WO2014064470A1 - Device for hydrogen generation by cavitation electrolisys - Google Patents
Device for hydrogen generation by cavitation electrolisys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014064470A1 WO2014064470A1 PCT/GE2013/000009 GE2013000009W WO2014064470A1 WO 2014064470 A1 WO2014064470 A1 WO 2014064470A1 GE 2013000009 W GE2013000009 W GE 2013000009W WO 2014064470 A1 WO2014064470 A1 WO 2014064470A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- cavitation
- conected
- water
- electrolysis
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 23
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002925 chemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- Electrodes are required to be covered by rare substances (for example platinum), which also makes this technology more expensive compared to our method which has no such requirements.
- Cavitation is defined as disruption of fluid by arising of negative pressure.
- the pressure decrease may be achieved by different methods: by fluid stream flow round the body, by solid body movement with high velocity through the fluid, by pushing fluid by plunger, by fast tearing away the plunger, by fluid turbulence.
- acoustic ultrasonic cavitation Therefore, mainly there are two types of cavitation in the fluid: acoustic and hydrodynamical. It is worth to mention separately the ultrasonic cavitation: sonoluminiscence and sonochemistry. The chemical effects of ultrasonic cavitation chemistry, sonochemistry are well investigated. During the treatment by ultrasound in water develops next reactions:
- Cavitation bubble collapse produces intense local heating (5000K), high pressures (-1000 atm.), and enormous heating and cooling rates (>100k/sec), providing a unique interaction of energy and matter. These extreme conditions affect hydrogen bonding in water and facilitate destruction of water clusters, reducing energy consumption for the electrolysis.
- One of the objectives of invention is development of turbulent cavitation theoretical model by mathematical modeling. Another objective of project is theoretical investigation of hydrogen bonding in water and experimental investigation of its effects on water macro properties. We think that hydrogen bonding and cluster formation in water affects electrolysis efficiency.
- Plasma chemical methods of hydrogen production are one of the most energy effective. Plamsa chemical proccesses which are obtained by nonuniforme plasma highfreuquency treatment of water are very energy effective.
- cavitations electrolysis method Our approach is based on the investigation of fundamental properties of water, investigation of hydrogen bonding in water and its effects on water properties, investigation of cavitations effects on water fundamental properties and its usage for electrolysis.
- Fig. 1 The device for production of hydrogen by cavitation electrolysis method is shown on Fig. 1. Numbers indicate:
- 1,2 - electrodes 1,2 - electrodes, cilidrical cathode and anode
- Electrodes 1, 2 - anode and cathode are made from stainless steel.
- Cavitator includs water input and autput parts.
- Water pump 4 is chosen by hydrogen production rates demand.
- Modulator 5 includes resonance circuit elements.
- Energy source 8 supplaies pulsed voltage.
- Cavitation electrolysis device operates on next priciple:
- water pump (4) water is supplaied to cavitator (3), in which it undergoes turbulent hydravlic cavitation. Water continues cavitating and turbulent ratation, goes up and appear between coaxial, made from stainless steel cylidrical electrods (1, 2)(cathode and anode). Electrodes are supplaied by special impulse high frequency water own frequnecy modulate current. On the first eleqctrode - cathode hydrogen is generated, second electrode (anode) - oxigen is generated. Gas acumulation on electrodes by generation from water by cavitaton and electrolysis is more stimulated also by water rotation centrifugal effect.
- Electrodes with supplaied water play role of condesator in resonance circute which is regulated accordinging water own frequncies.
- Device size is defined by production rates.
- Acodrdingly is made modulator which is switched on in circute between energys source and cathode. Only main ussue which should be taken into acoount is water own frequency. As a result a device has not upper and lower production limits.
- After passing space throgh electrodes enriched by hydrogen and oxigen water flow by tubes in two diferent tanks and undergoes degassing. After this water by tubes located at the bottom of tanks throgh the pump returns to cyclic system. Obtained hydrogen and oxigen lead out by tubes which are located on hydrogen and oxigen tanks.
