WO2013093224A1 - Device for controlling a decompression machine of a rankine cycle closed circuit, and method using such a device - Google Patents

Device for controlling a decompression machine of a rankine cycle closed circuit, and method using such a device Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013093224A1
WO2013093224A1 PCT/FR2012/000476 FR2012000476W WO2013093224A1 WO 2013093224 A1 WO2013093224 A1 WO 2013093224A1 FR 2012000476 W FR2012000476 W FR 2012000476W WO 2013093224 A1 WO2013093224 A1 WO 2013093224A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
working fluid
machine
piston
control
output shaft
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PCT/FR2012/000476
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French (fr)
Inventor
Anthony DA COSTA
Cyprien Ternel
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IFP Energies Nouvelles
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Publication of WO2013093224A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013093224A1/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a control device of a relaxation machine of a closed circuit with a Rankine cycle. and a method using such a device.
  • It relates more particularly to a relaxation machine with discontinuous operation, such as a piston machine and in particular reciprocating piston.
  • the Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle whereby heat from an external heat source is passed to a closed circuit that contains a working fluid.
  • This type of cycle is generally broken down into a step during which the working fluid used in liquid form is compressed isentropically, followed by a step where the compressed liquid fluid is heated and vaporized in contact with a heat source.
  • This vapor is then expanded, in another step, isentropically in an expansion machine, then, in a final step, this expanded vapor is cooled and condensed in contact with a cold source.
  • the circuit comprises a pump-compressor for circulating and compressing the fluid in liquid form, an evaporator which is swept by a hot fluid to achieve at least partial vaporization of the compressed fluid, a relaxation machine to relax the steam which transforms the energy of this vapor into another energy, such as mechanical or electrical energy, and a condenser by means of which the heat contained in the vapor is transferred to a cold source, generally outside air which sweeps this condenser to transform this vapor into a fluid in liquid form.
  • a pump-compressor for circulating and compressing the fluid in liquid form
  • an evaporator which is swept by a hot fluid to achieve at least partial vaporization of the compressed fluid
  • a relaxation machine to relax the steam which transforms the energy of this vapor into another energy, such as mechanical or electrical energy
  • a condenser by means of which the heat contained in the vapor is transferred to a cold source, generally outside air which sweeps this condenser to transform this vapor into a fluid in liquid form
  • crank or crankshaft
  • steam supply pipe and at least one steam evacuation pipe
  • each of these pipes being combined with a mechanical camshaft-type distribution controlling the closure of the pipes, such as by valves.
  • This distribution is usually controlled by a timing belt (or chain) that is connected directly to the crankshaft of the machine
  • this machine makes it possible to transform the energy of the steam into a mechanical energy used to rotate the crankshaft. This rotation of the crankshaft is then transmitted to any type of receiving machine to use and / or transform this mechanical energy.
  • the expansion machine therefore has the need for a particular operation, aiming to bring its temperature to a sufficient value and without damaging it, before reaching its nominal operating mode.
  • the present invention aims to overcome the above drawbacks by improving the efficiency of the machine, by optimizing the opening and closing angles of the shutter tubing at each operating point, and allowing a strategy of operation particular to condition the temperature of the expansion machine before it starts.
  • the present invention relates to a control device for a piston-type expansion machine of a Rankine cycle closed circuit, said machine comprising a cylinder inside which slides a piston connected to an output shaft, at least one tubing supply of working fluid in the vapor phase, at least one evacuation pipe of said working fluid and means for closing said pipes, characterized in that the closure means comprise means not mechanically connected to the shaft Release.
  • the closure means may comprise means for closing / opening the tubing controlled by a non-mechanical actuator.
  • the actuator may be an electric actuator.
  • the closing / opening means may comprise a flap.
