WO2013152325A1 - Plasminogen-oxidized phospholipids for the detection of cardiovascular diseases and disorders - Google Patents

Plasminogen-oxidized phospholipids for the detection of cardiovascular diseases and disorders Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2013152325A1
WO2013152325A1 PCT/US2013/035515 US2013035515W WO2013152325A1 WO 2013152325 A1 WO2013152325 A1 WO 2013152325A1 US 2013035515 W US2013035515 W US 2013035515W WO 2013152325 A1 WO2013152325 A1 WO 2013152325A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plasminogen
oxpl
glycero
stearoyl
subject
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2013/035515
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Sotirios Tsimikas
Joseph L. Witztum
Original Assignee
The Regents Of The University Of California
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Regents Of The University Of California filed Critical The Regents Of The University Of California
Publication of WO2013152325A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013152325A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
    • C07F9/10—Phosphatides, e.g. lecithin
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
    • G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • G01N2333/968—Plasmin, i.e. fibrinolysin
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2405/00—Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving lipids
    • G01N2405/04—Phospholipids, i.e. phosphoglycerides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/32—Cardiovascular disorders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis

Definitions

  • compositions and methods for identifying individuals at risk or having cardiovascular disease or disorder are provided.
  • the disclosure also provides compositions and methods useful in treating
  • Plasminogen consists of five tandem kringle domains and a protease domain. It is activated to plasmin by physiological activators, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator
  • tPA plasmin degrades fibrin-rich thrombi through a functional serine protease domain.
  • Kringles are common motifs in coagulation and growth factors and in apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] .
  • plasminogen contains covalently bound OxPL that influences fibrinolysis.
  • OxPL on plasminogen represent a second major plasma pool of OxPL, in addition to that present on Lp (a) .
  • OxPL present on plasminogen has pathophysiological implications in acute myocardial infarction
  • the disclosure provides a method for analyzing
  • cardiovascular disease or anticoagulant treatment in a subject comprising (a) obtaining a sample comprising plasma from a subject; (b) determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) bound to plasminogen in the sample; (c) comparing the level of OxPL/plasminogen levels to a standard normal value of
  • OxPL/plasminogen wherein a difference is indicative of a
  • the OxPL and plasminogen in the sample are measured with two or more different biomolecules , wherein a first biomolecule
  • OxPL specifically interacts with OxPL and a second biomolecule
  • the biomolecules are antibodies.
  • the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies.
  • the antibody that interacts with OxPL is T15, E06 or DLH3.
  • the subject is a mammal such as a human.
  • the oxidized phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl- sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PEIPC) , oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholin-e (Ox- SAPC) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine ( SOVPC,
  • the levels of OxPL/plasminogen are measured at two or more time points.
  • a higher level of OxPL/plasminogen, compared to the standard normal value, that continue over time following a cardiovascular event is indicative of a decreased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event.
  • OxPL/plasminogen compared to the standard normal value, following a cardiovascular event is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event.
  • levels of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal standard values by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more are at greater risk of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
  • subjects with normal or high levels compared to the normal standard values are likely to have a reduced chance of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
  • an increase in values from a first time point to a second or later time point is indicative that the subject suffered an acute coronary syndrome.
  • a subject identified as having a higher level of oxPL/plasminogen is not a subject for anticoagulant therapy or may be a subject for reduced anticoagulant therapy.
  • a biomolecule that binds oxPL is linked to a substrate.
  • a biomolecule that binds to plasminogen is linked to a substrate.
  • the disclosure also provides a kit for carrying out the methods described herein for assession OxPL/plasminogen levels.
  • the disclosure also provides a method of treating a cardiovascular disease associated with thrombi and/or emboli, comprising administering to a subject (i) an agent that increases OxPL/plasminogen levels or (ii) OxPL/plasminogen.
  • a cardiovascular disease associated with thrombi and/or emboli comprising administering to a subject (i) an agent that increases OxPL/plasminogen levels or (ii) OxPL/plasminogen.
  • the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of sickle cell disease, pulmonary thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, atherogenesis , arteriosclerosis, tissue damage, and infection.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen is purified from a donor subject.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen is autologous to the subject.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen is heterologous to the subject.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen is synthetic.
  • the disclosure also provides a synthetic oxidized phospholipid linked to plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) .
  • the oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2- arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC) ,1- palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
  • PEIPC oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholin-e
  • Ox-SAPC oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholin-e
  • SOVPC l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphorylcholine
  • SOVPC l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine
  • SEIPC l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero- 3-phosphorylcholine
  • SEIPC l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine
  • SOVPE l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine
  • Figure 1A-B shows detection of OxPC on plasminogen by
  • FIG. 2A-B shows the presence of PC-containing OxPL on plasminogen and apo (a) demonstrated by Western Blotting and ELISA techniques.
  • a - Immunoblot Left panel: Specific binding of polyclonal rabbit anti-human plasminogen antibody to plasminogen.
  • Middle panel OxPL on plasminogen and apo (a) in transgenic mice detected by monoclonal E06.
  • Right panel Apo (a) detected by monoclonal LPA4.
  • Figure 3A-D is an assessment of the presence of OxPL on plasminogen using immunoprecipitation .
  • This figure displays a representative example of the immunoprecipitation of plasminogen from plasma in a healthy individual with the addition of increasing amounts of anti-plasminogen antibody.
  • the X-axis shows the molar ratio of antibody to plasminogen content added.
  • B OxPL/plasminogen in the supernatant.
  • C Lp(a) level in
  • Figure 4 depicts an evaluation of the content of PC-OxPL on coagulation factors with kringle-like structures by double capture ELISA. Plasminogen, prothrombin, tPA and urokinase were captured in microtiter wells by immunocapture from plasma of 6 healthy individuals, and then the content of PC-OxPL determined with monoclonal antibody E06. ***p ⁇ 0.001 compared to the other groups .
  • Figure 5A-F shows the detection of OxPL on plasminogen using density gradient ultracentrifugation .
  • Density gradient ultracentrifugation from a patient with an Lp(a) plasma level of 90 mg/dl was used to isolate 24 fractions ranging in density 1.000- 1.189 g/ml and an aliquot of each fraction was assessed by ELISA for plasminogen (A), OxPL/plasminogen (B) , Lp(a) (C) , OxPL/Lp (a)
  • Figure 6A-F shows plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen from
  • Figure 7 shows an in vitro clot lysis assay assessing the ability of plasminogen to degrade fibrin clots.
  • Native plasminogen containing OxPL and plasminogen with OxPL enzymatically removed (inset) with phospholipase A2 were used.
  • thrombin-induced clot formation occurs within the first 2 min and is marked by an initial rapid increase in turbidity, as measured by absorbance at 405 nm. Subsequent clot lysis is indicated by a rapid return of the turbidity signal to base-line levels.
  • the parameter tm (transition midpoint) is taken as the standard measure of lysis time and is defined as the time point on the lysis curve that is halfway between the minimum and maximum excursions.
  • the curves represent the meanlSEM of 3 separate experiments with measurement of absorbance at 405 nm every 5 seconds.
  • Figure 8A-B shows a change in plasminogen
  • Panel B shows the baseline levels and changes in
  • OxPL/plasminogen over the same time period.
  • the p-values at the bottom of the figures represent the discharge (average of 4 days for the AMI group) and 30, 120, and 210-day differences between groups at each time point. *p ⁇ 0.05 and **p ⁇ 0.01 represent
  • Figure 9 shows a plot of 1972 healthy, subject with
  • OxPL/plasminogen levels are.
  • Y-axis is frequency distribution, x-axis the concentration of OxPL/plasminogen in nanomolar OxPL.
  • Glu-plasminogen is the zymogen that is converted to the active protease "plasmin" by cleavage of Arg561-Val562 resulting in an N-terminal heavy chain of 561-amino acids and a disulfide-linked C-terminal light chain of 230-amino acids. Plasmin can also activate glu-plasminogen to lys-plasminogen by removing the first N-terminal 77 amino acids in a positive feedback reaction. The catalytic triad of plasmin consists of His603, Asp646, and Ser741. Plasmin (ogen) kringles I and IV are involved in anchorage of plasmin (ogen) to fibrin and cells, an essential step in
  • OxPL in concert with hyperlipidemia induce platelet aggregation through a CD36 scavenger receptor pathway in platelets.
  • Lp (a) as an independent risk factor for premature coronary artery disease (CAD), death, MI, stroke and peripheral arterial disease, although the mechanisms underlying its pro- atherogenic potential are not fully established.
  • Lp (a) has also been shown to inhibit the fibrinolytic properties of plasminogen in vitro through several mechanisms, including inhibiting tPA mediated activation of glu-plasminogen, inhibition of plasminogen and tPA lysine-dependent binding to fibrin surfaces, and inhibiting the action of plasmin in converting glu-plasminogen to the activated form lys-plasminogen .
  • CAD premature coronary artery disease
  • MI CAD
  • MI peripheral arterial disease
  • OxPL/apoB Measuring OxPL on apoB particles (OxPL/apoB) , which primarily reflects OxPL on Lp (a) , appears to uniquely reflect the biological activity and pro-atherogenic potential of Lp (a) , particularly of the most atherogenic small isoforms of apo (a) associated with high Lp (a) levels.
  • Lp (a) contains not only covalently bound OxPL, but also OxPL present in its lipid phase.
  • the disclosure is based, in part, on identifying that plasminogen comprises bound OxPL and that the OxPL component potentiates fibrinolyis. Measuring OxPL on plasminogen allows a more precise prediction of risk of cardiovascular disease. If levels of OxPL on plasminogen are high, it would imply more fibrinolysis and less propensity to develop blood clots in arteries and veins but on the other hand possibly more bleeding when patients are treated with anti-coagulants and anti-platelet agents.
  • OxPL levels on plasminogen are low, the value implies less fibrinolysis and more propensity to develop blood clots in arteries and veins (e.g., higher risk of cardiovascular disease) but on the other hand possibly less bleeding when patient are treated with anti-coagulants and anti-platelet agents.
  • plasminogen is a major carrier of OxPL in plasma of humans and animals and is important in facilitating fibrinolysis.
  • OxPL on plasminogen are distinct from the OxPL present on Lp(a) and represent a second major pool of OxPL in plasma.
  • OxPL/apoB and OxPL/apo (a) levels which vary widely and which were previously shown to correlate with plasma Lp (a) levels
  • OxPL/plasminogen levels are distributed in a very narrow range and do not change over time among healthy subjects and patients with stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) . It appears that Lp (a) and plasminogen contain significant amounts of OxPL in plasma proteins. There was no evidence that plasminogen was attached to OxPL-containing Lp(a) or apoB particles circulating in plasma.
  • kringles of the plasminogen-prothrombin gene family share conformational epitopes with each other and with apo (a) , but plasminogen and Lp (a) are the only kringle containing structures containing OxPL identified in this study. This suggests that it is not the kringle structures per se that mediate OxPL binding, but other as yet unidentified motif (s) common to both apo (a) and plasminogen.
  • OxPL/Plasminogen refers to plasminogen having bound to it oxidized phospholipids. OxPL/plasminogen can be isolated from the plasma as described more fully herein, or synthesized using methods known in the art as described herein.
  • the disclosure demonstrates in serial time points that both plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen levels were significantly lower at baseline in patients with acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) compared to stable coronary artery diseases (CAD) and normal subjects, but increase acutely following the pro-inflammatory milieu of AMI in subjects treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) .
  • AMI acute myocardial infarctions
  • PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
  • OxPL and CD36 macrophage scavenger receptor pathway may also activate smooth muscle cells, enhance endothelial cell growth or induce release of proinflammatory cytokines that theoretically may be beneficial in injured tissues, but detrimental in atherosclerotic lesions.
  • the identification of specific lysine receptors on a number of cell surfaces and bacteria have implicated plasminogen in additional functions such as facilitating tissue remodeling, enhancing wound healing, mediating angiogenesis and embryogenesis, and inhibiting infection, tumor growth and
  • OxPL on plasminogen may mediate clearance of such pathogens by recruiting additional arcs of the innate immune system, such as natural antibodies, scavenger receptors, C-reactive protein, and potentially Lp (a) , which has also been postulated to be involved in wound healing.
  • Plasminogen deficient patients and murine models of plasminogen deficiency support many of these functions of plasminogen manifested by diffuse fibrin deposition leading to multiple organ failure.
  • plasminogen is a major carrier of a distinct pool of OxPL within the non- lipoprotein fraction of plasma that is not associated with Lp (a) . Furthermore, that the OxPL/plasminogen levels are distributed in a very narrow range and do not change over time among healthy subjects and patients with stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) . During or following AMI, the OxPL/plasminogen levels increase significantly. Furthermore, higher levels of OxPL/plasminogen that continue over time following AMI are indicative of a decreased risk of a subsequent major AMI.
  • CAD Coronary Artery Disease
  • a falling off of the initial increase in OxPL/plasminogen levels following AMI is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of a subsequent AMI.
  • levels of oxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal controls e.g., a normal population lacking risk factors or lacking a history of cardiovascular disease
  • levels of oxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal controls e.g., a normal population lacking risk factors or lacking a history of cardiovascular disease
  • 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more are at greater risk of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
  • subjects with normal levels or slightly higher are likely to have a reduced chance of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
  • oxPL/plasminogen e.g., greater than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more above normal controls
  • oxPL/plasminogen e.g., greater than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more above normal controls
  • Normal control values can be measured in different ways and units. Figure 9 provides such values in nM, however, other units and measurements can be made using methods known in the art.
  • the disclosure also provides methods of determining whether a subject will have a continued risk of an acute coronary syndrome such as an acute myocardial infarction by monitoring the oxPL/plasminogen levels following ACS or AMI, wherein if the levels remain higher after an ACS or AMI there is a reduced risk of a subsequent ACS or AMI.
  • an acute coronary syndrome such as an acute myocardial infarction
  • Figure 9 shows a graph of frequency vs. nanomolar
  • OxPL/plasminogen for 1972 normal subjects Using the data from this table various cutoffs can be identified for subjects (a) at risk of bleeding (e.g., having too high a level of
  • the table can be used to identify subject that are at the 80 th percentile (e.g., above -365 nM OxPL/plasminogen) or 20 th percentile (e.g., below -157 nM OxPL/plasminogen) .
  • a subject having greater than about 365 nM OxPL/plasminogen has a risk of (a) bleeding and/or (b) having suffered an AMI or other cardiovascular event.
  • subject having less than about 157 nM OxPL/plasminogen following a cardiovascular event are at risk of a second
  • plasminogen are important in facilitating fibrinolysis, as their removal results in a longer clot lysis time. Although not wishing to be bound by a particularly mechanism of action, this removal of OxPL may result in a decreased rate of plasminogen activation or a decreased enzymatic activity of plasmin. It may be postulated that the presence of OxPL on plasminogen may facilitate activation of plasminogen to plasmin by tPA and other plasminogen activators. Thus, administration of exogenous oxPL/plasminogen or a factor that increases oxPL/plasminogen levels (alone or in combination with, e.g., tPA) can be used to increase fibrinolysis.
  • the OxPL on plasminogen may bind to scavenger receptors on cells that are recruited at sites of inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This "targeted" delivery to sites of inflammation and the like provide use in treating a large number of disease including infections.
  • Lp (a) has been shown to inhibit fibrinolysis in vitro.
  • the disclosure also demonstrates that OxPL on plasminogen enhancing wound healing, mediating angiogenesis and embryogenesis , and inhibiting infection, tumor growth and metastasis.
  • Increased fibrinolysis although important in certain conditions and circumstances can also be detrimental in other conditions, particularly where therapeutic interventions of anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents are used.
  • increased OxPL/plasminogen levels is associated with increased fibrinolytic activity; in subjects having high levels of
  • OxPL/plasminogen further intervention using therapeutics that promote fibrinolysis or thrombolysis can be detrimental and increase the risk of bleeding. Accordingly, determining
  • oxPL/plasminogen levels prior to administration of a fibrinolytic agents or promoters can provide a useful diagnostic in determining dose and risk associated with such administration.
  • the disclosure provides methods and compositions useful for diagnosing cardiovascular risk, risk of myocardial infarction, determination of a myocardial infarction, prognosis of therapeutic outcome, and methods of determining drug therapy.
  • the disclosure uses biological agents that can bind to (a) plasminogen and (b) oxidized phospholipids, or (c) a biomolecule that recognizes both plasminogen and oxidized phospholipids.
  • biological agents include antibodies and fragments thereof that include antibody binding domains .
  • a number of antibodies that bind oxPL's are known in the art.
  • the naturally occurring or wild type murine T15 antibody while originally reported as an IgA antibody produced by a plasmacytoma, was later reported to be a natural IgM antibody (i.e., a type of antibody produced in many murine strains without prior immunization or demonstrable intentional immune exposure) , and recognizes a determinant now known to be specific for dead and dying cells, including apoptotic cells.
  • the murine T15 antibody was first reported to be specific for the immunodominant PC moiety in the teichoic acid cell wall polysaccharide (C-PS) of pneumococci . While T15 antibodies bind PC as a hapten, they do not bind to reduced native phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl choline (PtC) , even though these neutral phospholipids contain the PC group.
  • PtC phosphatidyl choline
  • T15 antibody rearrangements are devoid of "N" (non-templated) insertions at splice sites, which suggests they arise in early development, as perinatal liver B cells and do not express terminal deoxytransferase (TdT) responsible for N
  • T15 antibody provide the most protection from systemic pneumococcal infection from experimental strains, due to their efficient clearance of these microbes from the blood.
  • the T15 antibody has also been shown to recognize and bind PC expressed on oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein
  • OxLDL OxLDL
  • T15 antibody or variant or fragment thereof means the T15 antibody, or any antibody or variant or fragment thereof that comprise the same or closely related variable regions of the T15 antibody as described by Shaw et al .
  • a variant is a molecule that shares sequence similarity and activity of its parent molecule.
  • a variant of T15 antibody includes a molecule having an amino acid sequence at least 80% similar to the variable domain of T15 antibody, encoded by the S107.1 heavy chain variable region gene and which recognizes and binds PC and/or other phospholipid derived determinant.
  • a variant means any change to the amino acid sequence and/or chemical quality, of the amino acid e.g., amino acid analogs, from that encoded by the T15 sequence.
  • the antibody can be polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized antibodies .
  • the T15 antibody fragment can be a
  • the T15 antibody fragment can be a T15 F(ab' ) 2 molecule. Further still, the T15 antibody fragment can be a T15 Fv molecule. Additionally, in another example, the T15 antibody fragment is a T15 single chain Fv molecule.
  • E06 Another monoclonal antibody, designated E06 has been reported that binds specifically to the phosphorylcholine head group of oxidized but not native phospholipids. Accordingly, this antibody can be used to determine the level of oxidized
  • phospholipids in an oxPL/plasminogen complex This antibody can be adapted for use in any immunoassay. For example, chemiluminsecent ELISA assays are described elsewhere herein.
  • antibody is intended to mean a polypeptide product of B cells within the immunoglobulin class of polypeptides which is composed of heavy and light chains and able to bind with a specific molecular target or antigen (e.g., plasminogen and/or oxPL) .
  • monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody that is the product of a single cell clone or
  • hybridoma The term also is intended to refer to an antibody produced by recombinant methods from heavy and light chain encoding immunoglobulin genes to produce a single molecular immunoglobulin species Amino acid sequences for antibodies within a monoclonal antibody preparation are substantially homogeneous and the binding activity of antibodies within such a preparation exhibit
  • polyclonal antibodies refers to antibodies that are obtained from different B cell resources, which are a combination of
  • antibody fragment is intended to mean a portion of an antibody which still retains some or all of the target analyte specific binding activity.
  • functional fragments can include, for example, antibody functional fragments such as Fd, Fv, Fab, F(ab'), F(ab) 2 , F(a ' ) 2i single chain Fv
