WO2013137952A2 - Extracteur de fraction gazeuse utilisant des convertisseurs thermoélectriques directs - Google Patents

Extracteur de fraction gazeuse utilisant des convertisseurs thermoélectriques directs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013137952A2
WO2013137952A2 PCT/US2012/068823 US2012068823W WO2013137952A2 WO 2013137952 A2 WO2013137952 A2 WO 2013137952A2 US 2012068823 W US2012068823 W US 2012068823W WO 2013137952 A2 WO2013137952 A2 WO 2013137952A2
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Prior art keywords
electrons
layer
dtec
current
recombination material
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Application number
PCT/US2012/068823
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English (en)
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WO2013137952A3 (fr
Inventor
Peter Milon Orem
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Peter Milon Orem
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Publication of WO2013137952A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013137952A2/fr
Publication of WO2013137952A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013137952A3/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
    • B01D5/0033—Other features
    • B01D5/0042—Thermo-electric condensing; using Peltier-effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1405—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification in which the humidity of the air is exclusively affected by contact with the evaporator of a closed-circuit cooling system or heat pump circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0042—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater characterised by the application of thermo-electric units or the Peltier effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/144—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by dehumidification only

Definitions

  • DTEC Direct Thermoelectric Converters
  • Refrigeration relies upon a working fluid as a circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters a compressor as a vapor.
  • the vapor is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor superheated.
  • the superheated vapor travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature.
  • the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid.
  • the flash evaporation upon expansion results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure. It is at this point that the resulting cold liquid- vapor mixture then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes, embedded in the condensing surface and heat removed from the ambient causes the liquid refrigerant to be completely vaporized by cooling the warm ambient air (from the space being refrigerated).
  • the DTEC relies upon heat in the ambient environment to excite electrons into a flow of current.
  • the DTEC uses known properties of semiconductor materials and the behavior of electrons and holes within these materials, along with a layered structure that creates channels for electrons. Heat pushes electrons through these channels, consuming the heat in the proximity of the semiconductors and yields a current of electrons available to drive any device such as a motor or a resistive heater.
  • Extraction occurs at the semiconductors in one or more DTECs to create a chilled condensing region.
  • a fan, compressor, chimney effect, or equivalent process drives a gas mixture that is moved through the chilled region, to remove one or more gases, such as water vapor, by condensing it out of the gas mixture. The remaining gases may be exhausted or captured. Excess energy may be dumped into the exhaust stream as heat or used for other purposes such as evaporation or electrical power. In one preferred embodiment, the energy is used, in whole or in part, to turn the fan that drives the gas mixture through the chilled region.
  • Invention is powered by heat within its source gas stream. Because the cooling of the gas mixture at the DTEC provides not only condensed gases but a current of electrons or electricity, without resorting to outside energy, the DTEC can also drive a processor which can manage one or more DTECs to perform operations to run the DTEC including the management of energy flow and conditions within the device. Exploitation of a processor is advantageous as failure to properly manage energy flow can quickly fill the device with solidified condensate (such as ice), impeding its operation. As it progresses, this condition can render the device inoperable without selective operation to remove the condensate (as detailed below).
  • solidified condensate such as ice
  • a processor repeatedly drives the DTEC in a control loop, sensing the presences and rate of formation of condensate. Exploiting the fact that when operated at lower condensing temperatures, more available gas such as water vapor will be extracted, the processor drives the DTEC to function at or near the boundary. In such a control loop, where the temperature or volume of condensate fall outside of optimal conditions, the processor shuts down the DTEC until the temperature rises or the volume is reestablished.
  • operation straddles an optimum condition which occurs when the DTEC operates close to failure while avoiding it, allow for cycles of failure and recovery, or defer that choice until time of use (as described below).
  • Mercury Cadmium Telluride HgCdTe
  • HgCdTe Mercury Cadmium Telluride
  • peak performance for DTEC occurs when there is enough thermal energy to knock a substantial fraction of electrons free from their lattices, which tends to occur when the thermal energy is approaching breaking the lattices themselves.
  • the design of the example embodiment maintains the DTECs at a cryogenic temperature, even when the system is in storage.
