Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
  • H04L5/0028—Variable division
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
  • H04L5/0046—Determination of how many bits are transmitted on different sub-channels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0048—Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
  • H04L5/0064—Rate requirement of the data, e.g. scalable bandwidth, data priority
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
  • H04L1/0042—Encoding specially adapted to other signal generation operation, e.g. in order to reduce transmit distortions, jitter, or to improve signal shape
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
  • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
  • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates generally to communication networks and, more particularly, to communicating device capabilities between devices in a wireless network.
• WLAN wireless local area network
• IEEE 802.1 la the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 la
• 802.1 lb the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• 802.1 lg the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• 802.1 In Standard specifies a single-user peak throughput of 600 Mbps.
• a method of generating an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of a data unit to be transmitted via a communication channel includes encoding a plurality of information bits to generate a plurality of coded bits to be included in the OFDM symbol, wherein the plurality of information bits corresponds to a first bandwidth, and wherein the OFDM symbol includes a number of data tones corresponding to a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth larger than the first bandwidth.
• the method also includes mapping the plurality of coded bits to a plurality constellation symbols and mapping the plurality of constellation symbols to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the method further includes setting a subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the method further still includes mapping the plurality of constellation symbols to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second portion of the OFDM symbol, and setting a subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the method additionally includes generating the OFDM symbol to include at least the first plurality of data subcarriers and the second plurality of data subcarriers.
• an apparatus comprises a network interface configured to encode a plurality of information bits to generate a plurality of coded bits to be included in an OFDM symbol, wherein the plurality of information bits corresponds to a first bandwidth, and wherein the OFDM symbol includes a number of data tones corresponding to a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth larger than the first bandwidth.
• the network interface is also configured to map the plurality of coded bits to a plurality constellation symbols, and map the plurality of constellation symbols to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the network interface is also configured to set a subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the network interface is further still configured to map the plurality of constellation symbols to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second portion of the OFDM symbol, and set a subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the network interface is additionally configured to generate the OFDM symbol to include at least the data subcarriers corresponding to the first potion and the data subcarriers corresponding to the second portion.
• Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a wireless local area network (WLAN) that utilizes various signal field modulation and mapping techniques described herein.
• WLAN wireless local area network
• FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example data unit format, according to an embodiment.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example PHY processing unit, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 4 is a diagram of an example OFDM symbol for 40 MHz communication channel that the PHY processing unit of Fig. 3 is configured to generate, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 5 is a diagram of another example OFDM symbol for 40 MHz
• Fig. 6 is a diagram of an example OFDM symbol for 80 MHz communication channel that the PHY processing unit of Fig. 3 is configured to generate, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 7 is a diagram of another example OFDM symbol for 80 MHz communication channel that the PHY processing unit of Fig. 3 is configured to generate, according to another embodiment.
• Fig. 8 is a flow diagram of an example method for generating and transmitting a PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of another example method for generating and transmitting a PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to another embodiment.
• Fig. 10 is a flow diagram of an example method for generating and transmitting a multi-user PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 1 1 is a flow diagram of an example method for generating an OFDM symbol, according to an embodiment.
• a wireless network device such as an access point (AP) of a wireless local area network (WLAN) transmits data streams to one or more client stations.
• the AP is configured to operate with client stations according to a first communication protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.1 lac Standard).
• a different client station in the vicinity of the AP is configured to operate according to a second communication protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.1 In Standard, the IEEE 802.1 la Standard, the IEEE 802.1 lg Standard, etc.), in an embodiment.
• the first communication protocol and the second communication protocol define operation in a frequency ranges above lGHz, and are generally used for applications requiring relatively short range wireless communication with relatively low data rates.
• the first communication protocol is referred to herein as a very high throughput (VHT) protocol
• the second communication protocol is referred to herein as a legacy protocol
• the AP is additionally or alternatively configured to operate with client stations according to a third communication protocol.
• the third communication protocol defines operation in a sub lGHz frequency ranges and is typically used for applications requiring relatively long range wireless communication with relatively low data rates.
• the first communication protocol and the second communication protocol are collectively referred to herein as "short range” communication protocols, and the third communication protocol is referred herein as a "long range” communication protocol.
• each one of communication protocols defines multiple transmission channel bandwidths.
• a data unit transmitted or received by the AP includes a preamble comprising a legacy portion corresponding to a bandwidth defined in a legacy protocol
• VHT portion (e.g., 20MHz bandwidth defined in the 802.1 la protocol) and a VHT portion
• the preamble of a data unit includes a plurality of signal fields that carry information required at the receiver to properly identify and decode the data unit.
• two signal fields are included in the preamble, a first signal field included in a legacy portion of the preamble and modulated in a manner similar to the legacy portion of the data unit, and a second signal field included in a VHT portion of the preamble and modulated in a manner similar to the VHT data portion of the data unit.
• the second signal field is modulated similar to the VHT data portion of the data unit but using a lower coding rate and a smaller constellation size than the VHT data portion.
• bit allocation for the second signal field is the same regardless of the specific channel bandwidth that the data unit occupies.
• bit allocation is specified for the smallest possible bandwidth defined by the VHT protocol (e.g., 20MHz bandwidth, 40MHz, etc.) and bit insertion and/or duplication is utilized to transmit the second signal field in a higher VHT bandwidth.
• a VHT data portion of a data unit includes multiple spatial data streams directed to a single user (SU) or multiple users (MU), while the second signal field is limited to a single data stream.
• the single stream of the second signal field is mapped in some manner to the multiple space streams and/or multiple users corresponding to the data portion of the data unit.
• Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a wireless local area network (WLAN) 10 that utilizes various signal field modulation and mapping
• An AP 14 includes a host processor 15 coupled to a network interface 16.
• the network interface 16 includes a medium access control (MAC) processing unit 18 and a physical layer (PHY) processing unit 20.
