WO2013117234A1 - Composition maternelle visant à renforcer le système immunitaire - Google Patents

Composition maternelle visant à renforcer le système immunitaire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013117234A1
WO2013117234A1 PCT/EP2012/052297 EP2012052297W WO2013117234A1 WO 2013117234 A1 WO2013117234 A1 WO 2013117234A1 EP 2012052297 W EP2012052297 W EP 2012052297W WO 2013117234 A1 WO2013117234 A1 WO 2013117234A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
oligosaccharide
composition
acidic
immune system
mammalian subject
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PCT/EP2012/052297
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English (en)
Inventor
Astrid Hogenkamp
Elisabeth Catharina Adriana Maria Van Esch
Leon Matthieu Johannes Knippels
Original Assignee
N.V. Nutricia
Garssen, Johan
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Application filed by N.V. Nutricia, Garssen, Johan filed Critical N.V. Nutricia
Priority to PCT/EP2012/052297 priority Critical patent/WO2013117234A1/fr
Publication of WO2013117234A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013117234A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/20—Milk; Whey; Colostrum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A61K31/733—Fructosans, e.g. inulin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/01—Hydrolysed proteins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/012—Hydrolysed proteins; Derivatives thereof from animals
    • A61K38/018—Hydrolysed proteins; Derivatives thereof from animals from milk

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a maternal composition administered to the mother of a mammalian subject for enhancing the immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery made by the inventors that maternal supplementation with a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide has a beneficial programming effect on the immune response of offspring.
  • the present invention relates to a maternal composition with a non-digestible acidic- oligosaccharide for enhancing the immune system in an infant.
  • the term "maternal composition” is intended to cover compositions for pregnant women and/or for lactating women (e.g. women who are breast-feeding their infant).
  • This maternal composition can be advantageously used for the enhancement of the immune system in the infant wherein the composition is administered to the mother of the infant during pregnancy and/or lactation and the advantageous effect in the infant can be observed later in life, e.g. during childhood and/or adolescence.
  • the enhancement of the immune system may include an improvement (e.g. a decrease) in an allergic reaction.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide for use in enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject wherein the composition is for administration to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a use of a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide in the preparation of a composition for enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject, wherein the composition is for administration to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject, the method comprising providing or administering a composition comprising a non- digestible acidic-oligosaccharide to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of providing or administering a composition comprising a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide to a female pregnant with a mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding a mammalian subject, wherein the composition enhances an immune system and/or prevents an immune system related disorder in the mammalian subject.
  • suitable embodiments of the present invention provide for a use of a composition comprising a non-digestible acidic- oligosaccharide for preventing an allergic reaction in the mammalian subject
  • the immune- related benefits such as prevention of an allergic reaction may include long-term benefits such as prevention of an allergic reaction later in life when the offspring has been born or the infant is no longer breast-fed.
  • Figure 1 is a bar graph showing the change in ear thickness of mice after ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in an acute allergic skin response test as described in Example 1.
  • Mice were challenged with 20 g/20 l OVA intradermally and the ear swelling as a result of the acute allergic skin response was measured after one hour.
  • the numbers across the x-axis represent the group of mice (as set out in Table 1 ) based on the treatment and diet of the mother, and the values along the y-axis represent the change ( ⁇ ) in ear thickness measured in the offspring ( * P ⁇ 0.05, ** PO.01 , **** P ⁇ 0.00001 ).
  • Figure 2 is a bar graph showing the shock score observed in mice after OVA challenge in an acute allergic skin response test as described in Example 1.
  • mice were challenged with 20 ⁇ 9 20 ⁇ OVA intradermally and shock score was assessed 30 minutes after challenge.
  • Figure 3 is a bar graph representing average temperature of mice after OVA challenge in an acute allergic skin response test as described in Example 1.
  • Mice were challenged with 20 ⁇ 9 20 ⁇ OVA intradermally and temperature was taken 30 minutes after challenge.
  • the numbers across the x-axis represent the group of mice (as set out in Table 1 ) based on the treatment and diet of the mother, and the values along the y-axis represent the temperature of the mice 30 minutes after challenge.
  • * PO.05, ** ⁇ .0 , *** PO.001 significantly different from the mice in group 1 of Table 1 (i.e. control)).
  • Figure 4 contains three bar graphs showing the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (IgE, lgG1 , lgG2a) in mice after an acute allergic skin response test as described in Example 1 .
  • OVA-specific Ig-levels were measured by ELISA.
  • the numbers across the x-axis represent the group of mice (as set out in Table 1 ) based on the treatment and diet of the mother, and the values along the y-axis represent levels of IgE ( Figure 4A), lgG1 ( Figure 4B), and lgG2a ( Figure 4C).
  • breast-feeding is herein defined to be nursing or providing of breast-milk to an offspring.
  • degree of methoxylation (also referred to as DE or “degree of esterification”) is intended to mean the extent to which free carboxylic acid groups been esterified (e.g. by methylation).
  • degree of methoxylation or “DE” or “degree of esterification” refers to the extent to which free carboxylic acid groups contained in the polygalacturonic acid chain have been esterified (e.g. by methylation).
  • enhancing the immune system of a mammalian subject is generally defined as providing or causing a beneficial improvement in the immune system of the mammalian subject, including but not limited to strengthening, improving, and/or stimulating the immune system of the mammalian subject.