  • the invention also relates to a method of controlling a piston-type expansion machine of a Rankine cycle closed circuit, said machine comprising a cylinder inside which slides a piston connected to an output shaft, at least one vapor phase working fluid supply pipe, at least one evacuation pipe for said working fluid and means for closing said pipes, characterized in that it consists in controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the tubings by means not mechanically connected to the output shaft.
  • the method may include controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase by solenoid valves controlled by the circuit control / control system.
  • the method may include sending to the control / command system information on the angular position of the output shaft to control the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the tubings.
  • the method may include controlling the circulation of the vapor phase working fluid in the manifolds to provide a continuous scan of the machine work volume.
  • the Rankine cycle closed circuit 10 comprises a means for circulating and compressing 12 a working fluid, here water, circulating in this circuit in a clockwise direction (arrows A).
  • a working fluid here water
  • This means called pump in the Following the description, can compress this water between the inlet of the pump and its outlet where the water, always in liquid form, is at high pressure.
  • This pump is advantageously rotated by any known means, such as by an electric motor (not shown).
  • This circuit also comprises a heat exchanger 14, called evaporator, traversed by the compressed water from the pump and which emerges from this evaporator in the form of hot compressed vapor.
  • evaporator traversed by the compressed water from the pump and which emerges from this evaporator in the form of hot compressed vapor.
  • This evaporator is swept by a hot source 16 coming from the exhaust gas circulating in the exhaust line 18 of an internal combustion engine 20.
  • this engine is an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
  • This circuit also comprises a receiving expansion machine 22 receiving at its inlet the water vapor compressed at high pressure and from which the water vapor emerges from this machine in the form of low pressure vapor at low pressure.
  • the circuit further comprises a cooling exchanger 24, called condenser in the following description.
  • This condenser makes it possible to transform the relaxed low-pressure steam that comes from the turbine into a water in liquid form after passing through this condenser.
  • this condenser is formed of a set of tubes and cooling fins swept by a cooling fluid 26 which passes through the condenser between its inlet face and its outlet face by cooling the expanded steam and condensing it.
  • This cooling fluid is here outside air at room temperature, but any other cooling fluid, such as water, can be used to ensure the condensation of the steam.
  • the various elements of the circuit are interconnected by fluid circulation lines 28, 30, 32, 34 for successively connecting the pump with the evaporator (line 28), the evaporator with the expansion machine (line 30). , this machine with the condenser (pipe 32) and the condenser with the pump (pipe 34) so that the working fluid, in liquid form or in vapor form, circulates in the direction indicated by the arrows A.
  • this circuit is connected to a control / control system 36 to ensure its management.
  • this control / command system receives information on the operation of this circuit.
  • the information received essentially comes from sensors provided in this circuit, such as sensors for the pressure or the temperature of the water (or water vapor). From the information received, the system 36 controls elements of the circuit to obtain the desired operating range.
  • the expansion machine 22 is a discontinuous operation machine and more particularly a reciprocating piston machine.
  • the expansion machine illustrated in the single figure comprises a cylinder 38 inside which slides a piston 40 in a reciprocating rectilinear motion.
  • This piston carries an articulated rod 42 which is connected to an output shaft 44, here in the form of a crankshaft.
  • This output shaft is connected by any known means to a power transformer 46.
  • this transformer is an electric generator that converts the mechanical energy from the crankshaft into electrical energy.
  • the cylinder 38 comprises a feed pipe 48 which connects the HP steam pipe 30 with the working volume 50 of the cylinder delimited by the top of the piston and the walls of this cylinder.
  • This cylinder also comprises a discharge pipe 52 which connects the working volume 50 with the steam pipe BP 32.
  • the pipes carry closure means which make it possible to control the circulation of the steam in each of the pipes and consequently the mass of vapor in the working volume 50.
  • these shutter means are fast non-mechanical control means and more particularly solenoid valves 54, 54 'with a very fast reaction time (of the order of 500 ⁇ (microsecond) to 5ms (millisecond)).
