WO2013173300A1 - Insect attractant formulations and insect control - Google Patents
Insect attractant formulations and insect control Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013173300A1 WO2013173300A1 PCT/US2013/040901 US2013040901W WO2013173300A1 WO 2013173300 A1 WO2013173300 A1 WO 2013173300A1 US 2013040901 W US2013040901 W US 2013040901W WO 2013173300 A1 WO2013173300 A1 WO 2013173300A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
- A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/10—Catching insects by using Traps
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
- A01M1/10—Catching insects by using Traps
- A01M1/106—Catching insects by using Traps for flying insects
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
- A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/18—Vapour or smoke emitting compositions with delayed or sustained release
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
- A01N31/08—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system
- A01N31/16—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system with two or more oxygen or sulfur atoms directly attached to the same aromatic ring system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group, wherein Cn means a carbon skeleton not containing a ring; Thio analogues thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom rings with more than six members
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
- A01N45/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring having three carbocyclic rings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N2300/00—Combinations or mixtures of active ingredients covered by classes A01N27/00 - A01N65/48 with other active or formulation relevant ingredients, e.g. specific carrier materials or surfactants, covered by classes A01N25/00 - A01N65/48
Definitions
- formulation that includes the insect para-pheromones methyl eugenol and cue lure combined with a biodegradable wax carrier.
- the formulation is effective to provide for continuous release of methyl eugenol and cue lure from the carrier over an extended period of time to effectively attract members of target insect populations.
- the formulation can be used without an insect toxicant for mating disruption of insect pests.
- the formulation can be used in an "attract and kill" system for controlling insect populations.
- Pheromones are semio-chemicals, i.e., behavior- modifying chemicals, that act as signals to other insects of the same species. Sex and aggregation pheromones are used by a number of different species to locate possible mates. These can be either single components or mixtures of two or more different chemicals that act in concert. Many pheromones have been identified to date, and many of these compounds can be synthetically produced. Synthetically produced compounds that have pheromone-like effect are referred to herein as "para-pheromones.” Pheromones and para-pheromones are referred to
- Attractants typically, for mating disruption, a small amount of an attractant is released from a dispenser or carrier material at a level above the concentration released by female insects. When the background level of synthetic pheromone released is above a threshold, male insects are unable to locate female insects. The male's inability to find a mate will then control future populations of the insect pest.
- Another method for addressing the disadvantages associated with indiscriminate application of pesticides involves the use of baits that are adapted to attract particular types and/or species of insects for targeted delivery of insect toxicants. This method enables the selective control of insect pests.
- An object of this approach is to utilize attractants that selectively draw targeted pests to a lure or trap, while other harmless or beneficial insects in the vicinity are generally not affected.
- Attractants can be employed in combination with insect toxicants in "attract and kill" systems which utilize the attractants to lure individual insects, typically male insects, of a particular type and/or species to a bait, where the insects then come into contact with an insect toxicant to kill the attracted insects.
- These types of systems have optimal effectiveness during mating seasons of the insects and optimal effectiveness of such systems relies upon a relatively continuous release of the attractant(s) over an extended period of time, i.e., through typical insect mating periods.
- MAT Male Annihilation Technique
- MAT relies on male fruit flies being strongly attracted to pheromones or pheromone-like chemicals. These pheromones, or analogues thereof, can be used in combination with an insecticide treated matrix to eliminate the males in an area.
- MAT-based control systems have traditionally used fiber blocks or cotton wads impregnated with cue lure or methyl eugenol (depending on the target species) plus a toxicant to kill the male flies when they are attracted and contact the bait.
- 'attract-and-kill' devices generally incorporate high concentrations of the toxicant and cause rapid death of male flies that contact them.
- the formulated attractant/insecticide can be placed in a large number of traps distributed throughout an area in which control or eradication is desired.
- MAT works by reducing the male population to an extent that mating is effectively eliminated, or at least substantially reduced. MAT is a proven technique to control fruit flies.
- SPLAT Specificized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology
- a waxy biodegradable carrier that is effective to adhere to plant bark or foliage or other structure present in an area to be treated, then slowly erodes from the surface and biodegrades in the soil during or after the period of time during which the semio-chemicals are released and/or pesticides are dispensed.
- methyl eugenol and cue lure are extremely effective for attracting certain species of insects, but exhibit essentially no attractive effect for other species.
- fruit flies are very specific in their response to methyl eugenol and cue lure, with prior studies having shown that flies of species that are attracted to methyl eugenol do not respond to cue lure and vice versa.
- the present invention is based upon the discovery that cue lure can be included together with methyl eugenol in the presence of certain other ingredients to provide an insect attractant formulation that is surprisingly effective for attracting male Oriental fruit flies (which are attracted to methyl eugenol but not cue lure) and Melon flies (which are attracted to cue lure but not methyl eugenol).