  • alternative DTEC materials may be used that are more stable at the operating temperatures of the system .
  • Figure 1 depicts a mechanical overview of an exemplary gas fraction extractor
  • Figure 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of an electrical system for an embodiment of a gas fraction extractor
  • Figure 3 shows an electrical system for two units operating in parallel with allowances for freezing and thawing condensate
  • Figure 4 illustrates the behavior of an electron in the presence of a Hole
  • Figure 5 shows the operation of the DETC device as it turns heat into electricity
  • Figure 6 illustrates more doped semiconductor materials
  • Figure 7 represents a common and easily recognizable package, commonly known as a "C” cell battery.
  • Extractor relies upon heat and gas fractions, an input air stream supplies.
  • the Input stream should be filtered (101) to prevent accumulation of debris and dust which would tend to insulate the condensation surfaces. For this reason, while optional, the presence of a filter is presently preferred.
  • a fan or compressor 102 drives the gas flow into a condensing chamber. Within the condensing chamber 103, the fan or compressor drives gas flow across condensing surfaces cooling the gas flow or, more accurately, leaving some of the thermal energy within the gas flow or within the condensing surface, generally by convection.
  • the DTEC 105 removes the heat from the condensing surface from the opposite side. By extraction of thermal energy from the condensing surfaces 104, the DTEC 105 continually cools the condensing surfaces while exciting a current of electrons.
  • thermocouples not shown, 201
  • electrical power is produced by the DTEC 105 as heat is extracted by the DTEC 105, and, once the energy of the extracted heat excites the electrons within the semiconductors, those electrons form the current motivated by the heat, and cooling of the condensing surfaces 104.
  • Temperature of DTEC 105 can be determined by monitoring power output or, alternatively, by direct measurement.
  • Temperature of condensing surface may be monitored by temperature sensors such as thermocouples (not shown, 201).
  • heat flow from condensing surface 104 to DTEC 105 may be controlled by operation of an optional thermal control 106.
  • Peltier devices are advantageously solid state and can be used bidirectionally, i.e. to either heat or cool the condensing surface. The Peltier effect creates a heat flux between the junction of two different types of materials in response to a current of electrons, i.e. electricity.
  • a Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
  • Such an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC). They can be used either for heating or for cooling (refrigeration), although in practice the main application is cooling. It can also be used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools as that process is described here.
  • Gas flow continues through and then exiting the condensing chamber 103.
  • gas flow is cooler than the ambient, in one embodiment, that gas flow is used to cool associated electronics 107.
  • excess energy must be dissipated.
  • a load resistor as a heat dump.
  • Joule heating also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat.
  • Selectively exposing a load resistor within a circuit allows the resistor to serve as a heat dump 108 dissipating excess energy.
  • the cooled gas flow may advantageously flow across a heat dump 108 or load resistor to cool it as it exhausts any excess energy.
  • There may be other load that can be advantageously included in the circuit to use the generated electricity.
  • Condenser drain 109 captures the liquefied gas mixture fraction or fractions. Not show are any collection reservoirs as they are not necessary for operation. Nonetheless, in operation, presumably the captured liquids are either collected or conducted away for use.
  • FIG. 2 shows a simple exemplary electrical system to control the operation of a Gas Fraction Extractor.
  • the temperature sensor 201 nor the heat dump 108 are necessary, they are provided in this exemplary embodiment to describe an optimized single DTEC condenser. That preferred embodiment is a DTEC driven by controller 205 and including the following elements:
  • A) The DTEC 105 which feeds voltage (Sensel) and current (measured by Rsense 206 and Sense2) to Vsystem.
  • Temperature sensor 201 a thermocouple or other temperature sensor, mounted to the condensing surface of the thermal control 106 and used to monitor the surface temperature.
  • Vsystem voltage will vary with variations in ambient temperature and load as it is the current output of the DTEC 105 in operation. While the DTEC 105 in operation can provide an operating voltage, variations in power are not suitable for providing an operating voltage Vsystem, so it is passed through a regulator 203 to supply Vlogic, a constant voltage to power the controller 205. At the controller, therefore, a constant voltage is provided and current flows through the regulator 203 in accord with current draw in operation of the controller 205.