- Device does not need purificated water and can work on tap water. Device also can work on sea water, with adjusment for sea water frequency. Also it should be taken into account on this case utilization of aditional products obtained during sea water lelctrolysis.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to cavitation-electrolysis hydrogen generator. The cavitation- electrolysis hydrogen generator of the present invention comprises a filled with water cylidrical cavitator, locateded in it cathode and anode, conected by tube to cavitators bottom circulation water pump, conected to cathode and anode pulsed energy source, voltage modulator, hydrogen and oxigen tanks conected to pump and cavitators upper part, were enriched by hydrogen and oxigen water undergoes degassing and by conected to tank tube hydrogen uotput is obtained. According to the cavitation-electrolysis hydrogen generator of the present invention, there are advantages in that the efficiency of hydrogen generation can be improved by energy effective combination of cavitation and electrolysis and hydrogen production costs also is remarkably reduced due to device cheap materials construction.
Description
DESCREPTION
Today hydrogen is obtained mainly from natural gas and despite the fact that this technology is energetically very competitive, development of this technology is not considered as a perspective direction. Firstly, natural gas is not renewable source of energy; secondly, this technology is characterized with greenhouse gases emission during the production of hydrogen. Therefore, production of hydrogen from natural gas cannot solve the problem of global warming. Same problems are presented during hydrogen production from coal.
Only completely clean technology of hydrogen production is electrolysis, but today its high energy consumption rate is a barrier for its commercialization. We propose solving exactly this problem in this invention with absolutely new cavitation-electrolysis method, which not only significantly decreases the energy consumption but also reduces cost of device.
The several types of electrolysis are currently known with their strong and weak points. Especial we would like to underline the two types of technologies: high temperature and high pressure electrolysis. Our completely new type cavitation-electrolysis method unites the strong sides of these technologies and doesn't include their weak points. For example, in the cavitation bubble very high temperatures and high pressures are located. Therefore we need not high pressure proof containers because high pressure is located in the cavitation bubble. As a result the cost of technology significantly decreases; the high pressure proof containers are costly technology. In the given technology for reaching high temperatures providing of additional heat is not required. As a result we have also significant increase in energy efficiency.
In widely-spread electrolyzers chemically very active catalysts are used, therefore electrodes are required to be covered by rare substances (for example platinum), which also makes this technology more expensive compared to our method which has no such requirements.
Really we have a new method of hydrogen production and a device, which by its main characteristics is cavitation physical-chemical reactor - electrolysis cell.
Most close to this invention is a cavitation hydrogen generator, which is represented by US patent (1), which used only hydraulic cavitation. In presented invention also effectively is used nonlinear electrolysis method, as a result efficiency of device increased compare to prototype. What about Meyer's nonlinear etecrolysis device, improved method of which is used in this invention, it without modification has production rate restriction. This problem is overcome in given invention.
Given method differs from existed electrolysis technologies mainly with using of cavitaion. Cavitation phenomenon is interesting by itself with diversity, contradictive and amazing discoveries.
Cavitation is defined as disruption of fluid by arising of negative pressure. The pressure decrease may be achieved by different methods: by fluid stream flow round the body, by solid body movement with high velocity through the fluid, by pushing fluid by plunger, by fast tearing away the plunger, by fluid turbulence. Also it is known acoustic ultrasonic cavitation. Therefore, mainly there are two types of cavitation in the fluid: acoustic and hydrodynamical. It is worth to mention separately the ultrasonic cavitation: sonoluminiscence and sonochemistry. The chemical effects of ultrasonic cavitation chemistry, sonochemistry are well investigated. During the treatment by ultrasound in water develops next reactions:
H20 - ))) H, OH, H2, H202
Next thermal spliting reactions may develope in cavitaion bubble as a result of high temperatures:
H202 T OH+OH; H+H02; H2 +02;
As we saw, during the ultrasonic cavitation hydrogen is made and this fact is well known for science, but this proccess is charactered with high recombination rate. Thus, ultrsonic
cavitaion is not used for production of industrial hydrogen. In our technology hydrodynamical turbulent cavitator is used, which differe from sonochemistry and allows to treat huge mass of water and can obtain significant amount of hydorgen.
