WO2013114038A1 - Tensiometer having increased range - Google Patents

Tensiometer having increased range Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013114038A1
WO2013114038A1 PCT/FR2013/050184 FR2013050184W WO2013114038A1 WO 2013114038 A1 WO2013114038 A1 WO 2013114038A1 FR 2013050184 W FR2013050184 W FR 2013050184W WO 2013114038 A1 WO2013114038 A1 WO 2013114038A1
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Prior art keywords
cell
range
tensiometer
water
solid matrix
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PCT/FR2013/050184
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French (fr)
Inventor
Pierre RUELLE
Jean-Paul Laurent
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Institut National De Recherche En Sciences Et Technologies Pour L'environnement Et L'agriculture (Irstea)
Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique
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Publication of WO2013114038A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013114038A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/16—Control of watering
    • A01G25/167—Control by humidity of the soil itself or of devices simulating soil or of the atmosphere; Soil humidity sensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials
    • G01N33/246—Earth materials for water content

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a wide-range tensiometer, which measures the voltage of water in a porous substrate.
  • the voltage, or binding energy of water is a characteristic quantity of the water state of a porous substrate containing water and solutes.
  • a porous substrate containing water and solutes.
  • Examples of such a substrate are: soil, culture media, building materials, foods, various substances with a porous matrix, for example.
  • the tension of the water conditions the movements of water within the substrate, its extraction by biological organisms such as plants, and its evaporation at the substrate-atmosphere interface.
  • a blood pressure monitor is a device that measures the water pressure, that is the pressure to be applied to extract the water from the substrate.
  • the tensiometer comprises a cell of porous material which is in equilibrium of potential in water with the substrate, itself porous.
  • US 2,740,032 discloses a two-electrode tensiometer disposed in a measuring cell made of synthetic porous material, essentially plaster with the addition of resin.
  • the measuring cell comprises a combination of plaster and sand.
  • the measuring cell consists of cement, sand and graphite.
  • the measuring cell is made of cement.
  • Known tensiometers are distinguished by the nature of the porous material of the cell.
  • a porous ceramic cell full of water can measure voltages up to a limit value of about 0.850 bar, or 85 kPa. Beyond this point, the blood pressure monitor can no longer take measurements and manual intervention is required to fill it with water and allow measurements to be made again below the limit value.
  • the durability of gypsum blocks is poor and their manufacture suffers from great variability, which does not facilitate their calibration.
  • cell heterogeneity is very high, resulting in variable responses and calibration difficulties.
  • a cell based on polymers or ceramics presents difficulties of implementation and robustness, as well as constraints of power supply and signal processing.
  • One of the aims of the invention is to propose a tensiometer which avoids the disadvantages described above.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a tensiometer with an enlarged measuring range.
  • the subject of the invention is a wide-range tensiometer, comprising two measuring electrodes arranged in a measurement cell made of synthetic porous material, characterized in that the measuring cell consists of a coherent solid matrix of cellular concrete based on cement, lime, plaster and sand.
  • aluminum is used as an auxiliary for manufacturing cellular concrete to adapt the porosity of the concrete and the range of tension measurements.
  • the coherent solid matrix has a porosity able to cover a range of measurements of the hydraulic tension extending up to at least 5 bars.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a measuring cell for a sphygmomanometer, according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the incremental intrusion of mercury as a function of the pore diameter (mercury porosimetry) for two exemplary embodiments of synthetic porous tensiometer material, according to the invention.
  • the tensiometer according to one embodiment of the invention comprises a measuring cell 1 in which two electrodes 2, 3 for measuring an electrical quantity of the cell 1 are arranged.
  • aluminum is used as a manufacturing aid to adjust the porosity of the concrete and the range of tension measurements.
  • the cell is made according to the method of manufacturing autoclaved aerated concrete, for example.
  • the cell 1 is preferably cylindrical, with a diameter of 40 mm and a height of 30 mm for example.
  • the electrodes for constituting a measurement dipole may be of various shapes, and in one of the cells produced, they are cylindrical and symmetrically arranged and spaced apart by about 20 mm. They enter the cell about 25 mm.