  • the strengthening, improvement, and/or stimulation may be with respect to a control group, which may be with respect to a mammalian subject whose mother did not ingest the non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide or composition comprising the non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide described herein during pregnancy and/or lactation.
  • the enhancement of an immune system refers to preventing, protecting against, and/or decreasing an unwanted immune response.
  • Immune responses may be measured by any number of standard tests known in the art, including tests performed in vitro on a sample collected from a mammalian subject.
  • Enhanced immune response may also be indicated by a change (increase or decrease) of physical manifestations such as fever and inflammation, as well as healing of systemic and local infections, reduction in symptoms in disease and the like.
  • an illustrative example of an enhanced immune system includes an improved allergic response in the mammalian subject. Accordingly, in some specific embodiments, the present invention aims to improve the allergic response in the mammalian subject or a related disease including but not limited to atopic dermatitis, asthma, occupational asthma, food allergy (including cow's milk allergy and others), allergic rhinitis (e.g. pollen allergy), dust mite allergy and other forms of hypersensitivity like systemic anaphylaxis and acute urticaria.
  • the phrase "immune system related disorder” as used herein refers to unwanted, undesirable and/or excessive immune system reactions, including unwanted, undesirable and/or excessive allergic reactions, autoimmune conditions, and the like. These reactions may be caused in part or in total by over stimulation of the immune system that may lead to excessive inflammation and/or destruction of normal cells and/or tissues. Immune system related disorder(s) may be damaging, uncomfortable, and/or occasionally fatal.
  • lactating refers to both the act of secreting milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a female breast-feeds its offspring.
  • breast-feeding In human beings, the terms “breast-feeding”, “nursing” and “lactating” may be interchangeably used.
  • non-digestible refers to saccharides and/or oligosaccharides which are not digested in the intestine by the action of acids or digestive enzymes present in the human upper digestive tract (small intestine and stomach), but which are fermented by the human intestinal flora.
  • preventing an immune system related disorder is herein defined to be a prophylactic treatment of a mammalian subject in need thereof, including but not limited to preventing, relieving, altering, reversing, affecting, inhibiting the development or progression of, ameliorating, or curing (1 ) an immune system related disorder, or (2) a symptom of an immune system related disorder, or (3) a predisposition toward an immune system related disorder, including conferring protective immunity on the mammalian subject.
  • soluble as used herein with reference to an non-digestible oligosaccharide means that the substance is soluble according to the method described by L. Prosky et al, 1988.
  • mammalian subject is herein defined as a mammalian individual, suitably a human.
  • the subject may be a non-human.
  • the subject may be an animal suitable for use in an animal model, e.g., a pig, horse, mouse, rat, cow, dog, cat, cattle, non-human primate (e.g. chimpanzee) and the like.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting substantially of a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide for use in enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject wherein the composition is for administration to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a use of a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide in the preparation of a composition for enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject, wherein the composition is for administration to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of enhancing an immune system and/or preventing an immune system related disorder in a mammalian subject, the method comprising administering a composition comprising an acidic- oligosaccharide to a female pregnant with the mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding the mammalian subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of providing or administering a composition comprising a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide to a female pregnant with a mammalian subject and/or a female who is breast-feeding a mammalian subject, wherein the composition enhances an immune system and/or prevents an immune system related disorder in the mammalian subject.
  • the composition may further comprise a galacto- oligosaccharide and/or a fructo-oligosaccharide.
  • the galacto-oligosaccharide is a shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide and/or the fructo-oligosaccharide is a longchain-fructo- oligosaccharide.
  • a mammalian subject whose mother receives the non- digestible acidic-oligosaccharideduring pregnancy and/or lactation e.g. while breastfeeding the mammalian subject
  • may have a significantly reduced allergic response e.g.
  • the mammalian subject is a human.
  • compositions described herein comprise a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • acidic-oligosaccharide refers to an oligosaccharide comprising at least one acidic group selected from the group consisting of N-acetylneuraminic acid, N- glycoloyneuraminic acid, free or esterified carboxylic acid, sulphuric acid group, and phosphoric acid group.
  • the acidic-oligosacrissa is suitably a polyhexose. In some embodiments, at least one of the aforementioned groups is situated at the terminal hexose unit of the acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide has the following structure:
  • the acidic- oligosaccharide may contain a carboxylic acid at the terminal hexose unit, wherein said carboxylic acid group may be free or esterified.
  • the hexose units other than the terminal hexose unit(s) are suitably uronic acid units, more suitably galaturonic acid units.
  • the carboxylic acid groups on these units may be free or (partly) esterified, and suitably at least 10% is methylated (see below).
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide used in the present invention comprises the polymeric acidic-oligosaccharide shown in the structure above, wherein:
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hyroxy or acid group, most suitably hydroxy; and at least one selected from the group consisting of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents N- acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, free or esterified carboxylic acid, sulphuric acid group and phosphoric acid group, and the remaining of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represent hydroxy and/or hydrogen.
  • one of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents free or esterified carboxylic acid, and the remaining of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents hydroxy and/or hydrogen; and n is an integer and refers to a number of hexose units (see also Degree of Polymerisation below), which may be any hexose unit. Suitably n is an integer between 1 -5000.
  • the hexose unit(s) is/are a uronic acid unit.