- combination of methyl eugenol and cue lure with a biodegradable wax carrier e.g., a sprayable wax carrier as described herein, enables the preparation of a formulation effective to attract a broader spectrum of fruit fly species than formulations including only one of methyl eugenol or cue lure, and exhibits surprising and unexpected fruit fly attraction properties.
- a formulation comprising a combination of methyl eugenol and cue lure is effective, contrary to prior expectations and results, for attracting male fruit flies of both Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Melon fly).
- a formulation comprises a sprayable wax emulsion having a viscosity appropriate for use in aerial or backpack spray applications and suitable for on-crop or off-crop uses.
- a formulation can also include one or more insect toxicant
- a formulation embodiment can be used in a system for control of a target insect population using male annihilation technique (MAT).
- MAT male annihilation technique
- the insect toxicant, methyl eugenol and cue lure, and optionally other formulation ingredients are dispersed and entrapped in an emulsion of biodegradable wax.
- Another aspect of this disclosure is a method for control of a target insect population which comprises spraying an insect control formulation as described herein at a locus where control is desired.
- the targeted insect species include Oriental fruit fly and Melon fly
- the male-specific attractant comprises a combination of methyl eugenol and cue lure
- the insect toxicant comprises a spinosyn or butenyl spinosyn insecticide.
- a formulation is provided as a solid, such as, for example, a shaped solid block, a plurality of solid granules or a powder.
- the formulations described herein, whether in the form of a sprayable or flowable emulsion, a sprayable or flowable powder or granule or a solid block, can be incorporated within lures, traps, and other devices used for insect attraction or monitoring, a wide variety of examples of which are widely known and used to control or monitor fruit flies.
- the formulations can be placed in the field at one or more desired loci without the need for traps.
- the sprayable or flowable formulations described herein can be applied directly to trees or other structures present in an area to be treated by spraying dollops of the formulation directly on such tree or other structure, by applying a coating of the formulation to a surface of such tree or other structure or by broadcasting a granular or particulate formulation in an area to be treated.
- Fig. 1 is a bar graph depicting the number of male Oriental fruit flies captured in traps baited with methyl eugenol (ME alone or methyl eugenol + cuelure (ME+CL) in an amorphous polymer matrix (APM) in the test described in Example III.
- ME methyl eugenol
- APM amorphous polymer matrix
- Fig. 2 is a bar graph depicting the number of male Melon flies captured in traps baited with cuelure (CL) alone or methyl eugenol + cuelure (ME+CL) in an amorphous polymer matrix (APM) in the test described in Example III.
- Insect attractant formulations without insect toxicants can be used, for example, by researchers, agriculturists, government agencies, and individuals to detect the presence of certain types or species of fruit flies at a given locus, to monitor insect populations, and to kill insects harmful to agricultural crops using modes other than contact with an insect toxicant.
- Insect attractant formulations can be used in a wide variety of traps, lures, sprays, dollops, coatings and mixtures, and using a wide variety of devices and methods to deploy or deliver them to the desired locus.
- an attractant formulation comprises a combination of methyl eugenol, which is known to attract Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) and other fruit fly species, cue lure, which is known to attract B. cucurbitae
- the combination of methyl eugenol and cue lure surprisingly achieves the dual benefit of attracting Oriental fruit flies and other methyl eugenol-responsive species to a comparable or greater degree than methyl eugenol used alone, and also attracts Melon flies and other fruit fly species that are responsive to cue lure to a comparable degree as cue lure used alone, thus providing a broader spectrum effect than provided by previously known attract and kill formulations.
- the formulations described herein represent unexpectedly and surprisingly effective insect attractant formulations utilizing a combination of attractants that previously have been regarded as being unsuitable for use together in a single lure.
- the present disclosure therefore enables application of a single
- One insect control formulation embodiment includes: (a) methyl eugenol, (b) cue lure, and (c) a biodegradable wax carrier that is effective to provide continuous release of the methyl eugenol and cue lure over an extended period of time.
- the extended period of time is a period of at least 3 weeks.
- the extended period of time is a period of at least 4 weeks.
- the extended period of time is a period of at least 4 weeks.
- the extended period of time is a period of from about 4 to about 12 weeks.
- the formulation includes methyl eugenol in an amount from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the total formulation and cue lure in an amount of from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation. In still yet another embodiment, the formulation includes methyl eugenol in an amount from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the total formulation and cue lure in an amount of from about 5% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation.
- total formulation refers to all of the ingredients in a given formulation other than water.
- wax refers to a class of chemical compounds that are plastic
- wax (malleable) near ambient temperatures. Characteristically, they melt above 45 °C (113 °F) to give a low viscosity liquid. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. All waxes are organic compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring.
- the biodegradable wax carrier in one embodiment comprises a compound or compounds operable to form an aqueous sprayable emulsion at ambient temperatures of a given treatment locus.
- the biodegradable wax carrier in one embodiment comprises a compound or compounds operable to form an aqueous sprayable emulsion at ambient temperatures of a given treatment locus.
- biodegradable wax carrier comprises a compound or compounds operable to form a solid block or solid granule at ambient temperatures of a given treatment locus.