  • the electrodes 2, 3 are connected to an electrical circuit for measuring an electrical quantity of the cell 1, which is, for example, a resistor, an impedance, a dielectric or electromagnetic characteristic.
  • Cell 1 made of concrete consists of a coherent solid matrix, having pores whose diameter is between 0.006 and 400 ⁇ m.
  • the cell 1 and the medium studied, with which it is in hydraulic continuity, are put in equilibrium of hydraulic tension.
  • the determination of the water content of the cell makes it possible to determine the tension of the water in the medium studied.
  • the measurement of the water content of the cell 1 is obtained by any method based on the influence of the water content on a characteristic of the cell. This characteristic is for example electrical, dielectric, electromagnetic or thermal.
  • the choice of the method is determined by the range of measurement of the tension of the water envisaged, the desired accuracy, and the characteristics of the medium studied, in particular its content of solute.
  • FIG. 2 represents the curve of the incremental intrusion of mercury as a function of the pore diameter for two exemplary embodiments of the synthetic porous material of cell 1.
  • the peak of the intrusion is at the pore diameter of approximately 5 ⁇ m for the first synthetic porous material, and the diameter of about 20 pm for the second.
  • the tensiometer according to the invention can therefore be described as a wide-range tensiometer.
  • an enlarged measuring range the accuracy of the measurement over the entire measuring range, the low sensitivity to the salinity of the medium due to the nature of the components of the cell, the manufacturing cost low because the industrial process is that of autoclaved aerated concrete, the possibility of making several types of cells with different purposes for example for agriculture and the environment, the possibility of having several autonomous cells to different levels in the soil, and the ability to perform measurements on different type of substrates due to the range width of measurement.
  • the industrial applications of the tensiometer according to the invention cover in particular the agricultural and forestry field for any type of plant for controlling and controlling irrigation in order to save water; the control of irrigations, especially for innovative techniques such as buried drip; control of the soil condition to avoid excess water promoting asphyxiation and the development of diseases in plants food crops; control of soil moisture status in recreational areas, green spaces and sports fields.
  • the tensiometer according to the invention is also applicable to the field of the environment, to control the water status of soils to authorize the spreading of livestock effluents, or treatment plants for example; and to control water flow in household or industrial waste storage stations.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a tensiometer having increased range, comprising two measurement electrodes placed in a measurement cell made of a porous synthetic material. The measurement cell consists of a coherent solid matrix of cellular concrete based on cement, lime, plaster and sand.

Description

TENSIOMETRE A GAMME ELARGIE  TENSIOMETER WITH EXTENDED RANGE
L'invention concerne un tensiomètre à gamme élargie, qui mesure la tension de l'eau dans un substrat poreux. The invention relates to a wide-range tensiometer, which measures the voltage of water in a porous substrate.
La tension, ou énergie de liaison de l'eau, est une grandeur caractéristique de l'état hydrique d'un substrat poreux contenant de l'eau et des solutés. Des exemples d'un tel substrat sont : le sol, des supports de culture, des matériaux de construction, des aliments, des substances diverses à matrice poreuse, par exemple. The voltage, or binding energy of water, is a characteristic quantity of the water state of a porous substrate containing water and solutes. Examples of such a substrate are: soil, culture media, building materials, foods, various substances with a porous matrix, for example.
La tension de l'eau conditionne les mouvements de l'eau au sein du substrat, son extraction par des organismes biologiques comme les plantes, et son évaporation à l'interface substrat-atmosphère. The tension of the water conditions the movements of water within the substrate, its extraction by biological organisms such as plants, and its evaporation at the substrate-atmosphere interface.
Un tensiomètre est un appareil qui mesure la tension de l'eau, c'est-à-dire la pression à appliquer pour extraire l'eau du substrat.  A blood pressure monitor is a device that measures the water pressure, that is the pressure to be applied to extract the water from the substrate.
Le tensiomètre comporte une cellule de matériau poreux qui se met en équilibre de potentiel en eau avec le substrat, lui-même poreux. The tensiometer comprises a cell of porous material which is in equilibrium of potential in water with the substrate, itself porous.
