in the animals in these animals with earlier healing there was already mature collagen. Those with less effective healing had more cells and less mature collagen (observed as thicker acidophilic fibers) and quite immature collagen, as on day 2. The cavity formed in the experiment was already partially filled; however, not the central area. It was subjectively estimated the percentage of filling relative to the adjacent normal skin (in 5). As for the tissue that filled the wound and contained cells, fibrin, young collagen and mature collagen; The amount of mature collagen fibers was subjectively estimated (0 = no amount; 1 = few fibers; 2 = more evident fibers; 3 = several fibers; 4 = numerous fibers).

By day 10 (remodeling phase) many animals already had complete reepithelialization. Some still had remnants of the young collagen (the same as day 2) which has not yet been replaced by the mature collagen fiber. thick. Much of the cavity formed in the experiment is already filled; however, the central area was still depressed relative to adjacent normal skin. Fill was estimated as a percentage. Regarding the tissue that was filling the surgical wound, in this phase we observed more cellular and other less areas, in inverse proportion to the number of mature collagen fibers. A percentage estimate of the amount of mature collagen fibers that occupied the tissue filling the wound was made.

 Subjective analysis, on the second day of the experiment, showed greater cellularity and presence of young collagen in the animals treated with rice oil. On day 4, there was more pronounced reepithelization in rice oil, AGE and mineral oil, respectively. Cellularity was already lower in animals treated with rice oil and AGE, but the filling was higher in animals of the control group. At day 10, the fill was consistently higher in the rice oil treated animals.

 Subjective evaluation showed no statistical difference between groups, but suggested better healing in animals that used rice oil in the parameters observed on the second day. On the fourth day, the findings suggested lower cellularity in the two groups: AGE and rice oil, however the filling appeared to be higher in the animals of the untreated group. On day 10 of the experiment the filling was better in the group treated with rice oil.

2) Objective histological evaluation

 Objective evaluation was performed under a microscope with a cycloid screen for cell counting. The number of cells in the cuts responsible for wound healing was evaluated. For this, the cell nuclei that touched the cycloid half circles were quantified.

In the cycloid there are 30 half circles. Each nucleus that touches one of the cycloids or half circles was counted. This is a comparative method that shows whether healing is developed (adult, composed of fibrocytes) or if you are still young (composed of fibroblasts). In the "adult phase" the number of nuclei is small; In the "young phase", the number of nuclei is higher. Thus, if a sample has many nuclei, it can be said that the tissue is young (it is still at the beginning of the healing process).

 The results can be seen in Figures 4 and 5. The lowest cellularity was observed in the sides treated with rice oil and AGE, suggesting a better healing in these animals.

 The objective evaluation showed a lower cellularity in rice oil treated ulcers compared to the contralateral side in which ulcers were treated with mineral oil which documented a better healing with this oil. The ulcers treated with rice oil and later with AGE had better healing than when only mineral oil and saline were used in the ulcers of group 1 animals. The results found in the rice oil treatment suggest a possible systemic action of the oil because The control side cell count of the rice oil group animals was lower than that of group 1.

 It was not possible to detect statistical differences between groups possibly due to the size of the samples, because looking at the averages of each group it can be noted that group 1 reduced the amount of cells almost half of what group 3 was able to reduce. Despite this great difference the statistical analyzes were not significant. The same could have happened with the tests within each group. It can be said that there is a statistical difference between the smaller number of cells found in animals treated with group 3 and the number of cells found in the untreated side of group 1.

3) Statistical analysis of cell count

 The analysis was made to investigate the existence or not of differences between the three groups under study (1, 2 and 3) and also within each group by assessing possible differences between treatment and control within the groups.

• Study of the Difference Between Groups For this study we considered the difference in the number of cells between treatment and control, ie, in each of the groups the differences in the number of cells counted between control and treatment were computed. After determining this difference, the analysis of variance (ANAVA) was applied to these data.

 According to ANAVA it can be said that there is no significant difference in cell count between the three groups under study, because the p-value was 0.8573, which is greater than the significance level of 0, 05

 · Study of Difference Within Group 1

 For the evaluation within group 1 the Student's t-test was applied, using a significance level of 0.05.

 According to Student's t test, there is no significant difference between control and treatment in group 1.

 · Study of Difference Within Group 2

 For evaluation within group 2, the Student's t-test was applied, using a significance level of 0.05.

 According to Student's t-test, there is no significant difference between control and treatment in group 2.

 · Study of Difference Within Group 3

 For evaluation within group 3, the Student's t-test was applied, using a significance level of 0.05.

 According to Student's t-test, there is no significant difference between control and treatment in group 3.

 · Study of the Difference Between Group 1 Control and Treatment of

Group 2

 For this evaluation, the Student's t-test was applied, using a significance level of 0.05.

According to Student's t-test there is no significant difference between group 1 control and group 2 treatment, although the p-value is very close to 0.05. • Study of the Difference Between Group 1 Control and Group 3 Treatment

 For this evaluation, the Student's t-test was applied, using a significance level of 0.05.