  • R-i , R 2 , and R 3 represent hydroxy
  • R4 represents hydrogen
  • R 5 represents carboxylic acid
  • n is any number between 1 and 250, suitably between 1 and 10
  • the hexose unit is galacturonic acid.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide has 1 or 2 terminal uronic acid units, which may be free or esterified.
  • the terminal uronic acid unit may be selected from the group consisting of galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, guluronic acid, iduronic acid, mannuronic acid, riburonic acid, and alturonic acid. These units may be free or esterified.
  • the terminal hexose unit has a double bond, which may be situated between the C 4 and C 5 position of the terminal hexose unit.
  • one of the terminal hexose units comprises the double bond.
  • the terminal e.g. uronic acid
  • the terminal suitably has a structure as follows:
  • R may be selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy or acid group, suitably hydroxy (see above); and at least one selected from the group consisting of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents N- acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, free or esterified carboxylic acid, sulphuric acid group and phosphoric acid group, and the remaining of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represent hydroxy and/or hydrogen.
  • one of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents free or esterified carboxylic acid, and the remaining of R 2 , R 3 , R4 and R 5 represents hydroxy and/or hydrogen; and n is an integer and refers to a number of hexose units (see also Degree of Polymerisation below), which may be any hexose unit. Suitably n is an integer between 1 -5000.
  • the hexose unit(s) is/are a uronic acid unit, suitably galacturonic acid units.
  • the carboxylic acid groups on these units may be free or (partly) esterified, and may be at least partly methylated.
  • R 2 , and R 3 represent hydroxy, R 4 represents hydrogen, R 5 represents free or esterified carboxylic acid.
  • compositions described herein may comprise more than one acidic-oligosaccharide, where each acidic-oligosaccharide has a different DP.
  • the compositions comprise an acidic-oligosaccharide comprising an unsaturated terminal hexose unit and an acidic-oligosaccharide comprising a saturated terminal hexose unit.
  • at least 5%, more suitably at least 10%, even more suitably at least 25% of the terminal hexose units of the acidic-oligosaccharides comprise unsaturated hexose units.
  • each individual acidic-oligosaccharide suitably comprises only one unsaturated terminal hexose unit, suitably no more than 50% of the terminal hexose units is an unsaturated hexose unit (i.e. comprises a double bond).
  • the compositions described herein comprise more than one acidic-oligosaccharide, comprising between 2 and 50% unsaturated hexose units based on the total amount of hexose units, suitably between 10 and 40%.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide as used in the compositions described herein may have a DP between 1 and 5000, between 1 and 1000, between 2 and 250, between 2 and 50 or between 2 and 10. If a mixture of acidic-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerisation is used, the average DP of the acidic-oligosaccharide mixture may be between 2 and 1000, between 3 and 250 or between 3 and 50. A lower DP of the oligosaccharides may improve the palatability and results in a reduced viscosity product if the acidic-oligosaccharide is administered in liquid form.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide may comprise a homogeneous or a heterogeneous carbohydrate.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharides as used in the compositions described herein may be prepared from pectin, pectate, alginate, chondroitin, hyaluronic acids, heparin, heparan, bacterial carbohydrates, polygalacturonic acid and/or sialoglycans.
  • the acidic- oligosaccharide may be a pectin degradation product and/or alginate degradation product.
  • Methods for the manufacture of esterified pectin hydrolysates that can be suitably used to prepare an acidic-oligosaccharide for use in the present invention are provided in WO 2001/60378 and/or WO 2002/42484, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the detection, measurement and analyses of an acidic-oligosaccharide suitable for use in the present invention are provided in WO 2001/60378, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Alginates are linear unbranched polymers containing ⁇ -(1 - 4)-linked D-mannuronic acid and a-(1 - 4)-linked L-guluronic acid residues with a wide range of average molecular weights (100 - 100000 residues).
  • Suitable sources of alginate include seaweeds and bacterial alginates.
  • Pectin may be divided into two main categories: high methoxylated pectin, which is characterised by a degree of methoxylation above 50% and low methoxylated pectin having a degree of methoxylation below 50%.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide described herein may be prepared from high methoxylated pectin or hydrolysed pectin.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharides used in the compositions of the present invention may be characterised by a degree of methoxylation above 20%, more suitably above 50%, even more suitably above 70%.
  • the pectin degradation product may a pectin hydrolysate and or hydrolysed pectin (prepared by hydrolysis) and/or pectin lysate (prepared by beta-elimination).
  • the pectin degradation product may be prepared from fruit or vegetable, for example, from apple pectin, citrus pectin, sugar beet pectin, and the like.
  • the pectin degradation product may be prepared by lyases and/or variations of the temperature and/or pressure.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide may be a prebiotic oligosaccharide. These non-digestible oligosaccharides may beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species in the colon.
  • the non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide may be soluble. Soluble oligosaccharides allow for ease of use and easy absorption into the body of the female.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide may be administered in an amount of between 10 mg and 100 gram per day, between 100 mg and 50 grams per day or between 0.5 and 20 gram per day.
  • the acidic-oligosaccharide may be included in the compositions described herein in an amount exceeding 0.1 wt.%, exceeding 0.2 wt.%, exceeding 0.5 wt.% or exceeding 1 wt.% based on the total dry weight of the composition.
  • the compositions described herein suitably have an oligosaccharide content below 20 wt.%, more suitably below 10 wt.%, most suitably below 5 wt.%.
