WO2014025438A2 - Self-healing material - Google Patents
Self-healing material Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014025438A2 WO2014025438A2 PCT/US2013/041326 US2013041326W WO2014025438A2 WO 2014025438 A2 WO2014025438 A2 WO 2014025438A2 US 2013041326 W US2013041326 W US 2013041326W WO 2014025438 A2 WO2014025438 A2 WO 2014025438A2
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- Prior art keywords
- glass fiber
- recited
- polymer composite
- self
- reinforced polymer
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 10
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011151 fibre-reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000013005 self healing agent Substances 0.000 description 27
- 102100040287 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 feedback regulatory protein Human genes 0.000 description 26
- 101710185324 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 feedback regulatory protein Proteins 0.000 description 26
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004590 silicone sealant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002567 autonomic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012956 testing procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- WXPZDDCNKXMOMC-AVGNSLFASA-N (2s)-1-[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-1-(2-aminoacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N1[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC1 WXPZDDCNKXMOMC-AVGNSLFASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150034459 Parpbp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011157 advanced composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004918 carbon fiber reinforced polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003733 fiber-reinforced composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013003 healing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005297 material degradation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000038293 primary consumers Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006299 self-healing polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/507—Polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
- C08J5/043—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with glass fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/06—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material using pretreated fibrous materials
- C08J5/08—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material using pretreated fibrous materials glass fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/248—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using pre-treated fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/249—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs characterised by the additives used in the prepolymer mixture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2331/00—Characterised by the use of copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, or carbonic acid, or of a haloformic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2363/00—Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2926—Coated or impregnated inorganic fiber fabric
- Y10T442/2934—Coating or impregnation contains vinyl polymer or copolymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2926—Coated or impregnated inorganic fiber fabric
- Y10T442/2951—Coating or impregnation contains epoxy polymer or copolymer or polyether
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2926—Coated or impregnated inorganic fiber fabric
- Y10T442/2992—Coated or impregnated glass fiber fabric
Definitions
- the vinyl ester can be cured at room temperature when contacted or mixed with a MEKP catalyst.
- the viscosity of both the vinyl ester resin and the MEKP catalyst is very low ( ⁇ 2,000 centipoises), which allows hollow glass fibers or microcapsules to he easily filled with each.
- Hybon 2006 used to fabricate glass fiber-reinforced polymer (“GFRP") panels was commercially obtained from PPG Industries, Other types of fibers, such as carbon fibers and synthetic fibers, may be used instead.
- V50 ⁇ A After approximately 1 week of the first round of shots (V50 ⁇ A). the remaining 7 shots were made near (approximately 1" from) the remaining original shots. The purpose was to allow the vinyl ester to be fully cured. Those 7 shots were used for another V50 test (referred to as V50-C). Thus all initial shots had a neighboring shot approximately 1" from the original. Each panel had 6 shots, 3 original and 3 tor either V50-B or V50-C testing.
- the compression strength of the samples was the following;
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite includes a polymer matrix, a plurality of glass fibers embedded within the polymer matrix, a first hollow glass fiber containing a resin embedded within the polymer matrix, a second hollow glass fiber containing a catalyst suitable for curing the resin embedded within the polymer matrix. When damage occurs to such a composite, the glass fibers containing the resin and the catalyst are ruptured, resulting in their mixing together so that the resin is cured for repairing the ruptured location.
Description
SELF-HEALING MATERIAL
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/648,306, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Background Information
Composite materials are ideal for structural applications where high strength-to- weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios are important. Weight sensitive applications, such as construction, aircraft, and space vehicles, are primary consumers of composites, especially fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. However, their use is limited due to the difficulty in damage detection and repair, as well as lack of extended fatigue and impact resistance. One way to protect material degradation is through the incorporation of a self- healing ability.