• the PHY processing unit 20 includes a plurality of transceivers 21 , and the transceivers are coupled to a plurality of antennas 24. Although three transceivers 21 and three antennas 24 are illustrated in Fig. 1 , the AP 14 can include different numbers (e.g., 1 , 2, 4, 5, etc.) of transceivers 21 and antennas 24 in other embodiments.
• the MAC processing unit 18 and the PHY processing unit 20 are configured to operate according to a first communication protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.1 lac Standard, now in the process of being standardized).
• the first communication protocol is also referred to herein as a very high throughput (VHT) protocol.
• the MAC processing unit 18 and the PHY processing unit 20 are also configured to operate according to at least a second communication protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.1 In Standard, the IEEE 802.1 1a Standard, etc.).
• the MAC processing unit 18 and the PHY processing unit 20 are additionally or alternatively configured to operate according to a long range communication protocol (e.g., the IEEE 802.1 1 ah Standard, the IEEE
• the WLAN 10 includes a plurality of client stations 25. Although four client stations 25 are illustrated in Fig. 1 , the WLAN 10 can include different numbers (e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 5, 6, etc.) of client stations 25 in various scenarios and embodiments. At least one of the client stations 25 (e.g., client station 25-1) is configured to operate at least according to the first communication protocol.
• the client station 25-1 includes a host processor 26 coupled to a network interface 27.
• the network interface 27 includes a MAC processing unit 28 and a PHY processing unit 29.
• the PHY processing unit 29 includes a plurality of transceivers 30, and the transceivers 30 are coupled to a plurality of antennas 34.
• the client station 25-1 can include different numbers (e.g., 1 , 2, 4, 5, etc.) of transceivers 30 and antennas 34 in other embodiments.
• one or all of the client stations 25-2, 25-3 and 25-4 have a structure the same as or similar to the client station 25-1.
• the client stations 25 structured the same as or similar to the client station 25-1 have the same or a different number of transceivers and antennas.
• the client station 25-2 has only two transceivers and two antennas, according to an embodiment.
• the PHY processing unit 20 of the AP 14 is configured to generate data units conforming to the first communication protocol.
• the transceiver(s) 21 is/are configured to transmit the generated data units via the antenna(s) 24.
• the transceiver(s) 24 is/are configured to receive the data units via the antenna(s) 24.
• the PHY processing unit 20 of the AP 14 is configured to process received data units conforming to the first communication protocol, according to an embodiment.
• the PHY processing unit 29 of the client device 25-1 is configured to generate data units conforming to the first communication protocol.
• the transceiver(s) 30 is/are configured to transmit the generated data units via the antenna(s) 34.
• the transceiver(s) 30 is/are configured to receive data units via the antenna(s) 34.
• the PHY processing unit 29 of the client device 25-1 is configured to process received data units conforming to the first communication protocol, according to an embodiment.
• Fig. 2 is a diagram of a data unit 250 that the AP 14 is configured to transmit to the client station 25-1 , according to an embodiment.
• the client station 25-1 is also configured to transmit the data unit 250 to the AP 14.
• the data unit 250 conforms to the VHT protocol and occupies an 80 MHz band.
• data units similar to the data unit 250 occupy different bandwidths such as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 120 MHz, 160 MHz, or any suitable bandwidth.
• the band need not be contiguous in frequency, but may include two or more smaller bands separated in frequency.
• the data unit 250 occupies a 160 MHz band composed of two non-contiguous 80MHz bands separated in frequency by some suitable minimum bandwidth, in some scenarios such as when conditions and devices support a 160 MHz channel.
• the data unit 250 includes a preamble having four legacy short training fields (L-STFs) 252, four legacy long training fields (L-LTFs) 254, four legacy signal fields (L-SIGs) 256, four first very high throughput signal fields (VHT-SIGAs) 258 a very high throughput short training field (VHT-STF) 262, N very high throughput long training fields (VHT-LTFs) 264, where N is an integer, and a second very high throughput signal field (VHT-SIGB) 268.
• the data unit 250 also includes a data portion 272.
• the L-STFs 252, the L-LTFs 254, and the L-SIGs 256 form a legacy portion.
• the VHT-STF 262, the VHT-SIGAs 258, the VHT-LTFs 264, the VHT-SIGB 268, and the data portion 266 form a very high throughput (VHT) portion.
• each of the L-STFs 252, each of the L-LTFs 254, each of the L-SIGs 256, and each of the VHT-SIGAs 258, occupy a 20 MHz band.
• MHz contiguous bandwidth are described for the purposes of illustrating embodiments of frame formats, but these frame format embodiments and other embodiments are applicable to other suitable bandwidths (including noncontiguous bandwidths).
• the preamble of Fig. 2 includes four of each of the L-STFs 252, the L-
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplex
• the band is not contiguous in frequency, in some embodiments and situations.
• the L-STFs 252, the L-LTFs 254, the L-SIGs 256, and the VHT-SIGAs 258 occupy two or more bands that are separated from each other in frequency, and adjacent bands are separated in frequency by at least one MHz, at least five MHz, at least 10 MHz, at least 20 MHz, for example, in some embodiments.
• each of the VHT-STF 262, the VHT-LTFs 264, the VHT-SIGB 268, and the data portion 266 occupy an 80 MHz band.
• the data unit conforming to the first communication protocol is an OFDM data unit that occupies a cumulative bandwidth such as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 120 MHz, or 160 MHz OFDM
• the VHT-STF, VHT-LTFs, VHT-SIGB and VHT data portion occupy the corresponding whole bandwidth of the data unit, according to an embodiment.
• the VHT-SIGA 258 is included within an unsteered (or "omnidirectional” or “pseudo-omnidirectional”; the terms “unsteered” and “omnidirectional” as used herein are intended to also encompass the term “pseudo-omnidirectional") portion of the data unit 250 and contains PHY information that is common to each of the client stations 25 in
• the VHT-SIGB 268 is contained in a "steered" portion.