  • compositions described herein may comprise a further non-digestible oligosaccharide in addition to the non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide, including a non-digestible neutral- oligosaccharide.
  • the non-digestible neutral-oligosaccharide comprises a galacto- oligosaccharide and/or a fructo-oligosaccharide.
  • the further non-digestible neutral-oligosaccharide may be a prebiotic oligosaccharide. These non-digestible oligosaccharides may beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterial species in the colon. Suitably, the further non-digestible oligosaccharide may be soluble. Soluble oligosaccharides allow for ease of use and easy absorption into the body of the female.
  • the further non-digestible oligosaccharide may be selected from a non-limiting group consisting of galacto-oligosaccharides (including but not limited to shortchain and longchain galacto-oligosaccharides), non-digestible dextrins (e.g.
  • non-digestible polydextrins non-digestible polydextrins
  • xylo- oligosaccharides arabino-oligosaccharides
  • gluco-oligosaccharides including but not limited to geritiooligosaccharides and cyclodextrins
  • chito-oligosaccharides fuco- oligosaccarides
  • manno-oligosaccharides isomalto-oligosaccharides
  • glucomanno- oligosaccharides galactomanno-oligosaccharides
  • arabinogalacto-olgosaccharides fructo- oligosaccharides (including but not limited to longchain-fructo-oligosaccharides and shortchain-fructo-oligosaccharides), and the like.
  • the compositions described herein comprise, consists substantially of, consists of a shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, a longchain-fructo- oligosaccharide and an acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • the phrase "consists substantially of means that the composition includes the shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, the longchain- fructo-oligosaccharide and the acidic-oligosaccharide amino acid, and may also include one or more other elements, provided those elements do not interfere with or contributes to the activity or action of the shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, the longchain-fructo- oligosaccharide and the acidic-oligosaccharide amino acid .
  • the shortchain-galacto- oligosaccharide, the longchain-fructo-oligosaccharide and the acidic-oligosaccharide amino acid are mandatory elements, and other elements are optional and may or may not be present.
  • the phrase "consists of indicates that the shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, the longchain-fructo-oligosaccharide and the acidic- oligosaccharide amino acid are mandatory elements, and that no other elements (such as other oligosacchairdes) may be present.
  • Galacto-oligosaccharide may be a non-digestible oligosaccharide, where at least 30% of the saccharide units are galactose units, suitably at least 50%, more suitably at least 60%.
  • the galacto-oligosaccharide may have a DP of 2 to 100 or a DP of 2 to 10.
  • the saccharides of the galacto-oligosaccharide may be ⁇ -linked , as is the case in human milk oligosaccharide-core structures.
  • the galacto-oligosaccharide may be selected from a non-limiting group consisting of transgalacto-oligosaccharides, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (neo- LNT).
  • the galacto-oligosaccharide may comprise transgalacto-oligosaccharide ([galactose]n-glucose; wherein n may be an integer between 1 and 60, i.e.
  • Transgalacto- oligosaccharides are for example sold under the trademark VivinalTM (Borculo Domo Ingredients, Netherlands). The saccharides of the galacto-oligosaccharides may be ⁇ -linked.
  • Fructo-oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate comprising a chain of at least 3 ⁇ -linked fructose units, with a DP between of 2 to 250, suitably between 7 to 100, more suitably between 20 to 60.
  • inulin may be used. Inulin is available under the tradename Raftilin HP®, (Orafti).
  • the average DP of the fructo-oligosaccharide may be at least 7, at least 10 or below 100.
  • the inulin used may have the fructose units linked with a ⁇ (2- 1 ) linkage.
  • Fructo-oligosaccharides may include non-limiting compounds such as inulin, fructopolysaccharide, polyfructose, fructans, oligofructose and the like.
  • the fructo- oligosaccharides may have a DP of 2 to 100.
  • Non-digestible polydextrins may refer to digestion-resistant (malto)dextrins or digestion- resistant polydextrose which may have a DP of 10 to 50, suitably between 10 and 20.
  • the non-digestible polydextrins may comprise a(1 - 4), a(1 - 6) glucosidic bonds and 1 - 2 and 1 - 3 linkages.
  • Non-digestible polydextrins may for example be available under the tradename Fibersol 2® from Matsutami Industries or Litesse® from Danisco.
  • the further non-digestible oligosaccharides may comprise at least one oligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 250. More suitably a DP of 2 to 100, even more suitably a DP 2 to 60, or a DP of 2 to 10.
  • DP degree of polymerization
  • compositions described herein may comprise further non-digestible oligosaccharides, wherein the further non-digestible oligosaccharides are shortchain- galacto-oligosaccharides and longchain-fructo-oligosaccharides only.
  • the weight ratio of shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharides and longchain-fructo-oligosaccharides may be about (20 to 2):1 , for example, 20:1 , 19:1 , 18:1 , 17:1 , 16:1 , 15:1 , 14:1 , 13: 1 , 12:1 , 1 1 : 1 , 10:1 , 9:1 , 8:1 , 7:1 , 6:1 , 5:1 , 4: 1 , 3:1 and 2:1.