- the aqueous emulsion is operable to dry (i.e., upon evaporation of the water from the emulsion) after being placed in ambient conditions to form a dollop or coating with the methyl eugenol and cue lure dispersed and releasably contained in a biodegradable wax carrier matrix.
- "Spraying" of an aqueous emulsion refers to application of the formulation by spraying, squirting or splatting.
- “Spraying" of a formulation that is solid at ambient temperature refers to applying the formulation as a granular material to a treated surface or heating the formulation to a flowable state and then applying the formulation to a locus by spraying, squirting or splatting.
- the methyl eugenol and cue lure are releasably contained in, and then continuously released from, the dollop, coating, block, granule or the like over an extended period of time.
- the biodegradable wax carrier is a wax selected from the group consisting of beeswax, lanolin, shellac wax, carnauba wax, fruit wax (such as, for example, bayberry or sugar cane wax), candelilla wax, hydrocarbon based waxes such as paraffin wax and other waxes such as, for example, microcrystalline, ozocerite, ceresin, montan, vegetable based waxes such as soy wax, or combinations thereof.
- the biodegradable wax carrier is present in the formulation in an amount of from about 10% to about 90%, by weight of the total formulation, or any weight range within said weight range.
- the formulation includes a biodegradable wax carrier in an amount from about 20% to about 80% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes a
- the biodegradable wax carrier comprises paraffin wax.
- Paraffin wax is easy to handle, has a practical melting point for uses as described herein and is relatively inexpensive.
- Paraffin wax has a melting point in the range of about 50-60° C. (120-140° F), is nonpolar and miscible with methyl eugenol and cue lure when molten. Paraffin wax also exhibits good continuous release characteristics for the methyl eugenol and cue lure in release rate ranges suitable for the uses described herein.
- the paraffin wax used comprises a hexacosane having an average melting point of about 53° C.
- Formulations including a biodegradable wax carrier comprising paraffin wax can be applied at field temperatures as an aqueous emulsion that adheres to plant bark or foliage, releases methyl eugenol and cue lure for an extended period of time, slowly erodes from plant surfaces and biodegrades in the soil.
- formulations including a biodegradable wax carrier comprising paraffin wax can be formulated as solid blocks or solid granules in other embodiments.
- formulations can include paraffin wax alone (i..e, with paraffin wax as the sole biodegradable wax carrier) or in combination with other types of biodegradable carriers, or in combination with a variety of additives, as discussed further below.
- the carrier in an embodiment in which the biodegradable wax carrier is in the form of an aqueous sprayable emulsion, the carrier can be made as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,001 ,346, which is hereby incorporated by reference, and which describes a method for making a biologically inert matrix for the release of semiochemicals and/or pesticides as described herein.
- Such carriers are available from ISCA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1230 W. Spring St., Riverside, California 92507, United States of America under the trademark of SPLAT (Specialized
- biodegradable wax carrier is effective to adhere to plant bark or foliage or other structures present in an area to be treated, then slowly erode from the surface and biodegrade in the soil
- the formulation also includes one or more insect toxicant (also referred to herein as an "insecticide," each of these terms being used to include a single insecticide or a combination of more than one insecticide in a given formulation).
- insect toxicant is present in an amount from about 0.002% to about 25% by weight of the total formulation, or any weight range within said weight range.
- the formulation includes an insect toxicant in an amount from about 0.01% to about 20% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes an insect toxicant in an amount from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes an insect toxicant in an amount from about 0.2% to about 10% by weight of the total formulation.
- the insect toxicant comprises a spinosyn natural factor or semi-synthetic derivative or butenyl-spinosyn natural factor or semi-synthetic derivative.
- spinosyn natural factor or semi-synthetic derivative or butenyl-spinosyn natural factor or semi-synthetic derivative. Examples of specific spinosyns that can be used include Spinosad and spinetoram.
- Natural spinosyn compounds may be produced via fermentation from cultures deposited as NRRL 18719, 18537, 18538, 18539, 18743, 18395, and 18823 of the stock culture collection of the Midwest Area Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research
- Spinetoram is a semi-synthetic spinosyn insecticide marketed by Dow AgroSciences LLC.
- Spinetoram (also known as DE-175) is the common name for a mixture of 50-90% (2R,3aR,5aR,5bS,9S, 13S, 14R,16aS,16bR)-2-(6-deoxy-3- 0-ethyl-2,4-di-0-methyl-a-L-mannopyranosyloxy)-13-[(R2R,5S,6R)-5- (dimethylamino)tetrahydro-6-methylpyran-2-yloxy]-9-ethyl- 2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,9,10, l 1,12,13, 14,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-14-methyl-l-H-as- indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecine-7,15-dione, and 50-10%
- the insect toxicant comprises a macrolide insecticide.