  • L chain polypeptides variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chain region polypeptides, complementarity determining region (CDR) polypeptides, single domain antibodies, and polypeptides that contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin that is sufficient to retain target analyte specific binding activity.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • Such antibody binding fragments can be found described in, for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); Molec. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (Myers, R. A. (ed.), New York: VCH Publisher, Inc.); Huston et al . , Cell Biophysics, 22:189-224
  • target analyte e.g., plasminogen or oxPL
  • target analyte e.g., plasminogen or oxPL
  • examples of such various forms and terms as they are known in the art are set forth below.
  • a Fab fragment refers to a monovalent fragment
  • a F(ab' ) 2 fragment is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; a Fd fragment consists of the V H and C HI domains; an Fv fragment consists of the V L and V H domains of a single arm of an antibody; and a dAb fragment (Ward et al . , Nature 341:544-546, (1989)) consists of a V H domain.
  • An antibody can have one or more binding sites. If there is more than one binding site, the binding sites may be identical to one another or may be different. For example, a naturally occurring immunoglobulin has two identical binding sites, a single- chain antibody or Fab fragment has one binding site, while a
  • bispecific or bifunctional antibody has two different binding sites .
  • a single-chain antibody refers to an antibody in which a V L and a V H region are joined via a linker (e.g., a synthetic sequence of amino acid residues) to form a continuous polypeptide chain wherein the linker is long enough to allow the protein chain to fold back on itself and form a monovalent antigen binding site (see, e.g., Bird et al . , Science 242:423-26 (1988) and Huston et al., Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 85:5879-83 (1988)).
  • a linker e.g., a synthetic sequence of amino acid residues
  • Diabodies refer to bivalent antibodies comprising two polypeptide chains, wherein each polypeptide chain comprises V H and V L domains joined by a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between two domains on the same chain, thus allowing each domain to pair with a complementary domain on another polypeptide chain (see, e.g., Holliger et al . , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-48
  • polypeptide chains of a diabody are identical, then a diabody resulting from their pairing will have two identical antigen binding sites.
  • Polypeptide chains having different sequences can be used to make a diabody with two different antigen binding sites.
  • tribodies and tetrabodies are antibodies comprising three and four polypeptide chains, respectively, and forming three and four antigen binding sites, respectively, which can be the same or different.
  • a CDR refers to a region containing one of three hypervariable loops (HI, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) ⁇ -sheet framework, or a region containing one of three hypervariable loops (LI, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody V L -sheet
  • CDRs are variable region sequences interspersed within the framework region sequences.
  • CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by, for example, as the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Rabat et al . , J. Biol. Chem.
  • CDR region sequences also have been defined structurally by Chothia as those residues that are not part of the conserved beta-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations
  • Exemplary oxidized phospholipids that can be bound or identified by the antibodies of the disclosure include oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3phos-phorylcholine
  • a value of the amount of oxPL bound to plasminogen can be determined.
  • these values can be correlated to normal control values and/or used to monitor changes in a subjects oxPL/plasminogen values over a period of time.
  • the disclosure provides methods of diagnosing various risk factors associated with coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and the like.
  • a "coronary artery disease” (“CAD”) refers to a vascular disorder relating to the blockage of arteries serving the heart. Blockage can occur suddenly, by mechanisms such as plaque rupture or embolization. Blockage can occur progressively, with narrowing of the artery via myointimal hyperplasia and plaque formation.
  • Atherosclerosis sometimes called “hardening" or
  • Acute Coronary Syndrome is a name given to three types of coronary artery disease that are associated with sudden rupture of plaque inside the coronary artery: unstable angina, Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (NSTEMI), or ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (STEMI) .
  • NSTEMI Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack
  • STMI ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack
  • coronary artery disease manifests of coronary artery disease include angina, ischemia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and aneurysm formation. It is understood that fragile plaque disease in the coronary circulation is associated with arterial thrombosis or distal embolization that manifests itself as a myocardial infarction. It is understood that occlusive disease in the coronary circulation is associated with arterial stenosis accompanied by anginal symptoms, a condition commonly treated with pharmacological interventions and with angioplasty .
  • a "cardiovascular disease” is a cardiovascular disorder, as defined herein, characterized by clinical events including clinical symptoms and clinical signs. Clinical symptoms are those experiences reported by a patient that indicate to the clinician the presence of pathology. Clinical signs are those objective findings on physical or laboratory examination that indicate to the clinician the presence of pathology. "Cardiovascular disease” includes both “coronary artery disease” and “peripheral vascular disease,” both terms being defined below. Clinical symptoms in cardiovascular disease include chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, fainting spells, alterations in consciousness, extremity pain, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, transient ischemic attacks and other such phenomena experienced by the patient.
  • Clinical signs in cardiovascular disease include such findings as EKG abnormalities, altered peripheral pulses, arterial bruits, abnormal heart sounds, rales and wheezes, jugular venous distention, neurological alterations and other such findings discerned by the clinician.
  • Clinical symptoms and clinical signs can combine in a
  • cardiovascular disease such as a myocardial infarction (MI) or a stroke (also termed a “cerebrovascular accident” or “CVA”), where the patient will report certain phenomena (symptoms) and the clinician will perceive other phenomena (signs) all indicative of an underlying pathology.
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • CVA cerebrovascular accident
  • Cardiovascular disease includes those diseases related to the cardiovascular disorders of fragile plaque disorder, occlusive disorder and stenosis. For example, a
  • fragmente plaque disease cardiovascular disease resulting from a fragile plaque disorder
  • Clinical events associated with fragile plaque disease include those signs and symptoms where the rupture of a fragile plaque with subsequent acute thrombosis or with distal embolization are hallmarks.
  • Examples of fragile plaque disease include certain strokes and myocardial infarctions.
  • a fragile plaque disease include certain strokes and myocardial infarctions.
  • occlusive disease cardiovascular disease resulting from an occlusive disorder
  • Clinical events associated with occlusive disease include those signs and symptoms where the progressive occlusion of an artery affects the amount of
  • in-stent stenosis disease includes the signs and symptoms resulting from the progressive blockage of an arterial stent that has been positioned as part of a procedure like a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, where the presence of the stent is intended to help hold the vessel in its newly expanded configuration.
  • the clinical events that accompany in-stent stenosis disease are those attributable to the restenosis of the reconstructed artery.
  • a “cardiovascular disorder” refers broadly to both to coronary artery disorders and peripheral arterial disorders.
  • the term “cardiovascular disorder” can apply to any abnormality of an artery, whether structural, histological, biochemical or any other abnormality. This term includes those disorders characterized by fragile plaque (termed herein “fragile plaque disorders”), those disorders characterized by vaso-occlusion (termed herein “occlusive disorders”), and those disorders characterized by restenosis.
  • a “cardiovascular disorder” can occur in an artery primarily, that is, prior to any medical or surgical intervention.
  • Primary cardiovascular disorders include, among others, atherosclerosis, arterial occlusion, aneurysm formation and thrombosis.
  • cardiovascular disorder can occur in an artery secondarily, that is, following a medical or surgical intervention. Secondary cardiovascular disorders include, among others, post-traumatic aneurysm formation, restenosis, and post-operative graft occlusion. [ 0060 ] "Increased risk” refers to a statistically higher frequency of occurrence of the disease or disorder in an individual in comparison to the frequency of occurrence of the disease or disorder in a population. A factor identified to be associated with increased risk is termed a "risk factor.” A ratio of
  • OxPL/plasminogen that is different relative to a standard normal control can be a risk factor.
  • a "risk factor” is a factor identified to be associated with an increased risk.
  • a risk factor for a cardiovascular disorder or a cardiovascular disease is any factor identified to be associated with an increased risk of developing those conditions or of worsening those conditions.
  • a risk factor can also be associated with an increased risk of an adverse clinical event or an adverse clinical outcome in a patient with a cardiovascular disorder.
  • Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include smoking, adverse lipid profiles, elevated lipids or cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, hypercoagulable states, elevated homocysteine levels, increased Lp- PLA 2 and sPLA 2 activity, and lack of exercise.
  • a key problem in treating vascular diseases is proper diagnosis. Often the first sign of the disease is sudden death. For example, approximately half of all individuals who die of coronary artery disease die suddenly, Furthermore, for 40-60% of the patients who are eventually diagnosed as having coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction is the first presentation of the disease. Unfortunately, approximately 40% of those initial events go unnoticed by the patient.
  • An exemplary biochemical test for identifying specific proteins employs a standardized test format, such as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or ELISA test, although the information provided herein may apply to the development of other biochemical or diagnostic tests and is not limited to the development of an ELISA test.
  • ELISA test Various commercially available ELISA kits are available.
  • a method of determining whether a therapy is effective for treating coronary artery disease.
  • the method includes obtaining a first sample comprising plasma from a subject; administering a therapy to the subject; obtaining a second sample from the subject following administration of the therapy;
  • OxPL oxidized phospholipid
  • the therapy includes
  • composition comprising a compound that modulates the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, such as, for example, a statin.
  • the method uses an antibody that specifically binds to OxPL such as E06 or DLH3.
  • the level of OxPL and the level of plasminogen in the samples obtained from the subject are measured with two or more different biomolecules .
  • the first biomolecule specifically interacts with OxPL and the second biomolecule specifically interacts with plasminogen.
  • the biomolecules are antibodies, such as, for example, monoclonal antibodies.
  • the antibody that interacts with OxPL may be, for example, E06 or DLH3.
  • the disclosure relates to a method for measuring the plasma content of oxidized phospholipids on plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) .
  • the content of OxPL and plasminogen may be measured with monoclonal antibodies that are specific for each of these constituents (i.e. oxPL and
  • An exemplary biochemical test for identifying specific proteins employs a standardized test format, such as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or ELISA test, although the information provided herein may apply to the development of other biochemical or diagnostic tests and is not limited to the development of an ELISA test (see, e.g., Molecular Immunology: A Textbook, edited by Atassi et al . Marcel Dekker Inc., New York and Basel 1984, for a description of ELISA tests) . It is understood that commercial assay enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
  • ELISA ELISA kits for various plasma constituents are available including plasminogen (see, e.g., Product catalog, Mybiosource, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.).
  • an article of manufacture is provided.
  • the article may include packaging material containing biomolecules that preferentially interact with oxidized
  • the packaging material may include a label or package insert indicating that the biomolecules
  • plasminogen and oxPL e.g., antibodies to plasminogen and oxPL, such as E06, DHL3, T15 and the like
  • a risk of identifying a cardiovascular event such as MI, stroke or bleeding
  • anti-platelet and anti-coagulant drugs such as theinophyridine and factor Xa inhibitors.
  • subject that have diminished OxPL on their plasminogen molecules may have reduced fibrinolysis and increased risk of thrombotic and
  • Subjects that have high levels of OxPL on their plasminogen molecules may have an increased risk of bleeding when administered additional anticoagulants and/or fibrinolytic agents .
  • an array may include a substrate having a plurality of addresses, each address having disposed thereon a set of one or more biomolecules that specifically interact with oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) or plasminogen .
  • OxPL oxidized phospholipid
  • the disclosure provides an array (i.e., "biochip” or
  • microarray that includes immobilized biomolecules that
  • Biomolecules that identify the biomarkers described above can be included in a custom array for detecting OxPL or plasminogen and determine the respective ratios.
  • the array can also include biomolecules that identify additional factors indicative of the efficacy of a treatment or risk of a
  • array generally refers to a predetermined spatial arrangement of binding islands, biomolecules, or spatial arrangements of binding islands or biomolecules.
  • Arrays according to the present invention that include biomolecules immobilized on a surface may also be referred to as “biomolecule arrays.”
  • Arrays according to the disclosure that comprise surfaces activated, adapted, prepared, or modified to facilitate the binding of biomolecules to the surface may also be referred to as “binding arrays.”
  • binding arrays may be used herein to refer to multiple arrays arranged on a surface, such as would be the case where a surface bore multiple copies of an array.
  • multiple arrays Such surfaces bearing multiple arrays may also be referred to as “multiple arrays” or “repeating arrays.”
  • array may encompass biomolecule arrays, binding arrays, multiple arrays, and any combination thereof; the appropriate meaning will be apparent from context.
  • the biological sample can include fluid or solid samples from any tissue of the body including plasma.
  • An array of the disclosure comprises a substrate.
  • substrate or “solid support” or other grammatical equivalents, herein is meant any material appropriate for the attachment of biomolecules and is amenable to at least one detection method.
  • substrates include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene , polyurethanes, TEFLON®, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or
  • the substrate may be coated with any number of materials, including polymers, such as dextrans, acrylamides, gelatins or agarose. Such coatings can facilitate the use of the array with a biological sample derived from serum.
  • a planar array of the disclosure will generally contain addressable locations (e.g., "pads”, “addresses,” or “micro- locations") of biomolecules in an array format.
  • the size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array.
  • compositions of the disclosure may not be in an array format; that is, for some embodiments, compositions comprising a single biomolecule may be made as well.
  • multiple substrates may be used, either of different or identical compositions.
  • large planar arrays may comprise a plurality of smaller substrates .
  • bead based assays in combination with flow cytometry have been developed to perform multiparametric immunoassays.
  • the biomolecules can be immobilized on addressable microspheres.
  • Each biomolecule for each individual immunoassay is coupled to a distinct type of microsphere (i.e., "microbead") and the
  • microspheres Dyed microspheres with discrete fluorescence intensities are loaded separately with their appropriate
  • the different bead sets carrying different capture probes can be pooled as necessary to generate custom bead arrays. Bead arrays are then incubated with the sample in a single reaction vessel to perform the immunoassay.
  • immobilized capture biomolecules can be detected with a
  • Biomarkers can either be labeled directly by a fluorogen or detected by a second
  • the signal intensities derived from captured biomarkers are measured in a flow cytometer.
  • the flow cytometer first identifies each microsphere by its individual color code. Second the amount of captured biomarkers on each individual bead is measured by the second color fluorescence specific for the bound target. This allows multiplexed quantitation of multiple targets from a single sample within the same
  • An array of the disclosure encompasses any means for detecting a biomarker molecule such as, for example, plasminogen.
  • microarrays can be biochips that provide high-density immobilized arrays of recognition molecules (e.g., antibodies), where biomarker binding is monitored indirectly (e.g., via fluorescence) .
  • recognition molecules e.g., antibodies
  • an array can be of a format that involves the capture of proteins, or phospholipids by biochemical or intermolecular interaction, coupled with direct detection by mass spectrometry (MS) .
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • Arrays and microarrays that can be used to detect the biomarkers described herein can be made according to the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos . 6,329,209; 6,365,418; 6,406,921;
  • Surfaces useful according to the disclosure may be of any desired shape (form) and size.
  • Non-limiting examples of surfaces include chips, continuous surfaces, curved surfaces, flexible surfaces, films, plates, sheets, tubes, and the like.
  • Surfaces preferably have areas ranging from approximately a square micron to approximately 500 cm 2 .
  • the area, length, and width of surfaces according to the disclosure may be varied according to the requirements of the assay to be performed. Considerations may include, for example, ease of handling, limitations of the material (s) of which the surface is formed, requirements of detection systems, requirements of deposition systems (e.g., arrayers) , and the like.
  • arrays are situated within wells of 96, 384, 1536, or 3456 microwell plates.
  • the bottoms of the wells may serve as surfaces for the formation of arrays, or arrays may be formed on other surfaces and then placed into wells.
  • binding islands may be formed or biomolecules may be immobilized on a surface and a gasket having holes spatially arranged so that they correspond to the islands or biomolecules may be placed on the surface.
  • a gasket is preferably liquid tight. A gasket may be placed on a surface at any time during the process of making the array and may be removed if separation of groups or arrays is no longer necessary.
  • Modifications or binding of biomolecules in solution or immobilized on an array may be detected using detection techniques known in the art.
  • detection techniques include immunological techniques such as competitive binding assays and sandwich assays; fluorescence detection using instruments such as confocal scanners, confocal microscopes, or CCD-based systems and techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence polarization (FP) , fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) , total internal reflection fluorescence
  • TIRF fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
  • FCS fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
  • MALDI desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy
  • TOF time of flight
  • ellipsometry which is an optical method of measuring thickness of protein films
  • quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) a very sensitive method for measuring mass of materials adsorbing to surfaces
  • scanning probe microscopies such as AFM and SEM
  • techniques such as electrochemical, impedance, acoustic, microwave, and IR/Raman detection. See, e.g., Mere L, et al . , “Miniaturized FRET assays and microfluidics : key components for ultra-high-throughput screening, " Drug Discovery Today
  • kits for determining whether a therapy is effective for treating coronary artery disease or whether an anticoagulant therapy is effective.
  • the kit may include an array as described above, instructions for using the array, and instructions calculating the ratio of the OxPL level to the plasminogen level.
  • kits may also include, as non-limiting examples, reagents useful for preparing biomolecules for immobilization onto binding islands or areas of an array, reagents useful for detecting modifications to immobilized biomolecules, or reagents useful for detecting binding of biomolecules from solutions of interest to immobilized biomolecules, and instructions for use.
  • arrays comprising immobilized biomolecules may be included in kits.
  • Such kits may also include, as non-limiting examples, reagents useful for detecting modifications to immobilized biomolecules or for detecting binding of biomolecules from solutions of interest to immobilized biomolecules.
  • a method for determining the phospholipid content of a plasminogen component of plasma includes obtaining a sample comprising plasminogen; determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) in the sample; determining the level of plasminogen in the sample; and calculating the ratio of the OxPL level to the plasminogen level.
  • an immunoassay can be performed either by first capturing a plasminogen particle on a microtiter well by use of an antibody that specifically binds plasminogen, and then detection of the OxPL by a labeled E06 antibody.
  • the disclosure provides a method for oxPL bound to plasminogen.
  • the method comprises contact a sample comprising plasminogen with a first antibody that binds either plasminogen or oxPL, then washing away non-bound material that is not bound to the first antibody, followed by contacting the sample with a second antibody (either an antibody to oxPL or plasminogen that is not the same as the first antibody) .
  • a second antibody either an antibody to oxPL or plasminogen that is not the same as the first antibody
  • either the first or second antibody can be detectably labeled.
  • the sample will thus contact only plasminogen that has oxPL bound to it.
  • the detectable label can then be quantitated and the amount of oxPL/plasminogen then calculated.
  • a computer system can be used in the methods of the disclosure to store, calculate and compare ratios or values of OxPL and plasminogen or oxPL/plasminogen .
  • a processor-based system can include a main memory, preferably random access memory (RAM) , and can also include a secondary memory.
  • the secondary memory can include, for example, a hard disk drive and/or a removable storage drive, e.g., a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, or an optical disk drive.
  • the removable storage drive reads from and/or writes to a removable storage medium.
  • the removable storage medium can be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, or the like, which is read by and written to by a removable storage drive.
  • the removable storage medium can comprise computer software and/or data.