  • compositions described herein may comprise, consist essentially of, consist of, or consist only of a shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, a longchain-fructo-oligosaccharide and an acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • the weight ratio of the shortchain-galacto-oligosaccharide, the longchain-fructo-oligosaccharide and the acidic-oligosaccharide may be about (20 to 2):1:(1 to 3), for example, 20:1:1, 19:1:1, 18:1:1, 17:1:1, 16:1:1, 15:1:1, 14:1:1, 13:1:1, 12:1:1, 11:1:1, 10:1:1, 9:1:1, 8:1:1, 7:1:1, 6:1:1, 5:1:1, 4:1:1, 3:1:1, 2:1:1, 20:1:2, 19:1:2, 18:1:2, 17:1:2, 16:1:2, 15:1:2, 14:1:2, 13:1:2, 12:1:2, 11:1:2, 10:1:2, 9:1:2, 8:1:2, 7:1:2, 6:1:2, 5:1:2, 4:1:2, 3:1:2, 2:1:2, 20:1:2, 19:1:2, 18:1:2,
  • compositions described herein may be formulated to provide 0.1 to 500 grams of the further non-digestible oligosaccharides (e.g. per day), suitably between 0.5 to 100 grams of the further non-digestible oligosaccharides (e.g. per day).
  • the compositions may be formulated to provide this daily dose in one portion per day, or this daily dose may be divided over 2 or 3 or 4 portions, which are intended to be consumed 2, 3 or 4 times per day.
  • the further non-digestible oligosaccharide may be included in the compositions described herein in an amount exceeding 0.1 wt.%, exceeding 0.2 wt.%, exceeding 0.5 wt.% or exceeding 1 wt.% based on the total dry weight of the composition.
  • the compositions may have a further non-digestible oligosaccharide content below 30 wt.%, suitably below 20 wt.% or more suitably 10 wt.%.
  • the further non-digestible oligosaccharide may be included in the composition in the range of between 0.1 wt% to 30 wt%, between 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%, or between 0.1 to 10 wt%.
  • compositions described herein may be suitable for providing part or the full daily nutritional requirements to a pregnant or lactating female.
  • the composition may be used for feeding a pregnant and/or lactating female, and may be a nutritional composition.
  • the composition may therefore be formulated for enteral administration, including by oral administration.
  • the composition is suitably not human breast milk.
  • compositions described herein may comprise a lipid component, a protein component, and a digestible carbohydrate component.
  • the lipid component used in the compositions described herein may comprise omega-3 (referred to as ⁇ -3, n3 or n-3) fatty acids.
  • the lipid component may comprise omega-6 (referred to as ⁇ -6, n6 or n-6) fatty acids.
  • Nutritionally important omega-3 fatty acids include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3).
  • Nutritionally important omega-6 fatty acids include linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n6).
  • Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (PUFAs) as they cannot be synthesised in the human body, they must be sourced from the diet. They form the starting point for the creation of longer and more unsaturated fatty acids, which are also referred to as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) comprising at least 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain and with 2 or more unsaturated bonds.
  • PUFAs polyunsaturated essential fatty acids
  • the omega-3 ALA can be converted into EPA (20:5n3) which can be further converted into DPA (docosapentanenoic acid, 22:5n3), and further into DHA 30 (22:6n3).
  • the omega-6 LA can be converted into arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n6, an omega-6 fatty acid).
  • the lipid component may comprise PUFAs and/or LC-PUFAs as free fatty free fatty acids, in triglyceride form, in diglyceride form, in monoglyceride form, in phospholipid form, or as a mixture of one of more of the above.
  • the lipid component comprises at least one, suitably at least two lipid sources selected from the group consisting of linseed oil (flaxseed oil), rape seed oil (including colza oil, low erucic acid rape seed oil and canola oil), salvia oil, perilla oil, purslane oil, lingonberry oil, sea buckthorn oil, hemp oil, high oleic sunflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, olive oil, marine oils, microbial oils, black currant seed oil, echium oil, butter fat, butter oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
  • linseed oil flaxseed oil
  • rape seed oil including colza oil, low erucic acid rape seed oil and canola oil
  • salvia oil perilla oil
  • purslane oil lingonberry oil
  • sea buckthorn oil hemp oil
  • high oleic sunflower oil high oleic safflower oil
  • olive oil marine oils
  • microbial oils black cur
  • the protein component used in the compositions described herein may be selected from the group consisting of intact proteins including those sourced from animals (e.g. milk proteins) and vegetables (e.g. soy protein, pea protein and/or rice protein), hydrolysates of these proteins, peptides, free amino acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • animals e.g. milk proteins
  • vegetables e.g. soy protein, pea protein and/or rice protein
  • hydrolysates of these proteins peptides, free amino acids, and mixtures thereof.
  • the protein component may comprise casein, whey, hydrolysed casein and/or hydrolyzed whey protein.
  • the protein component may comprise sweet whey with a reduced concentration of glycomacropeptide and/or acid whey.
  • the protein component comprises protein derived from ⁇ -casein and/or a-lactalbumin.
  • the protein component comprises casein and whey proteins in a weight ratio casein:whey of 10:90 to 90: 10, more suitably 20:80 to 80:20.
  • the digestible carbohydrate component used in the compositions described herein may suitably comprise lactose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose, starch or maltodextrin. Lactose is the main digestible carbohydrate present in human milk.
  • the nutritional composition suitably comprises lactose.
  • compositions described herein may further comprise components such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements and other micronutrients suitable for administration to a pregnant and/or lactating female.
  • supplements comprising vitamins and minerals are ingested by pregnant or lactating female for their or their infant's benefit.