- Macrolide insecticides related to the spinosyns have been isolated from Saccharopolyspora sp. LW 107129 (NRRL 30141 and mutants thereof). These compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,800,614, hereby incorporated by reference. These compounds are characterized by the presence of reactive functional groups that make further modifications possible at locations where such modifications were not feasible in previously disclosed spinosyns. Natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of the butenyl spinosyns are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,464, hereby incorporated by reference.
- butenyl-spinosyn as used herein is intended to include natural factors and semi-synthetic derivatives of the naturally produced factors. Spinosyns and butenyl spinosyns are believed to be active against all commercially relevant fruit fly species. Spinosad is approved for use on more than 150 crops. Spinosad has been recognized as an environmentally friendly insecticide, it is used as an organic input and it was a 1999 award winner in the EPAs
- insect toxicants examples include but are not limited to oranophosphates, such as naled, carbamates, pyrethroids, nicotinics such as imidacloprid or thiacloprid, benzoylphenylureas such as dimilin or novaluron, diacylhydrazines such as methoxyfenozide, phenylpyrazoles such as fipronil or ethiprole, chlorfenapyr, diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, metaflumazone, emamectin benzoate, abamectin, pyridalyl, diamides such as flubendiamide, rynaxypyr (chlorantraniliprole), and cyazypyr (cyantraniliprole), mixes of any of the above or others.
- oranophosphates such as naled, carbamates, pyrethroids, nicotinics
- butoxycarboxim cadusafos, calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide, camphechlor, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole, chlorbicyclen, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlordimeform
- hydrochloride chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlormephos, chloroform, chloropicrin, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos,
- chlorpyrifos chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorthiophos, chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cismethrin, cloethocarb, closantel, clothianidin, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, coumaphos, coumithoate, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyantraniliprole, cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, cyromazine, cythioate, DDT, decarbofuran, deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephi
- an additive comprises an ingredient that either affects the release rate of methyl eugenol and/or cue lure from the formulation or otherwise affects the physical properties of the formulation and/or protect the formulation from weather conditions, for example.
- optional additives include, among others, emulsifiers, plasticizers, volatility suppressants, antioxidants, lipids, various ultraviolet blockers and absorbers, or antimicrobials.
- one or more additive is included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 0.001% to about 20% by weight of the total formulation, or any weight range within said weight range.
- one or more additive is included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 0.1 % to about 10%, by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, one or more additive is included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 1% to about 6%, by weight of the total formulation.
- the additives can be included, for example, in a pre-formulated carrier mixture that includes the biodegradable wax carrier and the additives, which can then be blended with the methyl eugenol, cue lure and, optionally, insect toxicant to provide an insect control formulation.
- a pre-formulated carrier mixture can be made by combining the carrier mixture and selected additives in predetermined ratios in accordance with the present disclosure, or can be obtained commercially.
- the pre-formulated carrier mixture comprises a SPLATTM matrix, which is commercially from ISCA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Riverside, California).
- water optionally can be added and mixed into the SPLATTM matrix prior to, together with or after the methyl eugenol, cue lure and optional insect toxicants are mixed therewith to affect the viscosity of the insect control formulation produced thereby.
- the formulation includes an emulsifier to impart or improve emulsification properties of the formulation.
- emulsifiers that can be used in alternate embodiments include lecithin and modified lecithins, mono- and diglycerides, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monooleate, fatty acids, lipids, and combinations thereof.
- the emulsifier can be selected from a wide variety of emulsifier products that are well known in the art and available commercially, including but not limited to, sorbitan monolaurate (anhydrosorbitol stearate, molecular formula C24H46O6), ARLACEL 60, ARMOTAN MS, CRILL 3, CRILL K3, DREWSORB 60, DURTAN 60, EMSORB 2505, GLYCOMUL S, HODAG SMS, IONET S 60, LIPOSORB S, LIPOSORB S-20, MONTANE 60, MS 33, MS33F, NEWCOL 60, NIKKOL SS 30, NISSAN NONION SP 60, NONION SP 60, NONION SP 60R, RIKEMAL S 250, sorbitan c, sorbitan stearate, SORBON 60, SORGEN 50, SPAN 55, AND SPAN 60.
- sorbitan monolaurate anhydrosorbitol stearate, molecular formula
- sorbitan fatty acid ester that may be used include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tri stearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate.
- the emulsifier SPAN 60 is included in a formulation.
- an emulsifier is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 10% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1 % to about 10% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1% to about 6% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1 % to about 5% by weight of the total formulation.
- Plasticizers can affect physical properties of a formulation described herein, such as, for example, to extend its resistance to degradation in the field.
- the insect control formulation includes a plasticizer.
- suitable plasticizers include glycerin and soy oil.
- a plasticizer is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 40% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 25% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation.
- At least one antioxidant is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- at least one antioxidant is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1%> to about 3% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1 % to about 2% by weight of the total formulation. In still another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1 % to about 1 %> by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation further includes at least one ultraviolet blocker effective to protect the formulation and/or one or more of its ingredients from light degradation.
- suitable ultraviolet blockers for this use include beta-carotene and p-aminobenzoic acid.