To date, there has been significant research in self-healing polymeric materials, and numerous studies, specifically in fiber-reinforced polymers. Polymer composites have been attractive candidates to introduce the autonomic healing concept into modern day engineering materials. A breakthrough in the study of self-healing materials was reported in 2001 by a research group at University of Illinois (see S. R. White et al, "Autonomic healing of polymer composites," Nature 409, pp. 794 -797 (2001 ), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein). White et al. first introduced the incorporation of microcapsules containing a polymer precursor into the matrix material of a non-fiber-reinforced polymer composite tor self-healing purposes. The polymer precursor was contained in microcapsules and embedded into the matrix. The matrix contained a randomly dispersed catalyst that was supposed to react with the precursor flowing through any crack formed due to damage and initiate polymerization. The polymer was then supposed to bond the crack face closed. The investigators overcame several challenges in developing microcapsules thai were weak enough to be ruptured by a crack but strong enough not to break during manufacture of the composite system. The researchers showed that it was possible to recover up to 75% of the maximum tensile strength of the virgin composites. Successful work was done by Prof. Bond's group. The use of functional repair components stored in hollow glass fibers ("HGF") placed with glass fiber/epoxy and carbon fiber/epoxy laminates can effectively mitigate damage occurrence and restore mechanical strength (see .S. Trask, G.J. Williams and IP. Bond, "Bioinspired self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass
fibres," J. R. Soc. interface 4, pp. 363 -371 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein), if successful incorporation of the self-healing material into the fiber-reinforced composites ("FRP") can be achieved, the benefit is quite obvious. Those composites can serve longer with better performance. Self-healing materials embedded in the FRP composite or laminate showed considerable restoration of mechanical properties such as flexural strength, compressive strength, impact resistance, and a highly efficient recovery of matrix strength (see G. Williams, R. S. Trask and L P. Bond, "Self-healing sandwich panels; Restoration of compressive strength after impact," Composites Science and Technology 68, pp. 3171.-3177 (2008); G. Williams, R. S. Trask and I P. Bond, "A self-healing carbon fiber- reinforced polymer for aerospace application," Composites 38(6), pp. 1525 -- 1532 (2007), which are hereby incorporated by reference herein).
Even though several methods have been suggested in autonomic healing materials, the concept of repair by bleeding of enclosed functional agents has garnered wide attention by the scientific community. The concept of bleeding is also being considered for commercial purposes in the aerospace industry. Achievements in the field of self-healing polymers and polymer composites are far from satisfactory. Working out the solutions would certainty push polymer sciences and engineering forward.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 A illustrates a hollow glass fiber.
Figure 1 B illustrates a hollow glass fiber filled with a self-healing agent.
Figure 1C illustrates a hollow glass fiber filled with a catalyst.
Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment configured in accordance with the present invention. Figure 3 illustrates a testing procedure performed on an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 illustrates another testing procedure performed on an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 shows digital images of GFRP specimens produced in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
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Detailed .Description
The inventors discovered that a vinyl ester resin and a methyl ethyl ketone peroxide ("MEKP') catalyst can serve well as a self-healing material system for FRP composites due, at least in part, to the following advantages:
1. The vinyl ester can be cured at room temperature when contacted or mixed with a MEKP catalyst.
2. The viscosity of both the vinyl ester resin and the MEKP catalyst is very low (<2,000 centipoises), which allows hollow glass fibers or microcapsules to he easily filled with each.
It was found that the vinyl ester resin/MEKP catalyst self-healing system can increase the sendee life of the panel and recover performance soon alter initial damage.
According to aspects of the present invention, an example is hereinafter described. Part I. Base materials
1. Self-healing agent:
A vinyl ester resin (e.g., product designation Derakane 41 1-350) was commercially obtained from Ashland, Inc. The MEKP catalyst was commercially obtained from Crompton Corporation. Other resin systems, such as polyester and an appropriate catalyst may be used instead.
2. Hollow glass fiber:
Figure 1 A illustrates a cross-section of a hollow glass fiber 101. Large diameter hollow glass fibers were commercially obtained from Sutter instrument. The hollow glass fibers may be approximately 4 inches long with an inner diameter ("ID") of approximately 860 microns and an outer diameter ("OD") of approximately 1500 microns, which yields a ho!lowness fraction of approximately 33%. Other hollow glass fibers with different dimensions or microcapsulates may be lilted with self-healing agents instead-
3. Silicone sealant:
Silicone sealant (e.g., commercially obtained from Master Bond, Inc.) may be used to seal the hollow glass fibers.
4. Fiberglass fabric:
Product designation Hybon 2006 used to fabricate glass fiber-reinforced polymer ("GFRP") panels was commercially obtained from PPG Industries, Other types of fibers, such as carbon fibers and synthetic fibers, may be used instead.
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5. Polyester matrix ;
The polyester matrix used to fabricate the ( if HP panels was commercially obtained from Hexion (e.g., flexion's 712 type polyester resin). Other thermosetting resins, such as epoxy, vinyl ester, etc. may be used instead to perform the duty of the polymer matrix. The polymer matrix may he enhanced with other polymers or fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, ceramic particles, graphite or graphene particles, etc.
Part 2. Fabricating GFRP panels
1 , Filling hollow glass fibers with self healing agent:
Referring to Figures 1 B-1 C, the hollow glass fibers 1.01 were first sealed at one end with silicone sealant 102, They were then immersed into the vinyl ester liquid in a vacuum chamber to allow the vinyl ester 203 (i.e., self-healing agent or resin) to he drawn into the hollow .glass fibers 101. Then the other ends of the hollow glass fibers were also sealed with silicone sealant 102. The same process was also utilized to fill separate hollow glass fibers 101 with the MEKP catalyst 204.