  • inclusion of these vitamins and minerals in these compositions conveniently reduces the number of compositions (e.g. supplements) to be taken by pregnant and/or lactating female.
  • the composition therefore comprises at least one vitamin or mineral component, more suitably at least three vitamin an/or mineral components, even more suitably at least six vitamin and/or mineral components selected from the group consisting of folic acid, vitamin B1 , vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and iodine.
  • these components are present in a dosage that provides 25 to 100% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA), even more suitably between 45% and 100% RDA.
  • the vitamin A may be supplied as ⁇ -carotene.
  • the compositions described herein comprise a non-digestible oligosaccharide component which includes the non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide, and the composition further comprises a lipid component, a protein component and a digestible carbohydrate component, wherein the non-digestible oligosaccharide component provides 0 to 10% of the total calories, the lipid component provides 10 to 70% of the total calories, the protein component provides to 10 to 70% of the total calories and the digestible carbohydrate component provides 30 to 60% of the total calories.
  • the composition comprises a non-digestible oligosaccharide component comprising a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide, wherein the non-digestible oligosaccharide component provides 0 to 5% of the total calories, and wherein the composition further comprises a lipid component providing 20 to 60% of the total calories, a protein component provides 10 to 50% of the total calories and a digestible carbohydrate component provides 30 to 70% of the total calories.
  • the amount of total calories may be determined by the sum of calories derived from non-digestible oligosaccharides, protein, lipids and digestible carbohydrates.
  • the non-digestible oligosaccharide component may provide 1 to 4%, suitably 2 to 4% of the total calories
  • the lipid component may provide 20 to 45%, suitably 30 to 40% of the total calories
  • the protein component may provide 15 to 45%, suitably 20 to 35% of the total calories
  • the digestible carbohydrate component may provide 40 to 60%, suitably 45 to 55% of the total calories.
  • the composition may comprise 50 to 200 kcal/100 ml liquid, more suitably 60 to 90 kcal/100 ml liquid, even more suitably 60 to 75 kcal/100 ml liquid.
  • the caloric density can be formulated to ensure an optimal ratio between water and calorie consumption.
  • the osmolarity of the present composition is suitably between 150 and 420 mOsmol/l, more suitably 260 to 320 mOsmol/l.
  • a low osmolarity can be employed with the aim of reducing the gastrointestinal stress.
  • the composition may be in the form of a liquid (including a milk-based liquid), a powder, a bar, a capsule, or a tablet.
  • the composition is in a liquid form.
  • the liquid composition has a viscosity below 35 mPa.s, even more suitably below 6 mPa.s as measured in a Brookfield viscometer at 20°C at a shear rate of 100 s '
  • the composition may be formulated for administration on a daily basis in the range of about 80 to about 2500 ml, more suitably about 200 to about 20 1200 ml per day.
  • the number of feedings per day is between 1 and 10, more suitably between 3 and 8.
  • the composition may be a powder suitable for making a liquid composition after reconstitution with an aqueous solution, such as water.
  • the composition may a powder to be reconstituted with water.
  • the powder may be packed in a sachet comprising 1 to 10 g, more suitably 1 .5 to 7 g, most suitably 2 to 5 g.
  • the nutritional composition may be a milk-based liquid wherein the lipid component comprises less than 2 g/l in order to keep the amount of calories to be consumed low.
  • the milk-based liquid may be packed into a bottle or tetrapack with a volume of 50 to 1000 ml, suitably 60 to 500 ml, more suitably 75 to 125 ml.
  • the composition may be a bar, for example a solid, chewable composition with a water activity below 0.8, suitably below 0.65.
  • the composition may be provided as a packaged powder or packaged ready-to-feed formula.
  • packaging size of ready-to-feed formula suitably does not exceed one serving, e.g. does not exceed 500 ml; and packaging size of the composition may be in powder form and does not exceed 250 servings.
  • Suitable packaging sizes for the powder are 2000 grams or less, more suitably per 1000 grams or less.
  • the composition may be formulated for administration on a regular basis (e.g. daily) for a period of at least 4 weeks, more suitably for a period of at least 8 weeks, most suitably for a period of at least 12 weeks, wherein the total volume administered daily may be between 200 ml and 1200 ml when the composition is in liquid form, and wherein the number of administrations per day may be between 1 and 10.
  • a regular basis e.g. daily
  • the total volume administered daily may be between 200 ml and 1200 ml when the composition is in liquid form
  • the number of administrations per day may be between 1 and 10.
  • the composition is for administration to a female who is breastfeeding her infant.
  • the composition is formulated for administration in the first 4 weeks post-pa rtum (i.e. in the first 4 weeks of life of the infant), in the first 8 weeks post- partum, in the first 12 weeks post-partum, in the first 16 weeks post-partum, in the first 20 weeks post-partum, in the first 24 weeks postpartum, or any period in between.
  • the composition may be formulated for administration to the female in the weeks from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36 weeks post-partum (or any integer in between) to weeks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36 post-partum (or any integer in between).
  • the composition is formulated for administration to the female wherein the mammalian subject is of an agent has an age below 36 months, below 24 months, below 12 months, below 6 months, or any period in between.
  • the female may exclusively breast-feed her infant or may breast-feed her infant and also feed her infant with infant formula, as it is recognized that there may be medical or personal reasons for a female to choose to feed her infant using a combination of her breast-milk and infant formula.