Le document US 2 740 032 décrit un tensiomètre à deux électrodes disposées dans une cellule de mesure en matériau poreux synthétique, essentiellement en plâtre avec addition de résine.  US 2,740,032 discloses a two-electrode tensiometer disposed in a measuring cell made of synthetic porous material, essentially plaster with the addition of resin.
Selon US 5 179 347, la cellule de mesure comporte une combinaison de plâtre et de sable. According to US 5 179 347, the measuring cell comprises a combination of plaster and sand.
D'après DE 42 02 556 la cellule de mesure est constituée de ciment, de sable et de graphite.  According to DE 42 02 556 the measuring cell consists of cement, sand and graphite.
Dans US 3 356 979, la cellule de mesure est essentiellement en plâtre.  In US 3,356,979, the measuring cell is essentially plaster.
Selon US 5 087 886, la cellule de mesure est en ciment. According to US 5,087,886, the measuring cell is made of cement.
Les tensiomètres connus se distinguent par la nature du matériau poreux de la cellule. Une cellule en céramique poreuse pleine d'eau permet de mesurer des tensions jusqu'à une valeur limite d'environ 0,850 bars, soit 85 kPa. Au delà, le tensiomètre décroche et ne peut plus faire de mesures et il faut une intervention manuelle pour le remplir d'eau et permettre à nouveau des mesures en dessous de la valeur limite. Known tensiometers are distinguished by the nature of the porous material of the cell. A porous ceramic cell full of water can measure voltages up to a limit value of about 0.850 bar, or 85 kPa. Beyond this point, the blood pressure monitor can no longer take measurements and manual intervention is required to fill it with water and allow measurements to be made again below the limit value.
Une cellule à bloc de gypse, et une cellule à matériau granulaire non consolidé, par exemple constitué par un mélange de sable et d'un peu d'argile, permettent de mesurer des tensions allant jusqu'à 2 bars, soit 200 kPa. Mais la durabilité des blocs de gypse laisse à désirer et leur fabrication souffre d'une grande variabilité, ce qui ne facilite pas leur étalonnage. Pour les matériaux granulaires non consolidés, l'hétérogénéité des cellules est très forte, et il en résulte des réponses variables et des difficultés d'étalonnage.  A cell with a gypsum block, and a cell with an unconsolidated granular material, for example constituted by a mixture of sand and a little clay, make it possible to measure voltages of up to 2 bar, ie 200 kPa. But the durability of gypsum blocks is poor and their manufacture suffers from great variability, which does not facilitate their calibration. For unconsolidated granular materials, cell heterogeneity is very high, resulting in variable responses and calibration difficulties.
Une cellule à base de polymères ou de céramique présente des difficultés de mise en œuvre et de robustesse, ainsi que des contraintes d'alimentation électrique et de traitement du signal.  A cell based on polymers or ceramics presents difficulties of implementation and robustness, as well as constraints of power supply and signal processing.
L'un des buts de l'invention est de proposer un tensiomètre qui évite les inconvénients précédemment décrits.  One of the aims of the invention is to propose a tensiometer which avoids the disadvantages described above.
Un autre but de l'invention est de proposer un tensiomètre à gamme de mesure élargie.  Another object of the invention is to provide a tensiometer with an enlarged measuring range.
L'invention a pour objet un tensiomètre à gamme élargie, comprenant deux électrodes de mesure disposées dans une cellule de mesure en matériau poreux synthétique, caractérisé en ce que la cellule de mesure est constituée d'une matrice solide cohérente en béton cellulaire à base de ciment, chaux, plâtre et sable.  The subject of the invention is a wide-range tensiometer, comprising two measuring electrodes arranged in a measurement cell made of synthetic porous material, characterized in that the measuring cell consists of a coherent solid matrix of cellular concrete based on cement, lime, plaster and sand.
Avantageusement, de l'aluminium est utilisé comme auxiliaire de fabrication du béton cellulaire pour adapter la porosité du béton et la gamme de mesures de tension.  Advantageously, aluminum is used as an auxiliary for manufacturing cellular concrete to adapt the porosity of the concrete and the range of tension measurements.