- at least one ultraviolet blocker is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3%) by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight of the total formulation.
- the formulation further includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient to protect the formulation and/or one or more of its ingredients from microbial destruction.
- suitable antimicrobial ingredients include potassium sorbate, nitrates, nitrites, 1 ,2- benzisothiazolin-3- one (biocide ingredient in Proxel® GXL; available from Arch Chemicals, Inc.) and propylene oxide.
- at least one antimicrobial ingredient is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another
- the formulation includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient in an amount from about 0.1 % to about 3% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the total formulation.
- compositions described herein may also be included in formulations described herein provided they do not substantially interfere with the attractant activity of the formulation. Whether or not an additive substantially interferes with the attractant activity can be determined by standard test formats, involving direct comparisons of efficacy of a given formulation without an added compound or material and a formulation that is otherwise the same, but with the added compound or material.
- additional bioactive ingredients can also be included in a formulation as described herein.
- additional bioactive compound is used herein to refer to compounds, other than those described above, that fall within one or more of the following categories: attractants, juvenile hormones, plant hormones, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, nutrients, micronutrients, bacteria (such as Bacillus thuringiensis), insect pathogenic virus (such as celery looper virus), fertilizers, plant mineral supplements, or other ingredients that can be included in the formulation to meet specific needs of crop production.
- the additional bioactive ingredient can include one or more additional male-specific attractants for a variety of additional potential target species, many of which are known and available commercially.
- Examples include but are not limited to: attractants for Malaysian fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons), including, for example, latilure; for jointed pumpkin fly (Dacus vertebrates), including, for example, Vert-lure; for medfly (Ceratitis capitata), including, for example, trimedlure or ceralure; for walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa), including, for example, alpha copaene; for olive fruit fly (Bactocera oleae), including, for example, spiroketal.
- one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 20% by weight based on the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 20% by weight based on the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 20% by weight based on the total formulation, or any range within said range.
- another bioactive ingredient is included in
- one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 10%, by weight. In yet another embodiment, one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 5%, by weight.
- the formulation also includes a visual attractant, such as, for example a food coloring or other coloring agent, a wide variety of which are known and available commercially.
- a visual attractant such as, for example a food coloring or other coloring agent, a wide variety of which are known and available commercially.
- Other ingredients such as, for example, adjuvants, humectants, viscosity modifiers can also be included.
- a formulation can be prepared by mixing a predetermined amount of the biodegradable wax, i.e. paraffin wax, with a predetermined amount of water, and then adding predetermined amounts of methyl eugenol and cue lure. (Each "predetermined amount” is based upon the desired ratios of the various components in the final binder formulation).
- additives can also be added in
- a pre-formulated carrier mixture including a biodegradable wax carrier and optional additives is first made (i.e., as described in the preceding paragraph) or otherwise provided, and then mixed with the methyl eugenol, cue lure, optional insect toxicant and optional additional water to provide an insect control formulation.
- the sprayable emulsion embodiments can be applied to form a dollop or coating on the treated surface from which the methyl eugenol and cue lure is released in a substantially continuous manner over an extended period of time.
- the formulation is applied as a solid composition, such as a disk, granule or powder that is operable to continuously release the methyl eugenol from the solid biodegradable wax carrier matrix over an extended period of time.
- the formulation can be custom designed.
- the amount of the methyl eugenol and cue lure to be included in the formulation is calculated to be sufficient to provide insect control during the mating season(s) and/or for a predetermined period of time during which protection is needed or desired.
- a slower release rate can be achieved when the formulation is applied as a thicker dollop or coating, by including certain additives in the formulation, by including lower concentrations of the methyl eugenol and/or cue lure, or by providing thicker paraffin wax disks or bigger granules.
- a faster release rate can be achieved with formulations including only a wax carrier without additives, having higher concentrations of the methyl eugenol and/or cue lure, and applied as thin coatings, larger area disks, or smaller granules.
- the release rate of the methyl eugenol and cue lure can also be affected by the presence of certain additives, such as antioxidants and/or volatility suppressants, incorporated into the biodegradable wax carrier together with the methyl eugenol and cue lure.
- certain additives such as antioxidants and/or volatility suppressants
- Volatility suppressants decrease the release rate of the attractants.
- Antioxidants such as vitamin E increase the stability of the attractants and slow their degradation and oxidation. Consequently, a formulation embodiment including these additives can be more economical and can have an improved longevity over embodiments in which the attractants are unprotected and may be subjected to oxidation.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to methods for control and management of fruit flies. Such control is achieved by delivering or applying a formulation as described herein to a locus, such as, for example, a potentially infested area to be protected or an infested area where fruit flies need to be controlled, such as by eradication or the reduction of their numbers to acceptable levels.
- the formulation is applied to such area in an amount of from about 0.05 to 1.0 kilograms per hectare.
- Treatments can include evenly spraying the total amount of product in an area in large dollops (1-4 grams of product) placed on the plants or other surfaces within an orchard.