• the data unit 250 is a multi-user transmission (e.g., the data unit
• the steered portion includes different data for different clients 25 that are simultaneously transmitted, via the antennas 24 in Fig. 1 , over different spatial channels to carry different (or "user-specific") content to each of the client stations 25. Accordingly, in these embodiments the VHT-SIGAs 258 carry information common to all users, while the VHT-SIGB 268 includes user-specific information.
• the steered portion includes data for a particular client 25 that are transmitted and beamsteered, via the antennas 24, to the client station 25.
• each the VHT-SIGAs 258 comprises two OFDM symbols that are modulated in a manner similar to the legacy L-SIG fields 256.
• the VHT-SIGB field 268 comprises a single OFDM symbol that is modulated in a manner similar to the VHT data portion 272, according to some embodiments and/or scenarios described below.
• Fig. 3 is a block diagram of an example PHY processing unit 300 configured to generate an OFDM symbol, according to an embodiment. For example, in an
• the PHY processing unit 300 generates an OFDM symbol corresponding to the VHT-SIGB 268 of the data unit 250 (Fig. 2).
• the PHY processing unit 300 generates an OFDM symbol corresponding to the VHT-SIGB 268 of the data unit 250 (Fig. 2).
• the PHY processing unit 300 generates an OFDM symbol corresponding to the data portion 272 of the data unit 250. In other embodiments and/or scenarios, the PHY processing unit 300 generates an OFDM symbol corresponding to another portion of the data unit 250, or an OFDM symbol to be included in another suitable data unit, in other embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the AP 14 and the client station 25-1 each include a PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 300.
• the PHY unit 300 includes a forward error correction (FEC) encoder 302 that generally encodes an input data stream to generate a corresponding encoded stream.
• FEC forward error correction
• the FEC encoder utilizes binary convolutional coding (BCC) with the coding rate of 1/2.
• BCC binary convolutional coding
• the FEC encoder utilizes other suitable coding types and/or other suitable coding rates.
• the FEC encoder 302 is coupled to a frequency interleaver 304 that interleaves bits of an encoded stream (i.e., changes the order of the bits) to prevent long sequences of adjacent noisy bits from entering a decoder at the receiver.
• a constellation mapper 306 maps an interleaved sequence of bits to
• the constellation mapper 306 translates every log 2 (M) into one of M constellation points.
• the constellation mapper 306 operates according to a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation scheme.
• BPSK binary phase shift keying
• the constellation mapper 306 is coupled to a tone duplication and insertion unit 308 that implements various duplication and insertion techniques described below in various embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the output of the tone duplication and insertion unit 308 is presented to a stream mapper unit 312, according to an embodiment.
• the stream mapper 312 spreads the constellation points to a greater number of space-time streams.
• a pilot generator unit 310 generates pilot tones to be used, for example, for frequency offset estimation at the receiver, and insets the pilot tones into the symbol OFDM tones at the space-time outputs of the stream mapper 312.
• a plurality of cyclic shift diversity (CSD) units 314 insert cyclic shifts into all but one of the space-time streams to prevent unintentional beamforming.
• CSD cyclic shift diversity
• a spatial mapping unit 316 maps the space-time streams to transmit chains corresponding to one or more available transmit antennas.
• spatial mapping includes one or more of: 1) direct mapping, in which constellation points from each space-time stream are mapped directly onto transmit chains (i.e., one-to- one mapping); 2) spatial expansion, in which vectors of constellation point from all space-time streams are expanded via matrix multiplication to produce inputs to the transmit chains; and 3) beamforming, in which each vector of constellation points from all of the space-time streams is multiplied by a matrix of steering vectors to produce inputs to the transmit chains.
• the spatial mapping unit 316 applies a steering matrix Q (e.g., multiplies an N ST s x 1 signal vector s by Q, i.e., Qs), where Q has a size of ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ x N STS ), where ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the number of transmit chains and N ST s is the number of space-time streams.
• Q has a size of ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ x N STS ), where ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ is the number of transmit chains and N ST s is the number of space-time streams.
• the matrix Q is generated based on the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel between the transmitter and the receiver.
• MIMO multiple input multiple output
• N TX has a maximum value of 8.
• N TX has a maximum value of 16.
• ⁇ has a different maximum value such as 4, 32, 64, etc.
• Each output of the spatial mapping unit 316 corresponds to a transmit chain, and each output of the spatial mapping unit 316 is operated on by an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) unit 318 that converts a block of constellation points to a time-domain signal.
• IDFT inverse discrete Fourier transform
• the IDFT unit 318 is configured to implement an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) algorithm.
• IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
• the number of sub-carriers (or tones) in an OFDM symbol generally depends on the bandwidth (BW) of the channel being utilized, according to an embodiment.
• BW bandwidth
• an OFDM symbol for a 20 MHz channel corresponds to a size 64 IDFT and includes 64 tones
• an OFDM symbol for a 40 MHz channel corresponds to a size 128 IDFT and includes 128 tones, according to an embodiment.
• the tones in an OFDM symbol include guard tones for filter ramp up and ramp down, DC tones for mitigating radio frequency interference, and pilot tones for frequency offset estimation.
• the remaining tones can be used to transmit data or information bits ("data tones"), according to an embodiment.
• tone and/or bit allocation for an OFDM symbol in a data unit is the same regardless of the channel bandwidth occupied by the data unit.
• OFDM symbols are generated according to a format defined for a "base" bandwidth, such as the smallest channel bandwidth defined by the communication protocol, and tone duplications and insertion techniques described herein are used to generate OFDM symbols corresponding to wider channel band widths.
• a 20MHz channel bandwidth is used as the base bandwidth, in an embodiment.