  • the computer system can also include a communications interface. Communications interfaces allow software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices.
  • communications interfaces include a modem, a network interface (such as, for example, an Ethernet card) , a
  • a communications interface capable of carrying signals and can be implemented using a wireless medium, wire or cable, fiber optics or other communications medium.
  • a channel capable of carrying signals and can be implemented using a wireless medium, wire or cable, fiber optics or other communications medium.
  • Some examples of a channel include a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, a network interface, and other communications channels.
  • “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to refer generally to media such as a removable storage device, a disk capable of installation in a disk drive, and signals on a channel. These computer program products are means for providing software or program instructions to a computer system.
  • Computer programs are stored in main memory and/or secondary memory. Computer programs can also be received via a communications interface. Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system to perform the features of the methods discussed herein.
  • the computer programs when executed, enable the processor to perform the features of the invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system .
  • the software may be stored in, or transmitted via, a computer program product and loaded into a computer system using a removable storage drive, hard drive, or communications interface.
  • the control logic when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the functions of the methods described herein.
  • the computer-based methods can be accessed or implemented over the World Wide Web by providing access via a Web Page to the methods of the invention.
  • the Web Page is identified by a Universal Resource Locator (URL) .
  • the URL denotes both the server machine and the particular file or page on that machine.
  • a consumer or client computer system interacts with a browser to select a particular URL, which in turn causes the browser to send a request for that URL or page to the server identified in the URL.
  • the server responds to the request by retrieving the requested page and transmitting the data for that page back to the requesting client computer system (the client/server interaction is typically performed in accordance with the hypertext transport protocol ("HTTP")) .
  • HTTP hypertext transport protocol
  • the selected page is then displayed to the user on the client's display screen.
  • the client may then cause the server containing a computer program of the invention to launch an application to, for example, perform an analysis according to the invention .
  • compositions and methods for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular risk subject are provided.
  • the method measure the amount of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject at one or more time points and compares the value to the value of a normal control values for a population of subjects that typically have no known cardiovascular risk conditions.
  • the disclosure also provides compositions and method for identifying whether a subject has suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or whether a subject is at risk of suffering an AMI.
  • AMI acute myocardial infarction
  • compositions and methods for determining whether a subject is at an increased risk for bleeding e.g., in the administration of anticoagulants or clot-busting drugs
  • the disclosure also relates to the analysis of OxPL of patients at risk or with documented CAD or acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or suspected of being at risk for ACS.
  • ACS acute coronary syndromes
  • Such methods are useful for diagnostic purposes and for monitoring the effects of dietary interventions, as well as for monitoring treatment with anti-ACS drugs such as statins.
  • the methods are further useful in
  • the disclosure relates to methods for determining OxPL/plasminogen ratios as indices of atherosclerosis regression and plaque stability (i.e. "atherogenesis” ) , infarction and cardiovascular risks.
  • composition also provides a composition comprising
  • the OxPL/plasminogen can be substantially purified from the plasma of blood donors.
  • substantially purified means that the OxPL/plasminogen is substantially free of other factors, cells and the like from which is naturally occurs. For example, a substantially free
  • OxPL/plasminogen will be free of red blood cells, white blood cells among other factors.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen can be synthesized.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen adducts of the disclosure can be prepared by using phospholipid/peptide or
  • lysine residues of plasminogen 1 are conjugated with an oxidized phospholipid 2 (wherein: n is an integer from 1 to 24, R 1 is a fatty acid moiety, and PC is a phosphate containing group) in an appropriate buffer, such as 0.1 M ammonium carbonate buffer
  • the substantially purified OxPL/plasminogen can be used as in the methods and compositions described herein.
  • the substantially purified preparations can be used as antigens for the preparation of antibodies, for the preparation of therapeutics and for the preparation of positive controls for various
  • a common therapy for ischemic event including stroke, acute myocardial infarctions and the like includes administering plasminogen activators such as tPA.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen can be administered in combination (i.e., before, during or after) administering a plasminogen activator such as tPA.
  • Acute ischemia is often recognized in strokes and cardiac damage.
  • disorders and injuries that cause ischemic events leading to cell death and tissue damage.
  • heart attacks i.e., myocardial infarction
  • myocardial infarction is common.
  • someone who has evidence of myocardial infarction is common.
  • intermittent milder cardiac ischemia i.e., angina
  • OxPL/plasminogen therapy possibly through improving fibrinolytic activity
  • Strokes, cerebrovascular events and cardio vascular events are the result of an acute obstruction of cerebral or cardiac blood flow to a region of the brain or heart
  • ischemic Approximately 80% of strokes are “ischemic” and result from an acute occlusion of a cerebral artery with resultant reduction in blood flow. The remainder are “hemorrhagic”, which are due to rupture of a cerebral artery with hemorrhage into brain tissue and consequent obstruction of blood flow due to lack of flow in the distal region of the ruptured vessel and local tissue compression, creating ischemia.
  • ischemic stroke Approximately eighty percent of strokes are caused by too little blood reaching an area of the brain, which is usually due to a clot that has blocked a blood vessel (i.e., for example, a cerebral thrombosis) . This is referred to as "ischemic stroke.” This type of stroke can sometimes lead to a brain hemorrhage because the affected brain tissue softens and this can lead to breaking down of small blood vessels. In addition, brain hemorrhage can occur when people have problems forming blood clots. Clots, which are the body's way of stopping any bleeding, are formed by proteins called coagulation factors and by sticky blood cells called platelets.
  • the OxPL/plasminogen therapy can be useful for treating clots (e.g., through increased fibrinolytic activity) , but in addition, the disclosure identifies subject who have an increased risk of such hemorrhage due to reduced clotting ability by measuring the amount of OxPL/plasminogen in the subject's blood.
  • Ischemic strokes may be preceded by transient ischemic attacks (TIA) , and it is estimated that about 300,000 persons suffer a TIA every year in the United States. Thrombosis also contributes to peripheral arterial occlusion in diabetics, sickle cell disease and other patients, and an efficacious and safe anti- ischemic injury agent for use in such patients is needed.
  • TIA transient ischemic attacks
  • Sickle Cell Disease ischemia results from blockage of capillaries and prevention of blood flow into a tissue that becomes starved of oxygen and glucose.
  • This blockade of the capillaries is caused by red blood cells that have lost their normal shape and flexibility, and have collapsed or distorted into the rigid or semi-rigid "sickled" shapes.
  • This blockade of capillaries shuts off the flow of fresh blood through those portions of the organ or tissue that are normally serviced by the blocked capillaries.
  • This blockage can be treated using an OxPL/plasminogen composition of the disclosure.
  • Stroke symptoms are typically of sudden onset and may quickly become worse. Stroke symptoms may include, but are not limited to: i) Weakness or inability to move a body part; ii) Numbness or loss of sensation; iii) Decreased or lost vision (may be partial); iv) Speech difficulties; v) Inability to recognize or identify familiar things; vi) Sudden headache; vii) Vertigo; viii) Dizziness; xi) Loss of coordination; x) Swallowing difficulties; and xi) Sleepy, stuporous, lethargic, comatose, and/or unconscious. A stroke event may be detected by using a neurologic exam, which would be expected to show abnormal results. Further, a patient may look drowsy and confused. An eye examination may show abnormal eye movements, and changes may be seen upon retinal examination
  • a computerized tomography scan will confirm the presence of a brain hemorrhage by providing pictures of the brain.
  • a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can also be obtained later to better understand what caused the bleeding.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • an X-ray of the arteries using dye may be required to identify aneurysms or AVM.
  • Other tests may include, but are not limited to: complete blood count, bleeding time,
  • Thrombosis may be defined as the formation, development, or presence of a blood clot (for example, a thrombus) in a blood vessel and is believed to be a common severe medical disorder.
  • a blood clot for example, a thrombus
  • Thromboses may be involved in the generation of a variety of vascular disorders including, but not limited to, myocardial infarctions, cardiac ischemia, and/or deep vein thrombosis.
  • Unstable angina caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the heart due to coronary occlusion, is the most common cause of admission to hospital, with 1.5 million cases a year in the United States alone .
  • Deep venous thrombosis is a frequent complication of surgical procedures such as hip and knee arthroplasties. Similar considerations apply to venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy and parturition. Some persons are prone to repeated venous thrombotic events and are currently treated by antithrombotic agents such as coumarin-type drugs. The dose of such drugs must be titrated in each patient, and the margin between effective antithrombotic doses and those increasing hemorrhage is small. A combination therapy with an anti-oxidant as part of the therapy would help to reduce oxidative damage associated with thromboli and ischemia .
  • Deep vein thrombosis may be detected by tests including, but not limited to: i) Doppler ultrasound exam of an extremity blood flow studies; ii) Venography of the legs; or iii)
  • a pulmonary embolus is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by fat, air, blood clot, or tumor cells. Pulmonary emboli are most often caused by blood clots in the veins, especially veins in the legs or in the pelvis (hips) . More rarely, air bubbles, fat droplets, amniotic fluid, or clumps of parasites or tumor cells may obstruct the pulmonary vessels.
  • One cause of a pulmonary embolism is a blood clot in the veins of the legs, called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (supra) . Many clear up on their own, though some may cause severe illness or even death.
  • Risk factors for a pulmonary embolus may include, but are not limited to: i) Prolonged bed rest or inactivity (including long trips in planes, cars, or trains) ; ii) Oral contraceptive use; iii) Surgery (especially pelvic surgery) ; iv) Childbirth; v)
  • Symptoms of pulmonary embolism may be vague, or they may resemble symptoms associated with other diseases. Symptoms can include, but are not limited to: i) Sudden cough; ii) Bloody sputum
  • Pulmonary emboli may be identified using tests
  • Thrombophlebitis is swelling (inflammation) of a vein caused by a blood clot. Such conditions are usually a result of sitting for a long period of time (such as on a long airplane trip) . Disorders that increase a person's chance for blood clots also lead to thrombophlebitis. Superficial thrombophlebitis affects veins near the skin surface.
  • thrombophlebitis may include but are not limited to: i) Warmth and tenderness over the vein; ii) Pain in the part of the body affected; iii) Skin redness (not always present) ; or iv)
  • Inflammation in the part of the body affected.
  • Objective tests may be performed to detect thrombophlebitis including, but not limited to: i) Doppler ultrasound; ii) Venography; and iii) Blood coagulation studies.
  • Thrombi and emboli can occur naturally or due to invasive procedures. These thrombi or emboli block blood flow and induces ischemia. Currently, treatment for acute ischemic
  • thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator tPA
  • Any number of thrombolytic agents can be used in the methods and compositions of the invention.
  • Examples of thrombolytic agents that can be used in the methods and composition of the disclosure include alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, streptase, abbokinase, pamiteplase, nateplase,
  • thrombolytics include, for example, microplasmin, Bat-tPA, BB-10153 (an engineered form of human plasminogen activated to plasmin by thrombin) and Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activators (DSPAs) (e.g., DSPAal) .
  • DSPAs Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activators
  • the disclosure thus provides methods of treating stroke and/or ischemic injury resulting from any one or more of the foregoing comprising administering to a subject an OxPL/plasminogen preparation alone or in combination with other active agents useful for treating ischemic injury including, but not limited to, clot busting agents (e.g., tPA and other plasminogen activators), antioxidants such as polyphenol, flavonoid, or flavonol (e.g., a chlorogenic agent, fisetin or baicalein) and may further include spin trap agents.
  • the disclosure comprises administering an OxPL/plasminogen and (i) a thrombolytic agent,
  • a spin trap agent (ii) a spin trap agent, ( iii) an NMDA receptor antagonist, or (iv) any combination of (i) , (ii) and (iii) .
  • an effective amount means the amount of a composition comprising an OxPL/plasminogen, and in some embodiments, a spin trap agent and/or an NMDA receptor antagonist, and a thrombolytic agent useful for causing a diminution in clot size, clot risk or risk of ischemia.
  • An effective amount to be administered systemically depends on the body weight of the subject. Typically, an effective amount to be administered systemically is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg.
  • an effective amount will of course depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the subject (e.g., a mammal such as a human) , the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
  • an effective amount of a formulation of the disclosure is injected directly into the bloodstream of the subject.
  • intravenous injection can be used to administer the formulation to the peripheral or central nervous system .
  • Oral administration often can be desirable, provided the formulation is modified so as to be stable to gastrointestinal degradation and readily absorbable .
  • Various conventional modes of administration also are contemplated, including intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intracranial, epidural, oral, and intranasal administration .
  • any of the formulations of the disclosure can be administered in a sustained release form.
  • the sustained release formulation has the advantage of delivery over an extended period of time without the need for repeated administrations of the formulation .
  • Sustained release can be achieved, for example, with a sustained release material such as a wafer, an immunobead, a micropump or other material that provides for controlled slow release of the OxPL/plasminogen or combination formulation.
  • a sustained release material such as a wafer, an immunobead, a micropump or other material that provides for controlled slow release of the OxPL/plasminogen or combination formulation.
  • Such controlled release materials are well known in the art and
  • a bioerodible or biodegradable material can be formulated with active agents of the disclosure, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, regenerated collagen, multilamellar liposomes or other conventional depot formulations, can be implanted to slowly release the active agents of the disclosure, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, regenerated collagen, multilamellar liposomes or other conventional depot formulations, can be implanted to slowly release the
  • OxPL/plasminogen or the OxPL/plasminogen and antioxidant, thrombolytic, spin trap, and/or NMDA antagonist agents.
  • the use of infusion pumps, and matrix entrapment systems also are contemplated in the invention.
  • composition/ formulation of the invention can be packaged and administered in unit dosage form, such as an
  • Unit dosage form can be, for example, a septum sealed vial containing a daily dose of an OxPL/plasminogen, and in another embodiment, a combination of OxPL/plasminogen with a spin
  • antioxidant for the combination of any of the above with an NMDA receptor antagonist, and a thrombolytic agent.
  • Intravascular infusions are normally carried out with the parenteral solution contained within an infusion bag or bottle or within an electrically operated infusion syringe.
  • the solution may be delivered from the infusion bag or bottle to the subject by gravity feed or by the use of an infusion pump.
  • gravity feed infusion systems in some instances does not afford sufficient control over the rate of administration of the parenteral solution and, therefore, the use of an infusion pump may be desirable especially with solutions containing relatively high concentrations of spin trap/thrombolytic formulation.
  • An electrically operated infusion syringe may offer even greater control over the rate of administration .
  • the agents may be administered simultaneously or sequentially in separate formulations or may be administered simultaneously in a single formulation. In any event the delay in administering the second or third etc. of a plurality of agents should not be such as to lose the benefit of a potentiated effect of the combination of the agents in vivo.
  • Formulations and compositions of the disclosure will comprise an OxPL/plasminogen and may include one or more of (1) an antioxidant; (2) a thrombolytic agent, (3) an NMDA receptor antagonist and (4) a spin trap agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration.
  • Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained through combination of active agents with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores .
  • suitable excipients are
  • carbohydrate or protein fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; and gums including arabic and tragacanth; and proteins such as gelatin and collagen.
  • disintegrating or solubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl
  • pyrrolidone agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate .
  • compositions of the disclosure may be formulated in aqueous solutions, typically in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer' solution, or
  • Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • suspensions of the active solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
  • the formulation may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • Murine and human plasminogen were purchased commercially.
  • a rabbit polyclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody raised against amino acids 16-105 at the N- terminal end of human plasminogen, a sequence not present in apo (a) was used for immunoblot analysis to avoid cross-reactivity with apo (a) .
  • a murine monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody not cross-reacting with apo (a) and a polyclonal, biotinylated, guinea pig anti-plasminogen antibody were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively.
  • Monoclonal antibodies MB47, binding human apolipoprotein B-100, LPA4 binding apo (a) and E06 binding the phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup of OxPL were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively.
  • Lipoproteins Isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to fractionate plasma providing 24 fractions plus the non- lipoprotein plasma "bottom" fraction. OxPL on apoB (OxPL/apoB) (14) and OxPL on apo (a) (17) (OxPL/apo (a) ) were measured.
  • Plasminogen Phospholipids on Plasminogen (OxPL/Plasminogen) .
  • a mouse monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody (Meridian, Inc.) at 5 g/ml overnight at 4°C, the plates washed, human plasma added (1:32,000 dilution) and plasminogen detected with biotinylated guinea pig anti-human plasminogen antibody using chemiluminescence ELISA.
  • OxPL/plasminogen was determined in a similar manner except the plasma dilution was 1:400 and biotinylated E06 was the detection antibody. This assay normalized all wells to the same amount of plasminogen and is therefore independent of plasma plasminogen levels.
  • OxPL/plasminogen, Lp (a) and OxPL/apo (a) were then measured in the supernatant .
  • Phospholipase A2 Treatment of Plasminogen.
  • Plasminogen, free of Lp (a) was purified from fresh-frozen plasma using lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography and incubated with or without 35 U/ml of PLA2 at 37 °C for 90 min and then PLA2 quenched by the addition of phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride .
  • the treated plasminogen was then isolated by lysine-Sepharose and subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining to verify the absence of degradation. OxPL removal was confirmed by western blot analysis using E06.
  • Fibrin clots were formed by the addition of a solution containing lmg/ml purified fibrinogen and ⁇ . ⁇ plasminogen (with or without PLA2 treatment) to small, separated aliquots of CaCl 2 , thrombin, and tPA at final
  • Clot lysis at 37°C was monitored by measurement of turbidity at 405 nm and defined as the time required to reach the midpoint between the maximum and minimum turbidity excursions (tm) .
  • ACE angiotensin-converting enzymes
  • ACS acute coronary syndromes
  • AMI acute myocardial infarction
  • ARB angiotensin receptor blocker
  • CABG coronary artery bypass surgery
  • CAD coronary artery disease
  • CHF congestive heart failure
  • FH familial hypercholesterolemia
  • HDL high-density lipoprotein
  • LDL low-density lipoprotein
  • MI myocardial infarction
  • PCT percutaneous coronary intervention
  • Lp(a) is also present in the commercial preparation of human plasminogen which undoubtedly co-elutes with plasminogen on the lysine-sepharose columns used to purify plasminogen, since they share similar lysine binding sites, particularly on KIV-10.
  • the size of the human Lp (a) is larger than in the Lp (a) transgenic mouse, as the Lp (a) - transgenic mice express a mini apo (a) construct (19) .
  • An OxPL band corresponding to the Lp (a) contaminant in the human purified plasminogen is not visible, likely due to much higher ( ⁇ 50X) sensitivity of LPA4 versus E06 on immunoblots.
  • Figure 2B displays the plasma plasminogen
  • OxPL/plasminogen in 6 healthy human subjects using a sandwich ELISA format It is evident that OxPL are strongly present on plasminogen captured on the microtiter well plate. In contrast, there is no evidence that apo (a) or apoB are present on the captured
  • plasminogen ruling out non-specific physical interactions of apo (a) or apoB as potential contributions of OxPL on plasminogen.
  • plasminogen is not "oxidized” per se as supported by the observation that murine monoclonal antibody MDA2, which recognizes malondialdehyde (MDA) -lysine epitopes and which are commonly present during generalized lipid peroxidation, does not show immunoreactivity with plasminogen.
  • Coagulation Factors with Kringle-like Structures do not Contain Oxidized Phospholipids. Using specific antibodies to capture plasminogen (5 kringles) , prothrombin (factor II) (2 kringles) , tissue plasminogen activator (2 kringles) , and urokinase