De manière avantageuse, la matrice solide cohérente a une porosité apte à couvrir une gamme de mesures de la tension hydraulique s'étendant jusqu'à au moins 5 bars.  Advantageously, the coherent solid matrix has a porosity able to cover a range of measurements of the hydraulic tension extending up to at least 5 bars.
Avantageusement, la matrice solide cohérente présente des pores dont le diamètre est compris entre 0,006 et 400pm. D'autres buts, caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortent de la description qui suit faite avec référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels : la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un mode de réalisation d'une cellule de mesure pour tensiomètre, selon l'invention ; Advantageously, the coherent solid matrix has pores whose diameter is between 0.006 and 400 μm. Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description given with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a measuring cell for a sphygmomanometer, according to the invention;
la figure 2 est une représentation graphique de l'intrusion incrémentale du mercure en fonction du diamètre des pores (porosimétrie au mercure) pour deux exemples de réalisation de matériau poreux synthétique pour tensiomètre, selon l'invention.  FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the incremental intrusion of mercury as a function of the pore diameter (mercury porosimetry) for two exemplary embodiments of synthetic porous tensiometer material, according to the invention.
Le tensiomètre selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention comporte une cellule de mesure 1 dans laquelle sont disposées deux électrodes 2, 3 de mesure d'une grandeur électrique de la cellule 1.  The tensiometer according to one embodiment of the invention comprises a measuring cell 1 in which two electrodes 2, 3 for measuring an electrical quantity of the cell 1 are arranged.
Selon un exemple de réalisation particulier de l'invention, la cellule 1 est en béton à base de ciment, chaux, plâtre et sable.  According to a particular embodiment of the invention, the cell 1 is concrete based on cement, lime, plaster and sand.
De préférence, l'aluminium est utilisé comme auxiliaire de fabrication pour adapter la porosité du béton et la gamme de mesures de tension. La cellule est réalisée selon la méthode de fabrication du béton cellulaire autoclavé, par exemple.  Preferably, aluminum is used as a manufacturing aid to adjust the porosity of the concrete and the range of tension measurements. The cell is made according to the method of manufacturing autoclaved aerated concrete, for example.
La cellule 1 est de préférence cylindrique, avec un diamètre de 40 mm et une hauteur de 30 mm par exemple. Les électrodes pour constituer un dipôle de mesure, peuvent être de formes diverses, ainsi dans une des cellules réalisées, elles sont cylindriques et disposées symétriquement et espacées d'environ 20 mm. Elles pénètrent dans la cellule d'environ 25 mm. Les électrodes 2, 3 sont reliées à un circuit électrique de mesure d'une grandeur électrique de la cellule 1, qui est par exemple une résistance, une impédance, une caractéristique diélectrique ou électromagnétique.  The cell 1 is preferably cylindrical, with a diameter of 40 mm and a height of 30 mm for example. The electrodes for constituting a measurement dipole may be of various shapes, and in one of the cells produced, they are cylindrical and symmetrically arranged and spaced apart by about 20 mm. They enter the cell about 25 mm. The electrodes 2, 3 are connected to an electrical circuit for measuring an electrical quantity of the cell 1, which is, for example, a resistor, an impedance, a dielectric or electromagnetic characteristic.
La cellule 1 en béton est constituée d'une matrice solide cohérente, présentant des pores dont le diamètre est compris entre 0,006 et 400pm. La cellule 1 et le milieu étudié, avec lequel elle est en continuité hydraulique, sont mis en équilibre de tension hydraulique. La détermination de la teneur en eau de la cellule permet de déterminer la tension de l'eau dans le milieu étudié. La mesure de la teneur en eau de la cellule 1 est obtenue par toute méthode fondée sur l'influence de la teneur en eau sur une caractéristique de la cellule. Cette caractéristique est par exemple électrique, diélectrique, électromagnétique ou thermique. Le choix de la méthode est déterminé par la gamme de mesure de tension de l'eau envisagée, la précision recherchée, et les caractéristiques du milieu étudié, notamment sa teneur en soluté. Cell 1 made of concrete consists of a coherent solid matrix, having pores whose diameter is between 0.006 and 400 μm. The cell 1 and the medium studied, with which it is in hydraulic continuity, are put in equilibrium of hydraulic tension. The determination of the water content of the cell makes it possible to determine the tension of the water in the medium studied. The measurement of the water content of the cell 1 is obtained by any method based on the influence of the water content on a characteristic of the cell. This characteristic is for example electrical, dielectric, electromagnetic or thermal. The choice of the method is determined by the range of measurement of the tension of the water envisaged, the desired accuracy, and the characteristics of the medium studied, in particular its content of solute.
