Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
  • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
  • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
  • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
  • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
  • E21B43/2607—Surface equipment specially adapted for fracturing operations

Definitions

• Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to enhance and increase recovery of oil and natural gas from subterranean natural reservoirs. More specifically, fracing involves injecting a fracing fluid, e.g., a mixture of mostly water and sand, into an oil or gas well at high pressures. The fracing fluid is injected to increase the downhole pressure of the well to a level above the fracture gradient of the subterranean rock formation in which the well is drilled. The high pressure fracing fluid injection causes the subterranean rock formation to crack. Thereafter, the fracing fluid enters the cracks formed in the rock and causes the cracks to propagate and extend further into the rock formation. In this manner, the porosity and permeability of the subterranean rock formation is increased, thereby allowing oil and natural gas to flow more freely to the well.
• fracing fluid e.g., a mixture of mostly water and sand
• a variety of equipment is used in the fracing process.
• fracing fluid blenders fracing units having high volume and high pressure pumps, fracing tanks, and so forth may be used in a fracing operation.
• a fracing tree is generally coupled between the wellhead of a well and the fracing unit.
• the fracing tree has a variety of valves to control the flow of fracing fluid and production fluid through the fracing tree.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic of a horizontal frac tree system coupled to a well head assembly in a surface application
• FIG. 2 is an embodiment of a horizontal frac tree system having a single horizontal branch
• FIG. 3 is an embodiment of a horizontal frac tree system having a unified block configuration and two horizontal branches;
• FIG. 4 is an embodiment of a horizontal frac tree system mounted to a skid
• FIG. 5 is an embodiment of a horizontal frac tree system having two horizontal goathead connections
• FIG. 6 is an embodiment of a horizontal frac tree system having a casing hangar with an access port for a horizontal bore.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure include a frac tree having a horizontal configuration (e.g., a horizontal frac tree), which is configured to reduce the bending moments caused by vibrations, external loads (e.g., connected piping), and so forth.
• the horizontal frac tree is specifically designed for a surface application, e.g., land-based in an air environment.
• the horizontal frac tree may have a variety of mounts, supports, connectors, and other features designed for the surface application.
• the concepts described herein are not limited to frac trees. In fact, these concepts are also applicable to other flow control devices, such as production trees, workover trees, to name a few.
• Hydraulic fracturing involves injecting a fracing fluid into a wellbore to create and propagate cracks in the subterranean rock formation beneath the wellhead. In this manner, the porosity and permeability of the rock formation is increased, leading to enhanced recovery of natural gas and oil from natural reservoirs beneath the earth's surface.
• the fracing fluid is introduced to the well through a frac tree connected to the wellhead.
• the disclosed embodiments provide a frac tree with a horizontal configuration.
• the frac tree may have one or more arms or branches extending horizontally from a master valve of the frac tree.
• the branches of the frac tree include one or more piping connections (e.g., goathead connections) to enable connection with a fracing system.
• the horizontal configuration of the frac tree places the frac connections closer to ground level than frac trees with a vertical configuration. As a result, the frac tree may experience reduced external bending moments caused by excessive vibration and other loads experienced during the fracing process.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic of a fracing system 10 having a horizontal frac tree 12 (e.g., a surface frac tree).
• the fracing system 10 is used to pump a high pressure fracing fluid into a well 14 formed in a subterranean rock formation 16.
• the well 14 may be a natural gas and/or oil well.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 is coupled to a wellhead 18 of the well 14.
• a frac system 20 introduces a high pressure fracing fluid into the well 14 through the horizontal frac tree 12 coupled to the well head 18.
• the frac system 20 may include a variety of high volume and high pressure pumps and monitoring units configured to supply the fracing fluid to the horizontal frac tree 12.
• the fracing fluid may include water.
• the fracing fluid may include other components such as chemical gels or foams, as well as gases such as air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
• gases such as air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
• the particular contents of the fracing fluid may depend on different factors such as the type of rock formation 16, the desired pressure of the fracing fluid, and so forth.
• the fracing fluid passes through the horizontal frac tree 12 and the well head 18 into a well bore 22. From the well bore 22, the fracing fluid enters the well 14, and the high pressure of the fracing fluid causes the subterranean rock formation 16 to crack and propagate. As cracks are formed and propagated in the rock formation 16, additional natural gas and/or oil from the rock formation 16 is released and may flow into the well 14 to be recovered.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 has a horizontal branch 24 that extends along a horizontal axis 26 from the well head 18.
• the horizontal branch 24 includes at least one piping connection (e.g., goathead connection 28, which may itself comprise multiple connections) to couple with the frac system 20.