  • the composition may be formulated for administration to a pregnant female.
  • the composition is formulated for administration in the first trimester of pregnancy, in the second trimester of pregnancy, in the third trimester of pregnancy, or a combination thereof.
  • the composition is formulated to be suitable for administration to a female both during pregnancy and after pregnancy while the female is breast-feeding her infant.
  • the present invention also contemplates packages comprising the compositions described herein along with a text (e.g. label) stating that upon consumption of the composition a pregnant and/or lactating female will give her child an enhanced immune system, suitably including an enhanced immune system later in life, as further described herein.
  • a text e.g. label
  • the label may contain wording such as “stimulates maturation of the immune system”, “reduces allergic reaction”, “less stress”, “reduced sensitivity” or similar wording.
  • the present composition may be advantageously used to enhance an immune system, including an improved allergic response.
  • the enhanced immune system comprises an improved allergic response in the mammalian subject.
  • the immune system related disorder is a disorder or disease related to an allergic response including but not limited to atopic dermatitis, asthma, occupational asthma, food allergy (including hen's egg allergy, cow's milk allergy and others), allergic rhinitis (e.g. pollen allergy), dust mite allergy and other forms of hypersensitivity like systemic anaphylaxis and acute urticaria.
  • compositions described herein can be used to enhance an immune response and/or prevent an immune system related disorder in the mammalian subject, wherein at least one of the parents of the mammalian subject has an immune system related disorder.
  • the female suffers from an immune system related disorder, or suffered from an immune system related disorder earlier in her life (e.g. during infancy or childhood).
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that administration of a composition comprising a non-digestible acidic-oligosaccharide as described herein to a female pregnant with an infant and/or breast-feeding an infant has a long-term impact on the development and enhancement of the immune system in the infant.
  • the inventors have recognised this unexpected long-term effect on the immune response.
  • the present invention aims to enhance the immune system (or immune response) and/or prevent an immune system related disorder of a mammalian subject (e.g. a human infant), where such enhancement or prevention effect occurs in the mammalian subject at a time when the composition is no longer administered to the mother of the mammalian subject (e.g.
  • the mammalian subject has been born or is no longer breast-feeding, for example a human infant who has weaned or is an adolescent), suitably exceeding the age by at least one year, suitably by 2 years, suitably by 3 years, more suitably by 5 years, most suitably by 8 years.
  • compositions described herein may enhance the immune response and/or prevent an immune system related disorder later in life in the mammalian subject (e.g. human subject).
  • mammalian subject e.g. human subject
  • later in life is meant an age exceeding the age at which the mammalian subject is breast-fed, suitably exceeding the age by at least 12 months, more suitably by 24 months, by 36 months, by 5 years, most suitably by 8 years.
  • Example 1 Maternal supplementation with non-digestible oligosaccharides
  • Ovalbumin (Grade V) was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, USA). Cholera toxin was purchased from Quadratech Diagnostics. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was obtained from BioWhittaker (Verviers, Belgium). Animals 3 week old female C3H/HeOuJ mice were obtained from Charles River (France) and housed at constant temperature (20°C) and humidity (40-60%) at a 12: 12 hour light/dark cycle in the animal facility of Utrecht University. Animal care and use were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Dutch Committee of Animal Experiments and the local university ethical committee.
  • mice Female mice were sensitised intragastric (i.g.) once a week for five weeks with hen's egg ovalbumin (OVA) (20 ⁇ g/500 ⁇ l PBS) using cholera toxin (CT) (10 ⁇ g/500 ⁇ l PBS) as adjuvant.
  • OVA hen's egg ovalbumin
  • CT cholera toxin
  • Control groups received either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS + CT.
  • mice Two weeks after the last sensitisation mice were mated and fed either a control diet (AIN93) or the AIN93 diet supplemented with a specific non-digestible oligosaccharide mixture containing shortchain-galacto-, longchain-fructo- and pectin-derived acidic-oligosaccharides (1 %, ratio 9:1 :2) (GFA) during pregnancy or lactation (Table 1 ).
  • AIN93 control diet
  • GFA pectin-derived acidic-oligosaccharides
  • OVA-specific immunoglobulins were measured as described previously (Deurloo et a/.). Values are given as arbitrary units (A.U.) as the standard curve was prepared from the pooled samples of all the animals in the experiment.
  • OVA-specific lgG1 levels differed significantly between group 4 and 6, and group 7 and 9, indicating that supplementation during lactation can affect the production of this Th2-related immunoglobulin in the offspring regardless of the treatment of the dams ( Figure 4B)
  • OVA-specific lgG2a levels were significantly higher in the offspring of CT-treated and OVA+CT-treated dams supplemented during pregnancy or lactation when compared to offspring of non-supplemented dams. This effect was not observed in offspring of PBS- treated dams ( Figure 4C).
  • Example 1 suggest that maternal supplementation with non-digestible carbohydrates has a beneficial programming effect on the immune response of offspring.
  • a non-digestible oligosaccharide component 0.5-30 g non-digestible oligosaccharide component
  • a protein component typically 8-30 g protein
  • a digestible carbohydrate typically 20-80 g digestible carbohydrate
  • lipid component typically 0.2
  • the non-digestible oligosaccharide includes an acidic-oligosaccharide, typically a uronic acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • the composition can also include a galacto-oligosaccharide (e.g. 8-10 g originating from Vivinal GOS) and a fructo-oligosaccharde (e.g. 0.5-1 g fructopolysaccharide originating from RaftilinelHP).