  • These means comprise a multiposition shutter 56, 56 'controlled by a non-mechanical actuator, here an electric actuator 58, 58'.
  • These actuators thus make it possible to control these flaps between a fully open position of the tubing concerned and its fully closed position.
  • These actuators are controlled by the control / command system 36 through command line 60, 60 ', this system receiving information on the position of the piston by a communication line 62 connected to a position sensor 64 placed on the crankshaft .
  • the control / command system knows at all times, not only the operating parameters of the circuit but also the position of the piston in the cylinder.
  • the expansion machine 22 can be made operational on a high steam flow, while remaining optimized for a lower steam flow.
  • system 36 can control dispensing with a top dead center crossing strategy of the piston 40 with the flow of steam from the supply manifold to the evacuation manifold.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a control device for a decompression machine (22), which comprises a piston, of a Rankine cycle closed circuit (10), said machine including a cylinder (38), inside of which a piston (40) connected to an output shaft (44) slides, at least one tube (48) feeding a working fluid in the vapor phase, at least one tube (52) for discharging said working fluid, and means (54, 54') for closing off said tubes. According to the invention, the closing means include means (54, 54') that are not mechanically connected to the output shaft (44).

Description

Dispositif de contrôle d'une machine de détente d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine et procédé utilisant un tel dispositif- La présente invention se rapporte à un dispositif de contrôle d'une machine de détente d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine et à un procédé utilisant un tel dispositif.  The present invention relates to a control device of a relaxation machine of a closed circuit with a Rankine cycle. and a method using such a device.
Elle concerne plus particulièrement une machine de détente à fonctionnement discontinue, comme une machine à piston et notamment à piston alternatif. It relates more particularly to a relaxation machine with discontinuous operation, such as a piston machine and in particular reciprocating piston.
Comme cela est largement connu, le cycle de Rankine est un cycle thermodynamique par lequel de la chaleur provenant d'une source de chaleur externe est transmise à un circuit fermé qui contient un fluide de travail. As is widely known, the Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle whereby heat from an external heat source is passed to a closed circuit that contains a working fluid.
Ce type de cycle se décompose généralement en une étape durant laquelle le fluide de travail utilisé sous forme liquide, est comprimé de manière isentropique, suivie d'une étape où ce fluide liquide comprimé est chauffé et vaporisé au contact d'une source de chaleur.  This type of cycle is generally broken down into a step during which the working fluid used in liquid form is compressed isentropically, followed by a step where the compressed liquid fluid is heated and vaporized in contact with a heat source.
Cette vapeur est ensuite détendue, au cours d'une autre étape, de manière isentropique dans une machine de détente, puis, dans une dernière étape, cette vapeur détendue est refroidie et condensée au contact d'une source froide.  This vapor is then expanded, in another step, isentropically in an expansion machine, then, in a final step, this expanded vapor is cooled and condensed in contact with a cold source.
Pour réaliser ces différentes étapes, le circuit comprend une pompe- compresseur pour faire circuler et comprimer le fluide sous forme liquide, un évaporateur qui est balayé par un fluide chaud pour réaliser la vaporisation au moins partielle du fluide comprimé, une machine de détente pour détendre la vapeur qui transforme l'énergie de cette vapeur en une autre énergie, comme une énergie mécanique ou électrique, et un condenseur grâce auquel la chaleur contenue dans la vapeur est cédée à une source froide, généralement de l'air extérieur qui balaye ce condenseur, pour transformer cette vapeur en un fluide sous forme liquide. To perform these various steps, the circuit comprises a pump-compressor for circulating and compressing the fluid in liquid form, an evaporator which is swept by a hot fluid to achieve at least partial vaporization of the compressed fluid, a relaxation machine to relax the steam which transforms the energy of this vapor into another energy, such as mechanical or electrical energy, and a condenser by means of which the heat contained in the vapor is transferred to a cold source, generally outside air which sweeps this condenser to transform this vapor into a fluid in liquid form.
