Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/187—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being a scalable video layer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/115—Selection of the code volume for a coding unit prior to coding
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
  • H04N19/15—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output by monitoring actual compressed data size at the memory before deciding storage at the transmission buffer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
  • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
  • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
  • H04N19/152—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output by measuring the fullness of the transmission buffer
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
  • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability

Definitions

• bitrates of encoded video data can pose problems for various video delivery and storage mechanisms. For example, videos can be interrupted if bitrates exceed available bandwidth. Similarly, if bitrates are reduced during streaming or transmission of the video, some details of the video may be lost or removed from the video to accommodate the lower bitrates, which may be noticeable to viewers.
• some systems employ bitrate control mechanisms to regulate bitrates of the encoded video data and/or to manage the bitrates during transmission.
• One such approach includes analyzing the bitstream and determining a maintainable bitrate for the entire bitstream. This approach may be practical for some non-scalable bitstreams.
• a base layer includes the bulk of information in the layered video data
• the base layer of the video may be most significantly impacted by applying a bitrate control on the entire layered video stream.
• this approach may fail to maximize quality of the various layers. Such a reduction may negatively impact the user experience more than the variations eliminated or reduced by applying the bitrate control mechanism.
• scalable video is sometimes used during video conferencing and/or other applications for multiple classes of devices that have varied downlink and/or uplink bandwidth capabilities.
• using traditional rate control mechanisms may result in reduced quality of the various bitstreams to accommodate a receiver's bandwidth constraints, thus resulting in reduced quality for all of the users.
• the video server may encode the video as a scalable video stream having a base layer encoded at 300Kbps and an enhancement layer encoded at 200Kbps.
• the base layer may be encoded at less than the targeted 300kbps, resulting in a reduced quality of the overall stream that fails to maximize the bandwidth available to the second receiver.
• the maximum stream receivable by the second device may be 480Kbps, which fails to utilize the available bandwidth and provides a less-than-ideal user experience.
• bit usage feedback information is obtained by a rate controller executing at the video server.
• the bit usage feedback information includes feedback indicators associated with each of multiple layers of encoded video content of an encoded video stream.
• the bit usage feedback information is obtained from an encoder encoding raw video data and outputting encoded video, from monitoring the encoded video stream, and/or from real or virtual buffers into which the multiple layers of encoded video content are output by the encoder prior to or during transmission or streaming of the encoded video.
• the functionality of the buffers is provided by leaky bucket virtual buffers.
• the rate controller obtains the feedback indicators and associates each of the feedback indicators with a respective layer of the video content.
• the rate controller also can consider feedback associated with a particular layer when considering any layer above that particular layer. For example, if the rate controller obtains bit usage feedback associated with a base layer, this bit usage feedback can be considered when considering bit usage of enhancement layers as well. As such, dependencies between the various layers of the encoded video can be considered during application of the multi-layer rate control mechanisms described herein.
• the rate controller also can be configured to generate quantization parameters indicating how bitrates of the layers are to be controlled.
• the rate controller can determine multiple quantization parameters, each of the quantization parameters being generated for a respective layer of the video stream and taken into account when considering higher layers of the video stream.
• the quantization parameters can also be determined while considering and accounting for dependencies between the multiple layers of the video stream.
• the rate controller can be configured to output the quantization parameters to the encoder, and the encoder can adjust bitrates of the various layers based upon the quantization parameters.
• the video server can provide multi-layer rate control by controlling bitrates of each layer of the video stream while taking into account dependencies of the layers of the video stream, instead of, or in addition to, controlling a bitrate associated with a layer independently or controlling a bitrate associated with the entire videos stream.
• a video server obtains video data from a local or remote data storage device.
• the video server executes an encoder configured to encode the video data into a multi-layer video stream.
• the encoder outputs the video stream to buffers, and the buffers track or output bit usage feedback corresponding to amounts or numbers of bits that are not transmitted to a client device receiving the encoded video stream.
• the bit usage feedback can correspond to an amount or number of bits that exceeds available network resources.
• a rate controller executing at the video server can monitor the buffers and/or obtain the bit usage feedback for each layer of the encoded video stream.
• the rate controller can determine, based upon the bit usage feedback, a quantization parameter associated with each layer of the encoded video stream. In determining the quantization parameters, the rate controller can consider not only bitrates of the entire encoded video stream, but also bitrates and bit usage feedback associated with each layer of the encoded video stream. Furthermore, the rate controller can be configured to consider bit usage feedback associated with a particular layer of the encoded video stream when analyzing each layer above that layer, thereby taking into account dependencies of enhancement layers upon lower layers of the video. Thus, embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can be used to maximize bitrates for the base layer and the lowest enhancement layers before bandwidth is used for higher enhancement layers. Additionally, some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can be used to maximize bitrates of a particular layer by moving residual bit budget associated with the particular layer (due to imperfect rate control) to a next higher layer for each layer considered.