  • the current optional embodiment exploits the relation between temperature of the semiconductive material and the resulting flow of electrons to determine the actual temperature of the DTEC as the current passes through the current sensing resistor 206.
  • the controller 205 typically a micro-controller, monitors Vswitched to determine the operating mode (storage or running). Based on these values, it sends control signals to the output control 204 to maintain DTEC 105 temperature and optimize performance. Controller 205 may also have means of indicating unit status to the user (not shown).
  • An output control 204 a transistor, relay, or other control device which is used to control the load portion, selectively exposes either or both of the heat dump 108 and the fan or compressor 102 in the manner to optimally exploit the flow of current in order to suitably control the temperature of the condensing surfaces and the output of the system.
  • Switch 202 turns the entire system on and off.
  • Figure 3 shows an electrical system for two units operating side by side in a single enclosure, with separated gas streams.
  • two units are designated as units 'A' and ' ⁇ '.
  • Drawing elements having reference numbers ending in either 'a' or 'b' are elements in use in the respective streams for units A and B. Sensing elements other than temperature are omitted for clarity. Descriptions of new elements are as follows:
  • DTECs 105a and 105b which extract heat from their respective streams, providing power to respective power busses.
  • peaks in current flow from Unit A will likely fall into troughs in current flow from Unit B and vice versa as each is operating in a controlled loop mode and intentionally offset from each other to exploit the presence of each.
  • the DTEC units are selected to be adequate to power, and to drive the regulator 203 and controller 205, i.e. the size and mode of each of the regulator 203 and controller 205 are selected, relative to DTEC units A and B, to consume negligible power relative to the capacity of DTEC 105a, so its impact on operation is not significant.
  • Heater A 303 a is used in place of thermal control 106 in stream A.
  • Heater B 303b is located in place of thermal control 106 in stream B.
  • Each heater is a resister configured to cover as great a proportion of the condenser surface in the condenser chamber 103 as possible, much as an electrical rear window defroster is a number of fixed resistance wires also configured to span the rear window of an automobile. Directing a current through either heater 303a or 303b will warm the surface of its respective condensing chamber 103.
  • Controller 205 has separate channels to control heat dump 108 a/b, fan 102 a/b and heater A/B 303 a/b.
  • the controller will run one DTEC, in this instance Unit A 105a until such time as the unit will have a thin layer of frozen condensate across the condensing surface and the insulating effect of that layer is noted in operation of DTEC Unit A 105a.
  • continued operation of DTEC Unit A 105a is less than optimal and the controller advantageously activates DTEC unit B 105b to begin to cool a flow of air, while DTEC Unit A 105a stops working in order to regain temperature from a combination of the ambient, and heater A 303a.
  • the controller 205 can selectively activate both of the DTEC units and the heater units, and in practice will alternate between them to keep the flow of both condensate and power relatively stable.
  • a running fan might actually dissipate the warming effect the heaters impart and slowing or stopping the fan might be most advantageous to operation.
  • Algorithms may be constructed to optimally use both the heater units 303a, 303b and a flow of ambient air to thaw the frozen condensate.
  • a fan control 302 will allow for variable speed operation selecting which loads, fan 102 or heater 303 and in what proportions will optimally thaw the frozen condensate.
  • Thaw control 304 turns the respective thawing heaters on or off (see below). This generally does not require finer control than on/off, however, these too may be configured as variable if experience determines variable heating to be advantageous. [0046] As described above, in this arrangement, power from one stream may be used to thaw the other. If stream A is to be thawed, then the following sequence would be followed:
  • the controller can activate and deactivate DTECs 105, heaters 303, fans 102 in any of multiple methods based upon the controller's 205 ability to determining operating conditions.
  • Rsense 206 may be used to calculate the temperature approximate of the DTEC 105, as power output is a function of temperature. This calculation will be specific to the specific configuration of the DTEC 105 used in any given embodiment, but can be sensed once the relationship between that DTEC 105 and its characteristic output is known.
  • the level of ice formation in the condensing chamber 103 may be estimated from the DTEC 105 temperature, and comparing against implementation-specific experimental data . As the condensing chamber 103 fills with ice, the insulating effect of the ice will result in a lower DTEC 105 temperature.