2. Fabricating the GFRP panels with self-healing agent:
12" x 1.2" x 1/2" GFRP panels were made based on two formulations. Formulation 1 had a loading of 2.5% self-healing agent/catalyst compared to the total polyester matrix in the GFRP panels. Formulation 2 had a loading of 5% self-healing agent/catalyst compared to the total polyester matrix in the GFRP panels. Five panels of each formulation were fabricated. Each panel contained 22 layers of e-glass fiber fabric. For each panel, the hollow glass fibers filled with self-healing agent were placed between the fourth and fifth, and eighteenth and nineteenth layers of the e-glass fiber fabric.
Figure 2 illustrates an example of a GFRP panel 200 configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, GFRP panel 200 is shown in a cross-section view of a GFRP composite integrated with hollow glass fibers filled with self-healing agent 203 and catalyst 204. Others of glass fibers 201 typically used to make such composites are also shown embedded within the polymer (resin) matrix 201 of the GFRP composite. When damage occurs to such a panel, the glass fibers containing the self-healing agent and the catalyst are ruptured, resulting in their mixing together so that the agent is cured for repairing the ruptured location.
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Pari 3. Ballistic testing of the GFRP panels with self-healing agent
The GFRP panels were made by a hot pressing process. The polyester resin mixed with MEKP catalyst (1.5%) was poured onto each layer of the e-glass fiber fabric and put together to form a laminated structure, it was pressed at a temperature of approximately 250°F degree for approximately 30 minutes and cooled down to room temperature. They were then made ready for V50 ballistic testing.
Figure 3 shows a sketch of a typical panel and the planned placement of each, shot for V50 ballistic testing. The V50 tests were performed with a 0,30 caliber FSP. V50 ballistic testing is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by an armor, LIS, military standard M IL-STD-662F V50 Ballistic Test defines a commonly used procedure for this measurement
Test Protocol
1. First Round of Shots; For each set, there were 3 shots per panel ( 15 total shots per set). All of these were used to establish a V50 test result (referred to as V50-A). The locations of these shots were near the dots marked "X" in Figure 3.
2. Second Round of Shots: Within approximately 1 hour of the first round of shots, two panels were shot 3 more times and one panel was shot 2 more times near (approximately 1 " from) the original shots (this was done for both sets of panels). The purpose was to test the ballistic performance of the panels before the vinyl ester cured. Those 8 secondary shots were referred to as V50-B. Note, only 8 total shots were used for this test, as the remaining 7 shots were used in the third round of V50 testing (described hereinafter).
3. Third Round of Shots: After approximately 1 week of the first round of shots (V50~A). the remaining 7 shots were made near (approximately 1" from) the remaining original shots. The purpose was to allow the vinyl ester to be fully cured. Those 7 shots were used for another V50 test (referred to as V50-C). Thus all initial shots had a neighboring shot approximately 1" from the original. Each panel had 6 shots, 3 original and 3 tor either V50-B or V50-C testing.
Table 1 shows the V50 ballistic testing results of the self-healing GFRP panels. The configuration for placement of hollow glass fibers (HGF) is shown below the table, where FF = glass fiber fabric.
Placement of HGF:
GF/GF/GF/GF/HGF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/GF/HGF/GF/GF/GF GF
In summary;
L V50-A is higher than V50-B. It was expected that after the first ballistic shot, the panel would be weakened;
2. V50-C is higher than V50-B and very close to the V50-A, which means that the self-healing agent/catalyst effectively heals the damaged area of the panels after the first ballistic shot.
Another example now described showed that the mechanical properties of the GFRP composites can be recovered if the self-healing agent is embedded in the matrix. This example investigated the mechanical behavior before and after the self-healing agent is cured after impact testing. Compression strength after impact for the GFRP panels integrated with self- healing agents was performed. The dimension of the specimens for compression strength after impact testing is shown in Figure 4 (based on ASTM D7136 and ASTM D7137 testing). The panel thickness was approximately 0,2 inches, with 4 plies of the e-glass filler fabric utilized. The self-healing layer wilt be placed in the middle of the specimens Polyester resin (Hexion's 712 type polyester resin) and e-glass fiber (PPG's Hybon 2006 direct draw raving, 24 oz) were used as base GFRP panel matrix materials for experimentation* Vinyl ester was used as the self-healing agent and MEKP as catalyst. The GFRP specimens were fabricated by being integrated with self-healing agent based on 2,5 wt.% loading of the self-healing agent to resin matrix. The hollow glass fibers filled with self-healing agent and catalyst are placed in between the second and third plies of the e-glass fiber fabric. For comparison, also prepared were control GFRP panels for experimentation. Figure 5 shows GPRP specimens used in the experimentation.