Il est également connu, notamment par le document FR 2 884 555, d'utiliser l'énergie calorifique véhiculée par les gaz d'échappement d'un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier celui utilisé pour des véhicules automobiles, comme source chaude pour assurer le chauffage et la vaporisation du fluide traversant l'évaporateur. It is also known, in particular from document FR 2 884 555, to use the heat energy conveyed by the exhaust gases of a combustion engine. internal, particularly that used for motor vehicles, as a hot source for heating and vaporization of the fluid passing through the evaporator.
Ceci permet d'améliorer l'efficacité énergétique de ce moteur en récupérant une grande partie de l'énergie perdue à l'échappement pour la transformer en une énergie qui peut être utilisée pour le véhicule automobile au travers du circuit à cycle de Rankine.  This makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of this engine by recovering a large part of the energy lost in the exhaust to transform it into an energy that can be used for the motor vehicle through the Rankine cycle circuit.
Il est aussi connu d'utiliser comme machine de détente, une machine à piston à déplacement alternatif rectiligne avec un cylindre à l'intérieur duquel est placé un piston relié par une bielle à un arbre de sortie, généralement sous la forme d'un système à manivelle (ou vilebrequin), au moins une tubulure d'alimentation de vapeur et au moins une tubulure d'évacuation de vapeur, chacune de ces tubulures étant combinée à une distribution mécanique de type arbre à cames contrôlant l'obturation des tubulures, comme par des soupapes. Cette distribution est habituellement commandée par une courroie (ou une chaîne) de distribution qui est reliée directement au vilebrequin de la machine It is also known to use a reciprocating reciprocating piston machine with a cylinder within which is placed a piston connected by a connecting rod to an output shaft, generally in the form of a system. with crank (or crankshaft), at least one steam supply pipe and at least one steam evacuation pipe, each of these pipes being combined with a mechanical camshaft-type distribution controlling the closure of the pipes, such as by valves. This distribution is usually controlled by a timing belt (or chain) that is connected directly to the crankshaft of the machine
Ainsi, cette machine permet de transformer l'énergie de la vapeur en une énergie mécanique utilisée pour entraîner en rotation le vilebrequin. Cette rotation du vilebrequin est ensuite transmise à tout type de machine réceptrice pour utiliser et/ou transformer cette énergie mécanique.  Thus, this machine makes it possible to transform the energy of the steam into a mechanical energy used to rotate the crankshaft. This rotation of the crankshaft is then transmitted to any type of receiving machine to use and / or transform this mechanical energy.
Généralement, cette rotation mécanique est transmise à une machine dynamoélectrique pour la transformer en une énergie électrique. II a été cependant constaté que le dimensionnement d'une machine à piston comme machine de détente dans un circuit à cycle de Rankine est un compromis entre une machine configurée pour un fonctionnement avec de fortes puissance qui a de mauvais rendement pour des faibles puissances et une machine à piston utilisée pour faibles puissances qui requiert un dispositif de court-circuit pour les points de fortes puissances avec une baisse de rendement global.  Generally, this mechanical rotation is transmitted to a dynamoelectric machine to transform it into electrical energy. It has been found, however, that the sizing of a piston machine as an expansion machine in a Rankine cycle circuit is a compromise between a machine configured for operation with high power which has poor efficiency for low power and low power. Piston machine used for low power which requires a short circuit device for high power points with lower overall efficiency.
De plus, dans le cas d'installations fonctionnant de manière discontinue, telles qu'un groupe motopropulseur d'un véhicule automobile, il a été constaté sur ce type de machine à piston un risque d'endommagement lors du démarrage du système. Ce risque est essentiellement lié à la condensation abondante, à l'intérieur et sur les parois du cylindre, de la vapeur admise par les tubulures d'alimentation. Moreover, in the case of intermittently operated installations, such as a power unit of a motor vehicle, it has been found on this type piston machine risk of damage when starting the system. This risk is mainly related to the abundant condensation, inside and on the walls of the cylinder, of the steam admitted by the supply pipes.