  • a similar arrangement can be achieved by connecting single channel units in the field.
  • a single controller module can be connected to each of a plurality of units, those units may be optimally configured to "kick in' and "kick out” as appropriate.
  • Still greater geometries can be imagined by exploiting the same principles that allow the combined pair to operate as a two-channel unit as required by field conditions (i.e., dew-point near or below freezing). In this configuration, only control data and power for thawing (before or after thaw control 304) would cross between units.
  • the power busses themselves may function without being interconnected, should the current configuration be used as interconnection will prevent selective removing of the load from DTEC 105.
  • Alternatives, however, can readily be configured and in the presence of a more complex controller 205, numerous field connections can be implemented using sensing technologies and controller options such as look up tables to drive dynamic configuration.
  • Atoms All matter is made up of atoms, which consist of a central nucleus of neutrons and positively charged protons with negatively charged electrons in orbit around them.
  • Bound Electrons Electrons in their normal state are in orbit around a specific atom, and are bound to that atom by the electromagnetic pull of its nucleus. These are also known as valence electrons.
  • Free Electrons These are electrons that have disengaged from their place around an atom and are traveling on their own. The electricity moving through electrical wires or coming out of flashlight batteries, for example, is carried as Free Electrons.
  • each atom almost always releases one or more electrons.
  • electrons disengage from atoms randomly, but at predictable rates based on the materials and their temperature.
  • Holes These are places in atoms that are left behind when Free Electrons break out of their places.
  • a Hole Al, A2, A3 (FIGURE 4) can be treated as if it, too, is a thing in movement across a matrix.
  • Atoms "trade" Holes as they trade Bound Electrons. As an electron moves from one site in the matrix to a Hole, the former site becomes a Hole and where, in the matrix the electron then resides is filled and disappears as a Hole.
  • a Bound Electron can move into it from atom ' ⁇ 2', leaving a Hole in atom ' ⁇ 2' that in turn can accept a Bound Electron from atom 'A3' to fill its Hole.
  • Holes also move around at the same time as Bound Electrons do.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the behavior of an electron in the presence of a Hole.
  • a semiconductor is a material, such as silicon, with electrical conductivity between an insulator (such as glass) and a conductor (such copper wire).
  • Semiconductors are basic components of various electronic devices such as cell phones and computers. Electrons in semiconductors are normally bound to atoms. Sometimes electrons are knocked loose by heat, light or radiation producing Free Electrons. This "knocking loose" leaves behind a Hole where an atom is missing an electron. Free Electrons and Holes, thus created in pairs, separate and can each recombine later into other atoms in a continual process.
  • Recombination Free Electrons and Holes interact with each other to recombine.
  • the rate at which Recombination takes place varies by material. In some materials it is a simple process and therefore faster while in others it is more complex and slower. For example, recombination is much faster in Gallium-Arsenide than in Silicon This difference in Recombination rates is a critical feature of the DTEC that we exploit to create different concentrations of Free Electrons and Holes.
  • junctions A DTEC comprises layers of differently doped semiconductor materials. The region where layers having distinct semiconductor makeup meet forms a Junction, also referred to as a Heterojunction. Adjacent layers have different properties, including different or unequal Recombination rates. Free Electrons and Holes tend to move across a Junction from one material to the other and recombine at a predictable rate. Electrons and Holes generated in the Lower Recombination rate material also tend to move across the Junction to the Higher Recombination rate material before recombining.
  • Doping The Doping of Semiconductors adds an impurity to the material to change its electrical properties. It is used to either restrict or increase the movement of Free Electrons or Holes through a layer of material, effectively creating channels for Holes and Free Electrons.
  • Negative Doping changes the material to add extra Free Electrons. This allows electrons to migrate from a Low Recombination material to a High Recombination material while blocking the flow of Holes. The effect is a net flow of electrons in that direction.
  • Positive Doping p-type changes the material to have extra Holes and therefore it has the reverse effect on the movement.
  • FIGURE 5 the operation of the DETC device is shown as it turns heat into electricity. Purposefully doping semiconductors to provide a predictable rate of Generation, movement and Recombination across junctions between the materials enables the effect to occur.