• OFDM symbols are generated according to tone and/or bit allocation defined for a 20MHz channel bandwidth, and tone duplication and insertions techniques described herein are utilized to generate OFDM symbols corresponding to higher bandwidth channels, such as a 40MHz channel, an 80MHz channel, etc.
• a 40 MHZ bandwidth is used as the base bandwidth, and higher bandwidth OFDM symbols are generated using tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein.
• other suitable base bandwidths are utilized.
• any suitable bandwidth corresponding to an IDFT of size N can be utilized as a base bandwidth, and tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein can be used to generate an OFDM symbol corresponding to an IDFT of larger size, such as a &N-point IDFT, based on tone and/or bit allocation defined for the N-point IDFT, where N and k are integers, in various embodiments and/or scenarios.
• tone duplication and insertion techniques are described below as generally performed to generate a wider bandwidth signal field based on tone and/or bit allocation defined for a lower bandwidth signal field, such techniques are not limited to OFDM symbols corresponding to signal fields and are applied to OFDM symbols corresponding to other field (e.g., training fields, data field) of an OFDM data unit, in other embodiments.
• the bit allocation for the VHT-SIGB field 268 of the data unit 250 is the same regardless of the channel bandwidth occupied by the particular data unit being generated, according to an embodiment.
• the same number of guard tones, DC tones, and pilot tones are used in an OFDM symbol generated for the VHT-SIGB 268 as in a symbol generated for the data portion of the data unit 250.1n one such embodiment, the guard tones, the DC tones, and the pilot tones are the same frequency tones within an OFDM symbol generated for the VHT-SIGB field 268 as in an OFDM symbol generated for the data portion 272.-
• VHT-SIGB field 268 bit allocation corresponds to a 20MHz OFDM symbol with the corresponding number of data tones, and the same bit allocation is utilized for data units corresponding to larger bandwidths (e.g., 40MHz, 80MHz, etc.).
• 26 bits are allocated for the VHT-SIGB field, with 20 bits allocated for information bits and 6 bits allocated for tail bits, for example.
• VHT-SIGB field 268 is encoded with a BCC encoder at 1/2 coding rate, the 26 bits are encoded into 52 data bits corresponding to the 52 data tones available for a 20MHz channel.
• bit allocations and other suitable coding and modulation schemes are used for the VHT-SIGB field 268.
• tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein are utilized to fill the remaining available data tones.
• Fig. 4 is a diagram of an OFDM symbol 400 generated for a VHT-SIGB field (such as VHT-SIGB field 268 of Fig. 2) of a data unit for a 40 MHz channel, according to an embodiment.
• the OFDM symbol 400 corresponds to a size 128 IDFT and includes 128 tones.
• the 128 tone slots are indexed from -64 to +63, in an embodiment.
• the 128 tones include guard tones, a direct current (DC) tones, data tones, and pilot tones.
• the six lowest frequency tones and the five highest frequency tones are guard tones.
• the three tones indexed from -1 to +1 are DC tones.
• the OFDM symbol 400 also includes 6 pilot tones and 108 data tones, according to an embodiment.
• the 108 data tones include 52 tones corresponding to the VHT-SIGB bits with 2 inserted tones, and the resulting 54 tones are duplicated once in order to fill the remaining tones of the OFDM symbol.
• the two inserted tones occupy the lowest data/pilot frequency tone slots in the lower channel sideband and the two lowest data/pilot frequency tone slots in the upper channel sideband.
• Fig. 5 is a diagram of another example OFDM symbol 500 generated for a VHT-SIGB field (such as VHT-SIGB field 268 of Fig. 2) of a data unit for a 40 MHz channel, according to another embodiment.
• the OFDM symbol 500 is similar to the OFDM symbol 400 except that the insertion tones in the OFDM symbol 500 occupy the two lowest data/pilot frequency tone slots in the lower channel sideband and the two highest data/pilot frequency tone slots in the upper channel sideband.
• the two insertion tones occupy any other suitable data/pilot frequency tone slots in the OFDM symbol 400 or the OFDM symbol 500.
• Fig. 6 is a diagram of an OFDM symbol 600 generated for a VHT-SIGB field (such as VHT-SIGB field 268 of Fig. 2) of a data unit for an 80 MHz channel, according to an embodiment.
• the OFDM symbol 600 corresponds to a size 256 IDFT and includes 256 tones.
• the 256 tone slots are indexed from -128 to +127, in an embodiment.
• the 256 tones include guard tones, DC tones, data tones, and pilot tones.
• the six lowest frequency tones and the five highest frequency tones are guard tones.
• the three tones indexed from -1 to +1 are DC tones.
• the OFDM symbol 350 also includes 8 pilot tones and 234 data tones.
• the 234 data tones include 52 tones corresponding to the VHT-SIGB information bits, 52 tones that are duplicates of the VHT-SIGB information bits and 13 inserted tones, and the resulting 1 17 tones duplicated once.
• the thirteen inserted tones occupy the lowest frequency pilot/data tone slots in the lower channel sideband and the lowest frequency pilot/data tone slots in the upper channel sideband.
• Fig. 7 is a diagram of another OFDM symbol 700 (such as VHT-SIGB field 268 of Fig. 2) generated for a VHT-SIGB field of a data unit for an 80 MHz channel, according to another embodiment.
• the OFDM symbol 700 is similar to the OFDM symbol 600 except that the insertion tones in the OFDM symbol 700 occupy the thirteen lowest frequency data/pilot tone slots in the lower channel sideband and the highest frequency data/pilot tone slots in the upper channel sideband.
• the thirteen insertion tones occupy other suitable data/pilot tone slots in the OFDM symbol 600 or the OFDM symbol 700.
• the insertion tones in symbol 400, the insertion tones in the symbol 500, the insertion tones in the symbol 600, and/or the insertion tones in the symbol 700 carry values of some of the VHT-SIGB information bits and/or VHT-SIGA information bits.