Cavitation bubble collapse produces intense local heating (5000K), high pressures (-1000 atm.), and enormous heating and cooling rates (>100k/sec), providing a unique interaction of energy and matter. These extreme conditions affect hydrogen bonding in water and facilitate destruction of water clusters, reducing energy consumption for the electrolysis.
One of the objectives of invention is development of turbulent cavitation theoretical model by mathematical modeling. Another objective of project is theoretical investigation of hydrogen bonding in water and experimental investigation of its effects on water macro properties. We think that hydrogen bonding and cluster formation in water affects electrolysis efficiency.
Developed during cavitaion phenomenon can be considered as plasma. It is also known that plasma chemical methods of hydrogen production are one of the most energy effective. Plamsa chemical proccesses which are obtained by nonuniforme plasma highfreuquency treatment of water are very energy effective.
In our device cavitation and electrolysis in other words plasma-chemical and electrochemical effective combination is used and achived maximal energy efficiency.
Expected result of invention is development of completely new cheap hydrogen technology by cavitation electrolysis method. It is expected that obtained by this technology electrolyzer will be 10 times cheaper of existed prototypes. The energy efficiency also will increase.
Really we have a new hydrogen production method and device, which by its main characteristics is cavitations physical-chemical reactor - electrolysis cell. We developed absolutely new approach for electrolysis: cavitations electrolysis method. Our approach is based on the investigation of fundamental properties of water, investigation of hydrogen bonding in water and its effects on water properties, investigation of cavitations effects on water fundamental properties and its usage for electrolysis.
The device for production of hydrogen by cavitation electrolysis method is shown on Fig. 1. Numbers indicate:
1,2 - electrodes, cilidrical cathode and anode;
3 - cavitator;
4- water pump;
5 - modulator;
6, 7 - oxigen and hydrogen tanks;
8 - energy source.
Electrodes 1, 2 - anode and cathode are made from stainless steel.
Cavitator includs water input and autput parts.
Water pump 4 is chosen by hydrogen production rates demand.
Modulator 5 includes resonance circuit elements.
Energy source 8 supplaies pulsed voltage.
Cavitation electrolysis device operates on next priciple:
By means of water pump (4) water is supplaied to cavitator (3), in which it undergoes turbulent hydravlic cavitation. Water continues cavitating and turbulent ratation, goes up and appear between coaxial, made from stainless steel cylidrical electrods (1, 2)(cathode and anode). Electrodes are supplaied by special impulse high frequency water own frequnecy modulate current. On the first eleqctrode - cathode hydrogen is generated, second electrode (anode) - oxigen is generated. Gas acumulation on electrodes by generation from water by cavitaton and electrolysis is more stimulated also by water rotation centrifugal effect. The distance between electrodes should be suficient that water enriched by oxigena and hydrogen should not mixed up. Electrodes with supplaied water play role of condesator in resonance circute which is regulated acording water own frequncies. Device size is defined by production rates. Acodrdingly is made modulator which is switched on in circute between energys source and cathode. Only main ussue which should be taken into acoount is water own frequency. As a result a device has not upper and lower production limits.
After passing space throgh electrodes enriched by hydrogen and oxigen water flow by tubes in two diferent tanks and undergoes degassing. After this water by tubes located at the bottom of tanks throgh the pump returns to cyclic system. Obtained hydrogen and oxigen lead out by tubes which are located on hydrogen and oxigen tanks.
Device does not need purificated water and can work on tap water. Device also can work on sea water, with adjusment for sea water frequency. Also it should be taken into account on this case utilization of aditional products obtained during sea water lelctrolysis.