• the horizontal branch 24 may include multiple goathead connections 28 in a variety of orientations.
• the goathead connections 28 may include WECO union connectors, compression fit connectors, or other types of pipe connectors for coupling to the frac system 20.
• the goathead connections 28 may have threaded or butt welded ends and may be configured to withstand pressures up to 5,000 psi, 10,000 psi, 15,000 psi, 20,000 psi, 25,000 psi, or more.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 includes a variety of valves to regulate the flow of the fracing fluid through the horizontal frac tree 12.
• the horizontal orientation of the horizontal frac tree 12 positions the goathead connections 28 closer to ground level.
• the disclosed horizontal fracing system 10 has a vertical dimension or height 1 1 that is substantially less than that of a vertical fracing system, and a horizontal dimension or width 13 that is substantially greater than that of a vertical fracing system.
• the height 1 1 may be less than approximately 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 inches.
• the height 1 1 may be approximately 12 to 60, 18 to 48, or 24 to 36 inches.
• the width 13 may be approximately 1 to 20, 2 to 15, or 3 to 10 feet.
• a width/height ratio of the width 13 to the height 1 1 may be approximately 2:1 to 20:1 , 3:1 to 15:1 , or 4:1 to 10:1.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 i.e., above the wellhead 18
• the horizontal frac tree 12 may have a vertical dimension or height 15 that is substantially less than a vertical frac tree, and the horizontal dimension or width 13 that is substantially greater than a vertical frac tree.
• the height 15 may be less than approximately 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 inches.
• the height 15 may be approximately 12 to 48, 18 to 42, or 24 to 36 inches.
• the width 13 may be approximately 1 to 20, 2 to 15, or 3 to 10 feet.
• a width/height ratio of the width 13 to the height 15 may be approximately 2:1 to 20:1 , 3:1 to 15:1 , or 4:1 to 10:1.
• a frac tree may be subjected to vibrations and other forces that create a bending moment in the frac tree 12.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 reduces the possibility of bending moments exceeding specified parameters at a connection 17 (e.g., a flanged connection) between the well head 18 and the horizontal frac tree 12 by positioning external loads (e.g., piping, valves, and other components) closer to the ground level.
• the external loads are vertically closer to the connection 17, thereby substantially reducing any bending moment relative to the connection 17.
• the bending moment about a vertical axis 30 of the well 14 may be reduced with the illustrated horizontal frac tree 12.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 may have a variety of mounts, connections, and supports to help retain the horizontal branch 24 in the horizontal orientation without subjecting the connection 17 to bending.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 also improves serviceability, because a technician can more easily inspect and repair the tree 12 at the ground level.
• operators of the fracing system 10 may not need an external lifting or raising apparatus (e.g., a ladder, hydraulic lift, or scaffolding) to reach the goathead connections 28.
• all components and connections of the horizontal frac tree 12 may be accessed from the ground level.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 also includes a vertical access connection 32. Consequently, a well operator may have separate access to the well 14, while the frac system 20 is coupled to the horizontal frac tree 12.
• the vertical access connection 32 is generally in line with the vertical axis 30 of the well 14.
• the vertical access connection 32 may be used to access the well 14 in a variety of circumstances.
• the vertical access connection 32 may be used for natural gas and/or oil recovery, fracing fluid recovery, insertion of a frac mandrel, and so forth. During the fracing process, the vertical access connection 32 may not be in use.
• the vertical access connection 32 may be plugged or sealed in order to maintain a high pressure in the well 14. More specifically, the vertical access connection 32 may be plugged with one or more of a variety of plugs 34, such as metal or elastomer seals. For example, a one-way back pressure valve (BPV) plug 36 or a wireline set plug 38 may be used to plug the vertical access connection 32. In certain embodiments, a lubricator 40 may be used to seal the vertical access connection 32. As will be appreciated, one or more plugs 34 may be used in the vertical access connection 32 to isolate the well 14 and the wellbore 22. Additionally, as discussed below, one or more plugs 34 may be used below a horizontal bore (72; see FIG. 2) in the horizontal frac tree 12 to isolate any equipment coupled the vertical access connection 32 above the horizontal frac tree 12. The vertical access connection 32 also may be used to insert a variety of tools and other equipment into the wellbore 22.
• a plugs 34 such as metal or elastomer seals.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic of an embodiment of the fracing system 10, illustrating the horizontal frac tree 12 having one branch 24 with three goathead connections 28.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 is coupled to a master valve block 60 having a master valve 62. More specifically, in this embodiment, the horizontal frac tree 12 is coupled to the master valve block 60 by a flange 64.
• the master valve block 60 and the horizontal frac tree 12 may be part of a single unified block or may be coupled through a union nut assembly that draws the two components together.