• the insertion tones in symbol 400, the insertion tones in the symbol 500, the insertion tones in the symbol 600, and/or the insertion tones in the symbol 700 carry values of some of the LSIG information bits.
• the insertion tones in symbol 400, the insertion tones in the symbol 500, the insertion tones in the symbol 600, and/or the insertion tones in the symbol 700 are null (0) tones. These embodiments have an advantage of using no extra transmit power for transmitting the insertion tones (i.e., all of the transmit power is used for the VHT-SIGB information and tail bits).
• the insertion tones in symbol 400, the insertion tones in the symbol 500, the insertion tones in the symbol 600, the insertion tones in the symbol 700 tones are modulated with any other suitable values. [0049]
• the insertion tones in symbol 400, the insertion tones in the symbol 500, the insertion tones in the symbol 600, and/or the insertion tones in the symbol 700 are modulated with any other suitable values.
• the client station 25-1 in Fig. 1 discards the inserted tones in a VHT-SIGB field of a received data unit during the decoding and demodulation process.
• the inserted tones are of values corresponding to some information bits of a signal field (e.g., VHT-SIGA, VHT-SIGB, L-SIG)
• the receiver utilizes the extra diversity provided thereby during the decoding and demodulating process rather than simply discarding the inserted tones, according to an embodiment.
• an 80MHz signal field is generated using tone and/or bit allocation for a 40MHz bandwidth as the base bandwidth.
• an 80MHz VHT-SIGB field is generated using tone and/or bit allocation defined for a 40MHz VHT- SIGB field, using tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein to fill the remaining data tones in the 80MHz VHT-SIGB field, in an embodiment.
• a 160MHZ signal field is generated using tone and/or bit allocation for an 80MHz signal field, using tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein to fill the remaining data tones of the 160MHz field, in an embodiment.
• a 160MHz MHz field is generated using tone and/or bit allocation for a 40MHz bandwidth signal field, using tone insertion and duplication techniques described herein.
• a base bandwidths B is utilized to generate an OFDM symbol for a mB bandwidth communication channel, where m is an integer, in various embodiments and/or scenarios.
• a field corresponding to a 20MHz or another suitable bandwidth is utilized to generate a larger base bandwidth, such as a 40MHz base bandwidth.
• a larger base bandwidth such as a 40MHz base bandwidth.
• one or more uncoded bits are inserted into a bit stream corresponding to a 20MHz bandwidth channel or another suitable bandwidth channel such that, after encoding, the encoded bit stream corresponds to a larger bandwidth, such as a 40MHz bandwidth.
• tone duplication and insertion techniques are applied to the base bandwidth to generate OFDM symbols for higher bandwidth channels. For example, referring to Fig.
• duplication of uncoded information bits is utilized and, if needed, one or more additional bits are added to the uncoded information bit stream (e.g., before duplication of the bits or after duplication of the bits occurs) prior to providing the bit stream to the encoder 302, such that, after being encoded by the encoder 302, the resulting bit stream (coded bits) corresponds to a wider base bandwidth, such as a 40MHz base bandwidth.
• the coded bits are then provided to the constellation mapping unit 306, which maps the coded bits to constellation points corresponding to OFDM tones of the base bandwidth, such as a 40MHz bandwidth.
• tone duplication and insertion unit 308 duplicates the resulting OFDM tones and/or inserts additional OFDM tones to generate a wider bandwidth OFDM symbol, such as an 80MHz OFDM symbol or a 160MHz OFDM symbol, for example, in an embodiment.
• the API 4 is configured to
• the long range communication protocol defines one or more physical layer data unit formats the same as or similar to physical layer data unit format defined by one or more of the short range communication protocols.
• the long range communication protocol defines data units having a format that is substantially the same as a physical layer data unit format defined by a long range communication protocol, but generated using a lower clock rate.
• the AP operates at a clock rate suitable for short range (and high throughput) operation, and down-clocking is used to generate a new clock signal to be used for the sub 1 GHz operation.
• a data unit that conforms to the long rage communication protocol (“long range data unit”) maintains a physical layer format of a data unit that generally conforms to a short range communication protocol (“short range data unit”), but is transmitted over a longer period of time.
• data units that conform to the IEEE 802.1 lah Standard are generated according to a format defined in the IEEE 802- 1 In Standard or IEEE 802-1 lac Standard, but generated using a clock signal down-clocked by a ratio of ten.
• short range data units generally correspond to channel bandwidths described above (e.g., 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, 160MHz), and long range data units have corresponding bandwidths down-clocked with the down-clocking ratio of 10 (e.g., 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz).
• data units according to the IEEE 802.1 laf are down-clocked versions of the IEEE 802.1 In or IEEE 802.1 lac data units with the down-clocking ration of 7.5, in an embodiment.
• the long range communication protocol defines one or more additional bandwidth channels, such as a lMHz bandwidth channel, intended for operations requiring higher signal to noise ration performance, such as extended range or control mode operations, for example.
• additional bandwidth channels such as a lMHz bandwidth channel
• long range data units generated by down-clocking as well as example PHY formats of long range data units utilized in some embodiments are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/359,336, filed January 26, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• a lowest down-clocked channel bandwidth is utilized as the base bandwidth, and tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein are used to generate OFDM symbols corresponding to higher channel bandwidths.
• tone and/or bit allocation defined for OFDM symbols corresponding to a 1MHz base bandwidth or a 2MHz base bandwidth is utilized to generate OFDM symbols corresponding to higher bandwidths
• tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein are utilized to generate OFDM symbols for higher bandwidth channels (e.g., 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz).
• the depicted OFDM symbols 400 and 500 correspond to a 4MHz bandwidth of the long range communication protocol generated using tone allocation defined for a 2MHz bandwidth channel, according to various embodiments.