• FIGURE 1 is a system diagram illustrating an illustrative operating environment for the various embodiments disclosed herein.
• FIGURE 2 is a flow diagram showing aspects of a method for providing multi-layer rate control, according to an illustrative embodiment.
• FIGURE 3 is a flow diagram showing aspects of a method for determining quantization parameters, according to an illustrative embodiment.
• FIGURE 4 is a computer architecture diagram illustrating an illustrative computer hardware and software architecture for a computing system capable of implementing aspects of the embodiments presented herein.
• a video server obtains video data from a data storage device.
• the video server can host or execute an encoder.
• the encoder can be configured to encode the video data into a multilayer video stream.
• the encoder can output the video stream to multiple buffers.
• each layer of the video stream can be passed into a buffer and monitored during streaming or transmission to determine bit usage.
• the buffers or other mechanisms can track or output bit usage feedback corresponding to amounts or numbers of bits that are not transmitted with the encoded video stream.
• the bit usage feedback corresponds to a degree to which the encoded video stream transfer rates exceed available network resources.
• a rate controller can monitor the buffers and/or obtain the bit usage feedback for each layer of the encoded video stream and determine, based upon the bit usage feedback, a quantization parameter associated with each layer of the encoded video stream. In determining the quantization parameters, the rate controller can consider not only bitrates of the entire encoded video stream, but also bitrates and bit usage feedback associated with each layer of the encoded video stream. Furthermore, the rate controller can be configured to consider bit usage feedback associated with a particular layer of the encoded video stream when analyzing each layer above that layer, thereby taking into account dependencies of enhancement layers upon lower layers of the video. Thus, embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can be used to maximize bitrates for the base layer and the lowest enhancement layers before bandwidth is used for higher enhancement layers. Additionally, some embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can be used to maximize bitrates of a particular layer by moving residual bit budget associated with a particular layer (due to imperfect rate control) to a next higher layer for each layer considered.
• program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
• program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
• program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
• the subject matter described herein may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor- based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like.
• the operating environment 100 shown in FIGURE 1 includes a video server 102.
• the video server 102 operates as part of, or in communication with, a communications network ("network") 104, though this is not necessarily the case.
• the functionality of the video server 102 is provided by a server computer; a personal computer (“PC") such as a desktop, tablet, or laptop computer system; a handheld computer; an embedded computer system; or another computing device.
• PC personal computer
• video server 102 functionality of the video server 102 is described herein as being provided by server computer, it should be understood that these embodiments are illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• One illustrative computing architecture of the video server 102 is illustrated and described in additional detail below with reference to FIGURE 4.
• the video server 102 can be configured to execute an operating system 106 and one or more software modules such as, for example, a rate controller 108, an encoder 110, and/or other software modules. While the rate controller 108 and the encoder 110 are illustrated in FIGURE 1 as residing at the video server 102, it should be understood that this is not necessarily the case. In particular, the rate controller 108 and/or the encoder 110 can be embodied as separate devices or modules in communication with the video server 102, if desired. As such, the illustrated embodiment should be understood as being illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the operating system 106 is a computer program for controlling the operation of the video server 102.
• the software modules are executable programs configured to execute on top of the operating system to provide various functions described herein for providing multi-layer rate control. Because additional and/or alternative software, application programs, modules, and/or other components can be executed by the video server 102, the illustrated embodiment should be understood as being illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the encoder 110 is configured to receive video data 112 such as video frames, raw video data, or other video information.
• video data 112 is received or retrieved from a data storage 114 operating in communication with the network 104 and/or the video server 102.
• the functionality of the data storage 114 can be provided by one or more data storage devices including, but not limited to, databases, network data storage devices, hard drives, memory devices, or other real or virtual data storage devices.
• the data storage 114 includes a memory device or other data storage associated with the video server 102.
• FIGURE 1 illustrates the data storage 114 as residing remote from the video server 102, it should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the encoder 110 is configured to encode the video data 112 to obtain two or more layers of video information.
• the layers of video information can be output by the encoder 110 and transmitted or streamed by the video server 102 as an encoded video data stream ("encoded video stream") 116.