Dans cette application particulière, la machine de détente présente donc le besoin d'un fonctionnement particulier, visant à amener sa température à une valeur suffisante et ce sans l'endommager, avant d'atteindre son mode de fonctionnement nominal.  In this particular application, the expansion machine therefore has the need for a particular operation, aiming to bring its temperature to a sufficient value and without damaging it, before reaching its nominal operating mode.
Enfin, une telle machine de détente à piston utilise la plupart du temps un système de distribution fixe (à tiroir ou par arbre à came par exemple) qui rend impossible l'optimisation du rendement de remplissage et de détente en fonction du débit et de la pression de la vapeur entrante.  Finally, such a piston expansion machine uses most of the time a fixed distribution system (spool or camshaft for example) which makes it impossible to optimize the filling and expansion performance as a function of flow and incoming vapor pressure.
La présente invention vise à remédier aux inconvénients ci-dessus en améliorant le rendement de la machine, par l'optimisation des angles d'ouverture et de fermeture de l'obturateur des tubulures à chaque point de fonctionnement, et en autorisant une stratégie de fonctionnement particulière visant à conditionner la température de la machine de détente avant son démarrage. The present invention aims to overcome the above drawbacks by improving the efficiency of the machine, by optimizing the opening and closing angles of the shutter tubing at each operating point, and allowing a strategy of operation particular to condition the temperature of the expansion machine before it starts.
Ainsi la présente invention concerne un dispositif de contrôle pour une machine de détente à piston d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine, ladite machine comprenant un cylindre à l'intérieur duquel coulisse un piston relié à un arbre de sortie, au moins une tubulure d'alimentation de fluide de travail en phase vapeur, au moins une tubulure d'évacuation dudit fluide de travail et des moyens d'obturation desdites tubulures, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'obturation comprennent des moyens non reliés mécaniquement à l'arbre de sortie. Thus, the present invention relates to a control device for a piston-type expansion machine of a Rankine cycle closed circuit, said machine comprising a cylinder inside which slides a piston connected to an output shaft, at least one tubing supply of working fluid in the vapor phase, at least one evacuation pipe of said working fluid and means for closing said pipes, characterized in that the closure means comprise means not mechanically connected to the shaft Release.
Les moyens d'obturation peuvent comprendre des moyens de fermeture/ouverture de la tubulure commandés par un actionneur non mécanique. L'actionneur peut être un actionneur électrique. The closure means may comprise means for closing / opening the tubing controlled by a non-mechanical actuator. The actuator may be an electric actuator.
Les moyens de fermeture/ouverture peuvent comprendre un volet. L'invention concerne également un procédé de contrôle d'une machine de détente à piston d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine, ladite machine comprenant un cylindre à l'intérieur duquel coulisse un piston relié à un arbre de sortie, au moins une tubulure d'alimentation de fluide de travail en phase vapeur, au moins une tubulure d'évacuation dudit fluide de travail et des moyens d'obturation desdites tubulures, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures par des moyens non reliés mécaniquement à l'arbre de sortie. The closing / opening means may comprise a flap. The invention also relates to a method of controlling a piston-type expansion machine of a Rankine cycle closed circuit, said machine comprising a cylinder inside which slides a piston connected to an output shaft, at least one vapor phase working fluid supply pipe, at least one evacuation pipe for said working fluid and means for closing said pipes, characterized in that it consists in controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the tubings by means not mechanically connected to the output shaft.
Le procédé peut consister à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur par des électrovannes commandées par le système de contrôle/commande du circuit. Le procédé peut consister à envoyer au système de contrôle/commande une information sur la position angulaire de l'arbre de sortie pour contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures. The method may include controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase by solenoid valves controlled by the circuit control / control system. The method may include sending to the control / command system information on the angular position of the output shaft to control the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the tubings.