• the depicted OFDM symbols 600 and 700 correspond to an 8MHz bandwidth of the long range communication protocol generated using tone allocation defined for a 2MHz bandwidth channel, in various embodiments.
• tone and/or bit allocation for another suitable base bandwidth such as 4MHz bandwidth
• tone duplication and insertion techniques described herein are used to generate OFDM symbols corresponding to a higher bandwidth channel, such as an 8MHz channel or a 16MHz channel.
• a base bandwidths B is utilized to generate an OFDM symbol for a mB bandwidth
• m is an integer, in various embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the VHT-SIGB field 268 is mapped to the multiple streams accordingly.
• the VHT-STF fields 264that contain training sequences corresponding to the multiple spatial streams are mapped to multiple spatial streams via a matrix P.
• the same matrix P is used to map a single data stream in the VHT-SIGB field 268 to multiple data streams corresponding to multiple spatial streams in the VHT-data portion 272. More
• the VHT-LTF training fields 264 are mapped to the corresponding spatial streams according to:
• Q (k) corresponds to spatial mapping of the k 111 tone of a VHT-LTF training field
• D (k) corresponds to a CSD phase shift for the k 111 tone
• P* i , . . . , P*NLTF are columns of the mapping matrix P
• S (k) is the k 111 tone of a VHT-LTF training symbol.
• the VHT-SIGB field 268 is mapped to multiple spatial streams of the data unit 250 using one of the columns P*i , . . . , P*NLTF of Equation 1.
• the first column of the P matrix is used to map the VHT-SIGB field 268:
• VHTSIGB ik) Q (k) D (k s mTSIGB (k) Equation 2
• S V HTSIGB ui ⁇ is the k th tone of the VHT-SIGB symbol.
• a different column of the P matrix is used to map the VHT-SIGB field 268.
• the data unit 250 is a multiuser (MU) data unit, i.e., the data unit 250 includes user-specific information for more than one user (e.g., more than one of the client stations 25 in Fig. 1).
• the data unit 250 includes use- specific information for two users (i.e., the data unit 250 is a "two-user" data unit), according to an embodiment.
• the data unit 250 includes data for different numbers of users (e.g., 3 users, 4 users, 5 users, etc.) in other embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the number of VHT-LTF fields 264 is directly related to the sum of spatial streams for all intended recipients of the data unit (users), and a single "giant" mapping matrix P is used to jointly map the training information tones for all users and all spatial streams.
• the VHT- LTF fields 268 are mapped, in an embodiment, according to:
• Qui ' corresponds to spatial mapping of the k tone of a VHT-LTF training field for user 1
• Qu 2 (k) corresponds to spatial mapping of the k 111 tone of a VHT-LTF training field for user 2
• Dui (k) corresponds to a cyclic shift diversity (CSD) phase shift for the k ti tone for user 1
• D U2 (k) corresponds to a cyclic shift diversity (CSD) phase shift for the k tt tone for user 2
• P (U i ) _ * ⁇ P ( ui ) *NLTF are columns of the mapping matrix P for user 1
• P(U2)_ * i , ⁇ , P(U2) *NLTF are columns of the mapping matrix P for user 2
• S (k) is the k th tone of a VHT-LTF training symbol.
• the VHT-SIGB field 268 is, therefore, steered to the two users (assuming that each user does not see interference from the other user).
• the single stream of the VHT-SIGB filed 268 is mapped to multiple spatial streams and the multiple users using any column P(ui)_*i P UI)_*NLTF or P U2)_*i , ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , P(U2)_*NLTF of Equation 3.
• the first column of the joint P matrix is used to map the VHT-SIGB field 268 for user 1 according to:
• VHTSIGB Ui (k) QX ( P (m) _ n s mTSIGB J k Equation 4
• SVHTSIGB UI is the VHT-SIGB symbol k th tone for user 1.
• other columns of the joint P matrix are used to steer the VHT-SIGB field 268 to the intended user via the multiple data streams.
• Fig. 8 is a flow diagram of an example method 800 for generating and transmitting a PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to an embodiment.
• the method 800 is implemented at least partially by a PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 20 (Fig. 1), the PHY processing unit 29 (Fig. 1), and/or the PHY processing unit 300 (Fig. 3), and Fig. 8 will be described with reference to Fig. 3 for ease of explanation.
• a PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 20 (Fig. 1), the PHY processing unit 29 (Fig. 1), and/or the PHY processing unit 300 (Fig. 3)
• Fig. 8 will be described with reference to Fig. 3 for ease of explanation.
• another suitable PHY processing unit and/or network interface implements the method 800.
• a signal field of a preamble of a PHY data unit is generated.
• the VHT-SIGB field is generated.
• another suitable signal field is generated.
• the signal field generated at block 804 is mapped to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first frequency portion of an OFDM symbol.
• the BPSK constellation mapping block 306 maps the signal field to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first frequency portion of an OFDM symbol.
• another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 808.
• a set of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers are set to predetermined values. For example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "+1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "-1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to a null value.
• the block 812 is implemented by the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3. In another embodiment, another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 812.
• the signal field generated at block 804 is mapped to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second frequency portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3 maps the signal field to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to the second frequency portion of the OFDM symbol.
• another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 816.
• a set of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers are set to predetermined values. For example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "+1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "-1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to a null value.
• the block 820 is implemented by the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3. In another embodiment, another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 820.
• guard tones, DC tones, and/or pilot tones in the first frequency portion and the second frequency portion are set.
• the block 824 is implemented at least partially by the VHT pilots generation block 310.
• another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 824.
• the PHY data unit is transmitted.
• a PHY processing unit that implements the method 800 at least partially causes the PHY data unit to be transmitted.
• Fig. 9 is a flow diagram of another example method 900 for generating and transmitting a PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to an embodiment.