- Another manner of treatment includes placing an amount of formulation in traps.
- Yet another manner of treatment is by spraying or otherwise applying the formulation in an area surrounding an orchard or other area to be treated to avoid leaving residues of formulation components on the crop itself.
- the biodegradable wax carriers described herein are themselves biologically inactive and are subsequently biodegraded without causing any residual environmental or safety hazard, the formulations described herein are safe and non-phytotoxic and are thus suitable for direct contact with trees of fruit orchards and other crops.
- the formulations described herein do not require any additional handling other than the original application. No removal of containers or washing of residues is necessary. Application does not require special equipment.
- an insect control formulation as described herein is provided as an aqueous suspension or emulsion, which is sprayed directly on trees, plants or other structures (such as utility poles or the like) in a selected treatment area.
- aqueous suspension or emulsion For formulations having relatively lower viscosities, this can be achieved by using common types of agricultural sprayers.
- Relatively higher viscosity formulations can be applied using other devices useful for squirting highly viscous materials. Examples of such devices include commercial grease pumps and caulk guns, which can be readily adapted for delivery of dollops of an insect control formulation as described herein.
- the formulation is applied using an aerial or backpack spray device.
- the formulation is applied using a caulking gun type device or grease pump type device.
- the formulation can be packaged and provided in tubes configured to fit with the delivery device.
- the formulations can be made to have a wide range of viscosities.
- the formulation is applied directly to vegetation.
- the emulsion formulations described herein can be sprayed or squirted from ground level and thus applied to a higher surface, such as in a tree or other relatively tall structure, than would be convenient for a worker to reach to hang a conventional plastic fruit fly trap or other dispenser.
- an insect control formulation in the form of an aqueous suspension or emulsion is applied to a treated surface (also referred to as a sprayed surface)
- the water from the emulsion evaporates, resulting in an adherent dried dollop or coating with the methyl eugenol and cue lure distributed within the biodegradable wax carrier (also referred to as a biodegradable wax carrier matrix").
- the methyl eugenol and cue lure, and any additional attractants optionally included in the formulation are continuously released from the matrix over an extended period of time either by diffusing to the surface of the dried dollop or coating where it evaporates, or by degradation or erosion of the matrix.
- a fixed quantity of the formulation can be applied differently depending on the pest population pressure or the desired objective in a given area.
- the application of the formulation can be tailored by the user to best match the pest distribution and density in the field. Using a fixed amount of a given formulation embodiment per area, one can choose, for example, to apply the formulation with a high density of small point- sources, thus maximizing the mating disruption effect (recommended for high pest pressure); or with a low density of larger point-sources, thus increasing the longevity of the application (recommended for lower pest population pressure).
- formulations described herein once applied, provide long lasting point sources that are spatially discrete, attract targeted pest insects, and provide effective control without having a substantial negative effect on non-target organisms.
- an insect control formulation that includes: (i) methyl eugenol; (ii) cue lure; and (iii) a
- the biodegradable wax carrier in which the methyl eugenol and the cue lure are dispersed in the biodegradable wax carrier and the biodegradable wax carrier is operable to release the methyl eugenol and cue lure over a period of time extending at least four weeks.
- the methyl eugenol is from about 1% to about 60% of the formulation by weight
- the cue lure is from about 1 % to about 30%> of the formulation by weight
- the biodegradable wax carrier is from about 10% to about 90% of the formulation by weight.
- a formulation in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein which further includes water; in which the formulation comprises a fluid suspension including solid particles of the biodegradable wax carrier suspended in the water, and wherein the methyl eugenol and the cue lure are entrained in one or both of the solid particles and the water.
- the methyl eugenol is from about 5% to about 45% of the formulation by weight
- the cue lure is from about 1% to about 20% of the formulation by weight
- the biodegradable wax carrier is from about 20% to about 80% of the formulation by weight.
- the fluid suspension is in the form of an emulsion.
- the formulation further includes one or more insect toxicant.
- the methyl eugenol is from about 1% to about 60% of the formulation by weight
- the cue lure is from about 1% to about 30% of the formulation by weight
- the biodegradable wax carrier is from about 10% to about 90% of the formulation by weight
- the one or more insect toxicant is from about 0.002% to about 25% of the formulation by weight.
- the insect toxicant can be, for example, Spinosad, although a wide variety of other insect toxicants are also contemplated as described herein.
- the formulation in the form of an emulsion comprising solid particles of the biodegradable wax carrier suspended in the water, and the methyl eugenol and the cue lure are entrained in one or both of the solid particles and the water.
- the wax carrier in any of the embodiments described herein can comprise a member selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax, carnauba wax, beeswax, candelilla wax, fruit wax, lanolin, shellac wax, bayberry wax, sugar cane wax, microcrystalline wax, ozocerite, ceresin, montan wax, and combinations thereof.
- the biodegradable wax carrier can comprise paraffin wax or can consist essentially of paraffin wax.