Le procédé peut consister à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures pour réaliser un balayage continu du volume de travail de la machine. The method may include controlling the circulation of the vapor phase working fluid in the manifolds to provide a continuous scan of the machine work volume.
Les autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention vont maintenant apparaître à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée à titre uniquement illustratif et non limitatif, et à laquelle est annexée la figure unique qui montre un circuit fermé fonctionnant selon un cycle de Rankine avec sa machine de détente à piston selon l'invention. The other features and advantages of the invention will now appear on reading the following description, given solely by way of illustration and not limitation, and to which is appended the single figure which shows a closed circuit operating according to a Rankine cycle. with its piston expansion machine according to the invention.
Sur la figure unique, le circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine 10 comprend un moyen de circulation et de compression 12 d'un fluide de travail, ici de l'eau, circulant dans ce circuit selon un sens horaire (Flèches A). Ce moyen, dénommé pompe dans la suite de la description, permet de comprimer cette eau entre l'entrée de la pompe et sa sortie où cette eau, toujours sous forme liquide, est à pression élevée. In the single figure, the Rankine cycle closed circuit 10 comprises a means for circulating and compressing 12 a working fluid, here water, circulating in this circuit in a clockwise direction (arrows A). This means, called pump in the Following the description, can compress this water between the inlet of the pump and its outlet where the water, always in liquid form, is at high pressure.
Cette pompe est avantageusement entraînée en rotation par tous moyens connus, comme par un moteur électrique (non représenté). This pump is advantageously rotated by any known means, such as by an electric motor (not shown).
Ce circuit comporte aussi un échangeur de chaleur 14, dénommé évaporateur, traversé par l'eau comprimée provenant de la pompe et qui ressort de cet évaporateur sous forme de vapeur comprimée chaude. This circuit also comprises a heat exchanger 14, called evaporator, traversed by the compressed water from the pump and which emerges from this evaporator in the form of hot compressed vapor.
Cet évaporateur est balayé par une source chaude 16 provenant des gaz d'échappement circulant dans la ligne d'échappement 18 d'un moteur à combustion interne 20.  This evaporator is swept by a hot source 16 coming from the exhaust gas circulating in the exhaust line 18 of an internal combustion engine 20.
De manière préférentielle, ce moteur est un moteur à combustion interne d'un véhicule automobile. Preferably, this engine is an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.
Ce circuit comporte également une machine de détente réceptrice 22 recevant à son admission la vapeur d'eau comprimée à haute pression et à partir duquel la vapeur d'eau ressort de cette machine sous forme de vapeur détendue à basse pression. This circuit also comprises a receiving expansion machine 22 receiving at its inlet the water vapor compressed at high pressure and from which the water vapor emerges from this machine in the form of low pressure vapor at low pressure.
Le circuit comporte encore un échangeur de refroidissement 24, appelé condenseur dans la suite de la description. Ce condenseur permet de transformer la vapeur basse pression détendue qui provient de la turbine en une eau sous forme liquide après son passage au travers de ce condenseur. The circuit further comprises a cooling exchanger 24, called condenser in the following description. This condenser makes it possible to transform the relaxed low-pressure steam that comes from the turbine into a water in liquid form after passing through this condenser.