 According to Student's t-test, there is a significant difference between group 1 control and group 3 treatment.

 Example 3: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) - Real time PCR (analysis of inflammatory cytokines in scar tissue)

 Total RNA was extracted from frozen skin samples at -80 ° C by Qiazol reagent method (Qiagen, USA). For cDNA production, the High CapacitycDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was used, with the final cDNA concentration being 3.0 µg. This cDNA was diluted to the concentration required for the efficient amplification of each gene. This efficiency was verified according to the method described below.

 Real-time PCR reactions were performed using the TaqMan ™ system (AppliedBiosystems) which consists of a pair of primers and a fluorophore labeled probe. TaqMan ™ assays kits (AppliedBiosystems) were used for all genes, namely: adiponectin (Rn00595250_m1), leptin (Rn00565158_m1), IL-2 (Rn00587673_m1), IL-4 (Rn01456866_m1), IL-6 (Rn014) 12 (Rn00575112_m1), IFN-α (Rn01400027_g1), IFN-Y (Rn00594078_m1), IGF-1 (Rn00710306_m1) and TNF-α (Rn00562055_m1).

 The GAPDRaX gene (TaqMan ™ - AppliedBiosystems), Partnumber 4352338E, was chosen as endogenous reaction control. It serves to normalize the expression of the gene of interest in the different samples. The GAPD probe is labeled with VIC® fluorophore, while target primers are labeled with FAM® fluorophore.

Prior to starting relative quantitation experiments on the expression of any gene, the target gene system, for example adiponectin and leptin, was validated with the endogenous control GAPD rat. Gene amplification efficiencies were found to be close to 100%. This step is essential for endogenous control to be used to normalize the relative expression values of the gene of interest.

Validation of the efficiency of the genes of interest consisted in amplifying, with both the gene of interest and endogenous control primers, triplicate cDNAs of different concentrations (serial dilutions) of a randomly selected sample. Then a standard curve was constructed from the log concentration of the samples by the Ct [ThresholdCycle: cycle in which each amplification curve crosses the detection threshold (which is arbitrarily defined). In this curve, the slope values of the curve and the reliability of the replicas (R2) were obtained. Thus, the efficiency of a system was calculated by the formula: E = io ^{('/ stope)} -1. To exemplify, the adiponectin, leptin and GAPD gene validation plate, triplicates of a rat hepatocyte cDNA sample were made at 7 different concentrations (5x serial dilutions).

After calculating the amplification efficiencies of each gene of interest and the endogenous control, a scatter plot was constructed, which aims to define the range of concentrations for which the system is efficient. For the construction of the graph, the same logarithm values of the concentration of the samples on the X axis were used and the difference between the means of the endogenous control Cts and the means of the gene of interest for each concentration on the Y axis. A trend line for these values was obtained, which has a straight line equation that allows to verify the slope value of this straight line. For a system to be considered efficient, the slope value must be less than 0.1 (the closer to zero this value is, the smaller the slope of the curve and, therefore, the more constant is the difference between the mean Cts of the gene of interest and endogenous control). The points on the graph corresponding to the concentrations that are closest to the trend line are validated (the system is 100% efficient at these concentrations).

 Also to exemplify, the sample concentration validated as efficient for the adiponectin, leptin and GAPD \ o genes is 40.0 ng of cDNA.

 For relative quantification of the genes under study, real-time PCR reactions were performed in triplicate from: 6.25μΙ_ TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystmes, Foster City, CA, USA) 2x, 0.625μΙ_ primers and probe, 1, 625μΙ_ of water and 4.0μΙ_ of cDNA (40ng cDNA), and in the negative control, 4.0 μΙ of water was added instead of cDNA. The cycling conditions used were: 50 ° C for 2 minutes, 95 ° C for 10 minutes and 40 cycles of 95 ° C for 15 seconds and 60 ° C for 1 minute. Relative gene expression values were obtained by analyzing the results in the 7500 System SDS Software program (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

 All values presented in the tables below are with the calculated RQ data, which is the relative quantification.

 The methods for relative quantification of gene expression allow quantifying differences in the level of expression of a specific gene (target) between different samples. Data production is expressed as a change or difference in the number of times in expression levels. For the study, two analyzes were made: in one analysis, a sample was chosen as a calibrator and an endogenous gene was also chosen to normalize the results. The standardized results obtained are always relative to the calibrator data. The calibrator sample used for all groups presented the median value among the three measurements performed for each treatment day (two, four or ten days). In the other, each treated wound sample was calibrated with a control sample from the animal itself; thus each sample had a different and specific calibrator.

The tables below summarize these results: Table 2: Summaries of the RQ values found for the different cytokines evaluated in groups 1, 2 and 3, in relation to group 1, by Real Time PCR.