  • the label on the package for this composition indicates that the composition is for a mother while pregnant and/or while breast-feeding her infant, and may also state that the composition enhanced the immune system of the infant later in life, for example, the label may contain wording such as "stimulates maturation of the immune system", “reduces allergic reaction”, “less stress”, “reduced sensitivity” or similar wording.
  • Example 3 Liquid composition
  • a powder composition is prepared based on skim milk, semi-skimmed milk, or whole-milk base, wherein the composition comprises (per 100 g) 300, 350, 365, or 400 kJ, including a non-digestible oligosaccharide component (0.5-60 g non-digestible oligosaccharide component), a protein component (typically 8-30 g protein), a digestible carbohydrate (typically 20-80 g digestible carbohydrate), and a lipid component (typically 0.2 - 20 g fat), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, minerals, trace elements and vitamins.
  • a non-digestible oligosaccharide component 0.5-60 g non-digestible oligosaccharide component
  • a protein component typically 8-30 g protein
  • a digestible carbohydrate typically 20-80 g digestible carbohydrate
  • a lipid component typically 0.2 - 20 g fat
  • the non-digestible oligosaccharide includes an acidic-oligosaccharide, typically a uronic acidic-oligosaccharide.
  • the composition can also include a galacto-oligosaccharide (e.g. 8-10 g originating from Vivinal GOS) and a fructo-oligosaccharde (e.g. 0.5-1 g fructopolysaccharide originating from RaftilinelHP).
  • the label on the package for this composition indicates that the composition is for a mother while pregnant and/or while breast-feeding her infant, and may also state that the composition enhanced the immune system of the infant later in life, for example, the label may contain wording such as "stimulates maturation of the immune system", “reduces allergic reaction”, “less stress”, “reduced sensitivity” or similar wording.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des procédés visant à renforcer le système immunitaire et/ou à prévenir un trouble lié au système immunitaire chez un sujet mammalien, ladite composition comprenant un oligosaccharide acide non digestible devant être administré à une femelle gravide portant le sujet mamalien et/ou une femelle qui allaite le sujet mammalien.
PCT/EP2012/052297 2012-02-10 2012-02-10 Composition maternelle visant à renforcer le système immunitaire WO2013117234A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001060378A2 (fr) 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 N.V. Nutricia Glucides antiadhesifs
WO2002042484A2 (fr) 2000-11-22 2002-05-30 Südzucker Aktiengesellschaft Mannheim/Ochsenfurt Procede dfabrication de produits d'hydrolyse de la pectine
WO2005039597A2 (fr) * 2003-10-24 2005-05-06 N.V. Nutricia Oligosaccharides immunomodulatrices
WO2011008086A1 (fr) * 2009-07-15 2011-01-20 N.V. Nutricia Mélange d'oligosaccharides non digestibles destiné à stimuler le système immunitaire

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001060378A2 (fr) 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 N.V. Nutricia Glucides antiadhesifs
WO2002042484A2 (fr) 2000-11-22 2002-05-30 Südzucker Aktiengesellschaft Mannheim/Ochsenfurt Procede dfabrication de produits d'hydrolyse de la pectine
WO2005039597A2 (fr) * 2003-10-24 2005-05-06 N.V. Nutricia Oligosaccharides immunomodulatrices
WO2011008086A1 (fr) * 2009-07-15 2011-01-20 N.V. Nutricia Mélange d'oligosaccharides non digestibles destiné à stimuler le système immunitaire

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Title
DEURLOO DT; VAN ESCH BC; HOFSTRA CL; NIJKAMP FP; VAN OOSTERHOUT AJ.: "CTLA4-IgG reverses asthma manifestations in a mild but not in a more ''severe'' ongoing murine model", AM J RESPIR CELL MOL BIOL., vol. 25, 2001, pages 751 - 60, XP002393132
JOSE STAM ET AL: "A mixture of three prebiotics does not affect vaccine specific antibody responses in healthy term infants in the first year of life", VACCINE, ELSEVIER LTD, GB, vol. 29, no. 44, 25 July 2011 (2011-07-25), pages 7766 - 7772, XP028309438, ISSN: 0264-410X, [retrieved on 20110729], DOI: 10.1016/J.VACCINE.2011.07.110 *
LUCAS, A.: "Programming not metabolic imprinting", AM. J. CLIN. NUTR., vol. 71, pages 602
PROSKY, LSC; DEVRIES, JW: "Determination of total, soluble, and insoluble, dietary fiber in foods - enzymatic-gravimetric method", J. ASSOC. OFF. ANAL. CHEM., vol. 71, 1988, pages 1017 - 1023
VOS A P ET AL: "Dietary supplementation of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides enhances Th1-dependent vaccination responses in mice", PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, COPENHAGEN, DK, vol. 18, no. 4, 1 June 2007 (2007-06-01), pages 304 - 312, XP002520520, ISSN: 0905-6157, DOI: 10.1111/J.1399-3038.2006.00515.X *
VOS ET AL: "Dietary supplementation with specific oligosaccharide mixtures decreases parameters of allergic asthma in mice", INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 7, no. 12, 3 October 2007 (2007-10-03), pages 1582 - 1587, XP022284914, ISSN: 1567-5769, DOI: 10.1016/J.INTIMP.2007.07.024 *

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