A titre d'exemple, ce condenseur est formé d'un ensemble de tubes et d'ailettes de refroidissement balayé par un fluide de refroidissement 26 qui traverse le condenseur entre sa face d'entrée et sa face de sortie en refroidissant la vapeur détendue et en la condensant. Ce fluide de refroidissement est ici de l'air extérieur à température ambiante, mais tout autre fluide de refroidissement, comme de l'eau, peut être utilisé pour assurer la condensation de la vapeur. Les différents éléments du circuit sont reliés entre eux par des conduites de circulation de fluide 28, 30, 32, 34 permettant de relier successivement la pompe avec l'évaporateur (conduite 28), l'évaporateur avec la machine de détente (conduite 30), cette machine avec le condenseur (conduite 32) et le condenseur avec la pompe (conduite 34) pour que le fluide de travail, sous forme liquide ou sous forme vapeur, circule selon le sens indiqué par les flèches A. For example, this condenser is formed of a set of tubes and cooling fins swept by a cooling fluid 26 which passes through the condenser between its inlet face and its outlet face by cooling the expanded steam and condensing it. This cooling fluid is here outside air at room temperature, but any other cooling fluid, such as water, can be used to ensure the condensation of the steam. The various elements of the circuit are interconnected by fluid circulation lines 28, 30, 32, 34 for successively connecting the pump with the evaporator (line 28), the evaporator with the expansion machine (line 30). , this machine with the condenser (pipe 32) and the condenser with the pump (pipe 34) so that the working fluid, in liquid form or in vapor form, circulates in the direction indicated by the arrows A.
Comme cela est largement connu, ce circuit est relié à un système de contrôle/commande 36 permettant d'assurer sa gestion. As is widely known, this circuit is connected to a control / control system 36 to ensure its management.
Plus particulièrement, ce système de contrôle/commande reçoit des informations sur le fonctionnement de ce circuit. Les informations reçues proviennent essentiellement de capteurs prévus dans ce circuit, comme des capteurs pour la pression ou la température de l'eau (ou de la vapeur d'eau). A partir des informations reçues, le système 36 commande des éléments du circuit pour obtenir la plage de fonctionnement souhaitée.  More particularly, this control / command system receives information on the operation of this circuit. The information received essentially comes from sensors provided in this circuit, such as sensors for the pressure or the temperature of the water (or water vapor). From the information received, the system 36 controls elements of the circuit to obtain the desired operating range.
Comme mieux illustré sur la figure unique, la machine de détente 22 est une machine à fonctionnement discontinue et plus particulièrement une machine à piston alternatif. As best illustrated in the single figure, the expansion machine 22 is a discontinuous operation machine and more particularly a reciprocating piston machine.
Bien entendu cela n'exclut en aucune autre manière tous les autres types de machine à piston, comme une machine à piston rotatif.  Of course this does not exclude in any other way all other types of piston machine, such as a rotary piston machine.
La machine de détente illustrée à la figure unique comporte un cylindre 38 à l'intérieur duquel coulisse un piston 40 en un mouvement rectiligne alternatif. Ce piston porte une bielle articulée 42 qui est reliée à un arbre de sortie 44, ici sous la forme d'un vilebrequin. Cet arbre de sortie est connecté par tous moyens connus à un transformateur d'énergie 46. Dans l'exemple illustré, ce transformateur est une génératrice électrique qui transforme l'énergie mécanique provenant du vilebrequin en une énergie électrique. Le cylindre 38 comprend une tubulure d'alimentation 48 qui connecte la conduite vapeur HP 30 avec le volume de travail 50 du cylindre délimité par le haut du piston et les parois de ce cylindre. Ce cylindre comprend également une tubulure d'évacuation 52 qui raccorde le volume de travail 50 avec la conduite vapeur BP 32. The expansion machine illustrated in the single figure comprises a cylinder 38 inside which slides a piston 40 in a reciprocating rectilinear motion. This piston carries an articulated rod 42 which is connected to an output shaft 44, here in the form of a crankshaft. This output shaft is connected by any known means to a power transformer 46. In the illustrated example, this transformer is an electric generator that converts the mechanical energy from the crankshaft into electrical energy. The cylinder 38 comprises a feed pipe 48 which connects the HP steam pipe 30 with the working volume 50 of the cylinder delimited by the top of the piston and the walls of this cylinder. This cylinder also comprises a discharge pipe 52 which connects the working volume 50 with the steam pipe BP 32.