- the wax carrier can be present in an amount from about 20% to about 80% by weight.
- the formulation can further comprise one or more additives selected from the group consisting of lipids, emulsifiers, plasticizers, UV blockers and absorbers, antimicrobials, antioxidants and volatility suppressants.
- the one or more additives can be present in an amount from about 0.001 % to about 20% by weight, or in an amount from about 0.1 % to about 10% by weight.
- the additive can comprise an emulsifier in an amount up to about 10% by weight of the formulation.
- the additive can comprise an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of lipids, soy oil, lecithins, modified lecithins, monoglycerides, diglyceridies, sorbitans, and fatty acids, and combinations thereof.
- the additive can comprise an antioxidant in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the formulation.
- the antioxidant can comprise a member selected from the group consisting of vitamin E, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene.
- the formulation comprises an emulsion that includes from about 20 to about 80% by weight of paraffin wax, from about 5% to about 45% by weight of methyl eugenol, from about 1% to about 20% by weight of cue lure, and from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight of one or more additive selected from the group consisting of emulsifiers, plasticizers, and antioxidants combined.
- the formulation can further include at least one additional bioactive ingredient.
- the formulation can include at least one additional insect attractant.
- an insect control formulation includes from about 5% to about 45% methyl eugenol by weight of the formulation, from about 1 % to about 20% cue lure by weight of the formulation, from about 20% to about 80% a biodegradable wax carrier by weight of the formulation and from about 0.1 % to about 20% insect toxicant by weight of the formulation;
- the insect toxicant is selected from Spinosad and spinetoram;
- the formulation comprises a sprayable emulsion; the methyl eugenol, the cue lure and the insect toxicant are dispersed in the biodegradable wax carrier; and the biodegradable wax carrier is operable to release the methyl eugenol and cue lure over a period of time extending at least four weeks.
- the present disclosure provides a method for making an insect control formulation that includes: (i) providing a heated wax carrier; (ii) blending methyl eugenol and cue lure into the heated wax carrier to provide a blended mixture comprising at least about 10% by weight of the wax carrier, from about 0.01% to about 75% by weight of the methyl eugenol, and from about 0.01% to about 40% by weight of the cue lure; and (iii) mixing water into the blended mixture to produce an aqueous emulsion.
- the wax carrier comprises a member selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax, carnauba wax, beeswax, candelilla wax, fruit wax, lanolin, shellac wax, bayberry wax, sugar cane wax, microcrystalline wax, ozocerite, ceresin, montan wax, and combinations thereof. Also provided is a method in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein in which the paraffin wax is present in an amount from about 10% to about 90% by weight, the methyl eugenol is present in an amount from about 5% to about 45% by weight, and the cue lure is present in an amount from about 1% to about 20% by weight. Any of the methods described herein can also include incorporating into the heated wax carrier, the blended mixture or the aqueous emulsion one or more additives selected from the group consisting of lipids, plasticizers, UV blockers and absorbers,
- any of the methods described herein can also include incorporating into the heated wax carrier, the blended mixture or the aqueous emulsion at least one member selected from the group consisting of emulsifiers and insect toxicants.
- the present application provides a method for controlling one or more fruit fly species that includes: (i) placing in a locus to be treated an insect control formulation comprising methyl eugenol, cue lure and a biodegradable wax carrier; and (ii) bringing a plurality of male fruit flies attracted by one or both of the methyl eugenol and the cue lure into contact with an insect toxicant at the locus.
- the formulation comprises the insect toxicant. Also provided is a method in accordance with any of the embodiments described herein in which the formulation is placed in a fruit fly trap positioned in a treatment area.
- the formulation can comprise or consist essentially of: (a) an insect toxicant, wherein the insect toxicant is from about 0.002% to about 25.00% by weight of the formulation; (b) methyl eugenol, wherein the methyl eugenol is from about 1% to about 60% by weight of the formulation; (c) cue lure, wherein the cue lure is from about 1% to about 30% by weight of the formulation; (d) a biodegradable wax carrier, wherein the biodegradable wax carrier is from about 10% to about 90% by weight of the formulation; and (e) an emulsifier, wherein the emulsifier up to about 10% by weight of the formulation.
- the insect toxicant can comprise a member selected from the group consisting of Spinosad and spinetoram.
- the amount of insect toxicant can be from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the formulation
- the amount of methyl eugenol can be from about 5% to about 45% by weight of the formulation
- the amount of cue lure can be from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the formulation
- the amount of biodegradable wax carrier can be from about 30% to about 70% by weight of the formulation
- the amount of emulsifier can be from about 1 % to about 6% by weight of the formulation.
- the method can include applying an effective amount of the insect control formulation over an area to be treated.
- the applying can comprise spraying.
- the method can include applying the formulation to an area to control fruit flies in an amount sufficient to control such pest.
- the fruit flies can include any fruit fly species that is attracted to one or both of methyl eugenol and cue lure.