• the encoded video stream 116 can include multiple video layers Lj...L N (hereinafter collectively and/or generically referred to as "layers L").
• the first layer Lj can correspond to a base layer of the encoded video stream 116 and each of the subsequent layers L can correspond to enhancement layers of the encoded video stream 116.
• the encoded video stream 116 can be received or accessed by a client device 118 and at least the base layer Lj of the encoded video stream 116 can be viewed.
• the base layer Lj of the encoded video stream 116 can be viewed at the client device 118 with detail provided by the one or more enhancement layers L 2 (not shown in FIGURE 1) through L N ).
• the client device 118 can receive and view the encoded video stream 116 with various layers of detail, according to the ability of the client device 118 to establish and/or sustain network bandwidth for receiving the multiple layers L of the encoded video stream 116. It should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the rate controller 108 is configured to obtain bit usage feedback data ("bit usage feedback") 120 from the encoder 110 (as shown in FIGURE 1), or by monitoring the encoded video stream 116 output by the encoder 110.
• bit usage feedback data indicating the bit usage feedback 120 from, other reporting mechanisms associated with or incorporated into, the video server 102 such as the buffers 122 described below.
• the rate controller 108 also can be configured to access, receive, or determine a downlink bandwidth BWD from each subscribed client such as the client device 118, as well as an uplink bandwidth BWu, both of which can be inputs to the rate controller 108.
• the uplink bandwidth BWu and the downlink bandwidth BWD can be used to determine a target bitrate of each "sub-stream" of the encoded video stream 116 and therefore can be considered an input to the rate controller 108.
• the term "sub-stream” can include and/or contain a base layer Lj and several successive enhancement layers L of an encoded video stream 116.
• the video server 102 determines a target bitrate associated with the encoded video stream 116 based, at least partially, upon the downlink bandwidth B WD- According to some embodiments, the video server 102 imposes a limitation that the maximum target bitrate of any sub-stream of the encoded video stream 116 cannot exceed the uplink bandwidth BWu associated with the video server 102, and a limitation that the target bitrate of any sub-stream of the encoded video stream 116 cannot exceed the downlink bandwidth B WD associated with the client that consumes the sub-stream, for example, the client device 118. It should be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the bit usage feedback 120 can indicate an amount or number of bits that are not transmitted to a recipient of the encoded video stream 116. Thus, the bit usage feedback 120 can be analyzed to ascertain how much of the video data 112 encoded as the encoded video stream 116 is prevented, dropped, or lost during transmission or streaming at any particular time. Thus, the bit usage feedback 120 can be understood by the video server 102 to be an indicator of bandwidth or other aspects of the transmission medium used to stream the encoded video stream 116.
• the bit usage feedback 120 can include data indicating a number of feedback indicators FBI . . .FBN (hereinafter generically referred to as the “feedback indicators FB" and/or collectively referred to as the "bit usage feedback 120").
• the multiple feedback indicators FB can correspond, respectively, to the multiple layers L discussed above.
• the feedback parameter FBj can correspond to a bit usage feedback indicator associated with the base layer Lj of the encoded video stream 116. It should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the rate controller 108 can be configured to load the bit usage feedback
• bit usage feedback 120 into multiple leaky bucket buffers Bj ... BN (hereinafter generically referred to as a "buffer 2?” and/or collectively referred to as the "buffers 122").
• the rate controller 108 loads the bit usage feedback 120 into buffers Bj...B N , which can correspond, respectively, to the multiple layers L and/or the multiple feedback parameters FB.
• the rate controller 108 can be configured to obtain the bit usage feedback 120, load feedback parameters FB associated with the multiple layers L into the buffers 122, and determine, for each of the layers L, corresponding quantization parameters QPj...
• the rate controller 108 can be configured to output the quantization parameters 124 to the encoder 110, and the encoder 110 can use the quantization parameters 124 during encoding of the video data 112.
• the video server 102 can execute the rate controller 108 and the encoder 110 to control bitrates of each layer L of the encoded video stream 116, while taking dependencies between the layers L into account.
• bit usage rate information associated with a base layer Lj of the encoded video stream 116 can be identified in the bit usage feedback 120, and added to a corresponding buffer Bj.
• a video includes three layers L.
• the bit usage rate information such as the feedback indicator FBj associated with the base layer Lj can be added to the buffers Bj, B 2 , and B 3 .
• the video server 102 can consider the bitrate feedback indicator FBj associated with the base layer Lj and the first enhancement layer L 2 .