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Endocrinology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)

Abstract

Provided herein are compositions and methods for identifying individuals at risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD).

Description

PLASMINOGEN-OXIDIZED PHOSPHOLIPIDS FOR THE DETECTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DISORDERS
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[ 0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application Serial No. 61/620,882, filed April 5, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
STATEMENTS REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
[ 0002] The invention was made with government support under
Grant No. HL087559 awarded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) . The government has certain rights in the invention.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[ 0003] Compositions and methods for identifying individuals at risk or having cardiovascular disease or disorder. The disclosure also provides compositions and methods useful in treating
cardiovascular disease and thrombosis.
BACKGROUND
[ 0004] Plasminogen plays a key role in the fibrinolytic system and has also been implicated in several other pathophysiological properties including tissue remodeling, angiogenesis,
embryogenesis, tumor metastasis, infections, wound healing and leukocyte migration. Plasminogen consists of five tandem kringle domains and a protease domain. It is activated to plasmin by physiological activators, such as tissue-type plasminogen activator
(tPA) , and in turn, plasmin degrades fibrin-rich thrombi through a functional serine protease domain. Kringles are common motifs in coagulation and growth factors and in apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] .
SUMMARY
[ 0005] The disclosure demonstrates that plasminogen contains covalently bound OxPL that influences fibrinolysis. OxPL on plasminogen represent a second major plasma pool of OxPL, in addition to that present on Lp (a) . OxPL present on plasminogen has pathophysiological implications in acute myocardial infarction
(AMI) and atherothrombosis . The presence of oxidized phospholipids on plasminogen, unlike the oxidized phospholipids on lipoprotein
(a) that mediate atherothrombosis and promote cardiovascular disease, enhance fibrinolysis by reducing the time to break apart blood clots, and therefore are protective against cardiovascular disease .
[ 0006] The disclosure provides a method for analyzing
cardiovascular disease or anticoagulant treatment in a subject, the method comprising (a) obtaining a sample comprising plasma from a subject; (b) determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) bound to plasminogen in the sample; (c) comparing the level of OxPL/plasminogen levels to a standard normal value of
OxPL/plasminogen ; wherein a difference is indicative of a
cardiovascular pathology or treatment regimen. In one embodiment, the OxPL and plasminogen in the sample are measured with two or more different biomolecules , wherein a first biomolecule
specifically interacts with OxPL and a second biomolecule
specifically interacts with plasminogen. In a further embodiment, the biomolecules are antibodies. In yet a further embodiment, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In a specific embodiment, the antibody that interacts with OxPL is T15, E06 or DLH3. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal such as a human. In another embodiment, the oxidized phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl- sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC) , l-palmitoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PEIPC) , oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholin-e (Ox- SAPC) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine ( SOVPC, l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SGPC) , l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine (SEIPC) , l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine (Ox-SAPE) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SOVPE) , l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SGPE) , and l-stearoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SEIPE) . In yet another embodiment, the levels of OxPL/plasminogen are measured at two or more time points. In yet a further embodiment, a higher level of OxPL/plasminogen, compared to the standard normal value, that continue over time following a cardiovascular event is indicative of a decreased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event. In yet a further embodiment, a lower level of
OxPL/plasminogen, compared to the standard normal value, following a cardiovascular event is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event. In another embodiment, when levels of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal standard values by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more are at greater risk of suffering an acute coronary syndrome. In yet another embodiment, subjects with normal or high levels compared to the normal standard values are likely to have a reduced chance of suffering an acute coronary syndrome. In yet another embodiment, an increase in values from a first time point to a second or later time point is indicative that the subject suffered an acute coronary syndrome. In another embodiment, when levels of
OxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are higher than normal controls by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more have a greater risk of having a bleeding disorder. In yet a further embodiment, a subject identified as having a higher level of oxPL/plasminogen is not a subject for anticoagulant therapy or may be a subject for reduced anticoagulant therapy. In yet another embodiment, a biomolecule that binds oxPL is linked to a substrate. In yet another embodiment, a biomolecule that binds to plasminogen is linked to a substrate.
[ 0007 ] The disclosure also provides a kit for carrying out the methods described herein for assession OxPL/plasminogen levels.
[ 0008 ] The disclosure also provides a method of treating a cardiovascular disease associated with thrombi and/or emboli, comprising administering to a subject (i) an agent that increases OxPL/plasminogen levels or (ii) OxPL/plasminogen. In one
embodiment, the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of sickle cell disease, pulmonary thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, atherogenesis , arteriosclerosis, tissue damage, and infection. In another embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen is purified from a donor subject. In yet another embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen is autologous to the subject. In yet another embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen is heterologous to the subject. In one embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen is synthetic.
[ 0009] The disclosure also provides a synthetic oxidized phospholipid linked to plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) . In one embodiment, the the oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2- arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC) ,1- palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
(PEIPC) , oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholin-e (Ox-SAPC) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphorylcholine (SOVPC, l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine (SGPC) , l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero- 3-phosphorylcholine (SEIPC) , l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine (Ox-SAPE) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SOVPE) , l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SGPE) , and l-stearoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SEIPE) . In one embodiment, the plasminogen is a recombinant plasminogen. The disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the OxPL/plasminogen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[ 0010 ] The details of one or more embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[ 0011 ] Figure 1A-B shows detection of OxPC on plasminogen by
LC-MS/MS. Precursor ion scanning for phosphocholine (m/z 184) was carried out on LC-separated peptides of plasminogen following trypsin digestion without NH4OH treatment (A) and with NH4OH treatment (B) .
[ 0012 ] Figure 2A-B shows the presence of PC-containing OxPL on plasminogen and apo (a) demonstrated by Western Blotting and ELISA techniques. A - Immunoblot: Left panel: Specific binding of polyclonal rabbit anti-human plasminogen antibody to plasminogen. Middle panel: OxPL on plasminogen and apo (a) in transgenic mice detected by monoclonal E06. Right panel: Apo (a) detected by monoclonal LPA4. B - detection of plasminogen, and the presence of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) on plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) , or malondialdehyde associated with plasminogen (MDA/plasminogen) , or apo (a) or apoB associated with plasminogen (apo (a) or
apoB/plasminogen) by ELISA. Results are meanlSEM and expressed as RLU/lOOms. ***p<0.001 compared to the other groups.
[0013] Figure 3A-D is an assessment of the presence of OxPL on plasminogen using immunoprecipitation . This figure displays a representative example of the immunoprecipitation of plasminogen from plasma in a healthy individual with the addition of increasing amounts of anti-plasminogen antibody. The X-axis shows the molar ratio of antibody to plasminogen content added. A: Plasminogen levels remaining in the supernatant following immunoprecipitation. B: OxPL/plasminogen in the supernatant. C: Lp(a) level in
supernatant. D: OxPL/apo (a) levels in supernatant.
[0014] Figure 4 depicts an evaluation of the content of PC-OxPL on coagulation factors with kringle-like structures by double capture ELISA. Plasminogen, prothrombin, tPA and urokinase were captured in microtiter wells by immunocapture from plasma of 6 healthy individuals, and then the content of PC-OxPL determined with monoclonal antibody E06. ***p<0.001 compared to the other groups .
[0015] Figure 5A-F shows the detection of OxPL on plasminogen using density gradient ultracentrifugation . Density gradient ultracentrifugation from a patient with an Lp(a) plasma level of 90 mg/dl was used to isolate 24 fractions ranging in density 1.000- 1.189 g/ml and an aliquot of each fraction was assessed by ELISA for plasminogen (A), OxPL/plasminogen (B) , Lp(a) (C) , OxPL/Lp (a)
(D) , apoB (E), and OxPL/apoB (F) .
[0016] Figure 6A-F shows plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen from
FH patients with different plasma Lp (a) levels. Plasma from 15 FH patients with varying Lp (a) levels was assessed by ELISA for Lp (a)
(A), OxPL/apo (a) (B) , plasminogen (C) , and OxPL/plasminogen (D) . Additionally, the bottom fraction was also assessed for plasminogen
(E) , and OxPL/plasminogen (F) . *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001 compared to the other groups as indicated. [0017] Figure 7 shows an in vitro clot lysis assay assessing the ability of plasminogen to degrade fibrin clots. Native plasminogen containing OxPL and plasminogen with OxPL enzymatically removed (inset) with phospholipase A2 were used. In this system, thrombin-induced clot formation occurs within the first 2 min and is marked by an initial rapid increase in turbidity, as measured by absorbance at 405 nm. Subsequent clot lysis is indicated by a rapid return of the turbidity signal to base-line levels. The parameter tm (transition midpoint) is taken as the standard measure of lysis time and is defined as the time point on the lysis curve that is halfway between the minimum and maximum excursions. The curves represent the meanlSEM of 3 separate experiments with measurement of absorbance at 405 nm every 5 seconds.
[0018] Figure 8A-B shows a change in plasminogen and
OxPL/plasminogen in normal subjects, patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. Panel A shows the baseline levels and changes in plasminogen levels over a 7 month period in patients following AMI (n=8), in patients with stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (n=17) and in healthy subjects
(n=18) . Panel B shows the baseline levels and changes in
OxPL/plasminogen over the same time period. The p-values at the bottom of the figures represent the discharge (average of 4 days for the AMI group) and 30, 120, and 210-day differences between groups at each time point. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 represent
Bonferroni post-test for changes within groups over time.
[0019] Figure 9 shows a plot of 1972 healthy, subject with
OxPL/plasminogen levels. Y-axis is frequency distribution, x-axis the concentration of OxPL/plasminogen in nanomolar OxPL.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "and," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a phospholipid" includes a plurality of such phospholipids and reference to "the protein" includes reference to one or more proteins, and so forth.
[0021] Also, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise. Similarly, "comprise," "comprises," "comprising" "include," "includes," and "including" are interchangeable and not intended to be limiting.
[ 0022] It is to be further understood that where descriptions of various embodiments use the term "comprising, " those skilled in the art would understand that in some specific instances, an embodiment can be alternatively described using language
"consisting essentially of" or "consisting of."
[ 0023] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the disclosed methods and compositions, the exemplary methods, devices and materials are described herein.
[ 0024] Any publications discussed above and throughout the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior disclosure.
[ 0025] Glu-plasminogen is the zymogen that is converted to the active protease "plasmin" by cleavage of Arg561-Val562 resulting in an N-terminal heavy chain of 561-amino acids and a disulfide-linked C-terminal light chain of 230-amino acids. Plasmin can also activate glu-plasminogen to lys-plasminogen by removing the first N-terminal 77 amino acids in a positive feedback reaction. The catalytic triad of plasmin consists of His603, Asp646, and Ser741. Plasmin (ogen) kringles I and IV are involved in anchorage of plasmin (ogen) to fibrin and cells, an essential step in
fibrinolysis and pericellular proteolysis. In vitro tissue culture studies have shown that the gene expression of plasminogen can increase significantly when cells are exposed to inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6.
[ 0026] Although phospholipid surfaces are needed to activate clotting cascades, the role of OxPL in these pathways is not well defined. The few studies published in this area are not entirely consistent, but on the whole suggest free OxPL species promote a pro-coagulant shift on the endothelium and mediate blood clotting. In addition, OxPL in concert with hyperlipidemia induce platelet aggregation through a CD36 scavenger receptor pathway in platelets.
[ 0027 ] Substantial experimental, clinical and genetic evidence have established Lp (a) as an independent risk factor for premature coronary artery disease (CAD), death, MI, stroke and peripheral arterial disease, although the mechanisms underlying its pro- atherogenic potential are not fully established. Lp (a) has also been shown to inhibit the fibrinolytic properties of plasminogen in vitro through several mechanisms, including inhibiting tPA mediated activation of glu-plasminogen, inhibition of plasminogen and tPA lysine-dependent binding to fibrin surfaces, and inhibiting the action of plasmin in converting glu-plasminogen to the activated form lys-plasminogen . In a large series of clinical and
experimental studies, a key component of the atherogenicity of Lp (a) and its value in predicting new cardiovascular events was established and is likely due to its unique property, among lipoproteins, to bind and transport pro-inflammatory OxPL.
Measuring OxPL on apoB particles (OxPL/apoB) , which primarily reflects OxPL on Lp (a) , appears to uniquely reflect the biological activity and pro-atherogenic potential of Lp (a) , particularly of the most atherogenic small isoforms of apo (a) associated with high Lp (a) levels. As opposed to plasminogen, Lp (a) contains not only covalently bound OxPL, but also OxPL present in its lipid phase.
[ 0028 ] The disclosure is based, in part, on identifying that plasminogen comprises bound OxPL and that the OxPL component potentiates fibrinolyis. Measuring OxPL on plasminogen allows a more precise prediction of risk of cardiovascular disease. If levels of OxPL on plasminogen are high, it would imply more fibrinolysis and less propensity to develop blood clots in arteries and veins but on the other hand possibly more bleeding when patients are treated with anti-coagulants and anti-platelet agents. If OxPL levels on plasminogen are low, the value implies less fibrinolysis and more propensity to develop blood clots in arteries and veins (e.g., higher risk of cardiovascular disease) but on the other hand possibly less bleeding when patient are treated with anti-coagulants and anti-platelet agents. In accompanying data, it is demonstrated that patients with recurrent events have lower levels of OxPL on plasminogen. The disclosure and data demonstrate that plasminogen is a major carrier of OxPL in plasma of humans and animals and is important in facilitating fibrinolysis. OxPL on plasminogen are distinct from the OxPL present on Lp(a) and represent a second major pool of OxPL in plasma. Unlike OxPL/apoB and OxPL/apo (a) levels, which vary widely and which were previously shown to correlate with plasma Lp (a) levels, OxPL/plasminogen levels are distributed in a very narrow range and do not change over time among healthy subjects and patients with stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) . It appears that Lp (a) and plasminogen contain significant amounts of OxPL in plasma proteins. There was no evidence that plasminogen was attached to OxPL-containing Lp(a) or apoB particles circulating in plasma. Furthermore, kringles of the plasminogen-prothrombin gene family share conformational epitopes with each other and with apo (a) , but plasminogen and Lp (a) are the only kringle containing structures containing OxPL identified in this study. This suggests that it is not the kringle structures per se that mediate OxPL binding, but other as yet unidentified motif (s) common to both apo (a) and plasminogen. Furthermore, commercial and cell culture sources of human plasminogen were shown to contain covalently bound OxPL as detected by several techniques, including immunoreactivity of the antibody T15 (which appears identical in the variable region to the IgM E06) inorganic phosphate analysis, and presence of lyso-PC from plasminogen following treatment with lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2.
[ 0029] The disclosure demonstrates that oxPL/plasminogen levels rise acutely in patients following an acute myocardial infarction
(AMI) . These findings link atherogenic and thrombotic processes in defining the presence of OxPL as a unifying pathophysiological link among Lp (a) and plasminogen. Furthermore, the disclosure provides a diagnostic for use in determining whether a subject has suffered or is at risk of suffering a myocardial infarction and whether a subject may be at additional risk of bleeding due to high levels of oxPL/plasminogen .
[ 0030 ] As used herein "OxPL/Plasminogen" refers to plasminogen having bound to it oxidized phospholipids. OxPL/plasminogen can be isolated from the plasma as described more fully herein, or synthesized using methods known in the art as described herein.
[ 0031] The disclosure demonstrates in serial time points that both plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen levels were significantly lower at baseline in patients with acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) compared to stable coronary artery diseases (CAD) and normal subjects, but increase acutely following the pro-inflammatory milieu of AMI in subjects treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) . The data thus show that OxPL/plasminogen may vary before and following plaque rupture and thrombosis and that they play a role in thrombosis or fibrinolysis, the extent of reperfusion and long term clinical outcomes. Interestingly, a similar pattern of changes in Lp (a) , OxPL/apoB and autoantibodies to OxLDL were previously noted in the same subjects, as well as in PCI patients in another cohort. Since plasminogen (like apoB) is usually in excess to apo (a) , except in cases of very high Lp(a) levels, plasminogen represents a larger carrier of OxPL than Lp (a) .
[ 0032] Interestingly, animal and human studies have suggested that elements of the fibrinolytic system may have pro-atherogenic properties. In fact, experimental studies have suggested that plasminogen mediates pro-atherogenic effects in mouse models.
Although these data need confirmation, one may postulate that some of these effects may be mediated through OxPL and CD36 macrophage scavenger receptor pathway. The presence of OxPL on plasminogen may also activate smooth muscle cells, enhance endothelial cell growth or induce release of proinflammatory cytokines that theoretically may be beneficial in injured tissues, but detrimental in atherosclerotic lesions. The identification of specific lysine receptors on a number of cell surfaces and bacteria have implicated plasminogen in additional functions such as facilitating tissue remodeling, enhancing wound healing, mediating angiogenesis and embryogenesis, and inhibiting infection, tumor growth and
metastasis. The presence of OxPL on plasminogen may mediate clearance of such pathogens by recruiting additional arcs of the innate immune system, such as natural antibodies, scavenger receptors, C-reactive protein, and potentially Lp (a) , which has also been postulated to be involved in wound healing. Plasminogen deficient patients and murine models of plasminogen deficiency support many of these functions of plasminogen manifested by diffuse fibrin deposition leading to multiple organ failure.
[ 0033] The disclosure demonstrates that in healthy humans and patients with CAD and Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) plasminogen is a major carrier of a distinct pool of OxPL within the non- lipoprotein fraction of plasma that is not associated with Lp (a) . Furthermore, that the OxPL/plasminogen levels are distributed in a very narrow range and do not change over time among healthy subjects and patients with stable Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) . During or following AMI, the OxPL/plasminogen levels increase significantly. Furthermore, higher levels of OxPL/plasminogen that continue over time following AMI are indicative of a decreased risk of a subsequent major AMI. In contrast, a falling off of the initial increase in OxPL/plasminogen levels following AMI is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of a subsequent AMI. Thus, levels of oxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal controls (e.g., a normal population lacking risk factors or lacking a history of cardiovascular disease) by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more are at greater risk of suffering an acute coronary syndrome. On the opposite side, subjects with normal levels or slightly higher are likely to have a reduced chance of suffering an acute coronary syndrome. Furthermore, subjects with high levels of oxPL/plasminogen (e.g., greater than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more above normal controls) are likely to have suffered an acute coronary syndrome such as an acute myocardial infarction and/or may have a greater risk of having bleeding. Normal control values can be measured in different ways and units. Figure 9 provides such values in nM, however, other units and measurements can be made using methods known in the art.
[ 0034 ] The disclosure also provides methods of determining whether a subject will have a continued risk of an acute coronary syndrome such as an acute myocardial infarction by monitoring the oxPL/plasminogen levels following ACS or AMI, wherein if the levels remain higher after an ACS or AMI there is a reduced risk of a subsequent ACS or AMI.
[ 0035] Figure 9 shows a graph of frequency vs. nanomolar
OxPL/plasminogen for 1972 normal subjects. Using the data from this table various cutoffs can be identified for subjects (a) at risk of bleeding (e.g., having too high a level of
OxPL/plasminogen); (b) having an AMI; and (c) at risk of a first or subsequent cardiovascular event. In one embodiment, the table can be used to identify subject that are at the 80th percentile (e.g., above -365 nM OxPL/plasminogen) or 20th percentile (e.g., below -157 nM OxPL/plasminogen) . Thus, for example, a subject having greater than about 365 nM OxPL/plasminogen has a risk of (a) bleeding and/or (b) having suffered an AMI or other cardiovascular event. In contrast subject having less than about 157 nM OxPL/plasminogen following a cardiovascular event are at risk of a second
cardiovascular event.
[ 0036] For example, oxPL/plasminogen analysis of subjects that entered the hospital following an acute coronary symptom were followed for several months. Table A, below shows the initial values vs. the final outcome. What is characteristic of this biomarker analysis is that those that had "no outcome" (i.e., no further coronary events or death) had a higher oxPL/plasminogen level over extended time compared to those that suffered a further coronary event or even death.
[ 0037 ] Table A
Figure imgf000013_0001
[ 0038] The disclosure also demonstrates that OxPL on
plasminogen are important in facilitating fibrinolysis, as their removal results in a longer clot lysis time. Although not wishing to be bound by a particularly mechanism of action, this removal of OxPL may result in a decreased rate of plasminogen activation or a decreased enzymatic activity of plasmin. It may be postulated that the presence of OxPL on plasminogen may facilitate activation of plasminogen to plasmin by tPA and other plasminogen activators. Thus, administration of exogenous oxPL/plasminogen or a factor that increases oxPL/plasminogen levels (alone or in combination with, e.g., tPA) can be used to increase fibrinolysis. Furthermore, the OxPL on plasminogen may bind to scavenger receptors on cells that are recruited at sites of inflammation, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This "targeted" delivery to sites of inflammation and the like provide use in treating a large number of disease including infections. In contrast to the above, Lp (a) has been shown to inhibit fibrinolysis in vitro. The disclosure also demonstrates that OxPL on plasminogen enhancing wound healing, mediating angiogenesis and embryogenesis , and inhibiting infection, tumor growth and metastasis.
[ 0039] Increased fibrinolysis although important in certain conditions and circumstances can also be detrimental in other conditions, particularly where therapeutic interventions of anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents are used. For example, increased OxPL/plasminogen levels is associated with increased fibrinolytic activity; in subjects having high levels of
OxPL/plasminogen further intervention using therapeutics that promote fibrinolysis or thrombolysis can be detrimental and increase the risk of bleeding. Accordingly, determining
oxPL/plasminogen levels prior to administration of a fibrinolytic agents or promoters can provide a useful diagnostic in determining dose and risk associated with such administration.
[ 0040 ] The disclosure provides methods and compositions useful for diagnosing cardiovascular risk, risk of myocardial infarction, determination of a myocardial infarction, prognosis of therapeutic outcome, and methods of determining drug therapy. The disclosure uses biological agents that can bind to (a) plasminogen and (b) oxidized phospholipids, or (c) a biomolecule that recognizes both plasminogen and oxidized phospholipids. Such biological agents include antibodies and fragments thereof that include antibody binding domains .
[ 0041 ] A number of antibodies that bind oxPL's are known in the art. For example, The naturally occurring or wild type murine T15 antibody, while originally reported as an IgA antibody produced by a plasmacytoma, was later reported to be a natural IgM antibody (i.e., a type of antibody produced in many murine strains without prior immunization or demonstrable intentional immune exposure) , and recognizes a determinant now known to be specific for dead and dying cells, including apoptotic cells. The murine T15 antibody was first reported to be specific for the immunodominant PC moiety in the teichoic acid cell wall polysaccharide (C-PS) of pneumococci . While T15 antibodies bind PC as a hapten, they do not bind to reduced native phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl choline (PtC) , even though these neutral phospholipids contain the PC group.