 QPCR results compared to control group

 Adipo leptin

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 1,00971 0.999784 0.293 Day 2 1 N / A N / A

Day 4 1.61285 2.80048 0.314 Day 4 0.68595 2.9599 N / A

Day 10 0.84471 2.63851 3,1362 Day 10 1.30254 3.0155 15.894

 IL-2 11-4

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 1,000 N / A 209.64 Day 2 N / A N / A N / A

Day 4 1.58364 2.5122 17.1999 Day 4 N / A N / A N / A

Day 10 0.98421 N / A 7.9337 Day 10 N / A N / A N / A

 IL-6 11-12

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 29.5485 19.8944 0.02826 Day 2 0.99209 2.78657 0.98608

Day 4 1.74044 1.34772 0.00021 Day 4 1.26476 7.87765 0.01848

Day 10 3.11884 4.32348 0.06813 Day 10 0.77279 0.79403 7.32084

 TNF-IGF-1

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 4.09404 35.7803 1.33 Day 2 0.81582 2.56724 1.01068

Day 4 0.71205 0.96728 0.00256 Day 4 0.999639 6.40828 0.01019

Day 10 0.899728 0.30012 0.06964 Day 10 0.75066 2.65234 0.86222

 IFN-a IFN-y

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 2,29617 0.03855 2,11287 Day 2 1 N / A 2,31363

Day 4 1.02605 0.03206 2.66224 Day 4 1.22638 22.77 N / A

Day 10 1.00148 0.10674 2.0163 Day 10 1.72811 3.25803 0.36501

Note: The values reported as N / A were not detected by this technique in the studied samples, as the values were below the minimum detection limits of the device. Table 3: Summaries of the RQ values found for the different cytokines evaluated in groups 1, 2 and 3, in relation to the control side of the animal itself, using Real Time PCR.

 QPCR results regarding contralateral wound

 Adipo leptin

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 6.902 65.716 0.455 Day 2 0.88 4.268 N / A

Day 4 7,564 37,325 0.781 Day 4 2,771 0 N / A

Day 10 2,346 1,338 0,928 Day 10 0,551 N / A 13,11

 IL-2 11-4

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 1.3186 N / A 118.401 Day 2 N / A N / A N / A

Day 4 0.6148 10.9366 64.549 Day 4 N / A N / A N / A

Day 10 0.6724 N / A 87.6928 Day 10 N / A N / A N / A

 IL-6 IL-12

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ. RQ RQ RQ

Day 2 12.3191 147.095 0.0094 Day 2 0.12 1.2205 2.5071

Day 4 87.02 2.9262 0.0152 Day 4 1.324 21.0793 0.4904

Day 10 24.3623 21.7462 0.461 Day 10 2.202 11.4966 3.6853

 TNF-a IGF-1

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 20.3023 2.9281 6.0588 Day 2 1.077 28.925 14,352

Day 4 220,658 4294.2 0.1521 Day 4 20,973 38,007 0.124

Day 10 18.6083 6.219 5297.51 Day 10 2.075 247.286 0.034

 IFN-a IFN-y

 AGE Rice Control AGE Rice Control

RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ

 Day 2 1.6018 0.3388 0.209 Day 2 0.212 N / A 0.003

Day 4 0.3781 0.0105 0.22 Day 4 25.756 798.241 N / A

Day 10 0.3879 0.0279 9.9995 Day 10 3.166 44.6627 0

1) Real time PCR statistical analysis

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the existence of differences between the study groups and the days after the injury, in which the animals. An analysis of variance (ANAVA) was used considering a two-factor experiment and then the Scott-Knott mean test at 5% significance was applied.

CRP for adiponectin compared to group 1

 Looking at the dataset, you can see that there is a very different value from the others. Removing this observation that can be considered an outlier, the assumptions were met and the ANAVA can be applied.

 • ANAVA table: according to the analysis of variance table it can be observed that none of the factors under study presented significance, not even the interaction.

CRP for adiponectin in relation to contralateral wound

 As the ANAVA assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.5454545. After the transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met.

 According to the analysis of variance table it can be observed that none of the factors under study presented significance, not even the interaction.

 PCR for leptin compared to group 1

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied.

 The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.7272727. After the transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met.

 According to the split ANAVA table, it is observed that the amounts of leptin (in relation to group 1) show differences between the groups only on days 4 and 10. For better detail, the Scott mean test was applied. -Knott, which is presented below.

• Group behavior when day is 2: when day is 2, groups do not behave differently. • Behavior of groups when day is 4: when day is 4, leptin amounts (compared to group 1) are higher in group

2. In the other groups we can consider the amounts of leptin equal to and lower than group 2.

 · Behavior of groups when day is 10: when day is 10, leptin amounts (compared to group 1) are higher in group

3. In the other groups we can consider the amounts of leptin equal to and lower than group 3.

 Leptin PCR versus contralateral wound

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.969697. After the transformation the assumptions of

ANAVA were attended.

 According to the analysis of variance table it is possible to observe that none of the factors under study presented significance, not even the interaction.