1. US, 6719817B 1, 13.04.2004
Claims
1. Hydrogen generation cavitation eleqtrolysis device comprises filled with water cylidrical cavitator, locateded in it cathode and anode, which are made from stainless steel and have coaxial cylindrical form, conected by tube to cavitator circulation water pump, conected to cathode and anode pulsed energy source, switched on in the circute between energy source and cathode modulator, conected to cavitators upper part by tube hydrogen tank, connected to cavitator upper part by tube oxigen tank, connected to these tanks bottom parts by tubes mention above water pump, conected to hydrogen and oxigen tanks gas ouput tubes.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GEAP201212880 | 2012-10-26 | ||
| GEAP201212880A GEP20146048B (en) | 2012-10-26 | 2012-10-26 | Cavitation-electrolysis device for hydrogen generation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2014064470A1 true WO2014064470A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
Family
ID=49841691
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GE2013/000009 WO2014064470A1 (en) | 2012-10-26 | 2013-10-25 | Device for hydrogen generation by cavitation electrolisys |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GE (1) | GEP20146048B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2014064470A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9340886B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-17 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Positive reactive circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| US9340885B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-17 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Negative reactive circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| US9347142B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-24 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Feedback circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| WO2016100362A1 (en) * | 2014-12-15 | 2016-06-23 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Energy extraction system and methods |
| WO2017157745A1 (en) | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-21 | Michael Frimann | Portable electrolyzer and its use |
| US10047445B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2018-08-14 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Hydrogen generation system |
| US10214820B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2019-02-26 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Hydrogen generation system with a controllable reactive circuit and associated methods |
| CN110367426A (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2019-10-25 | 浙江大学 | A kind of ultrasound-electrode-nano-porous films coupled hydrogen making disinfection system |
| RU2836888C1 (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2025-03-24 | Владимир Вячеславович Пеженков | Low-current cell |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4184931A (en) * | 1977-03-10 | 1980-01-22 | Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated | Method of electrolytically generating hydrogen and oxygen for use in a torch or the like |
| US6719817B1 (en) * | 2003-06-17 | 2004-04-13 | Daniel J Marin | Cavitation hydrogen generator |
| US20060060464A1 (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2006-03-23 | Chang Chak M T | Plasma formed in a fluid |
| US20090159461A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-06-25 | Mccutchen Co. | Electrohydraulic and shear cavitation radial counterflow liquid processor |
| US20120058405A1 (en) * | 2008-07-02 | 2012-03-08 | Kirchoff James A | Cavitation assisted sonochemical hydrogen production system |
-
2012
- 2012-10-26 GE GEAP201212880A patent/GEP20146048B/en unknown
-
2013
- 2013-10-25 WO PCT/GE2013/000009 patent/WO2014064470A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4184931A (en) * | 1977-03-10 | 1980-01-22 | Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated | Method of electrolytically generating hydrogen and oxygen for use in a torch or the like |
| US20060060464A1 (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2006-03-23 | Chang Chak M T | Plasma formed in a fluid |
| US6719817B1 (en) * | 2003-06-17 | 2004-04-13 | Daniel J Marin | Cavitation hydrogen generator |
| US20090159461A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-06-25 | Mccutchen Co. | Electrohydraulic and shear cavitation radial counterflow liquid processor |
| US20120058405A1 (en) * | 2008-07-02 | 2012-03-08 | Kirchoff James A | Cavitation assisted sonochemical hydrogen production system |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9340886B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-17 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Positive reactive circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| US9340885B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-17 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Negative reactive circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| US9347142B1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-05-24 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Feedback circuit for a hydrogen generation system |
| WO2016100362A1 (en) * | 2014-12-15 | 2016-06-23 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Energy extraction system and methods |
| US9816190B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2017-11-14 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Energy extraction system and methods |
| US10047445B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2018-08-14 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Hydrogen generation system |
| US10214820B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2019-02-26 | JOI Scientific, Inc. | Hydrogen generation system with a controllable reactive circuit and associated methods |
| WO2017157745A1 (en) | 2016-03-14 | 2017-09-21 | Michael Frimann | Portable electrolyzer and its use |
| US11008661B2 (en) | 2016-03-14 | 2021-05-18 | Frimann Innoswiss | Portable electrolyzer and its use |
| CN110367426A (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2019-10-25 | 浙江大学 | A kind of ultrasound-electrode-nano-porous films coupled hydrogen making disinfection system |
| CN110367426B (en) * | 2019-07-03 | 2022-03-18 | 浙江大学 | An ultrasonic-electrode-nanoporous membrane coupled hydrogen production and sterilization system |
| RU2836888C1 (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2025-03-24 | Владимир Вячеславович Пеженков | Low-current cell |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GEP20146048B (en) | 2014-02-25 |
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