La figure 2 représente la courbe de l'intrusion incrémentale du mercure en fonction du diamètre des pores pour deux exemples de réalisation du matériau poreux synthétique de la cellule 1. Le pic de l'intrusion se situe au diamètre de pores de 5 pm environ pour le premier matériau poreux synthétique, et au diamètre de 20 pm environ pour le deuxième.  FIG. 2 represents the curve of the incremental intrusion of mercury as a function of the pore diameter for two exemplary embodiments of the synthetic porous material of cell 1. The peak of the intrusion is at the pore diameter of approximately 5 μm for the first synthetic porous material, and the diameter of about 20 pm for the second.
Avec une cellule en matériau poreux synthétique telle que décrite, des tensions de l'eau dans le sol supérieures à 5 bars ou 500 kPa ont été mesurées. Pour des mesures de tension de l'eau dans le sol, en milieu naturel ou en parcelle cultivée, et dans d'autres substrats ou d'autres matériaux, le tensiomètre selon l'invention peut donc être qualifié de tensiomètre à gamme élargie.  With a cell of synthetic porous material as described, ground water pressures in excess of 5 bar or 500 kPa were measured. For measurements of water pressure in the soil, in the natural environment or in cultivated plots, and in other substrates or other materials, the tensiometer according to the invention can therefore be described as a wide-range tensiometer.
Parmi les avantages particuliers de l'invention, il faut noter : une gamme de mesure élargie, la précision de la mesure sur l'ensemble de la gamme de mesure, la faible sensibilité à la salinité du milieu en raison de la nature des composants de la cellule, le coût de fabrication faible car le procédé industriel est celui du béton cellulaire autoclavé, la possibilité de réaliser plusieurs types de cellules à finalités différentes par exemple pour l'agriculture et l'environnement, la possibilité de disposer plusieurs cellules autonomes à différents niveaux dans le sol, et la possibilité d'effectuer des mesures sur différents type de substrats en raison de la largeur de gamme de mesure.  Among the particular advantages of the invention, it should be noted: an enlarged measuring range, the accuracy of the measurement over the entire measuring range, the low sensitivity to the salinity of the medium due to the nature of the components of the the cell, the manufacturing cost low because the industrial process is that of autoclaved aerated concrete, the possibility of making several types of cells with different purposes for example for agriculture and the environment, the possibility of having several autonomous cells to different levels in the soil, and the ability to perform measurements on different type of substrates due to the range width of measurement.
Les applications industrielles du tensiomètre selon l'invention couvrent notamment le domaine agricole et forestier pour tout type de plante pour le pilotage et le contrôle de l'irrigation en vue d'économiser l'eau ; la maîtrise des irrigations en particulier pour les techniques innovantes comme le goutte- à-goutte enterré ; le contrôle de l'état du sol pour éviter les excès d'eau favorisant l'asphyxie et le développement de maladies dans les plantes cultivées vivrières ; le contrôle de l'état hydrique du sol dans les espaces de loisirs, les espaces verts et les terrains de sport. Le tensiomètre selon l'invention est aussi applicable au domaine de l'environnement, pour contrôler l'état hydrique des sols en vue d'autoriser l'épandage d'effluents d'élevage, ou de stations d'épuration par exemple ; et pour contrôler les flux hydriques dans les stations de stockage de déchets ménagers ou industriels. The industrial applications of the tensiometer according to the invention cover in particular the agricultural and forestry field for any type of plant for controlling and controlling irrigation in order to save water; the control of irrigations, especially for innovative techniques such as buried drip; control of the soil condition to avoid excess water promoting asphyxiation and the development of diseases in plants food crops; control of soil moisture status in recreational areas, green spaces and sports fields. The tensiometer according to the invention is also applicable to the field of the environment, to control the water status of soils to authorize the spreading of livestock effluents, or treatment plants for example; and to control water flow in household or industrial waste storage stations.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1- Tensiomètre à gamme élargie, comprenant deux électrodes (2,3) de mesure disposées dans une cellule (1) de mesure en matériau poreux synthétique, caractérisé en ce que la cellule (1) de mesure est constituée d'une matrice solide cohérente en béton cellulaire à base de ciment, chaux, plâtre et sable. 1-wide-range sphygmomanometer, comprising two measurement electrodes (2, 3) arranged in a measuring cell (1) of synthetic porous material, characterized in that the measuring cell (1) consists of a coherent solid matrix in cellular concrete based on cement, lime, plaster and sand.