 CRP for IL - 2 compared to group 1

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.4646465. After the transformation, the assumptions were met.

 Only the group factor was significant.

 • Mean test for groups: group 3 has the highest amounts of IL-2 compared to the control group.

CRP for IL - 2 in relation to contralateral wound

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.9494949. After the transformation, the assumptions were met.

Regarding the control of the animal itself, there are no statistical differences. CRP for IL - 6 compared to group 1

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.8686869. After the transformation it was possible to perform the ANAVA.

 Only the group factor was significant; The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between the groups.

 • Mean test for groups: Group 3 has the highest amounts of IL-6 compared to the control group.

CRP for IL - 6 in relation to contralateral wound

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.4242424. After the transformation it was possible to perform the ANAVA.

 Only the group factor was significant; Scott's test was applied

Knott to identify differences between groups.

 • Group means test: in relation to the animal as its own control, only group 3 was statistically different and inferior to the other groups.

CRP for IL - 12 compared to group 1

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.6666667. After the transformation the assumptions of

ANAVA were attended.

 According to the variance analysis table above, it can be observed that the interaction was significant and the interaction should be unfolded.

• Behavior of groups when day is 2: when day is 2, the 3 groups do not differ from each other.

• Behavior of groups when day is 4: the amount found in group 2 is highest among all and the smallest is that of group 3. • Behavior of groups when the day is 10: when the day is 10, the 3 groups do not differ from each other.

 • Breakdown of days within each group level:

 • Day behavior when group is 1: when group is 1, the amounts of IFN-γ (compared to group 1) do not differ from days.

 • Behavior of day when group is 2: when group is 2, the amounts of INF-g (relative to group 1) do not differ with respect to days.

 · Day behavior when group is 3: when group is 3, the days

2 and 4 showed statistically equal and higher amounts of IL-12 than the animals evaluated on day 10.

CRP for IL - 12 in relation to contralateral wound

 As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.4848485. After the transformation, ANAVA's presuppositions were met.

 According to the variance analysis table above it can be observed that the interaction between groups and days was not significant and only the difference between groups is significant.

 • Group means test: compared to the wound, group 2 had higher IL-12 values.

CRP for TNF - a compared to group 1

 As the ANAVA assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.05050505. After the transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met.

Only the day factor was significant; The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between the groups. • Test of means for days: on days 2 and 10 the amounts of TNF-a were higher (and statistically equal) than those found on day 4.

 CRP for TNF - a in relation to contralateral wound

 As the ANAVA assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.2727273. After transformation, ANAVA was performed.

 Only the group factor was significant; The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between the groups.

 · Group means test: the quantities found in groups 1 and 2 were higher (and statistically equal) than those found in group 3.

 IGF - 1 PCR compared to group 1

 Removing a value that can be considered an outlier, the ANAVA assumption tests were again performed and yet the data did not normalize and the variances did not homogenize. Then the Box-Cox transformation was also performed. The value of λ used for the transformation was 0.3434343. After this transformation the assumptions for ANAVA were met.

 According to the analysis of variance table it can be observed that only the group factor was significant, that is, there are differences only between the groups and not between the days on which the animals were evaluated. The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between groups.

 · Group means test: The test indicates that groups 1 and 3 are statistically equal and lower in quantity than group 2.

IGF - 1 PCR in relation to contralateral wound

As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.3838384. After the transformation the assumptions were met. According to the analysis of variance table it can be observed that the group factor was significant. The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between groups.

 • Group means test: Scott-Knott test indicated that groups 1 and 3 are statistically equal and IGF-1 amounts

(in relation to the wound) found in the blood of animals is less than the amounts found in the blood of group 2 animals.

IFN-α PCR compared to group 1

 As the ANAVA assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.212121. After transformation, ANAVA was performed.

 Only the group factor was significant; The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between the groups.

 • Group means test: according to the Scott-Knott test, group 2 presents lower amounts of IFN-α than groups 1 and

3, statistically equal and with higher quantities.

IFN-α CRP in relation to contralateral wound

 As the ANAVA assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -2.959596. After the transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met.

 Only the group factor was significant; The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between the groups.

 • Group means test: the three groups show differences in the quantities of IFN-α where the largest is group 3.

 IFN-γ PCR compared to group 1

As ANAVA's assumptions were not met, the Box-Cox transformation was applied. The value of λ used for the transformation was -0.1414141. After the transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met. According to the variance analysis table above it can be observed that the interaction was significant ie the effects caused by the groups and the days separately have different effects than when considering both factors at the same time.

 · Group split within each level of days: According to the split ANAVA table, we can see that the amounts of INF-γ (relative to group 1) show differences between groups on each day.

 • Behavior of the groups when the day is 2: the three groups present difference, with the largest amounts being found, respectively, in groups 2, 3 and 1.

 • Behavior of groups when day is 4: group 3 has more than groups 1 and 2.

 • Behavior of groups when the day is 10: group 2 is larger than groups 1 and 3.