- the fruit fly species can be any species in the family Tephritidae, such as, for example, a fruit fly species selected from Bactrocera carambolae, Bactrocera caryeae, Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera kandiensis, Bactrocera occipitalis, Bactrocera papayae, Bactrocera philippinensis,
- Bactrocera umbrosa Bactrocera zonata, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera cucumis, Bactrocera tryoni, and Bactrocera tau.
- the fruit fly species is selected from Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae, and in another embodiment, the fruit fly species is Bactrocera dorsalis.
- the present disclosure provides a trap for catching fruit flies that includes a container defining a chamber and having an opening to allow fruit flies to enter the chamber and being adapted to substantially restrict fruit flies from exiting the chamber; and an insect-attracting formulation positioned within the chamber, the formulation comprising methyl eugenol, cue lure and a biodegradable wax carrier.
- the formulation can be a formulation in accordance with any of the embodiments disclosed herein.
- a pre-formulated carrier mixture including the biodegradable wax carrier and optionally including one or more additives (i.e., water, emulsifiers, preservatives, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, insect visual attractants and the like) is made or obtained, and then methyl eugenol, cue lure and an insect toxicant are mixed into the pre-formulated carrier in predetermined proportions selected in accordance with the present disclosure.
- Water can optionally be added also to affect the viscosity and/or emulsion properties of the formulation.
- a suitable pre-formulated carrier mixture is a SPLATTM matrix, which is commercially from ISCA
- formulations I-III of Table I were tested at multiple papaya field locations in an outdoor setting under ambient Hawaii weather conditions.
- Dollops (2 g each) of formulations I and III and dollops (4 g each) of formulation II were placed in fruit fly traps in a 100-acre papaya field in Keaau, Hawaii.
- the trial design was a randomized complete block with four traps per treatment.
- the 100- acre field was divided in four blocks and one trap per formulation was placed in each block having a distance of a minimum of 100 ft from each other. Traps within each block were rotated clockwise one position every week to compensate for positioning effects within the blocks. Traps containing the formulations were kept in the field for 6 weeks under normal environmental conditions (light, temperature, rain, etc).
- the formulations were allowed to age under normal conditions and the number of fruit flies in each trap were scored each week for six weeks.
- Fig. 1 depicts the number of male
- Fig. 2 depicts the number of male Melon flies captured in traps baited with cuelure (CL) alone or methyl eugenol + cuelure (ME+CL) in an amorphous polymer matrix (APM) in the test described above.
- Fig. 2 shows that traps containing formulation II (which includes both methyl eugenol and cue lure as attractants) attracted and captured similar numbers of Melon flies as traps containing formulation III (which includes cue lure alone as the attractant) through six weeks of evaluation.
- Fig. 1 shows that traps containing formulation II (which includes both methyl eugenol and cue lure as attractants) attracted and captured similar numbers of Oriental fruit flies as traps containing formulation I (which includes methyl eugenol alone as the attractant) through five weeks of evaluation, and attracted and captured significantly greater numbers of Oriental fruit flies compared to traps containing formulation I during week six of the evaluation.
- formulation II demonstrates greater control over the Oriental fruit flies in the area of the traps than formulation I.
- the letters above the columns in Fig. 1 representing the data collected at week 6 indicate that the number of flies trapped using formulation II in week 6 were statistically significantly higher than the number of flies trapped using formulation 1, including methyl eugenol alone. So even though there was an equal amount of methyl eugenol in the 2 g dollop of formulation I and the 4 g dollop of formulation II, formulation II was significantly better at controlling Oriental fruit flies than formulation I in the sixth week of the test. This is a surprising and unexpected result in view of the published literature reporting prior experiments in which cue lure was shown to have an inhibitory or antagonistic effect on the ability of methyl eugenol to attract Oriental fruit flies.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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MA37507A MA37507B1 (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2013-05-14 | Attractant formulations for insects and insect control |
ES13790401.7T ES2647966T3 (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2013-05-14 | Formulations of insect attractants and fight against insects |
CN201380024951.6A CN104349677A (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2013-05-14 | Insect attractant formulations and insect control |
AU2013263060A AU2013263060B2 (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2013-05-14 | Insect attractant formulations and insect control |
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ZA2014/07396A ZA201407396B (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2014-10-13 | Insect attractant formulations and insect control |
IL235701A IL235701B (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2014-11-13 | Insect attractant formulations and insect control |
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TW201400017A (en) | 2014-01-01 |
MX362945B (en) | 2019-02-27 |
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US10015962B2 (en) | 2018-07-10 |
EP2849569B1 (en) | 2017-10-18 |
CO7131389A2 (en) | 2014-12-01 |
AR091050A1 (en) | 2014-12-30 |
TWI629935B (en) | 2018-07-21 |
CN104349677A (en) | 2015-02-11 |
GT201400251A (en) | 2015-08-27 |
IL235701A0 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
EP2849569A4 (en) | 2016-01-06 |
US20160135451A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
EP2849569A1 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
MA37507A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 |
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