Fabricated were 4 GFRP samples. Each of the samples contained 12 GFRP specimens. For the samples with self-healing agent, 6 specimens of each sample were tested with impact.
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Then the compression strength after impact was performed within an hour. The remaining 6 specimens of each sample were performed with compression strength alter impact a week after the impact testing. The average data was given after each testing. For comparison and determining the sel f-healing efficiency, the compression strength of the GFRP specimens (with no sell-healing agent) without impact was also tested.
When the impact was performed, the hollow glass fibers were broken and the self- healing agent and the catalyst were expelled from the fibers to react with each other. The self- healing agent would barely react with the catalyst within the first hour. However, the reaction would be completed in a week.
A fully instrumented low velocity impact (Instron) machine was used to perform the impact at energy of 30 J.
The compression strength of the samples was the following;
GFRP samples without self-healing agent;
Compression strength (before impact): 50.0 MPa
Compression strength after impact: 38.3 MPa
GFRP samples with 2.5% self-healing agent;
Compression strength 1 hour after impact; 35.2MPa
Compression strength 1 week after impact: 48, 1 MPa
It can be seen that the compression strength observed one week after impact {48,1 MPa) is significantly better than those tested within an hour after impact (35,2MPa), showing that the self-healing agent plays an important role in healing the GFRP panels after damage. The self- healing efficiency in this case is 96% and it. almost recovers to the compression strength of the undamaged GFRP (50.0 MPa). which is almost fully recovered. Optimizing the loading of the self-healing agent may improve the self-healing efficiency.
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Claims
1. A glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite comprising:
a polymer matrix;
a plurality of glass fibers embedded within the polymer matrix;
a first hollow glass fiber embedded within the polymer matrix, the first hollow glass fiber containing a resin; and
a second hollow glass fiber embedded within the polymer matrix, the second hollow glass fiber containing a catalyst suitable for curing the resin,
2. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 1, wherein the resin comprises a vinyl ester.
3- T he glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 1 , wherein the resin comprises polyester.
4. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises methyl ethyl ketone peroxide,
5. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 2, wherein the vinyl ester has a. viscosity lower than 2,000 centipoises at room temperature.
6. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 3, wherein the
polyester has a viscosity lower than 2,000 centipoises at room temperature.
7. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 4, wherein the methyl ethyl ketone peroxide has a viscosity lower than 2,000 centipoises at room temperature.
8. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 1, wherein the
polymer matrix comprises a thermosetting resin.
9. The glass fiber-rein forced polymer composite as recited in claim 1 , wherein the
polymer matrix is selected from the group consisting of polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy.
10. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 1, wherein the
polymer matrix is a thermosetting resin reinforced with a filler.
1 1. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 10, wherein the filler comprises carbon nanotubes.
8
12. The glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 10, wherein the filler comprises ceramic particles.
13. The giass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 10, wherein the filler comprises graphite particles.
14. The giass fiber-reinforced polymer composite as recited in claim 10, wherein the filler comprises graphene particles.
9
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US14/399,454 US20150159316A1 (en) | 2012-05-17 | 2013-05-16 | Self-healing material |
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US201261648306P | 2012-05-17 | 2012-05-17 | |
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Cited By (1)
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GB2530787A (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-06 | Wilson Benesch Ltd | A method and a member comprising a composite material |
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US10814569B2 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2020-10-27 | Continuous Composites Inc. | Method and material for additive manufacturing |
US10836144B2 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2020-11-17 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Self-healing glass panel |
DE102019123355A1 (en) * | 2019-08-30 | 2021-03-04 | Deutsche Institute Für Textil- Und Faserforschung Denkendorf | Self-repairing fiber composite material and its use |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2021303C1 (en) * | 1988-10-03 | 1994-10-15 | Томас Джордж Эллиотт | Sheet material and its production process |
RU2072374C1 (en) * | 1993-12-28 | 1997-01-27 | Бердянский филиал хозрасчетного центра научно-технических услуг "Техвиом" | Reinforcing material |
WO2007135447A1 (en) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-11-29 | Auxetic Technologies Limited | A composite material |
-
2013
- 2013-05-16 US US14/399,454 patent/US20150159316A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-05-16 WO PCT/US2013/041326 patent/WO2014025438A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2021303C1 (en) * | 1988-10-03 | 1994-10-15 | Томас Джордж Эллиотт | Sheet material and its production process |
RU2072374C1 (en) * | 1993-12-28 | 1997-01-27 | Бердянский филиал хозрасчетного центра научно-технических услуг "Техвиом" | Reinforcing material |
WO2007135447A1 (en) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-11-29 | Auxetic Technologies Limited | A composite material |
Cited By (1)
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GB2530787A (en) * | 2014-10-02 | 2016-04-06 | Wilson Benesch Ltd | A method and a member comprising a composite material |
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