 • Breakdown of days within each group level: Only groups 2 and 3 show different amounts of IFN-γ on different days.

 • Day behavior when group is 2: Quantities are higher on Day 2 than on other days.

 • Day behavior when the group is 3: the quantities found on day 10 are lower than the other days compared to the control group. IFN-γ PCR in relation to contralateral wound

 • Student's t-test for the groups: it can be said that there is no statistical difference between the analyzed groups, nor for the different days of treatment.

Regarding adiponectin, rice oil, in the local expression of this substance, can be seen that since day 2 its amount is lower than that expressed in the control and AGE groups. By analyzing the PCR results, it is possible to verify that the values increase on days 4 and 10. As adiponectin is anti-inflammatory, it is ideal that its levels are low in the onset of healing and increase near the end of the healing process (Berg, 2001), as seen in rice oil (adiponectin levels, although lower than those in the other groups, tend to increase along the healing process). Statistical analyzes for real time PCR show that in none of the groups and in none of the days did the animals present different amounts of adiponectin in relation to group 1 and in relation to the control side itself.

 Regarding the local expression values, leptin, the animals treated with AGE had its value increased on days 4 and 10 in relation to control group. According to the literature review, it is interesting that the amount of leptin is increased at the beginning of healing, since it favors the proliferation of keratinocytes (Nascimento, 2006), having been found a value three times higher in the group treated with keratin oil. rice in relation to the control group. As for local gene expression, when day is 4, the amounts of leptin (compared to group 1) are higher in group 2 and when day is 10, the largest amounts found were in group 3. When the side was compared treatment and control of each animal, statistically no differences were found.

IL-2, produced by neutrophils and responsible for keratinocyte and cocagen proliferation (Armour, 2007), is interesting that it is found at the beginning of the healing process and its level decreases to prevent hypertrophic scarring. The IL-2 levels of the rice oil treated animals were higher on day 2 and 4 compared to control and AGE groups, a result visualized by both the Elisa method and real time PCR; locally, the gene expression detected on day 4 was higher than the control group, but lower than the rice oil treated group. In the statistical analysis of real time PCR data, in relation to group 1, only group 3 presented larger amounts, since groups 1 and 2 are statistically equal. In animal data as its own control, the amount of IL-2 compared to the contralateral wound is higher in group 3 and the Scott-Knott test indicated that on days 2 and 4 The amounts of IL-2 are statistically equal and higher than the amounts found in the blood of the animals evaluated on day 10.

 IL-4 was not detectable by real time PCR.

 IL-6, in the local analysis, shows a decrease in the value expressed on day 2 and increase on day 10. As explained in the introduction, IL-6 is an important cytokine at the beginning of the healing process, where the highest levels, both local as systemically, they should be found. In other experiments it was also observed that the total absence of IL-6 in gene knockout mice healing time is three times longer (Lin, 2003). In the statistical analysis of the results of real time PCR, when the analysis was made considering the animal as its own control, the group presented the smallest amount, comparing with groups 1 and 2 (statistically equal and with higher amount of IL-6). ), which indicates greater systemic action of group 3, since the difference in the amounts of IL-6 in the treated wound and the control wound was the smallest of all groups. When the groups were compared with the control group, group 3 presented the highest amounts of IL-6 given a significant increase in D10. Observing the values obtained, it is noted that the levels of IL-6 were lower than the values found in D2 and D4 and there was a great increase already in the remodeling phase. Perhaps, if a subsequent dosage had been done, there would have been a systemic elevation of the levels of this cytokine, considering that the elevation in the application site should be prior to the systemic one.

Regarding IL-12, rice oil showed decreased local expression on days 2 and 4 compared to the control group. This decrease in IL-12 is desirable also in other inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, for example. The AGE group showed an increase in local gene expression every day. The role of IL-12 in healing is to stimulate the production of interferons by macrophages, and its increase is important (Ishida, 2004), which should occur in the final stages of healing. The real time PCR statistical analysis in relation to the control group allows us to say that there is statistical difference between the groups only on day 4, where the quantities found in group 2 are superior to those in groups 1 and 3 (statistically equal). In relation to the animal itself, only group 2 presented statistically higher quantities compared to groups 1 and 3.

 In the statistical analyzes of real time PCR data for TNF-α, it is not possible to verify statistical difference in both the control group and the contralateral wound analysis. This is due to the fact that there is great variation between the data of each day and each group, where the possible calculable differences would be due to this variation and not to a real difference between the treatments. The analysis could possibly be performed if the number of samples for the test were larger. However, when observing the average values of this substance obtained in the tissue in each group (Table 3, page 34), it is noted that in the rice oil treated group there was a lower amount of TNF-α in the three days analyzed. This may suggest a tissue anti-TNF-α action and consequent systemic elevation observed on days 4 and 10. Several immunobiological drugs, such as those used in psoriasis, have anti-TNF-α action which apparently occurred in the tissue.