• bitrates for enhancement layers L can be dependent upon bitrates of the base layer Lj and lower enhancement layers L. It should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the video server 102 receives the video data
• the buffers 122 self-report or are monitored by the rate controller 108 or other modules, devices, or software to determine or obtain the bit usage feedback 120, as explained above.
• the bit usage feedback 120 can include multiple feedback indicators FB, which can correspond to the multiple buffers B included within the buffers 122.
• the rate controller 108 can be configured to analyze the bit usage feedback 120 and to generate quantization parameters 124 based upon the bit usage feedback 120.
• the quantization parameters 124 include respective quantization parameters QP I . . . QP N , which can be determined for each of the multiple layers L of the encoded video stream 116, and can take into account dependencies between the layers L as explained above with regard to the buffers B.
• embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can take bitrate usage information for each layer L of an encoded video stream 116 while taking into account dependencies between the layers L the encoded video stream 116 when applying rate control mechanisms, instead of, or in addition to, controlling a bitrate associated with a layer independently or controlling a bitrate associated with the entire output encoded video stream 116.
• FIGURE 1 illustrates one video server 102, one network 104, and one client device 118. It should be understood, however, that some implementations of the operating environment 100 include multiple video servers 102, multiple networks 104, and no or multiple client devices 118. Thus, the illustrated embodiments should be understood as being illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the logical operations described herein are implemented (1) as a sequence of computer implemented acts or program modules running on a computing system and/or (2) as interconnected machine logic circuits or circuit modules within the computing system.
• the implementation is a matter of choice dependent on the performance and other requirements of the computing system.
• the logical operations described herein are referred to variously as states, operations, structural devices, acts, or modules. These operations, structural devices, acts, and modules may be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic, and any combination thereof.
• the method 200 begins at operation 202, wherein the video server 102 receives video data such as the video data 112 described above with reference to FIGURE 1.
• the video data 112 can be stored at the video server 102 or can be stored at a remote data storage device such as the data storage 114.
• operation 202 can include retrieving the video data 112 from a local or remote data storage device.
• the method 200 can be repeated a number of times by the video server 102 during streaming of the encoded video stream 116.
• a first iteration of the method 200 may use default quantization parameters 124 to encode the video data 112, as the operations described herein with respect to FIGURE 3 may not yet have been performed by the video server 102.
• Subsequent iterations of the method 200 can rely upon the quantization parameters 124 determined in operation 204 and illustrated in more detail below with reference to FIGURE 3.
• the embodiment of the method 200 illustrated in FIGURE 2 may or may not correspond to a particular iteration of the method 200 during streaming of video content from the video server 102.
• the illustrated embodiment should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• embodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein can control a bitrate associated with each layer L of an encoded video stream 116. While providing the multi-layer rate control described herein, embodiments of the video server 102 can consider not only overall bitrates, but also bitrates of layers L, dependencies between the layers L. Thus, an enhancement layer L of an encoded video stream 116 may not be analyzed until a base layer L of the encoded video stream 116 is considered, thus enforcing dependencies between the enhancement layer L and the base layer L. It should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the method begins at operation 302, wherein the video server 102 selects a base layer Lj of the encoded video stream 116.
• the encoded video stream 116 can include multiple layers L, and the base layer Lj can correspond to a first layer of the encoded video stream 116.
• the base layer Lj can, but does not necessarily, include a majority of the video data 112 associated with the encoded video stream 116 and/or a disproportionate amount of the video data 112 that is greater than portions of the video data 112 included in other layers L of the encoded video stream 116.
• the video server 102 selects the base layer Lj as a starting point to determine the quantization parameters 124, though this is not necessarily the case.
• the illustrated embodiment should be understood as being illustrative of one contemplated embodiment and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the method 300 proceeds to operation 304, wherein the video server 102 obtains the bit usage feedback data 120 or other data indicating bit usage information associated with the selected layer L.
• the bit usage information can include a feedback parameter FBj associated with the base layer Lj.
• the bit usage information can include a feedback parameter FB N associated with a selected layer Ljy. It should be understood that these embodiments are illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the bit usage information can be included in the bit usage feedback 120.
• the bit usage feedback 120 is received by the rate controller 108 from the encoder 110.
• the rate controller 108 monitors the encoded video stream 116 or the buffers 122 to determine the bit usage feedback 120.
• the rate controller 108 receives the bit usage feedback 120 or other data for indicating bit usage from other devices or modules that are configured to monitor the encoded video stream 116 or the buffers 122.