• the master valve 62 regulates the flow through a main bore 66 coupled to the wellbore 22.
• the flow through the main bore 66 may be a production fluid such as natural gas and/or oil or a fracing fluid supplied by the frac system 20.
• the main bore 66 and a vertical bore 67 of the tree 12 may be sized to provide "full bore access", such that tools may be inserted through the main and vertical bores 66 and 67 into the wellbore 22, without restrictions from the main and vertical bores 66 and 67. This can be accomplished by, for example, ensuring the main and vertical bores 66 and 67 have an internal diameter that is equal to or greater than the internal diameter of a production casing 69 within the wellbore 22.
• the master valve 62 may be manually operated. In other embodiments, the master valve 62 may be hydraulically operated.
• plugs 34 may be disposed in the main bore 66 to isolate a desired portion of the bore 66.
• a plug 68 may be disposed in the main bore 66 to isolate a flow of fracing fluid to the well bore 22.
• a plug 70 may be disposed in the main bore 66 to isolate equipment coupled to the vertical access connection 32.
• the illustrated embodiment includes only one master valve 62, a well operator may access the well bore 22 through the vertical access connection 32 without needing to go through multiple valves.
• a horizontal bore 72 extends through the horizontal frac tree 12 along the horizontal axis 26 of the frac tree 12 (e.g., along horizontal branch 24), and is operatively connected to the main bore 66.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 also includes valves 74 disposed along the horizontal bore 72.
• the valves 74 are configured to control and regulate the flow of fracing fluid from the fracing system to the main bore 66 and the well bore 22.
• the valves 74 of the horizontal frac tree 12 may be manually or hydraulically operated.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 also includes three goathead connections 28 at an end 76 of the branch 24 opposite the main bore 66.
• the frac tree 12 includes a horizontal goathead connection 78, a top vertical goathead connection 80, and a bottom vertical goathead connection 82. While the illustrated embodiment includes three goathead connections 38, other embodiments may include 1 , 2, 4, 5, 6, or more goathead connections 28 or other types of piping connections. Each goathead connection 28 is operatively connected to the horizontal bore 72. As will be appreciated, each of the three goathead connections 28 may be connected to the frac system 20 by a pipe or other conduit configured to flow a fracing fluid. Furthermore, in the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal frac tree 12 is supported by a brace 84 extending from the frac tree 12 to the master valve block 60.
• the brace 84 may be mechanically coupled (e.g., bolted) or welded between the frac tree 12 and the block 60.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 may be supported by a post or brace mounted to a skid.
• the brace 84 helps to retain the horizontal branch 24 in the horizontal orientation, thereby reducing the possibility of any bending or pivoting of the horizontal branch 24 relative to the block 60, well head 18, or various connections (e.g., flange 64).
• FIG. 3 is a schematic of an embodiment of the fracing system 10, illustrating the horizontal frac tree 12 having two horizontal branches 24.
• the illustrated embodiment includes similar elements and element numbers as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
• Both horizontal branches 24 extend from the main bore 66 along the horizontal axis 26.
• the horizontal branches 24 of the frac tree 12 extend in opposite horizontal directions.
• a first branch 100 extends in a first direction 102 horizontally away from the well head 18
• a second branch 104 extends in a second direction 106 horizontally away from the well head 18, and the first and second directions 102 and 106 are approximately 180 degrees apart.
• the first and second directions 102 and 106 may be 1 to 179, 2 to 150, 3 to 100, 4 to 50, or 5 to 25 degrees apart.
• other embodiments of the horizontal frac tree 12 may include three or more horizontal branches 24.
• the branches 24 of the horizontal frac tree 12 may be configured in a symmetrical arrangement (e.g., two branches 24 at 180 degrees apart, three branches 24 at 120 degrees apart, four branches at 90 degrees apart, five branches 24 at 72 degrees apart, or six branches 24 at 60 degrees apart) about the well head 18, thereby reducing the possibility of any bending or pivoting relative to the well head 18, block 60, and associated connections (e.g., flange 64).
• the symmetrical arrangement of branches 24 may include substantially equal lengths, diameters, and/or weights to help distribute the loads symmetrically about the well head 18.
• the branches 24 may not be in a symmetrical arrangement about the well head 18.
• each of the first and second branches 100 and 104 of the horizontal frac tree 12 is operatively connected to the main bore 66.
• two flows of fracing fluid may enter the main bore 66 during a fracing operation, as indicated by arrows 103.
• both horizontal branches 100 and 104 have three goathead connections 28, wherein each goathead connection 28 is operatively connected to the respective horizontal bore 72 of the first and second branches 100 and 104.