IGF-1 is elevated in the early phase (day 2) of the healing process, which can be treated with rice oil or AGE, a result observed in real time PCR. From day 4, rice oil decreases in the amount of IGF-1 until day 10 and AGE continues to increase on day 4 and falls on day 10. As this substance indirectly acts on healing (it increases the function of other As PDGF-2) is related to the increase in skin thickness, it is expected that the circulating amount is not high in the second and third stages of healing, as a high amount of this substance may lead to the development of hypertrophic scarring (Chen , 2010). In the statistical analysis of real time PCR, it can be said that, when compared with the control group, the day does not interfere with the results of the group and that groups 1 and 3 are statistically equal and IGF-1 amounts are higher in group 2. Regarding the analysis in relation to the contralateral wound, it is not possible to establish a statistical difference, as there is a high variation between the same day samples. and same group. Similar to TNF-α, the statistical differences would not be relative to a real difference between the groups, but rather due to this high variation.

 IFN-α showed slight decrease on day 2 and increase on day 4 in local gene expression. In the statistical analyzes of real time PCR, in relation to the control group, the Scott-Knott test shows that groups 1 and 3 present the highest average amounts of IFN-α, being statistically equal and higher than group 2. to the animal as its own control, the Scott-Knott test shows that all groups present difference, with the largest amounts being presented by groups 3, 1 and 2, respectively.

 IFN-γ, when compared to local expression, when treated with rice oil showed an increase on day 2 and AGE treated showed an increase on days 4 and 10, compared to the control group. In the real time PCR statistical analyzes in relation to group 1, when the day is 2 there are no statistical differences. When day is 4 and 10, group 2 is the one with the highest amounts of IFN-γ. In the analysis relating the treated side with the control side of each animal, no statistical differences were found comparing the groups and the treatment days. The test results were all not significant due to the large variability caused by the large amount of undetected values. Looking at the data set, only for group 1 there is a greater number of data and in the other groups few samples detected the substance.

Example 4: Elisa (analysis of inflammatory cytokines in serum)

This assay employs the quantitative sandwich immunoassay technique. A target substance-specific monoclonal antibody is pre-added to a microplate at the factory. Samples, controls and standards are pipetted into the wells and if the test substance is present it will be bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing the unbound substances, a substance-specific enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody is added to the wells. After a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells. The reaction enzyme produces a blue product that turns yellow when "stop solution" is added. The color measurement intensity is in proportion to the amount of target substance bound in the initial step. The sample values are then read from the standard curve.

 For the reactions performed in this document, commercial Elisa Quantikine kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, USA) were used for the substances IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-6, IGF-1, IFN-a, IFN-γ and TNF-a; For leptin and adiponectin substances commercial kits provided by Millipore (St. Charles, Missouri, USA) were used.

 The plates from the 10 kits were analyzed on the BioRad 680 Microplate Reader, BioRadLaboratories (Hercules, CA, USA) at 490 and 570nm wavelengths as recommended by the manufacturers.

 Measurements and quantifications of inflammatory cytokines dosed by Elisa technique are summarized in Table 4 below:

 Table 4: Summary of values found in cytokine dosages by the Elisa method

 ELISA results for Adiponectin ELISA results for Leptin

AGE RICE CONTROL AGE RICE CONTROL IA 2 8972.18 11116.1 8906.27 DAY 2 0.26 0.47 0.84 IA 4 8337.17 8712.68 6242.34 DAY 4 0.74 0.43 0.59 IA 10 16526.4 13466.2 9145.04 DAY 10 0.74 0.76 1.16

ELISA results for IL 2 ELISA results for IL 4

 AGE RICE CONTROL AGE RICE CONTROL

 15,671

 IA 2 41.0803 2 285.766 DAY 2 10.24 5.21 15.2 IA 4 14.4842 -2.3757 62.4561 DAY 4 13.36 4.29 8.05 IA 10 6.88647 93.3245 - 19,948 DAY 10 6.67 6.03 9.6

ELISA results for IL-6 ELISA results for IL 12

AGE RICE CONTROL AGE RICE CONTROL IA 2 280,107 255,535 106,935 DAY 2 5,91296 -7,2662 2,47256 IA 4 256,329 259,481 78,4776 DAY 4 -1,3491 -10,403 -4,6988 AI 10 276,947 222,988 96,0668 DAY 10 -2,1553 -7,009 -1,6031

ELISA results for TNF-a ELISA results for IGF-1

 AGE RICE CONTROL AGE RICE CONTROL IA 2 2.7634 -0.4749 4.20729 DAY 2 594564 602213 623912 IA 4 -8.5174 -12.129 10.3364 DAY 4 767184 884841 665231 IA 10 -8.8164 -3,6932 11 , 4599 DAY 10 786540 647642 443059

IFN-a ELISA Results IFN-y ELISA Results

 AGE RICE CONTROL AGE RICE CONTROL IA 2 21,1994 21,9283 18,717 DAY 2 42,5712 39,401 35,951 IA 4 21,5645 17,2499 13,3764 DAY 4 196,445 42,1167 60,3296 IA 10 25,6879 17,2483 26,082 DAY 10 141,806 35,5736 34,9849

1) Elisa's statistical analysis

 The objective of the statistical analysis of this test was to evaluate the existence of differences between the study groups and the days after the injury in which the animals were evaluated. An analysis of variance (ANAVA) was used considering a two-factor experiment and then the Scott-Knott mean test at 5% significance was applied.