• the method 900 is implemented at least partially by a PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 20 (Fig. 1), the PHY processing unit 29 (Fig. 1), and/or the PHY processing unit 300 (Fig. 3), and Fig. 9 will be described with reference to Fig. 3 for ease of explanation.
• another suitable PHY processing unit and/or network interface implements the method 900.
• a plurality of training fields are generated. For example, in an embodiment, a plurality of VHT-LTF fields are generated, in an embodiment.
• the training fields are mapped to signal streams using a mapping matrix.
• the mapping matrix comprises the matrix P discussed above. In other embodiments, other suitable mapping matrices are utilized.
• the block 908 is implemented by the mapping block 312. In other embodiments, however, another suitable block of a PHY processing unit and/or a network interface implements block 908.
• a signal field of a preamble of a PHY data unit is generated.
• the VHT-SIGB field is generated.
• another suitable signal field is generated.
• the signal field is mapped to a plurality of signal streams using a column of the mapping matrix utilized at block 908.
• a column of the matrix P discussed above is utilized.
• a column of another suitable mapping matrix is utilized.
• the first column of the matrix P is utilized.
• a column other than the first column of the matrix P is utilized.
• the signal streams are mapped to spatial streams.
• the signal streams are mapped to spatial streams using the matrix Q discussed above. In other embodiments, other suitable matrices are utilized.
• the block 920 is implemented by the spatial mapping block 316. In other embodiments, however, another suitable block of a PHY processing unit and/or a network interface implements block 920.
• the PHY data unit is transmitted.
• a PHY processing unit that implements the method 900 at least partially causes the PHY data unit to be transmitted.
• Block 924 includes transmitting (or causing to be
• Fig. 10 is a flow diagram of another example method 950 for generating and transmitting a multi-user PHY data unit having a signal field, such as a VHT-SIGB or another suitable field, according to an embodiment.
• the method 950 is implemented at least partially by a PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 20 (Fig. 1), the PHY processing unit 29 (Fig. 1), and/or the PHY processing unit 300 (Fig. 3), and Fig. 10 will be described with reference to Fig. 3 for ease of explanation.
• another suitable PHY processing unit and/or network interface implements the method 950.
• a plurality of training fields are generated for a multi-user PHY data unit. For example, in an embodiment, a plurality of VHT-LTF fields are generated.
• the training fields are mapped to signal streams using a mapping matrix.
• the mapping matrix comprises the giant matrix P discussed above. In other embodiments, other suitable mapping matrices are utilized.
• the block 958 is implemented by the mapping block 312. In other embodiments, however, another suitable block of a PHY processing unit and/or a network interface implements block 958.
• a first signal field of a preamble of the multi-user PHY data unit is generated, wherein the first signal field corresponds to a first client device.
• the VHT-SIGB field is generated.
• another suitable signal field is generated.
• the first signal field is mapped to a plurality of signal streams using a portion of a column of the mapping matrix utilized at block 958, wherein the portion corresponds to the first client device.
• a portion of a column of the giant matrix P discussed above is utilized, wherein the portion
• a portion of a column of another suitable mapping matrix is utilized.
• a portion of the first column of the giant matrix P is utilized.
• a portion of a column other than the first column of the giant matrix P is utilized.
• a second signal field of a preamble of the multi-user PHY data unit is generated, wherein the second signal field corresponds to a second client device.
• the VHT-SIGB field is generated.
• another suitable signal field is generated.
• the second signal field is mapped to a plurality of signal streams using a portion of the column of the mapping matrix utilized at block 958, wherein the portion corresponds to the second client device.
• a portion of a column of the giant matrix P discussed above is utilized, wherein the portion corresponds to the second client device.
• a portion of a column of another suitable mapping matrix is utilized.
• a portion of the first column of the giant matrix P is utilized.
• a portion of a column other than the first column of the giant matrix P is utilized.
• the same column is utilized in blocks 966 and 974.
• the signal streams are mapped to spatial streams.
• the signal streams are mapped to spatial streams using a matrix Q as discussed above. In other embodiments, other suitable matrices are utilized.
• the block 978 is implemented by the spatial mapping block 316. In other embodiments, however, another suitable block of a PHY processing unit and/or a network interface implements block 978.
• the multi-user PHY data unit is transmitted.
• a PHY processing unit that implements the method 950 at least partially causes the PHY data unit to be transmitted.
• Block 982 includes transmitting (or causing to be transmitted) at least i) the plurality of training fields, ii) the first signal field, and iii) the second signal fieldvia the plurality of spatial streams.
• Fig. 1 1 is a flow diagram of an example method 1000 for generating an OFDM symbol of a PHY data unit, according to an embodiment.
• the method 1000 is
• PHY processing unit such as the PHY processing unit 20 (Fig. 1), the PHY processing unit 29 (Fig. 1), and/or the PHY processing unit 300 (Fig. 3), in some embodiments.
• PHY processing unit 20 Fig. 1
• PHY processing unit 29 Fig. 1
• PHY processing unit 300 Fig. 3
• other suitable PHY processing units and/or other suitable network interfaces implement the method 1000.
• a plurality of information bits is encoded to generate a plurality of coded information bits to be inlcuded in an OFDM symbol.
• the plurality of information bits corresponds to a first bandwidth
• the OFDM symbol includes a number of data subcarriers corresponding to a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth being larger than the first bandwidth.
• the plurality of information bits corresponds to a base channel bandwidth B, such as a lMHz bandwidth, a 2MHz bandwith, a 4MHz bandwidth, a 20MHz bandwidth, a 40MHz bandwidth, or another suitable base channel bandwidth
• the OFDM symbol includes a number of data tones corresponding to a channel bandwidth that is larger than the base bandwidth, for example an mB bandwidth channel, where m is a suitable integer greater than one, in various embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the plurality of coded bits is mapped to a plurality of
• the plurality of constellation symbols is mapped to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first frequency portion of an OFDM symbol.