• the horizontal branches 24 may have other numbers of goathead connections 28, such as 1 , 2, 4, 5, 6, or more goathead connections 28.
• the first and second horizontal branches 100 and 104 and the master valve block 60 form a single, continuous block 108.
• the first and second horizontal branches 100 and 104 and the master valve block 60 may be a single piece, and are not coupled to one another by the flange 64.
• a single block of metal may be used to form the branches 100 and 104 and the block 60, rather than connecting separate metal components together.
• the first and second horizontal branches 100 and 104 and the master valve block 60 may be fixedly coupled together via welded joints or other permanent connections. In this manner, the number of flanges 64 and other removable connections in the fracing system 10 is reduced, thereby increasing the structural integrity in the fracing system 10 and reducing the effects of bending moments on the fracing system 10.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic of an embodiment of the fracing system 10, illustrating the horizontal frac tree 12 mounted to a skid 120.
• the illustrated embodiment includes similar elements and element numbers as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
• the skid 120 is disposed about the wellhead 18 and supports the horizontal frac tree 12.
• the skid 120 may include a central opening that is completely surrounded by structural elements (e.g. beams and framework), such that the well head 18 fits in the central opening and is completely surrounded by the structural elements.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 may be installed by moving the the skid 120 to a position above the well head 18, and then gradually lowering the skid 120 downward such that the well head 18 fits within the central opening.
• the skid 120 may include an opening or slot that extends horizontally from an edge of the skid 120 to a central portion of the skid 120. Accordingly, the horizontal frac tree 12 may be installed by moving the skid 120 horizontally toward the well head 18, such that the well head gradually moves along the slot until the tree 12 is in the proper position. In either embodiment, the skid 120 helps to support, level, and generally align the tree 12 during and after the installation of the tree 12.
• the horizontal frac tree 12 is supported by braces 122, which extend between the horizontal frac tree 12 and the skid 120.
• the braces 122 may be mechanically secured (e.g., bolted) or welded between the horizontal frac tree 12 and the skid 120.
• the skid 120 is secured to the ground by anchored posts 124.
• the anchored posts 124 may be secured to the ground by concrete or other anchoring material.
• the skid 120 includes adjustment legs 126.
• the adjustment legs 126 enable height adjustability of a height 128 of the skid 120 from the ground.
• the adjustment legs 126 may be pneumatically- driven legs, hydraulically-driven legs, motorized legs, threaded legs, or any combination thereof.
• the adjustment legs 126 may be manually adjusted by an operator, or the adjustment legs 126 may be automatically adjusted by a controller that incorporates sensor feedback, user input, and various models (e.g., a CAD model of the tree 12, a model of the landscape, and so forth.
• the height 128 of the skid 120 is adjusted, the height of the horizontal frac tree 12 is adjusted.
• the adjustment legs 126 may be used to provide additional vertical support to hold the horizontal frac tree 12 in place, thereby blocking any undesired movement of the tree 12.
• the adjustment legs 126 also may be used to level the tree 12 relative to the ground and/or align the tree 12 relative to the well head 18.
• the rightward adjustment leg(s) 126 may be used to raise or lower the right portion of the skid 120, and thus the horizontal frac tree 12.
• the leftward adjustment leg(s) 126 may be used to raise or lower the left portion of the skid 120, and thus the horizontal frac tree 12.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic of an embodiment of the fracing system 10, illustrating a horizontal frac tree 12 having two horizontal goathead connections 28.
• the illustrated embodiment includes similar elements and element numbers as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
• the end 76 of the branch 24 of the frac tree 12 includes two goathead connections 28. More specifically, each goathead connection 28 extends horizontally from the end 76 of the branch 24. In other words, each of the goathead connections 28 extends from the end 76 along the horizontal axis 26 of the horizontal frac tree 12.
• each goathead connection 28 is operatively connected to the horizontal bore 72.
• FIG. 6 is an embodiment of the fracing system 10, illustrating the wellhead 18 having a casing hanger 140 with an access port 142 for the horizontal bore 72.
• the illustrated embodiment includes similar elements and element numbers as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
• the horizontal bore 72 extends through the access port 142 of the casing hanger 140 and is coupled to the main bore 66.
• the master valve 62 is located on the horizontal frac tree 12 and along the horizontal bore 72.
• the connection of the horizontal bore 72 to the main bore 66 through the access port 142 of the casing hanger 140 enables an operator to access the casing hanger 140 (e.g., through the vertical access 32) without needing to move the horizontal frac tree 12.
• an operator may access the main bore 66 and the wellbore 22 without removing the horizontal frac tree 12 from the wellhead 18.

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• 2012
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