2- Tensiomètre selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que de l'aluminium est utilisé comme auxiliaire de fabrication du béton cellulaire pour adapter la porosité du béton et la gamme de mesures de tension. 2- A blood pressure monitor according to claim 1 characterized in that aluminum is used as an auxiliary manufacturing of cellular concrete to adapt the porosity of the concrete and the range of voltage measurements.
3- Tensiomètre selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2 caractérisé en ce que la matrice solide cohérente a une porosité apte à couvrir une gamme de mesures de la tension hydraulique s'étendant jusqu'à au moins 5 bars. 3. The sphygmomanometer according to one of claims 1 or 2 characterized in that the coherent solid matrix has a porosity capable of covering a range of measurements of the hydraulic tension extending up to at least 5 bar.
4- Tensiomètre selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 caractérisé en ce que la matrice solide cohérente présente des pores dont le diamètre est compris entre 0,006 et 400 pm. 4. The sphygmomanometer according to one of claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the coherent solid matrix has pores whose diameter is between 0.006 and 400 pm.
PCT/FR2013/050184 2012-01-31 2013-01-30 Tensiometer having increased range WO2013114038A1 (en)

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FR1250916A FR2986328B1 (en) 2012-01-31 2012-01-31 TENSIOMETER WITH EXTENDED RANGE
FR1250916 2012-01-31

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FR3046463A1 (en) 2015-12-30 2017-07-07 Dominique Lestelle DEVICE FOR RESISTIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE MOISTURE OF A POROUS MINERAL MATERIAL, AND APPLICATION TO WATER MONITORING OF PLANTS
US20180368339A1 (en) * 2016-11-30 2018-12-27 Reinierus Hendricus Maria van der Lee Solid state soil moisture sensor

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2740032A (en) 1954-04-08 1956-03-27 George J Bouyoucos Electric hygrometer
US3356979A (en) 1966-02-28 1967-12-05 George J Bouyoucos Moisture sensitive resistor
US5087886A (en) 1990-09-28 1992-02-11 Mann Harold E Rain-activated sprinkler shut-off system
US5179347A (en) 1992-04-10 1993-01-12 Irrometer Company, Inc. Electrical sensor for sensing moisture in soils
DE4202556C1 (en) 1992-01-30 1993-04-08 Ant Nachrichtentechnik Gmbh, 7150 Backnang, De Measurement probe for temp. and dampness - has moisture and temp. sensitive resistor made of cement, graphite and quartz sand

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2740032A (en) 1954-04-08 1956-03-27 George J Bouyoucos Electric hygrometer
US3356979A (en) 1966-02-28 1967-12-05 George J Bouyoucos Moisture sensitive resistor
US5087886A (en) 1990-09-28 1992-02-11 Mann Harold E Rain-activated sprinkler shut-off system
DE4202556C1 (en) 1992-01-30 1993-04-08 Ant Nachrichtentechnik Gmbh, 7150 Backnang, De Measurement probe for temp. and dampness - has moisture and temp. sensitive resistor made of cement, graphite and quartz sand
US5179347A (en) 1992-04-10 1993-01-12 Irrometer Company, Inc. Electrical sensor for sensing moisture in soils

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FR2986328B1 (en) 2015-06-05

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