  • the DTEC employs layers of Doped Semiconductor material arranged as shown in FIGURE 5. With Positive (p-type) and Negative (n-type) Doped layers between the Low Recombination and High Recombination layers as shown, the circular flows confined to the layers are broken. What remains are:
  • the net effect is a flow of Free Electrons from left to right and a flow of Holes from right to left that keeps the layers in balance, which is the electric current that can be drawn from the device.
  • Free Electrons and Holes are forced by relatively higher concentrations to migrate across a Junction.
  • both Free Electrons and Holes migrate from higher concentration in the Low Recombination layer to lower concentrations in the High Recombination layer.
  • they are under the influence of the Higher Recombination rate there, so they tend to recombine.
  • the effect of the different Recombination rates is a circular flow of Free and Bound Electrons.
  • FIGURE 6 the illustrated configuration, the more doped semiconductor materials used, the greater the flow of electrons in one direction.
  • the electron and hole pairs are generated in a lower recombination material and recombine in the higher recombination material (see picture below), channeled in a useful direction much like a funnel. As higher temperature is applied, the process generally becomes faster, thus increasing the electrical output.
  • FIGURE 7 represents a common and easily recognizable package, commonly known as a "C" cell battery, such as that we might use in a flashlight.
  • the conventional positive and negative terminals are embodied in a knob and a face respectively.
  • electrons pass through the junctions 503 from low recombination material 403 to high recombination mater 404.
  • Doping in the junctions 503 is alternatively n-type to prevent passage of bound electrons and p-type to prevent passage of free electrons 701 in such a manner, the cell is configured to "ratchet" a flow of electrons to create current.
  • DTECS can be configured in a fin-like manner on a cooling surface. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Devices For Blowing Cold Air, Devices For Blowing Warm Air, And Means For Preventing Water Condensation In Air Conditioning Units (AREA)
  • Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un convertisseur thermoélectrique direct comprenant une surface de condensation. La surface de condensation conduit la chaleur vers une matrice de silicium afin de refroidir la surface de condensation à une température de précipitation d'une fraction gazeuse provenant d'un flux de gaz. La matrice comprend une première couche de matériau à faible recombinaison fusionnée avec une première couche de matériau à recombinaison élevée sur une première jonction de type n, la première couche de matériau à haute recombinaison fusionnée avec une seconde couche de matériau à faible recombinaison sur une jonction de type p, la seconde couche de matériau à faible recombinaison fusionnée avec une seconde couche de matériau à haute recombinaison sur une seconde jonction de type n. Chacune d'une borne positive et d'une borne négative est fixée de manière conductrice à la matrice de silicium pour ainsi distribuer un courant d'électrons à une tension d'alimentation. Un dispositif de commande détecte le courant d'électrons et connecte de manière sélective le convertisseur thermoélectrique direct à une charge en réponse à la distribution des électrons.
PCT/US2012/068823 2011-12-08 2012-12-10 Extracteur de fraction gazeuse utilisant des convertisseurs thermoélectriques directs WO2013137952A2 (fr)

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US201161568645P 2011-12-08 2011-12-08
US61/568,645 2011-12-08

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US9557082B1 (en) * 2014-05-13 2017-01-31 Sa Vent, Llc Apparatus for converting hot air and steam emissions into cooler air and condensate

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WO2006133456A2 (fr) * 2005-06-09 2006-12-14 Turner J Glenn Systeme et procede associe permettant de recuperer de l'eau contenu dans l'air
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WO2004094317A2 (fr) * 2003-04-16 2004-11-04 Reidy James J Dispositif generateur d'eau thermoelectrique et a haut rendement
WO2006133456A2 (fr) * 2005-06-09 2006-12-14 Turner J Glenn Systeme et procede associe permettant de recuperer de l'eau contenu dans l'air
WO2009138818A1 (fr) * 2008-05-14 2009-11-19 Smit, Petrus Johannes Joachim Appareil de distillation
US20120060884A1 (en) * 2010-09-11 2012-03-15 Peter Milon Orem Apparatus, systems and methods for electrical power generation from heat

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