However, the prototypic T15 antibody rearrangements are devoid of "N" (non-templated) insertions at splice sites, which suggests they arise in early development, as perinatal liver B cells and do not express terminal deoxytransferase (TdT) responsible for N
insertions, and are later exclusively represented in the B-l cell compartment. In most adult mice, PC-responsive B cells that express the T15 clono-specific markers dominate all anti-PC responses, including those to pneumococci. Of all anti-PC antibodies, T15 antibody provide the most protection from systemic pneumococcal infection from experimental strains, due to their efficient clearance of these microbes from the blood.
[ 0042 ] The T15 antibody has also been shown to recognize and bind PC expressed on oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein
(OxLDL) . While macrophages can recognize, take up and clear the OxLDL, studies using an in vitro system have been reported to show that the addition of the E06 antibody, which is encoded by the same or similar variable region genes as the T15 IgM, blocked the in vitro uptake and clearance of apoptotic cells.
[ 0043] As used herein, "T15 antibody or variant or fragment thereof" means the T15 antibody, or any antibody or variant or fragment thereof that comprise the same or closely related variable regions of the T15 antibody as described by Shaw et al . A variant is a molecule that shares sequence similarity and activity of its parent molecule. For example, a variant of T15 antibody includes a molecule having an amino acid sequence at least 80% similar to the variable domain of T15 antibody, encoded by the S107.1 heavy chain variable region gene and which recognizes and binds PC and/or other phospholipid derived determinant. A variant means any change to the amino acid sequence and/or chemical quality, of the amino acid e.g., amino acid analogs, from that encoded by the T15 sequence. The antibody can be polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized antibodies .
[ 0044 ] In one embodiment, the T15 antibody fragment can be a
T15 Fab molecule. In another, the T15 antibody fragment can be a T15 F(ab' ) 2 molecule. Further still, the T15 antibody fragment can be a T15 Fv molecule. Additionally, in another example, the T15 antibody fragment is a T15 single chain Fv molecule.
[ 0045] Another monoclonal antibody, designated E06 has been reported that binds specifically to the phosphorylcholine head group of oxidized but not native phospholipids. Accordingly, this antibody can be used to determine the level of oxidized
phospholipids in an oxPL/plasminogen complex. This antibody can be adapted for use in any immunoassay. For example, chemiluminsecent ELISA assays are described elsewhere herein.
[ 0046] Additional antibodies have been described in the literature that can also bind OxPL, such as DLH3 (Itabe et al . , J Lipid Res. 1996; 37:45-53).
[ 0047 ] As used herein, the term "antibody" is intended to mean a polypeptide product of B cells within the immunoglobulin class of polypeptides which is composed of heavy and light chains and able to bind with a specific molecular target or antigen (e.g., plasminogen and/or oxPL) . The term "monoclonal antibody" refers to an antibody that is the product of a single cell clone or
hybridoma. The term also is intended to refer to an antibody produced by recombinant methods from heavy and light chain encoding immunoglobulin genes to produce a single molecular immunoglobulin species Amino acid sequences for antibodies within a monoclonal antibody preparation are substantially homogeneous and the binding activity of antibodies within such a preparation exhibit
substantially the same antigen binding activity. The term
"polyclonal antibodies" refers to antibodies that are obtained from different B cell resources, which are a combination of
immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, but each immunoglobulin is specific for a different epitope of the same antigen. Methods for producing both monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies are well known in the art (Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) and Antibody Engineering: A Practical Guide, C. A. K. Borrebaeck, Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., Publishers, New York, pp. 103-120 (1991) ) .
[ 0048 ] As used herein, the term "antibody fragment" is intended to mean a portion of an antibody which still retains some or all of the target analyte specific binding activity. Such functional fragments can include, for example, antibody functional fragments such as Fd, Fv, Fab, F(ab'), F(ab)2, F(a ' ) 2i single chain Fv
(scFv) , diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies and minibody. Other functional fragments can include, for example, heavy (H) or light
(L) chain polypeptides, variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chain region polypeptides, complementarity determining region (CDR) polypeptides, single domain antibodies, and polypeptides that contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin that is sufficient to retain target analyte specific binding activity. Such antibody binding fragments can be found described in, for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); Molec. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (Myers, R. A. (ed.), New York: VCH Publisher, Inc.); Huston et al . , Cell Biophysics, 22:189-224
(1993); Pluckthun and Skerra, Meth. Enzymol., 178:497-515 (1989) and in Day, E. D., Advanced Immunochemistry, Second Ed., Wiley- Liss, Inc., New York, NY (1990).
[ 0049] With respect to antibodies and antibody fragments, various forms, alterations and modifications are well known in the art. The target analyte (e.g., plasminogen or oxPL) specific antibody fragments of the disclosure can include any of such various antibody forms, alterations and modifications. Examples of such various forms and terms as they are known in the art are set forth below.
[ 0050 ] A Fab fragment refers to a monovalent fragment
consisting of the VL, VH, CL and C domains; a F(ab' ) 2 fragment is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; a Fd fragment consists of the VH and CHI domains; an Fv fragment consists of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody; and a dAb fragment (Ward et al . , Nature 341:544-546, (1989)) consists of a VH domain.
[ 0051] An antibody can have one or more binding sites. If there is more than one binding site, the binding sites may be identical to one another or may be different. For example, a naturally occurring immunoglobulin has two identical binding sites, a single- chain antibody or Fab fragment has one binding site, while a
"bispecific" or "bifunctional" antibody has two different binding sites .
[ 0052] A single-chain antibody (scFv) refers to an antibody in which a VL and a VH region are joined via a linker (e.g., a synthetic sequence of amino acid residues) to form a continuous polypeptide chain wherein the linker is long enough to allow the protein chain to fold back on itself and form a monovalent antigen binding site (see, e.g., Bird et al . , Science 242:423-26 (1988) and Huston et al., Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 85:5879-83 (1988)).
Diabodies refer to bivalent antibodies comprising two polypeptide chains, wherein each polypeptide chain comprises VH and VL domains joined by a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between two domains on the same chain, thus allowing each domain to pair with a complementary domain on another polypeptide chain (see, e.g., Holliger et al . , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-48
(1993), and Poljak et al . , Structure 2:1121-23 (1994)). If the two polypeptide chains of a diabody are identical, then a diabody resulting from their pairing will have two identical antigen binding sites. Polypeptide chains having different sequences can be used to make a diabody with two different antigen binding sites. Similarly, tribodies and tetrabodies are antibodies comprising three and four polypeptide chains, respectively, and forming three and four antigen binding sites, respectively, which can be the same or different.
[ 0053] A CDR refers to a region containing one of three hypervariable loops (HI, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) νΗβ-sheet framework, or a region containing one of three hypervariable loops (LI, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL -sheet
framework. Accordingly, CDRs are variable region sequences interspersed within the framework region sequences. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by, for example, as the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Rabat et al . , J. Biol. Chem.
252:6609-6616 (1977); Rabat, Adv. Prot . Chem. 32:1-75 (1978)). CDR region sequences also have been defined structurally by Chothia as those residues that are not part of the conserved beta-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations
(Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol . Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)). Both
terminologies are well recognized in the art. The positions of CDRs within a canonical antibody variable domain have been determined by comparison of numerous structures (Al-Lazikani et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 273:927-948 (1997); Morea et al., Methods 20:267-279 (2000)). Because the number of residues within a loop varies in different antibodies, additional loop residues relative to the canonical positions are conventionally numbered with a, b, c and so forth next to the residue number in the canonical variable domain numbering scheme (Al-Lazikani et al . , supra (1997)) . Such
nomenclature is similarly well known to those skilled in the art.
[ 0054 ] Exemplary oxidized phospholipids that can be bound or identified by the antibodies of the disclosure include oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3phos-phorylcholine
(Ox-PAPC) , l-palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl- choline (POVPC) , 1-palmitoyl—glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine (PGPC) , l-palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (Ox-SAPC) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SOVPC) , l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SGPC) , l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SEIPC) , l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (Ox-SAPE) , l-stearoyl-2- oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SOVPE) , 1- stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine ( SGPE) , and l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine (SEIPE) . [ 0055] Antibodies to plasminogen are known in the art (e.g., see Mybiosource, Inc., San Diego, California, U.S.A.) . The total plasminogen level in plasma can be determined using known
immunoassay techniques.
[ 0056] Using a combination of antibodies (or fragments thereof) directed to oxPL (e.g., E06, DHL3, T15 antibodies) and antibodies to plasminogen, a value of the amount of oxPL bound to plasminogen can be determined. Using methods as described further below, these values can be correlated to normal control values and/or used to monitor changes in a subjects oxPL/plasminogen values over a period of time. Using such techniques, the disclosure provides methods of diagnosing various risk factors associated with coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and the like.
[ 0057] A "coronary artery disease" ("CAD") refers to a vascular disorder relating to the blockage of arteries serving the heart. Blockage can occur suddenly, by mechanisms such as plaque rupture or embolization. Blockage can occur progressively, with narrowing of the artery via myointimal hyperplasia and plaque formation.
Those clinical signs and symptoms resulting from the blockage of arteries serving the heart are manifestations of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called "hardening" or
"clogging" of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaque) on the inner walls of the arteries that restricts blood flow to the heart. Acute Coronary Syndrome is a name given to three types of coronary artery disease that are associated with sudden rupture of plaque inside the coronary artery: unstable angina, Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (NSTEMI), or ST segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart attack (STEMI) . The length of time that blood flow is blocked and the amount of damage that occurs determines the type of acute coronary syndrome. An acute coronary syndrome can be caused by a small plaque, not necessarily detected by stress testing or cardiac catheterization. Prior symptoms may or may not be present. Manifestations of coronary artery disease include angina, ischemia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and aneurysm formation. It is understood that fragile plaque disease in the coronary circulation is associated with arterial thrombosis or distal embolization that manifests itself as a myocardial infarction. It is understood that occlusive disease in the coronary circulation is associated with arterial stenosis accompanied by anginal symptoms, a condition commonly treated with pharmacological interventions and with angioplasty .
[ 0058 ] A "cardiovascular disease" is a cardiovascular disorder, as defined herein, characterized by clinical events including clinical symptoms and clinical signs. Clinical symptoms are those experiences reported by a patient that indicate to the clinician the presence of pathology. Clinical signs are those objective findings on physical or laboratory examination that indicate to the clinician the presence of pathology. "Cardiovascular disease" includes both "coronary artery disease" and "peripheral vascular disease," both terms being defined below. Clinical symptoms in cardiovascular disease include chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, fainting spells, alterations in consciousness, extremity pain, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, transient ischemic attacks and other such phenomena experienced by the patient. Clinical signs in cardiovascular disease include such findings as EKG abnormalities, altered peripheral pulses, arterial bruits, abnormal heart sounds, rales and wheezes, jugular venous distention, neurological alterations and other such findings discerned by the clinician. Clinical symptoms and clinical signs can combine in a
cardiovascular disease such as a myocardial infarction (MI) or a stroke (also termed a "cerebrovascular accident" or "CVA"), where the patient will report certain phenomena (symptoms) and the clinician will perceive other phenomena (signs) all indicative of an underlying pathology. "Cardiovascular disease" includes those diseases related to the cardiovascular disorders of fragile plaque disorder, occlusive disorder and stenosis. For example, a
cardiovascular disease resulting from a fragile plaque disorder, as that term is defined below, can be termed a "fragile plaque disease." Clinical events associated with fragile plaque disease include those signs and symptoms where the rupture of a fragile plaque with subsequent acute thrombosis or with distal embolization are hallmarks. Examples of fragile plaque disease include certain strokes and myocardial infarctions. As another example, a
cardiovascular disease resulting from an occlusive disorder can be termed an "occlusive disease." Clinical events associated with occlusive disease include those signs and symptoms where the progressive occlusion of an artery affects the amount of
circulation that reaches a target tissue. Progressive arterial occlusion may result in progressive ischemia that may ultimately progress to tissue death if the amount of circulation is
insufficient to maintain the tissues. Signs and symptoms of occlusive disease include claudication, rest pain, angina, and gangrene, as well as physical and laboratory findings indicative of vessel stenosis and decreased distal perfusion. As yet another example, a cardiovascular disease resulting from restenosis can be termed an in-stent stenosis disease. In-stent stenosis disease includes the signs and symptoms resulting from the progressive blockage of an arterial stent that has been positioned as part of a procedure like a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, where the presence of the stent is intended to help hold the vessel in its newly expanded configuration. The clinical events that accompany in-stent stenosis disease are those attributable to the restenosis of the reconstructed artery.
[ 0059] A "cardiovascular disorder" refers broadly to both to coronary artery disorders and peripheral arterial disorders. The term "cardiovascular disorder" can apply to any abnormality of an artery, whether structural, histological, biochemical or any other abnormality. This term includes those disorders characterized by fragile plaque (termed herein "fragile plaque disorders"), those disorders characterized by vaso-occlusion (termed herein "occlusive disorders"), and those disorders characterized by restenosis. A "cardiovascular disorder" can occur in an artery primarily, that is, prior to any medical or surgical intervention. Primary cardiovascular disorders include, among others, atherosclerosis, arterial occlusion, aneurysm formation and thrombosis. A
"cardiovascular disorder" can occur in an artery secondarily, that is, following a medical or surgical intervention. Secondary cardiovascular disorders include, among others, post-traumatic aneurysm formation, restenosis, and post-operative graft occlusion. [ 0060 ] "Increased risk" refers to a statistically higher frequency of occurrence of the disease or disorder in an individual in comparison to the frequency of occurrence of the disease or disorder in a population. A factor identified to be associated with increased risk is termed a "risk factor." A ratio of
OxPL/plasminogen that is different relative to a standard normal control can be a risk factor.
[ 0061 ] A "risk factor" is a factor identified to be associated with an increased risk. A risk factor for a cardiovascular disorder or a cardiovascular disease is any factor identified to be associated with an increased risk of developing those conditions or of worsening those conditions. A risk factor can also be associated with an increased risk of an adverse clinical event or an adverse clinical outcome in a patient with a cardiovascular disorder. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include smoking, adverse lipid profiles, elevated lipids or cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, hypercoagulable states, elevated homocysteine levels, increased Lp- PLA2 and sPLA2 activity, and lack of exercise.
[ 0062 ] A key problem in treating vascular diseases is proper diagnosis. Often the first sign of the disease is sudden death. For example, approximately half of all individuals who die of coronary artery disease die suddenly, Furthermore, for 40-60% of the patients who are eventually diagnosed as having coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction is the first presentation of the disease. Unfortunately, approximately 40% of those initial events go unnoticed by the patient.
[ 0063] An exemplary biochemical test for identifying specific proteins, such as OxPL and apoB, employs a standardized test format, such as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or ELISA test, although the information provided herein may apply to the development of other biochemical or diagnostic tests and is not limited to the development of an ELISA test. Various commercially available ELISA kits are available.
[ 0064 ] In one embodiment, a method of determining whether a therapy is effective (e.g., a prognostic indicator) for treating coronary artery disease, is provided. The method includes obtaining a first sample comprising plasma from a subject; administering a therapy to the subject; obtaining a second sample from the subject following administration of the therapy;
determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) on
plasminogen in the first sample and second sample . An increase in the ratio determined from the second sample in comparison to the ratio determined for the first sample, is indicative of a therapy that can improve fibrinolysis. The information may be provided to a caregiver. In some embodiments, the therapy includes
administering to the subject a composition comprising a compound that modulates the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, such as, for example, a statin. In another embodiment, the method uses an antibody that specifically binds to OxPL such as E06 or DLH3.
[ 0065] In some embodiments, the level of OxPL and the level of plasminogen in the samples obtained from the subject are measured with two or more different biomolecules . The first biomolecule specifically interacts with OxPL and the second biomolecule specifically interacts with plasminogen. In some embodiments, the biomolecules are antibodies, such as, for example, monoclonal antibodies. The antibody that interacts with OxPL may be, for example, E06 or DLH3.
[ 0066] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for measuring the plasma content of oxidized phospholipids on plasminogen (OxPL/plasminogen) . For example, the content of OxPL and plasminogen may be measured with monoclonal antibodies that are specific for each of these constituents (i.e. oxPL and
plasminogen) .
[ 0067 ] An exemplary biochemical test for identifying specific proteins, such as OxPL and plasminogen, employs a standardized test format, such as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or ELISA test, although the information provided herein may apply to the development of other biochemical or diagnostic tests and is not limited to the development of an ELISA test (see, e.g., Molecular Immunology: A Textbook, edited by Atassi et al . Marcel Dekker Inc., New York and Basel 1984, for a description of ELISA tests) . It is understood that commercial assay enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
(ELISA) kits for various plasma constituents are available including plasminogen (see, e.g., Product catalog, Mybiosource, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.).
[ 0068 ] In another embodiment, an article of manufacture is provided. The article may include packaging material containing biomolecules that preferentially interact with oxidized
phospholipid (OxPL) and plasminogen. The packaging material may include a label or package insert indicating that the biomolecules
(e.g., antibodies to plasminogen and oxPL, such as E06, DHL3, T15 and the like) can be used for calculating a risk of identifying a cardiovascular event such as MI, stroke or bleeding, and the response to anti-platelet and anti-coagulant drugs, such as theinophyridine and factor Xa inhibitors. For example, subject that have diminished OxPL on their plasminogen molecules may have reduced fibrinolysis and increased risk of thrombotic and
thromboembolic events, increased risk of AMI or other
cardiovascular events. Subjects that have high levels of OxPL on their plasminogen molecules may have an increased risk of bleeding when administered additional anticoagulants and/or fibrinolytic agents .
[ 0069] In yet another embodiment, an array is provided. The array may include a substrate having a plurality of addresses, each address having disposed thereon a set of one or more biomolecules that specifically interact with oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) or plasminogen .
[ 0070 ] The disclosure provides an array (i.e., "biochip" or
"microarray" ) that includes immobilized biomolecules that
facilitate the detection of a particular molecule or molecules in a biological sample. Biomolecules that identify the biomarkers described above can be included in a custom array for detecting OxPL or plasminogen and determine the respective ratios. The array can also include biomolecules that identify additional factors indicative of the efficacy of a treatment or risk of a
cardiovascular disease.
[ 0071 ] The term "array, " as used herein, generally refers to a predetermined spatial arrangement of binding islands, biomolecules, or spatial arrangements of binding islands or biomolecules. Arrays according to the present invention that include biomolecules immobilized on a surface may also be referred to as "biomolecule arrays." Arrays according to the disclosure that comprise surfaces activated, adapted, prepared, or modified to facilitate the binding of biomolecules to the surface may also be referred to as "binding arrays." Further, the term "array" may be used herein to refer to multiple arrays arranged on a surface, such as would be the case where a surface bore multiple copies of an array. Such surfaces bearing multiple arrays may also be referred to as "multiple arrays" or "repeating arrays." The use of the term "array" herein may encompass biomolecule arrays, binding arrays, multiple arrays, and any combination thereof; the appropriate meaning will be apparent from context. The biological sample can include fluid or solid samples from any tissue of the body including plasma.
[ 0072 ] An array of the disclosure comprises a substrate. By
"substrate" or "solid support" or other grammatical equivalents, herein is meant any material appropriate for the attachment of biomolecules and is amenable to at least one detection method. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the number of possible substrates is very large. Possible substrates include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene , polyurethanes, TEFLON®, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or
nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, ceramics, and a variety of other polymers. In addition, as is known the art, the substrate may be coated with any number of materials, including polymers, such as dextrans, acrylamides, gelatins or agarose. Such coatings can facilitate the use of the array with a biological sample derived from serum.
[ 0073] A planar array of the disclosure will generally contain addressable locations (e.g., "pads", "addresses," or "micro- locations") of biomolecules in an array format. The size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array.
Arrays containing from about 2 different biomolecules to many thousands can be made. In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure may not be in an array format; that is, for some embodiments, compositions comprising a single biomolecule may be made as well. In addition, in some arrays, multiple substrates may be used, either of different or identical compositions. Thus, for example, large planar arrays may comprise a plurality of smaller substrates .
[ 0074 ] As an alternative to planar arrays, bead based assays in combination with flow cytometry have been developed to perform multiparametric immunoassays. In bead based assay systems the biomolecules can be immobilized on addressable microspheres. Each biomolecule for each individual immunoassay is coupled to a distinct type of microsphere (i.e., "microbead") and the
immunoassay reaction takes place on the surface of the
microspheres. Dyed microspheres with discrete fluorescence intensities are loaded separately with their appropriate
biomolecules. The different bead sets carrying different capture probes can be pooled as necessary to generate custom bead arrays. Bead arrays are then incubated with the sample in a single reaction vessel to perform the immunoassay.
[ 0075] Product formation of the biomarker with their
immobilized capture biomolecules can be detected with a
fluorescence-based reporter system. Biomarkers can either be labeled directly by a fluorogen or detected by a second
fluorescently labeled capture biomolecule. The signal intensities derived from captured biomarkers are measured in a flow cytometer. The flow cytometer first identifies each microsphere by its individual color code. Second the amount of captured biomarkers on each individual bead is measured by the second color fluorescence specific for the bound target. This allows multiplexed quantitation of multiple targets from a single sample within the same
experiment. Sensitivity, reliability and accuracy are compared to standard microtiter ELISA procedures. With bead based immunoassay systems serum components can be simultaneously quantified from biological samples. An advantage of bead-based systems is the individual coupling of the capture biomolecule to distinct microspheres .