Adiponectin ELISA

 The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between groups and days.

 According to the Scott-Knott test, group 3 has lower amounts than groups 1 and 2 (statistically higher and equal). • Mean Day Test: According to the above test, adiponectin values found on day 10 were higher than those found on days 2 and 4.

Leptin ELISA Test

 According to the statistical analysis performed, there are no differences between the groups and days analyzed.

ELISA test for IL-2

Apart from the observation considered an outlier, all ANAVA assumptions were met. According to Anava's table, the values found for IL-2 none of the factors under study presented significance, not even the interaction.

 ELISA Test for IL-4

 According to Anava's table, the values found for

IL-4 none of the factors under study showed significance, not even the interaction.

 ELISA test for IL-6

 The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between groups.

 According to the Scott-Knott test, values varied in the three groups, with the highest value found in group 1, followed by groups 2 and 3, respectively.

ELISA test for IL-12

 Then, the Scott-Knott test was applied to identify the differences between the groups and the days.

 • Group means test: according to the Scott-Knott test, group 2 presents lower amounts of IL-12 compared to groups 1 and 3 (statistically higher and equal).

 · Mean test for days: IL-12 amounts are higher on day 2, while values found on days 4 and 10 are lower and statistically equal.

TNF-a ELISA Test

 According to the analysis of variance table it is possible to observe that the interaction was significant. When the interaction is significant, it is only necessary to unfold the interaction, not being necessary to study the factors in isolation.

 Group breakdown within each level of days:

• Group behavior when day is 2: when day analyzed is 2, there are no differences between groups. • Behavior of the groups when the day is 4: when the analyzed day is 4, the values found in group 3 are higher than those found in groups 1 and 2, respectively.

 • Behavior of groups when the day is 10: when the analyzed day is 10, the values found in group 3 are higher than those found in groups 2 and 1, respectively.

 Breakdown of days within each group level:

• Behavior of day when group 1 is - when group 1 is analyzed separately, the value found on day 2 is higher than those found on days 4 and 10, respectively.

 • Day behavior when group 2: No statistical differences were found in group 2 when analyzed separately.

 • Behavior of day when group 3 is: when analyzed only group 3, no statistical differences are found, although the value found on day 2 is lower than the other days analyzed.

 IGF-1 ELISA Test

 According to the Anava table, the values found for IGF-1 showed no statistical differences.

LFN-a ELISA Test

 According to the statistical analysis performed, there are no statistical differences between the groups or between the days analyzed.

IFN-γ ELISA

 After Box-Cox transformation, ANAVA's assumptions were met.

 The Scott-Knott test was applied to identify differences between groups and days.

• Group means test: according to the above test, it is possible to verify that group 1 presented higher quantities than groups 3 and 2, respectively. • Mean test for days: According to the Scott-Knott test for the analyzed day, the values found on day 4 were higher than the other days.

 Regarding the expression of adiponectin, it can be noted that with rice oil there was a systemic decrease in the amount present in the serum in relation to the control group and AGE; from day 2 the decrease is small, but on days 4 and 10 there is a significant decrease. As for AGE, there is a systemic increase in circulating quantity on days 2 and 4, decreasing on day 10. The Scott-Knott test indicated that groups 1 and 2 are statistically equal and the amounts of adiponectin found in the animals' blood is higher. than the amount found in the blood of animals in group 3. In this group, only animals that were analyzed on day 10 had a higher amount of adiponectin than the other days.

 Leptin had its systemic value increased compared to the group in both the AGE and rice oil-treated groups on days 2 and 10 (on both days the largest increase was in the rice oil-treated group) and decreased values. measured at day 4 (major decrease in the group treated with AGE). Statistically, however, it can be said that in none of the groups and on any day the animals presented different amounts of leptin systemically.

 For IL-2, a systemic decrease can be seen on day 10. This result is consistent with that found in the work by Sierra and colleagues (Sierra, 2005). Also by the Elisa technique, the animals treated with AGE decreased on days 2 and 4 and increased on day 10. However, according to the analysis of variance table of the Elisa test it can be observed that in none of the groups and in any of the days the animals showed statistically different amount of IL-2 in the blood.