• a set of one or more data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers are set to predetermined values. For example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "+1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "-1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to a null value.
• the block 1006 is implemented by the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3. In another embodiment, another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 1006.
• the plurality of constellation symbols is mapped to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second frequency portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3 maps the signal field to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to the second frequency portion of the OFDM symbol.
• another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 1010.
• a set of one or more data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers are set to predetermined values. For example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "+1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to "-1" value or some other suitable value. As another example, in an embodiment, at least some of the subcarriers in the set of subcarriers are set to a null value.
• the block 1012 is implemented by the tone duplications and insertions block 308 in Fig. 3. In another embodiment, another suitable processing block of a network interface implements block 1012.
• the OFDM symbol is generated to include at least the first plurality of data subcarrers and the second plurality of data subcarriers.
• the OFDM symbol is generated to further include one or more of (i) guard tones, (ii) DC tones, and (iii) pilot tones.
• the OFDM symbol conforms to a format defined by a short range communciation protocl, such as the IEEE 802.1 In Standard or the IEEE 802.1 lac Standard, for example.
• the OFDM symbol conforms to a communication protocol, such as the IEEE 802.1 1 ah Standard or the IEEE 802.1 laf Standard, and is a down-clocked version (e.g., with same tone and/or bit allocation) of an OFDM symbol that conforms to a short range
• the OFDM symbol conforms to one or more other suitable sommunication protocols.
• the OFDM symbol is to be included in a preamble of a data unit.
• the OFDM symbol corresponds to a signal field or a training field to be included in the preamble, in some embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the OFDM symbol corresponds to a signal field or a training field to be included in the preamble, in some embodiments and/or scenarios.
• the OFDM symbol is to be included in a data portion of a data unit.
• the software or firmware instructions may be stored in any tangible, non-transitory, computer readable storage medium or media such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a RAM, a ROM, a flash memory, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, etc.
• the software or firmware instructions may include machine readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform various acts.
• the hardware may comprise one or more of discrete components, an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, etc.
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
• a method of generating an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of a data unit to be transmitted via a communication channel includes encoding a plurality of information bits to generate a plurality of coded bits to be included in the OFDM symbol, wherein the plurality of information bits corresponds to a first bandwidth, and wherein the OFDM symbol includes a number of data tones corresponding to a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth larger than the first bandwidth.
• the method also includes mapping the plurality of coded bits to a plurality constellation symbols and mapping the plurality of constellation symbols to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the method further includes setting a subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the method further still includes mapping the plurality of constellation symbols to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second portion of the OFDM symbol, and setting a subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the method additionally includes generating the OFDM symbol to include at least the first plurality of data subcarriers and the second plurality of data subcarriers.
• the method includes any combination of one or more of the following features.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to a null value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to the null value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to a non-zero value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to the non-zero value.
• the method further comprises mapping the plurality of constellation symbols to a third plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a third portion of the OFDM symbol, setting a subset of data subcarriers in the third plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• Generating the OFDM symbol further comprises including the third plurality of data subcarriers in the OFDM symbol.
• the method further comprises generating a preamble of a physical layer (PHY) data unit, wherein the preamble includes the OFDM symbol.
• PHY physical layer
• the method further comprises generating a data portion of a physical layer (PHY) data unit, wherein the data portion includes the OFDM symbol.
• PHY physical layer
• the method further comprises (i) inserting one or more additional bits into the plurality of information bits and (ii) duplicating the plurality of information bits and the additional bits, prior to encoding the information bits, to generate a plurality of duplicated bits, wherein encoding the information bits comprises encoding the plurality of
• an apparatus comprises a network interface configured to encode a plurality of information bits to generate a plurality of coded bits to be included in an OFDM symbol, wherein the plurality of information bits corresponds to a first bandwidth, and wherein the OFDM symbol includes a number of data tones corresponding to a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth larger than the first bandwidth.
• the network interface is also configured to map the plurality of coded bits to a plurality constellation symbols, and map the plurality of constellation symbols to a first plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a first portion of the OFDM symbol.
• the network interface is also configured to set a subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the network interface is further still configured to map the plurality of constellation symbols to a second plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a second portion of the OFDM symbol, and set a subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values.
• the network interface is additionally configured to generate the OFDM symbol to include at least the data subcarriers corresponding to the first potion and the data subcarriers corresponding to the second portion.
• the apparatus includes any combination of one or more of the following features.
• the network interface is further configured to include, in the OFDM symbol, one or more of (i) guard tones, (ii) direct current (DC) tones and (iii) pilot tones.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to a null value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to the null value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the first plurality of data subcarriers to a non-zero value.
• Setting the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values comprises setting at least one data subcarrier in the subset of data subcarriers in the second plurality of data subcarriers to the non-zero value.
• the network interface is further configured to map the plurality of constellation symbols to a third plurality of data subcarriers corresponding to a third portion of the OFDM symbol, map a subset of data subcarriers in the third plurality of data subcarriers to one or more predetermined values; and generate the OFDM symbol to further include the third plurality of data subcarriers.
• the network interface is further configured to generate a preamble of a physical layer (PHY) data unit, wherein the preamble includes the OFDM symbol.
• PHY physical layer
• the network interface is further configured to generate a data portion of a physical layer (PHY) data unit, wherein the data portion includes the OFDM symbol.
• PHY physical layer
• the network interface is further configured to insert one or more additional bits into the plurality of information bits; and duplicate the plurality of information bits and the additional bits, prior to encoding the information bits, to generate a plurality of duplicated bits, wherein encoding the information bits comprises encoding the plurality of duplicated bits.
• the first bandwidth corresponds to a bandwidth B and the second bandwidth corresponds to a bandwidth mB, wherein m is an integer.

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