[ 0076] An array of the disclosure encompasses any means for detecting a biomarker molecule such as, for example, plasminogen. For example, microarrays can be biochips that provide high-density immobilized arrays of recognition molecules (e.g., antibodies), where biomarker binding is monitored indirectly (e.g., via fluorescence) . In addition, an array can be of a format that involves the capture of proteins, or phospholipids by biochemical or intermolecular interaction, coupled with direct detection by mass spectrometry (MS) .
[ 0077 ] Arrays and microarrays that can be used to detect the biomarkers described herein can be made according to the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos . 6,329,209; 6,365,418; 6,406,921;
6,475,808; and 6,475,809, and U.S. Patent Publ . No. 2002/0049152A1, which are incorporated herein in their entirety. New arrays, to detect specific selections of sets of biomarkers described herein can also be made using the methods described in these patents.
[ 0078 ] Surfaces useful according to the disclosure may be of any desired shape (form) and size. Non-limiting examples of surfaces include chips, continuous surfaces, curved surfaces, flexible surfaces, films, plates, sheets, tubes, and the like.
Surfaces preferably have areas ranging from approximately a square micron to approximately 500 cm2. The area, length, and width of surfaces according to the disclosure may be varied according to the requirements of the assay to be performed. Considerations may include, for example, ease of handling, limitations of the material (s) of which the surface is formed, requirements of detection systems, requirements of deposition systems (e.g., arrayers) , and the like.
[ 0079] In certain embodiments, it is desirable to employ a physical means for separating groups or arrays of binding islands or immobilized biomolecules : such physical separation facilitates exposure of different groups or arrays to different solutions of interest. Therefore, in certain embodiments, arrays are situated within wells of 96, 384, 1536, or 3456 microwell plates. In such embodiments, the bottoms of the wells may serve as surfaces for the formation of arrays, or arrays may be formed on other surfaces and then placed into wells. In certain embodiments, such as where a surface without wells is used, binding islands may be formed or biomolecules may be immobilized on a surface and a gasket having holes spatially arranged so that they correspond to the islands or biomolecules may be placed on the surface. Such a gasket is preferably liquid tight. A gasket may be placed on a surface at any time during the process of making the array and may be removed if separation of groups or arrays is no longer necessary.
[ 0080 ] Modifications or binding of biomolecules in solution or immobilized on an array may be detected using detection techniques known in the art. Examples of such techniques include immunological techniques such as competitive binding assays and sandwich assays; fluorescence detection using instruments such as confocal scanners, confocal microscopes, or CCD-based systems and techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence polarization (FP) , fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) , total internal reflection fluorescence
(TIRF) , fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) ;
colorimetric/spectrometric techniques; surface plasmon resonance, by which changes in mass of materials adsorbed at surfaces may be measured; techniques using radioisotopes, including conventional radioisotope binding and scintillation proximity assays so (SPA) ; mass spectroscopy, such as matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI) and MALDI-time of flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy; ellipsometry, which is an optical method of measuring thickness of protein films; quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) , a very sensitive method for measuring mass of materials adsorbing to surfaces; scanning probe microscopies, such as AFM and SEM; and techniques such as electrochemical, impedance, acoustic, microwave, and IR/Raman detection. See, e.g., Mere L, et al . , "Miniaturized FRET assays and microfluidics : key components for ultra-high-throughput screening, " Drug Discovery Today
4(8):363-369 (1999), and references cited therein; Lakowicz J R, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press (1999) .
[ 0081 ] In another embodiment, a pre-packaged diagnostic kit for determining whether a therapy is effective for treating coronary artery disease or whether an anticoagulant therapy is effective, is provided. The kit may include an array as described above, instructions for using the array, and instructions calculating the ratio of the OxPL level to the plasminogen level. [ 0082 ] Such kits may also include, as non-limiting examples, reagents useful for preparing biomolecules for immobilization onto binding islands or areas of an array, reagents useful for detecting modifications to immobilized biomolecules, or reagents useful for detecting binding of biomolecules from solutions of interest to immobilized biomolecules, and instructions for use. Likewise, arrays comprising immobilized biomolecules may be included in kits. Such kits may also include, as non-limiting examples, reagents useful for detecting modifications to immobilized biomolecules or for detecting binding of biomolecules from solutions of interest to immobilized biomolecules.
[ 0083] In yet another embodiment, a method for determining the phospholipid content of a plasminogen component of plasma, is provided. The method includes obtaining a sample comprising plasminogen; determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) in the sample; determining the level of plasminogen in the sample; and calculating the ratio of the OxPL level to the plasminogen level. In one embodiment, an immunoassay can be performed either by first capturing a plasminogen particle on a microtiter well by use of an antibody that specifically binds plasminogen, and then detection of the OxPL by a labeled E06 antibody.
[ 0084 ] In yet another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for oxPL bound to plasminogen. The method comprises contact a sample comprising plasminogen with a first antibody that binds either plasminogen or oxPL, then washing away non-bound material that is not bound to the first antibody, followed by contacting the sample with a second antibody (either an antibody to oxPL or plasminogen that is not the same as the first antibody) . In this instance either the first or second antibody can be detectably labeled. The sample will thus contact only plasminogen that has oxPL bound to it. The detectable label can then be quantitated and the amount of oxPL/plasminogen then calculated.
[ 0085] A computer system can be used in the methods of the disclosure to store, calculate and compare ratios or values of OxPL and plasminogen or oxPL/plasminogen . A processor-based system can include a main memory, preferably random access memory (RAM) , and can also include a secondary memory. The secondary memory can include, for example, a hard disk drive and/or a removable storage drive, e.g., a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, or an optical disk drive. The removable storage drive reads from and/or writes to a removable storage medium. The removable storage medium can be a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, or the like, which is read by and written to by a removable storage drive. As will be appreciated, the removable storage medium can comprise computer software and/or data.
[ 0086] The computer system can also include a communications interface. Communications interfaces allow software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices.
Examples of communications interfaces include a modem, a network interface (such as, for example, an Ethernet card) , a
communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, and the like. Software and data transferred via a communications interface are in the form of signals, which can be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by a communications interface. These signals are provided to a communications interface via a channel capable of carrying signals and can be implemented using a wireless medium, wire or cable, fiber optics or other communications medium. Some examples of a channel include a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, a network interface, and other communications channels. In this document, the terms
"computer program medium" and "computer usable medium" are used to refer generally to media such as a removable storage device, a disk capable of installation in a disk drive, and signals on a channel. These computer program products are means for providing software or program instructions to a computer system.
[ 0087 ] Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory and/or secondary memory. Computer programs can also be received via a communications interface. Such computer programs, when executed, enable the computer system to perform the features of the methods discussed herein. In
particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable the processor to perform the features of the invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system . [ 0088 ] In an embodiment where the elements are implemented using software, the software may be stored in, or transmitted via, a computer program product and loaded into a computer system using a removable storage drive, hard drive, or communications interface. The control logic (software) , when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform the functions of the methods described herein.
[ 0089] In another embodiment, the computer-based methods can be accessed or implemented over the World Wide Web by providing access via a Web Page to the methods of the invention. Accordingly, the Web Page is identified by a Universal Resource Locator (URL) . The URL denotes both the server machine and the particular file or page on that machine. In this embodiment, it is envisioned that a consumer or client computer system interacts with a browser to select a particular URL, which in turn causes the browser to send a request for that URL or page to the server identified in the URL. Typically the server responds to the request by retrieving the requested page and transmitting the data for that page back to the requesting client computer system (the client/server interaction is typically performed in accordance with the hypertext transport protocol ("HTTP")) . The selected page is then displayed to the user on the client's display screen. The client may then cause the server containing a computer program of the invention to launch an application to, for example, perform an analysis according to the invention .
[ 0090 ] The disclosure also provides compositions and methods for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular risk subject.
Generally the method measure the amount of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject at one or more time points and compares the value to the value of a normal control values for a population of subjects that typically have no known cardiovascular risk conditions. The disclosure also provides compositions and method for identifying whether a subject has suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or whether a subject is at risk of suffering an AMI. The
disclosure also provides compositions and methods for determining whether a subject is at an increased risk for bleeding (e.g., in the administration of anticoagulants or clot-busting drugs) . The disclosure also relates to the analysis of OxPL of patients at risk or with documented CAD or acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or suspected of being at risk for ACS. Such methods are useful for diagnostic purposes and for monitoring the effects of dietary interventions, as well as for monitoring treatment with anti-ACS drugs such as statins. The methods are further useful in
determining whether a subject has sufferance an AMI or other acute cardiovascular occurrence. More particularly, the disclosure relates to methods for determining OxPL/plasminogen ratios as indices of atherosclerosis regression and plaque stability (i.e. "atherogenesis" ) , infarction and cardiovascular risks.
[ 0091 ] The disclosure also provides a composition comprising
OxPL/plasminogen. In one embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen can be substantially purified from the plasma of blood donors.
"Substantially purified" means that the OxPL/plasminogen is substantially free of other factors, cells and the like from which is naturally occurs. For example, a substantially free
OxPL/plasminogen will be free of red blood cells, white blood cells among other factors. In another embodiment, the OxPL/plasminogen can be synthesized. The OxPL/plasminogen adducts of the disclosure can be prepared by using phospholipid/peptide or
phospholipid/protein conjugation methods known to one of skill in the art and routine modifications made thereof, and/or following procedures similar to those presented herein and/or those presented in Boullier et al . , Journal of Lipid Research, 46:969-976 (2005); Turner et al . , Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 55:8178-8182 (2012); and Friedman et al . , The Journal of Biological Chemistry
277 (9) : 7010-7020 (2002). It should also be understood that although Scheme I presented herein produces a OxPL/plasminogen adduct of the disclosure via Schiff base formation, any number of mechanisms and methods may be used including, but not limited to, Michael addition, nucleophilic substitution reactions, aldol condensations, and cyclization reactions. In a particular embodiment, one or more plasminogen/oxidized phospholipid adducts of the disclosure can be synthesized using Scheme I :
Scheme I
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000034_0002
In this scheme lysine residues of plasminogen 1 are conjugated with an oxidized phospholipid 2 (wherein: n is an integer from 1 to 24, R1 is a fatty acid moiety, and PC is a phosphate containing group) in an appropriate buffer, such as 0.1 M ammonium carbonate buffer
(pH 7.9), at an elevated temperature, to from Schiff base 3 .
Schiff base 3 is then reduced in the presence of a mild reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride, at an elevated temperature, to form a OxPL/plasminogen adduct 4 of the disclosure.
[ 0092] The substantially purified OxPL/plasminogen can be used as in the methods and compositions described herein. For example, the substantially purified preparations can be used as antigens for the preparation of antibodies, for the preparation of therapeutics and for the preparation of positive controls for various
embodiments of the disclosure.
[ 0093] The disclosure provides therapeutic agents useful for
(i) improving fibrinolysis, (ii) for reducing the risk of AMI, (iii) for enhancing wound healing, (iv) for mediating angiogenesis and embryogenesis , (v) for inhibiting infection, tumor growth and metastasis, (vi) for inhibiting stroke and/or inhibiting ischemic events resulting from emboli or thrombi, (vii) for treating atrial fibrillation, (viii) treating deep vein thrombosis, and (ix) treating pulmonary emboli comprising administering a composition comprising OxPL/Plasminogen or a composition that increases the amount of OxPL/plasminogen to a subject. In certain embodiments, the composition is administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents used to treat any of the foregoing disease and disorders. For example, a common therapy for ischemic event including stroke, acute myocardial infarctions and the like includes administering plasminogen activators such as tPA. The OxPL/plasminogen can be administered in combination (i.e., before, during or after) administering a plasminogen activator such as tPA.
[ 0094] Acute ischemia is often recognized in strokes and cardiac damage. However, there are a number of disorders and injuries that cause ischemic events leading to cell death and tissue damage. For example, heart attacks (i.e., myocardial infarction) are common. Also someone who has evidence of
intermittent milder cardiac ischemia (i.e., angina) may benefit from an OxPL/plasminogen therapy (possibly through improving fibrinolytic activity) . Strokes, cerebrovascular events and cardio vascular events are the result of an acute obstruction of cerebral or cardiac blood flow to a region of the brain or heart,
respectively. There are approximately 500,000 cases of stroke each year in the United States, of which 30% are fatal, and hence stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States.
Approximately 80% of strokes are "ischemic" and result from an acute occlusion of a cerebral artery with resultant reduction in blood flow. The remainder are "hemorrhagic", which are due to rupture of a cerebral artery with hemorrhage into brain tissue and consequent obstruction of blood flow due to lack of flow in the distal region of the ruptured vessel and local tissue compression, creating ischemia.
[ 0095 ] Approximately eighty percent of strokes are caused by too little blood reaching an area of the brain, which is usually due to a clot that has blocked a blood vessel (i.e., for example, a cerebral thrombosis) . This is referred to as "ischemic stroke." This type of stroke can sometimes lead to a brain hemorrhage because the affected brain tissue softens and this can lead to breaking down of small blood vessels. In addition, brain hemorrhage can occur when people have problems forming blood clots. Clots, which are the body's way of stopping any bleeding, are formed by proteins called coagulation factors and by sticky blood cells called platelets. Whenever the coagulation factors or platelets do not work well or are insufficient in quantity, people may develop a tendency to bleed excessively. It is important to note that the OxPL/plasminogen therapy can be useful for treating clots (e.g., through increased fibrinolytic activity) , but in addition, the disclosure identifies subject who have an increased risk of such hemorrhage due to reduced clotting ability by measuring the amount of OxPL/plasminogen in the subject's blood.
[ 0096] Ischemic strokes may be preceded by transient ischemic attacks (TIA) , and it is estimated that about 300,000 persons suffer a TIA every year in the United States. Thrombosis also contributes to peripheral arterial occlusion in diabetics, sickle cell disease and other patients, and an efficacious and safe anti- ischemic injury agent for use in such patients is needed.
[ 0097 ] In Sickle Cell Disease ischemia results from blockage of capillaries and prevention of blood flow into a tissue that becomes starved of oxygen and glucose. This blockade of the capillaries is caused by red blood cells that have lost their normal shape and flexibility, and have collapsed or distorted into the rigid or semi-rigid "sickled" shapes. This blockade of capillaries shuts off the flow of fresh blood through those portions of the organ or tissue that are normally serviced by the blocked capillaries. This blockage can be treated using an OxPL/plasminogen composition of the disclosure.
[ 0098 ] Most sickle cell patients usually suffer several such ischemic crises per year. During these crises, the patient is usually hospitalized, restricted to bed rest with little or no exertion, and treated with a variety of drugs, including strong painkillers such as morphine, codeine, and meperidine, and by broad-spectrum antibiotics, both to help control any infections that may be contributing to the crises, and to help prevent or reduce additional infections in tissues or organs that are weakened by the ischemic crisis.
[ 0099] Stroke symptoms are typically of sudden onset and may quickly become worse. Stroke symptoms may include, but are not limited to: i) Weakness or inability to move a body part; ii) Numbness or loss of sensation; iii) Decreased or lost vision (may be partial); iv) Speech difficulties; v) Inability to recognize or identify familiar things; vi) Sudden headache; vii) Vertigo; viii) Dizziness; xi) Loss of coordination; x) Swallowing difficulties; and xi) Sleepy, stuporous, lethargic, comatose, and/or unconscious. A stroke event may be detected by using a neurologic exam, which would be expected to show abnormal results. Further, a patient may look drowsy and confused. An eye examination may show abnormal eye movements, and changes may be seen upon retinal examination
(examination of the back of the eye with an instrument called ophthalmoscope) . The patient may also have abnormal reflexes. A computerized tomography scan will confirm the presence of a brain hemorrhage by providing pictures of the brain. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can also be obtained later to better understand what caused the bleeding. A conventional angiography
(for example, an X-ray of the arteries using dye) may be required to identify aneurysms or AVM. Other tests may include, but are not limited to: complete blood count, bleeding time,
prothrombin/partial thromboplastin time (PT/PTT) , and CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid) examination.
[ 00100 ] Thrombosis may be defined as the formation, development, or presence of a blood clot (for example, a thrombus) in a blood vessel and is believed to be a common severe medical disorder.
Thromboses may be involved in the generation of a variety of vascular disorders including, but not limited to, myocardial infarctions, cardiac ischemia, and/or deep vein thrombosis.
[ 00101 ] The most frequent example of arterial thrombosis is coronary thrombosis, which leads to occlusion of the coronary arteries and often to myocardial infarction (heart attack) . More than 1.3 million patients are admitted to the hospital for myocardial infarction each year in North America. The standard therapy is administration of a thrombolytic protein by infusion. Thrombolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction is estimated to save 30 lives per 1000 patients treated; nevertheless the 30-day mortality for this disorder remains substantial (Mehta et al . , Lancet 356:449-454 (2000), incorporated herein by reference) . A large part of the tissue damage from thrombosis can be attributed to oxidative damage. It would be convenient to administer anti- oxidants or agents the inhibit oxidative damage by bolus injection, chronically or acutely.
[ 00102 ] Unstable angina, caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the heart due to coronary occlusion, is the most common cause of admission to hospital, with 1.5 million cases a year in the United States alone .
[ 00103] Deep venous thrombosis is a frequent complication of surgical procedures such as hip and knee arthroplasties. Similar considerations apply to venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy and parturition. Some persons are prone to repeated venous thrombotic events and are currently treated by antithrombotic agents such as coumarin-type drugs. The dose of such drugs must be titrated in each patient, and the margin between effective antithrombotic doses and those increasing hemorrhage is small. A combination therapy with an anti-oxidant as part of the therapy would help to reduce oxidative damage associated with thromboli and ischemia .
[ 00104 ] Deep vein thrombosis may be detected by tests including, but not limited to: i) Doppler ultrasound exam of an extremity blood flow studies; ii) Venography of the legs; or iii)
Plethysmography of the legs.
[ 00105] A pulmonary embolus is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by fat, air, blood clot, or tumor cells. Pulmonary emboli are most often caused by blood clots in the veins, especially veins in the legs or in the pelvis (hips) . More rarely, air bubbles, fat droplets, amniotic fluid, or clumps of parasites or tumor cells may obstruct the pulmonary vessels. One cause of a pulmonary embolism is a blood clot in the veins of the legs, called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (supra) . Many clear up on their own, though some may cause severe illness or even death.
[ 00106] Risk factors for a pulmonary embolus may include, but are not limited to: i) Prolonged bed rest or inactivity (including long trips in planes, cars, or trains) ; ii) Oral contraceptive use; iii) Surgery (especially pelvic surgery) ; iv) Childbirth; v)
Massive trauma; vi) Burns; vii) Cancer; viii) Stroke; ix) Heart attack; x) Heart surgery; or xi) Fractures of the hips or femur. Further, persons with certain clotting disorders and/or autoimmune diseases (i.e., for example, anti-cardiolipin antibody syndrome) may also have a higher risk.
[ 00107 ] Symptoms of pulmonary embolism may be vague, or they may resemble symptoms associated with other diseases. Symptoms can include, but are not limited to: i) Sudden cough; ii) Bloody sputum
(significant amounts of visible blood or lightly blood streaked sputum) ; iii) Sudden onset of shortness of breath at rest or with exertion; iv) splinting of ribs with breathing (bending over or holding the chest) ; v) chest pain; vi) rapid breathing; or vii) rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
[ 00108 ] Pulmonary emboli may be identified using tests
including, but not limited to: i) Arterial blood gases; ii) Pulse oximetry; iii) Chest x-ray; iv) Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan; v) Pulmonary angiogram; vi) electrocardiogram; and v) computerized tomographic chest angiogram.
[ 00109] Thrombophlebitis is swelling (inflammation) of a vein caused by a blood clot. Such conditions are usually a result of sitting for a long period of time (such as on a long airplane trip) . Disorders that increase a person's chance for blood clots also lead to thrombophlebitis. Superficial thrombophlebitis affects veins near the skin surface.
[ 00110 ] Symptoms often associated with superficial
thrombophlebitis may include but are not limited to: i) Warmth and tenderness over the vein; ii) Pain in the part of the body affected; iii) Skin redness (not always present) ; or iv)
Inflammation (swelling) in the part of the body affected. Objective tests may be performed to detect thrombophlebitis including, but not limited to: i) Doppler ultrasound; ii) Venography; and iii) Blood coagulation studies.
[ 00111 ] Thrombi and emboli can occur naturally or due to invasive procedures. These thrombi or emboli block blood flow and induces ischemia. Currently, treatment for acute ischemic
(including acute ischemic stroke) uses thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) . Any number of thrombolytic agents can be used in the methods and compositions of the invention. Examples of thrombolytic agents that can be used in the methods and composition of the disclosure include alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, streptase, abbokinase, pamiteplase, nateplase,
desmoteplase, duteplase, monteplase, reteplase, lanoteplase, and Prolyse™) . Other thrombolytics include, for example, microplasmin, Bat-tPA, BB-10153 (an engineered form of human plasminogen activated to plasmin by thrombin) and Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activators (DSPAs) (e.g., DSPAal) .
[ 00112 ] The disclosure thus provides methods of treating stroke and/or ischemic injury resulting from any one or more of the foregoing comprising administering to a subject an OxPL/plasminogen preparation alone or in combination with other active agents useful for treating ischemic injury including, but not limited to, clot busting agents (e.g., tPA and other plasminogen activators), antioxidants such as polyphenol, flavonoid, or flavonol (e.g., a chlorogenic agent, fisetin or baicalein) and may further include spin trap agents. In a further aspect, the disclosure comprises administering an OxPL/plasminogen and (i) a thrombolytic agent,
(ii) a spin trap agent, ( iii) an NMDA receptor antagonist, or (iv) any combination of (i) , (ii) and (iii) .
[ 00113] As used herein, the term "an effective amount" means the amount of a composition comprising an OxPL/plasminogen, and in some embodiments, a spin trap agent and/or an NMDA receptor antagonist, and a thrombolytic agent useful for causing a diminution in clot size, clot risk or risk of ischemia. An effective amount to be administered systemically depends on the body weight of the subject. Typically, an effective amount to be administered systemically is about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. An effective amount will of course depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the subject (e.g., a mammal such as a human) , the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