• operation 304 can include obtaining the bit usage feedback 120, receiving the bit usage feedback 120, and/or receiving other information, as well as identifying bit usage information in the bit usage feedback 120 associated with a particular level L being analyzed by the video server 102.
• the video server 102 can add bit usage information from the layer L being analyzed to an associated buffer B and any higher buffers 122.
• the feedback information associated with the layer L2 can be added to a buffer B2 associated with the layer L2 and buffers B3. . .BN associated with any higher enhancement layers L3. . .LN.
• the video server 102 can omit the feedback information associated with the layer L2 from the buffer Bj associated with the base layer Lj.
• some embodiments of the video server 102 consider the dependency of layers upon lower layers and not upon higher layers. It should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative, and should not be construed as being limiting in any way.
• the method 300 proceeds to operation 308, wherein the video server 102 determines a quantization parameter 124 associated with the selected layer L.
• the video server 102 can determine the quantization parameter QPj for the base layer Lj in operation 308.
• the video server 102 can determine quantization parameters 124 for each analyzed layer L of the encoded video stream 116. It should be understood that the quantization parameters 124 can indicate how the encoder 110 is to encode each layer L of the encoded video stream 116 and can be based upon the various buffers B filled in operation 306 and bitrate usage feedback of the buffers B filled in operation 306.
• operation 308 can include examining the bit usage feedback of the buffers B associated with the analyzed layer L as well as any higher layers L.
• the quantization parameters 124 determined by the video server 102 can be based upon the dependencies discussed above with regard to the layers L.
• the encoder 110 can modify encoding of the video data 112 according to the quantization parameters 124.
• the methods 200 and 300 can be executed by the video server 102 to provide multi-layer rate control. From operation 314, the method 300 proceeds to operation 316. The method 300 ends at operation 316.
• the computer architecture 400 illustrated in FIGURE 4 includes a central processing unit 402 ("CPU"), a system memory 404, including a random access memory 406 (“RAM”) and a read-only memory (“ROM”) 408, and a system bus 410 that couples the memory 404 to the CPU 402.
• the computer architecture 400 further includes a mass storage device 412 for storing the operating system 106, the rate controller 108, the encoder 110, and the buffers 122.
• the mass storage device 412 also can be configured to store the video data 112, data corresponding to the encoded video stream 116, the optimization parameters 124, and/or other data, if desired.
• the computer architecture 400 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to remote computers through a network such as the network 104.
• the computer architecture 400 may connect to the network 104 through a network interface unit 414 connected to the bus 410. It should be appreciated that the network interface unit 414 also may be utilized to connect to other types of networks and remote computer systems, for example, the client device 118.
• the computer architecture 400 also may include an input/output controller 416 for receiving and processing input from a number of other devices, including a keyboard, mouse, or electronic stylus (not shown in FIGURE 4). Similarly, the input/output controller 416 may provide output to a display screen, a printer, or other type of output device (also not shown in FIGURE 4).
• Encoding the software modules presented herein also may transform the physical structure of the computer-readable media presented herein.
• the specific transformation of physical structure may depend on various factors, in different implementations of this description. Examples of such factors may include, but are not limited to, the technology used to implement the computer-readable media, whether the computer-readable media is characterized as primary or secondary storage, and the like.
• the computer-readable media is implemented as semiconductor- based memory
• the software disclosed herein may be encoded on the computer-readable media by transforming the physical state of the semiconductor memory.
• the software may transform the state of transistors, capacitors, or other discrete circuit elements constituting the semiconductor memory.
• the software also may transform the physical state of such components in order to store data thereupon.
• the computer-readable media disclosed herein may be implemented using magnetic or optical technology.
• the software presented herein may transform the physical state of magnetic or optical media, when the software is encoded therein. These transformations may include altering the magnetic characteristics of particular locations within given magnetic media. These transformations also may include altering the physical features or characteristics of particular locations within given optical media, to change the optical characteristics of those locations. Other transformations of physical media are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present description, with the foregoing examples provided only to facilitate this discussion.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Multimedia (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
• Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=48945528

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (6)

Families Citing this family (6)

Citations (5)

Family Cites Families (30)

• 2012
  • 2012-02-14 US US13/372,512 patent/US20130208809A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2013
  • 2013-02-05 KR KR1020147022689A patent/KR20140124415A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-02-05 JP JP2014556597A patent/JP2015510355A/ja active Pending
  • 2013-02-05 EP EP13749904.2A patent/EP2798848A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-02-05 CN CN201380009421.4A patent/CN104106265A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-02-05 WO PCT/US2013/024686 patent/WO2013122768A1/en not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (5)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events