IL-4 had its level increased systemically in the rice oil group compared to the control group on days 2 and 10 and decreased on day 4. The AGE-treated group had its systemic values decreased throughout the treatment. This cytokine has its function in early healing phase by depositing tenascin on the injured tissue; It is a cytokine little expressed in the adult, being reexpressed in the cicatricial processes (Makhluf, 1996). Keeping this in mind, the result presented by rice oil is the best among the groups, as it was the one that presented the largest amount of this on day 2 of healing. This result was different from that found by Sierra, where oryzanol decreased the amount of IL-4 (Sierra, 2005). According to the analysis of variance table, however, it can be said that in none of the groups and on any day the animals showed statistically different blood amounts of IL-4.

 IL-6 has its lowest values in the rice oil treated group throughout the healing process both locally and systemically. The group treated with AGE presents systemic fall on days 2 and 10 compared to the control group and there is no difference on day 4. According to the analysis of variance table regarding the days for Elisa tests we can say that the animals presented same amount of IL-6 in the blood every day they were evaluated. The 3 groups showed differences. First, the group with the highest amount of IL-6 was group 1, then group 2, and finally the group with the lowest amount of IL-6 was group 3.

Regarding IL-12, rice oil showed a decrease in systemic expression of this cytokine on days 2 and 4 compared to the control group. This decrease in IL-12 is desirable also in other inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, for example. In the AGE group systemic decrease was noted throughout the treatment. According to the analysis of variance table, it can be observed by Elisa's technique that the interaction between groups and days was not significant, indicating that the day does not interfere with the results of the groups and vice versa. Thus, each factor was evaluated separately and in this case the two factors were significant, that is, there are differences between the groups and between the days on which the animals were evaluated. The Scott-Knott test indicated that groups 1 and 3 are statistically equal and the amounts of IL-12 found are greater than the amounts. found in the blood of group 2 animals. Only animals that were analyzed on day 2 had higher IL-12 levels than the other days. The animals on days 4 and 10 showed statistically equal and lower amounts of IL-12 than the animals on day 2.

 Already TNF-α had its systemic value increased throughout the treatment with rice oil in relation to the control group. Since this factor is responsible for initiating the healing event cascade and also acts on healing tension, it should be expressed throughout healing (ast, 1996), which can be seen systemically with rice oil. The increase found in this paper is consistent with that found by Sierra and colleagues in their study on the immunological effect of rice oil (Sierra, 2005). According to the ANAVA table of treatment day breakdown, it can be observed that the amounts of TNF-α, in relation to the groups, were significant only on days 4 and 10. On the second day, the groups did not behave differently. , that is, on this day the amounts of TNF-α were not affected in the groups. In D4 and D10 the amounts of TNF-a in the groups had different behaviors, that is, that day the amounts of TNF-α in group 3 were higher than in the other groups. As mentioned, the action of TNF-α may vary according to the amount administered at the injury site, where a low amount speeds up the process and a high amount slows down the process (Mast, 1996). In this sense, late systemic elevation may be related to the reduction of this stimulus during the remodeling period.

IGF-1 is elevated in the early phase (day 2) of the healing process, which can be treated with rice oil or AGE, a result observed in both the Elisa test and the real time PCR. From day 4, rice oil has decreased the amount of IGF-1 until day 10, both in PCR and Elisa, and the AGE continues to increase on day 4 and falls on day 10 in both tests. However, according to the analysis of variance table for the Elisa test, it can be said that in none of the groups and in none of the days did the animals present different amounts of IGF-1. IFN-α presented systemic decrease on days 2 and 4, in group 3 compared to the control group. But, also according to the analysis of variance table, it can be said that statistically in none of the groups and in none of the days the animals presented different amounts of IFN-a systemically.

 IFN-γ decreased throughout the treatment in the rice oil and AGE treated groups. The Scott-Knott test indicated that only group 1 had higher IFN-γ levels than the other groups. The amount of IFN-γ found in the blood of animals from groups 3 and 2 can be considered statistically equal and lower than the amounts found in group 1. Only animals that were analyzed on day 4 had a higher amount of IFN-γ than the other days. Systemic reduction of IFN-γ is also desirable in certain inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, for example. As both have anti-scarring action, it is important that their value be decreased, especially in the early stages of healing, so that collagen deposition can occur (Tredget, 2000), which occurred in the rice oil treated group and slightly less in the treated group. with AGE.

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Claims

1. Composition comprising the following components:

 - rice oil;

 - Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

 Composition according to Claim 1, characterized in that it comprises rice oil with a concentration ranging from 0.001% to 99.999%, preferably 70%.

 Composition according to Claim 1, characterized in that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from medium chain triglycerides (TCM), saline or buffers, preferably medium chain triglycerides (TCM) by a suitable percentage (qsp) to achieve 100%. % of formula based on total weight of composition.

Use of the composition according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it has application in skin healing.

 5. Use of rice oil characterized by being applied in the production of formulations for skin healing.

 Formulation comprising the composition according to claims 1 to 3 in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optional components selected from chelating agents, pH adjusting agents, preservatives, emollients, humectants, bacteriostatic agents, active ingredients, colorings and flavorings.

 Use of the formulation according to claim 6, characterized in that it has cutaneous application.