[ 00114 ] Typically an effective amount of a formulation of the disclosure is injected directly into the bloodstream of the subject. For example, intravenous injection can be used to administer the formulation to the peripheral or central nervous system . [ 00115] Oral administration often can be desirable, provided the formulation is modified so as to be stable to gastrointestinal degradation and readily absorbable .
[ 00116] Various conventional modes of administration also are contemplated, including intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intracranial, epidural, oral, and intranasal administration .
[ 00117 ] Any of the formulations of the disclosure can be administered in a sustained release form. The sustained release formulation has the advantage of delivery over an extended period of time without the need for repeated administrations of the formulation .
[ 00118 ] Sustained release can be achieved, for example, with a sustained release material such as a wafer, an immunobead, a micropump or other material that provides for controlled slow release of the OxPL/plasminogen or combination formulation. Such controlled release materials are well known in the art and
available from commercial sources. In addition, a bioerodible or biodegradable material can be formulated with active agents of the disclosure, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, regenerated collagen, multilamellar liposomes or other conventional depot formulations, can be implanted to slowly release the
OxPL/plasminogen, or the OxPL/plasminogen and antioxidant, thrombolytic, spin trap, and/or NMDA antagonist agents. The use of infusion pumps, and matrix entrapment systems also are contemplated in the invention.
[ 00119] A composition/ formulation of the invention can be packaged and administered in unit dosage form, such as an
injectable composition/formulation or local preparation in a dosage amount equivalent to the daily dosage administered to a subject, and if desired can be prepared in a controlled release formulation. Unit dosage form can be, for example, a septum sealed vial containing a daily dose of an OxPL/plasminogen, and in another embodiment, a combination of OxPL/plasminogen with a spin
trap/thrombolytic formulation in PBS or in lyophilized form.
[ 00120 ] Parenteral and lyophilized pharmaceutical formulations containing thrombolytics are known in the art (see, e.g., EP-A-41 766, EP-A -93 619, EP-A-112 122, EP-A-113 319, EP-A-123, EP-A-113 319, EP-A-123 304, EP-A-143 081, EP-A-156 169, Japanese patent publication 57-120523 (application No. 56-b 6936) and Japanese patent publication 58-65218 (Application no. 56-163145) . Additional examples include UK patent applications Nos . 8513358, 8521704 and 8521705. All such formulations are also suitable for and
antioxidant, a_spin trap and for the combination of any of the above with an NMDA receptor antagonist, and a thrombolytic agent.
[ 00121 ] Intravascular infusions are normally carried out with the parenteral solution contained within an infusion bag or bottle or within an electrically operated infusion syringe. The solution may be delivered from the infusion bag or bottle to the subject by gravity feed or by the use of an infusion pump. The use of gravity feed infusion systems in some instances does not afford sufficient control over the rate of administration of the parenteral solution and, therefore, the use of an infusion pump may be desirable especially with solutions containing relatively high concentrations of spin trap/thrombolytic formulation. An electrically operated infusion syringe may offer even greater control over the rate of administration .
[ 00122 ] The agents may be administered simultaneously or sequentially in separate formulations or may be administered simultaneously in a single formulation. In any event the delay in administering the second or third etc. of a plurality of agents should not be such as to lose the benefit of a potentiated effect of the combination of the agents in vivo.
[ 00123] Formulations and compositions of the disclosure will comprise an OxPL/plasminogen and may include one or more of (1) an antioxidant; (2) a thrombolytic agent, (3) an NMDA receptor antagonist and (4) a spin trap agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical compositions for oral
administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical
compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for ingestion by a subject. [ 00124 ] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained through combination of active agents with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores . Suitable excipients are
carbohydrate or protein fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; and gums including arabic and tragacanth; and proteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating or solubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl
pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate .
[ 00125] Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral
administration include aqueous solutions of OxPL/plasminogen and optionally one or more other active ingredients. For injection, the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may be formulated in aqueous solutions, typically in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer' solution, or
physiologically buffered saline. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
Additionally, suspensions of the active solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.
Optionally, the formulation may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
EXAMPLES
[ 00126] The invention is illustrated in the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.
[ 00127 ] Human plasma were obtained from healthy volunteers, patients with heterozygous FH with highly elevated LDL-C levels but varying Lp (a) levels, and serial samples from patients with stable CAD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) . [ 00128 ] Source of Animal Plasma Samples. Plasma samples from bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, cynomolgus monkeys, wild type, transgenic Lp(a), apoE_ ~ and LDL_ ~ mice were obtained for
measurement of OxPL on plasminogen.
[ 00129] Plasminogen and Antibodies. Murine and human plasminogen were purchased commercially. A rabbit polyclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody raised against amino acids 16-105 at the N- terminal end of human plasminogen, a sequence not present in apo (a) , was used for immunoblot analysis to avoid cross-reactivity with apo (a) . A murine monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody not cross-reacting with apo (a) and a polyclonal, biotinylated, guinea pig anti-plasminogen antibody were used as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies MB47, binding human apolipoprotein B-100, LPA4 binding apo (a) and E06 binding the phosphorylcholine (PC) headgroup of OxPL were
previously described (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 7,556,927;
7,575,873 and 8,129,123, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference) .
[ 00130 ] Tandem liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS) analysis of OxPL on mouse plasminogen. LC—MS/MS was utilized to assess the covalent binding of PC containing OxPL on mouse plasminogen using a triple quadruple instrument Thermal TSQ Vantage mass spectrometer coupled with a Waters NanoAcquity
autosampler/UPLC system. Full scan monitoring was carried out to scan a mass range of m/z 350 to 1500. Precursor ion scanning (PIS) monitoring was carried out to identify a product ion of m/z 184, which is characteristic for the PC headgroup.
[ 00131 ] Immunoblot Analyses. Non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was carried out using precast gradient gels with 4- 12% polyacrylamide concentrations.
[ 00132 ] Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation and OxPL on
Lipoproteins. Isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to fractionate plasma providing 24 fractions plus the non- lipoprotein plasma "bottom" fraction. OxPL on apoB (OxPL/apoB) (14) and OxPL on apo (a) (17) (OxPL/apo (a) ) were measured.
[ 00133] ELISA to Measure Plasminogen Levels and Oxidized
Phospholipids on Plasminogen (OxPL/Plasminogen) . To measure plasminogen levels microtiter well plates were incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody (Meridian, Inc.) at 5 g/ml overnight at 4°C, the plates washed, human plasma added (1:32,000 dilution) and plasminogen detected with biotinylated guinea pig anti-human plasminogen antibody using chemiluminescence ELISA.
[00134] OxPL/plasminogen was determined in a similar manner except the plasma dilution was 1:400 and biotinylated E06 was the detection antibody. This assay normalized all wells to the same amount of plasminogen and is therefore independent of plasma plasminogen levels.
[00135] Immunoprecipitation . To assess whether OxPL are physically associated with plasminogen, increasing amounts of the murine monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody (Meridian) , not cross-reacting with apo (a) , were added to human plasma to preferentially precipitate plasminogen. Plasminogen,
OxPL/plasminogen, Lp (a) and OxPL/apo (a) were then measured in the supernatant .
[00136] Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Treatment of Plasminogen.
Plasminogen, free of Lp (a) , was purified from fresh-frozen plasma using lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography and incubated with or without 35 U/ml of PLA2 at 37 °C for 90 min and then PLA2 quenched by the addition of phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride . The treated plasminogen was then isolated by lysine-Sepharose and subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining to verify the absence of degradation. OxPL removal was confirmed by western blot analysis using E06.
[00137] In vitro Clot Lysis Assay. Fibrin clots were formed by the addition of a solution containing lmg/ml purified fibrinogen and Ο.ββμΜ plasminogen (with or without PLA2 treatment) to small, separated aliquots of CaCl2, thrombin, and tPA at final
concentrations of lOmM, 6nM and ΙΟΟρΜ, respectively. Clot lysis at 37°C was monitored by measurement of turbidity at 405 nm and defined as the time required to reach the midpoint between the maximum and minimum turbidity excursions (tm) .
[00138] Determination of OxPL on Coagulation Factors with Kringle-like Structures. To determine if kringle domains of other coagulation factors also contain OxPL detectable by E06,
commercially available antibodies were used to specifically capture prothrombin, urokinase and tPA in microtiter well plates from plasma of 6 healthy human individuals and OxPL determined with E06.
[ 00139 ] Baseline Characteristics of the Human Study Population. The baseline characteristics of the human subjects from whom plasma was derived for the various studies are depicted in Table 1. The characteristics are typical of their underlying diagnoses.
Figure imgf000046_0001
Values are mean ± SD or n(%). ACE = angiotensin-converting enzymes; ACS = acute coronary syndromes; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG = coronary artery bypass surgery; CAD =coronary artery disease; CHF=congestive heart failure; FH=familial hypercholesterolemia; HDL=high-density lipoprotein; LDL=low-density lipoprotein;
MI=myocardial infarction; PCT=percutaneous coronary intervention.
[00140] Determination of OxPL on mouse plasminogen using LC-
MS/MS. Mouse plasminogen was studied [with no possibility of Lp (a) contamination as mice don't have Lp (a) ] to determine if covalently bound OxPL containing phosphocholine (OxPC) were present. The presence of OxPC on trypsin digests of plasminogen was assessed by precursor ion scanning (PIS) for m/zl84, which is the signature of
PC. Since the OxPL were postulated to be covalently bound by Schiff base adducts between oxidized sn-2 side chains of the OxPL and epsilon amino groups of lysine, the presence of OxPC on the plasminogen digests before and after saponification with NH4OH were examined .
[ 00141 ] As shown in Figure 1A, a number of prominent peptide peaks containing OxPC were present in the LC-chromatogram when examined by PIS mass spectrometry, indicating OxPC-modified peptides. More importantly, these peaks disappeared when the protein was first saponified by NH4OH (Figure IB) . Full scan experiments demonstrated the presence of similar patterns of peptides in samples with or without NH4OH pretreatment . These results suggest that there are multiple, but limited sites on plasminogen that were covalently modified by OxPC.
[ 00142 ] Immunoblot and ELISA Analysis Demonstrating Oxidized Phospholipids on Human and Murine Plasminogen. The presence of OxPL on plasminogen was examined from a variety of sources by western blotting techniques using monoclonal E06 specific for PC containing OxPL. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of commercially
available, lysine sepharose column purified, human and murine plasminogen, as well as freshly procured plasma samples from wild type, LDLR-/, apoE_ ~ and apo (a) and Lp (a) transgenic mice (all on standard mouse chow) was performed and the gels incubated with 1) biotinylated species-appropriate anti-plasminogen antibodies, 2) monoclonal antibody LPA4 to detect apo (a) and 3) monoclonal antibody E06 to detect OxPL. Figure 2A (left panel) demonstrates that plasminogen is present in all lanes at the appropriate molecular weight (-88-92 kDa) , as expected. Figure 2A (middle panel) demonstrates that OxPL is present in all samples
corresponding to the molecular weight of plasminogen and also at the appropriate molecular weight for apo (a) in lanes containing plasma from apo (a) and Lp (a) transgenic mice. There are no other E06 positive bands throughout the gel, suggesting that plasminogen and apo(a)/Lp(a) are the major protein/lipoprotein carriers of OxPL in plasma. Figure 2A (right panel) confirms the presence of apo (a) immunoreactivity, detected by antibody LPA4, in the apo (a) and Lp (a) transgenic mouse plasma. Interestingly, Lp(a) is also present in the commercial preparation of human plasminogen which undoubtedly co-elutes with plasminogen on the lysine-sepharose columns used to purify plasminogen, since they share similar lysine binding sites, particularly on KIV-10. The size of the human Lp (a) is larger than in the Lp (a) transgenic mouse, as the Lp (a) - transgenic mice express a mini apo (a) construct (19) . An OxPL band corresponding to the Lp (a) contaminant in the human purified plasminogen is not visible, likely due to much higher (~50X) sensitivity of LPA4 versus E06 on immunoblots.
[00143] Figure 2B displays the plasma plasminogen and
OxPL/plasminogen in 6 healthy human subjects using a sandwich ELISA format. It is evident that OxPL are strongly present on plasminogen captured on the microtiter well plate. In contrast, there is no evidence that apo (a) or apoB are present on the captured
plasminogen, ruling out non-specific physical interactions of apo (a) or apoB as potential contributions of OxPL on plasminogen. Importantly, like Lp (a) , plasminogen is not "oxidized" per se as supported by the observation that murine monoclonal antibody MDA2, which recognizes malondialdehyde (MDA) -lysine epitopes and which are commonly present during generalized lipid peroxidation, does not show immunoreactivity with plasminogen.
[00144] Assessment of the Presence of OxPL on Plasminogen Using Immunoprecipitation of Human Plasma. Incubating increasing amounts of a murine monoclonal anti-human plasminogen antibody with human plasma demonstrates that at a molar ratio of -15:1 (anti- plasminogen antibody :plasminogen) nearly all of the plasminogen was precipitated (Figure 3A) . In parallel, a similar decrease in
OxPL/plasminogen (Figure 3B) was noted. In contrast, Lp (a) (Figure 3C) and apoB (Figure 3D) remained in the supernatant, suggesting that OxPL were physically associated with plasminogen. In a prior study, immunoprecipitation of Lp (a) with LPA4 was demonstrated to immunoprecipitate the OxPL associated with Lp(a) .
[00145] Coagulation Factors with Kringle-like Structures do not Contain Oxidized Phospholipids. Using specific antibodies to capture plasminogen (5 kringles) , prothrombin (factor II) (2 kringles) , tissue plasminogen activator (2 kringles) , and urokinase
(one kringle) on microtiter well plates and adding biotinylated E06, it was demonstrated that OxPL were only present on plasminogen
(Figure 4) . [00146] Oxidized Phospholipids on Plasminogen and Lipoproteins Isolated by Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation . Plasmas from 2 patients with an Lp (a) -90 mg/dl were subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation. Direct plating of the density fractions on microtiter well plates was used to assess the presence of apo (a) and apoB in each fraction. A set of capture assays was also performed as described above, where specific antibodies for plasminogen, Lp (a) and apoB were used to capture these particles, respectively. Specific antibodies were then used to detect the presence of plasminogen, Lp (a) , apoB and OxPL on the captured proteins or lipoproteins . An example from one patient shows that plasminogen was present in the heaviest density fractions and Lp (a) present in the modestly dense fractions (density 1.050-1.090 g/ml, corresponding to fractions 11-15), as expected. These aliquots also directly correspond to the presence of OxPL on plasminogen or Lp (a) . ApoB is widely distributed across the density range, but OxPL/apoB is primarily present in the Lp (a) density range, consistent with the fact that these apoB particles are associated with Lp (a) and not LDL (Figure 5) . The OxPL/apo (a) and OxPL/apoB and Lp (a) data are also consistent with prior observations.
[00147] Plasminogen levels and OxPL/plasminogen varied among patients with different Lp (a) levels. Fifteen subjects were analyzed with FH segregated evenly into 3 groups of 5 subjects each, according to low (10±3 mg/dl), intermediate (42±5 mg/dl) and high (10318 mg/dl) Lp(a) levels (p<0.0001 by ANOVA) (Figure 6). The non-lipoprotein containing fraction ("bottom" fraction) for plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen were also analyzed. It is noted that the plasma OxPL/apo (a) levels (p<0.0001 by ANOVA) track nearly identically with the plasma Lp (a) levels (p<0.0001 by ANOVA)
(Figure 6A and 6B) , but vary significantly (>25-fold) among groups. However, in contrast, plasminogen levels (p=0.08 by ANOVA) and OxPL/plasminogen (p=0.14 by ANOVA) are not significantly different among the groups (Figure 6C and 6D) and vary minimally (<2-fold) . As a confirmation of the presence of plasminogen (p=0.28 by ANOVA) and OxPL/plasminogen (p=0.71 by ANOVA) in non-lipoprotein
fractions, the "bottom" density fraction which contains all the non-lipoprotein plasma proteins was evaluated, and the findings are similar to the plasma data for plasminogen (Figure 6E and 6F) .
[ 00148 ] Oxidized Phospholipids on Plasminogen of Monkeys and Apes. Plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen were measured in plasma from 6 cynomolgus monkeys, 14 gorillas, 5 chimpanzees, and 4 bonobos using the same assays used for the human plasma. Oxidized
phospholipid was detected on the plasminogen of each species, and the OxPL/plasminogen levels corresponded to the level of
plasminogen. Comparison of the relative differences between groups cannot be made as differences in the affinities of the capture and detection antibodies among the species may exist, which were not directly tested due to the difficulty in obtaining purified plasminogen from apes.
[ 00149] In vitro Clot Lysis Assay with Native Hiaman Plasminogen.
To enzymatically remove the covalently bound OxPL, purified human glu-plasminogen was treated with PLA2 and the OxPL was successfully removed as documented by immunoblotting with E06 (inset, Figure 7) . The ability of plasminogen species with and without OxPL to degrade fibrin clots was then tested with a well validated in vitro clot assay. This demonstrates that the enzymatic removal of the OxPL component (without degrading the plasminogen protein integrity) results in a 36% longer clot lysis time (975141.2 vs. 71816.6 seconds, p=0.007, or 16.25 vs. 11.96 minutes) compared to the intact plasminogen containing OxPL (Figure 7) . Clot lysis time is defined as the tm (transition midpoint) that is halfway between the minimum and maximum excursions. This suggests that the presence of OxPL on plasminogen facilitates clot lysis.
[ 00150 ] Temporal Trends in Plasminogen, OxPL/Plasminogen in Normal Human Subjects, Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes. To assess changes with time, plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen levels were measured in serial time points over 7 months in 18 healthy volunteers, 17 patients with stable CAD and 8 patients with AMI, 6 of which had an ST ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (Figure 8) . Interestingly, the baseline levels of plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen were lower in the AMI patients compared to the healthy subjects and patients with stable CAD (44,43215,184 RLU, 64,64919,043 RLU, 67,283119,821 RLU, respectively, p=0.001 by ANOVA, Figure 8A) . These RLU values correspond to plasminogen levels of approximately 15-20 mg/dl based on the standard curve of the plasminogen ELISA. Baseline levels of OxPL/plasminogen levels were also lower in the AMI patients compared to patients with stable CAD but not compared to healthy subjects (56,369119,290 RLU, 85,809130,475 RLU, 70,795115,172, respectively, p=0.015 by ANOVA, Figure 8B) .
[ 00151 ] Evaluating the data as a mean percent change over time across each group by ANOVA, the plasminogen levels were
significantly elevated in the AMI group at discharge (p=0.01) and after 30 days (p=0.01), but not after 120 days and 7 months (Figure 8B) . The OxPL/plasminogen levels were also elevated at discharge
(p=0.01) and after 30 days (p=0.05), but not after 120 days and 7 months (Figure 8B) . In contrast, there were no significant changes in plasminogen levels and OxPL/plasminogen in normal individuals
(p=0.86 and p=0.98 by ANOVA) and patients with stable CAD (p=0.46 and p=0.31 by ANOVA) over time. For comparison between groups, significant differences were noted at the 30 day timepoint for both plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen but not at the other timepoints . Plasminogen and OxPL/plasminogen levels did not correlate with Lp (a) , OxPL/apoB or OxPL/apo (a) levels.
[ 00152 ] A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS
1. A method for analyzing cardiovascular disease or anticoagulant treatment in a subject, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a sample comprising plasma from a subject;
(b) determining the level of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) bound to plasminogen in the sample;
(c) comparing the level of OxPL/plasminogen levels to a standard normal value of OxPL/plasminogen;
wherein a difference is indicative of a cardiovascular pathology or treatment regimen.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the OxPL and plasminogen in the sample are measured with two or more different biomolecules , wherein a first biomolecule specifically interacts with OxPL and a second biomolecule specifically interacts with plasminogen.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the biomolecules are
antibodies .
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies .
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the antibody that interacts with OxPL is T15, E06 or DLH3.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is human.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidized phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of 1-palmitoyl- 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , 1- palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PGPC) ,1- palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine ( PEIPC) , oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholin-e (Ox-SAPC) , 1-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
( SOVPC, l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
( SGPC) , l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SEIPC) , l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylethanolamine (Ox-SAPE) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SOVPE) , l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SGPE) , and l-stearoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SEIPE) .
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the levels of OxPL/plasminogen are measured at two or more time points .
9. The method of claim 8, wherein a higher level of
OxPL/plasminogen, compared to the standard normal value, that continue over time following a cardiovascular event is indicative of a decreased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein a lower level of
OxPL/plasminogen, compared to the standard normal value, following a cardiovascular event is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein levels of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are lower than normal standard values by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more are at greater risk of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein subjects with normal or high levels compared to the normal standard values are likely to have a reduced chance of suffering an acute coronary syndrome.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein an increase in values from a first time point to a second or later time point is indicative that the subject suffered an acute coronary syndrome.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein levels of OxPL/plasminogen in a subject that are higher than normal controls by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or more have a greater risk of having a bleeding disorder.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein a subject identified as having a higher level of oxPL/plasminogen is not a subject for
anticoagulant therapy.
16. The method of claim 2, wherein a biomolecule that binds oxPL is linked to a substrate.
17. The method of claim 2, wherein a biomolecule that binds to plasminogen is linked to a substrate.
18. A kit for carrying out the method of any of claims 1-17.
19. A method of treating a cardiovascular disease associated with thrombi and/or emboli, comprising administering to a subject (i) an agent that increases OxPL/plasminogen levels or (ii)
OxPL/plasminogen .
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cardiovascular disease is selected from the group consisting of sickle cell disease, pulmonary thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, atherogenesis ,
arteriosclerosis, tissue damage, and infection.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the OxPL/plasminogen is purified from a donor subject.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the OxPL/plasminogen is autologous to the subject.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the OxPL/plasminogen is heterologous to the subject.
24. The method of claim 19, wherein the OxPL/plasminogen is synthetic .
25. A synthetic OxPL/plasminogen.
26. The synthetic OxPL/plasminogen of claim 25, wherein the oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) is selected from the group consisting of oxidized forms of l-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos- phorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) , l-palmitoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoryl-choline (POVPC) , l-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphorylcholine (PGPC) , l-palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero- 3-phosphorylcholine (PEIPC) , oxidized l-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholin-e (Ox-SAPC) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SOVPC, l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SGPC) , l-stearoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (SEIPC) , l-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (Ox-SAPE) , l-stearoyl-2-oxovaleroyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SOVPE) , l-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SGPE) , and l-stearoyl-2- epoxyisoprostane-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (SEIPE) .
27. The OxPL/plasminogen of claim 25, wherein the plasminogen is a recombinant plasminogen.
28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the OxPL/plasminogen of claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
PCT/US2013/035515 2012-04-05 2013-04-05 Plasminogen-oxidized phospholipids for the detection of cardiovascular diseases and disorders WO2013152325A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201261620882P 2012-04-05 2012-04-05
US61/620,882 2012-04-05

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013152325A1 true WO2013152325A1 (en) 2013-10-10

Family

ID=49301101

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2013/035515 WO2013152325A1 (en) 2012-04-05 2013-04-05 Plasminogen-oxidized phospholipids for the detection of cardiovascular diseases and disorders

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2013152325A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2523114A (en) * 2014-02-12 2015-08-19 Kratos Analytical Ltd Oxidized lipid detection

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8129123B2 (en) * 2004-10-05 2012-03-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods for assessing atherogenesis by determining oxidized phospholipid to apolipoprotein B ratios

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8129123B2 (en) * 2004-10-05 2012-03-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Methods for assessing atherogenesis by determining oxidized phospholipid to apolipoprotein B ratios

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
EDELSTEIN ET AL.: "Mouse plasminogen has oxidized phosphatidylcholine adducts that are not metabolized by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 under basal conditions", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES, vol. 11, no. 12, 22 December 2010 (2010-12-22), pages 5339 - 5347 *
EDELSTEIN ET AL.: "Naturally occurring human plasminogen, like genetically related apolipoprotein(a), contains oxidized phosphatidylcholine adducts", BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA, vol. 1801, no. 7, 2010, pages 738 - 745 *
LEIBUNDGUT ET AL.: "Oxidized phospholipids are present on plasminogen, affect fibrinolysis, and increase following acute myocardial infarction", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY, vol. 59, no. 16, 17 April 2012 (2012-04-17), pages 1426 - 1437 *
LEIBUNDGUT ET AL.: "Plasminogen, oxidized phospholipids and atherothrombosis", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY, vol. 57, no. ISSUE, 2011, pages E1559 *
TSIMIKAS: "Oxidative biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease", THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY, vol. 98, no. 11, 2006, pages S9 - S17 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2523114A (en) * 2014-02-12 2015-08-19 Kratos Analytical Ltd Oxidized lipid detection
US10948502B2 (en) 2014-02-12 2021-03-16 Kratos Analytical Limited Oxidized lipid detection

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP7441662B2 (en) Evaluation, assay and treatment of pKal-related diseases
JP5597543B2 (en) Method and program for determining the width of a sugar coating
EP1370570B1 (en) Plasma glucosylceramide deficiency as risk factor for thrombosis and modulator of anticoagulant protein c
KR101678703B1 (en) Galectin-3 immunoassay
US9075050B2 (en) Methods for assessing atherogenesis by determining oxidized phospholipid to apolipoprotein B ratios
Shimizu et al. Association between inflammatory biomarkers and progression of intracranial large artery stenosis after ischemic stroke
KR102464380B1 (en) Metabolite Biomarkers for Diseases Associated with Contact Activation Systems
US20160146834A1 (en) Diagnostic assay to predict cardiovascular risk
Cheng et al. Biochemical aspirin resistance is associated with increased stroke severity and infarct volumes in ischemic stroke patients
JP2019502095A (en) Immunoassay to detect cleaved high molecular weight kininogen.
Serebruany et al. Magnitude and time course of platelet inhibition with Aggrenox® and Aspirin in patients after ischemic stroke: the AGgrenox versus Aspirin Therapy Evaluation (AGATE) trial
Müller et al. Chip-based sensing for release of unprocessed cell surface proteins in vitro and in serum and its (patho) physiological relevance
JP2012505887A5 (en)
TW201919695A (en) Use of CANAKINUMAB
JP2022549373A (en) A disease-targeted biomarker panel with a multifactorial ontology of glycocalyx disruption
JP2004503254A (en) Methods for detecting complexes of lipoproteins and acute phase proteins to predict increased risk of system failure or fatality
WO2013152325A1 (en) Plasminogen-oxidized phospholipids for the detection of cardiovascular diseases and disorders
JPWO2007072896A1 (en) Prognosis prediction method for acute coronary syndrome
EP3117356B1 (en) Diagnostic marker for treatment of cerebral ischemia
KR20190053913A (en) Protein biomarkers for diseases associated with contact activation systems
Dotsenko et al. Candidate circulating biomarkers for the cardiovascular disease continuum
US20070020716A1 (en) Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction
Perkov et al. The Evaluation of New Biomarkers of Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Peripheral Arterial Disease
US20220288110A1 (en) Drug treatment and biomarker panel targeted to diseases due to multifactorial ontology of glycocalyx disruption
JPWO2021062298A5 (en)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 13772652

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 13772652

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1