Les tubulures portent des moyens d'obturation qui permettent de contrôler la circulation de la vapeur dans chacune des tubulures et par conséquent la masse de vapeur dans le volume de travail 50. The pipes carry closure means which make it possible to control the circulation of the steam in each of the pipes and consequently the mass of vapor in the working volume 50.
La commande de ces moyens est indépendante de la rotation du vilebrequin et aucun lien physique notamment de type mécanique n'est prévu avec ce vilebrequin.  The control of these means is independent of the rotation of the crankshaft and no physical link including mechanical type is provided with this crankshaft.
Plus précisément, ces moyens d'obturation sont des moyens rapides à commande non mécanique et plus particulièrement des électrovannes 54, 54' avec un temps de réaction très rapide (de l'ordre de 500με (microseconde) à 5ms (milliseconde)). Ces moyens comprennent un volet multipostions 56, 56' commandé par un actionneur non mécanique, ici un actionneur électrique 58, 58'. Ces actionneurs permettent ainsi de commander ces volets entre une position de pleine ouverture de la tubulure concernée et sa position de pleine fermeture. Ces actionneurs sont contrôlés par le système de contrôle/commande 36 au travers de ligne de commandes 60, 60', ce système recevant des informations sur la position du piston par une ligne de communication 62 connecté à un capteur de position 64 placé sur le vilebrequin. Ainsi, le système de contrôle/commande connaît à tout moment, non seulement, les paramètres de fonctionnement du circuit mais également la position du piston dans le cylindre. More specifically, these shutter means are fast non-mechanical control means and more particularly solenoid valves 54, 54 'with a very fast reaction time (of the order of 500με (microsecond) to 5ms (millisecond)). These means comprise a multiposition shutter 56, 56 'controlled by a non-mechanical actuator, here an electric actuator 58, 58'. These actuators thus make it possible to control these flaps between a fully open position of the tubing concerned and its fully closed position. These actuators are controlled by the control / command system 36 through command line 60, 60 ', this system receiving information on the position of the piston by a communication line 62 connected to a position sensor 64 placed on the crankshaft . Thus, the control / command system knows at all times, not only the operating parameters of the circuit but also the position of the piston in the cylinder.
Grâce à cela, il est possible de commander, indépendamment de la position du piston, les ouvertures/fermetures des tubulures par les électrovannes 54, 54'.  Thanks to this, it is possible to control, independently of the position of the piston, the openings / closures of the pipes by the solenoid valves 54, 54 '.
De ce fait, il est possible d'améliorer le rendement de la machine de détente, par optimisation des angles vilebrequin auxquels les volets s'ouvrent et se ferment, en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement du système, notamment du débit et de la température des gaz d'échappement du moteur thermique. As a result, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the expansion machine, by optimizing the crankshaft angles at which the flaps open and close, according to the operating conditions of the system, in particular the flow rate and the temperature of the exhaust gases of the heat engine.
De plus, la machine de détente 22 pourra être rendue fonctionnelle sur un débit de vapeur élevé, tout en restant optimisée pour un débit de vapeur plus faible. In addition, the expansion machine 22 can be made operational on a high steam flow, while remaining optimized for a lower steam flow.
En outre, le système 36 peut commander une distribution avec une stratégie de croisement au point mort haut du piston 40 avec la circulation de la vapeur à partir de la tubulure d'alimentation vers la tubulure d'évacuation. In addition, the system 36 can control dispensing with a top dead center crossing strategy of the piston 40 with the flow of steam from the supply manifold to the evacuation manifold.
Cela permet d'éviter l'utilisation d'une vanne de court-circuitage entre les deux tubulures, tout en offrant un meilleur contrôle de la pression d'alimentation.  This avoids the use of a short-circuit valve between the two tubing, while providing better control of the supply pressure.
Par cela, il peur être envisagé d'utiliser une machine de détente de petite puissance sur des points à fort débit de vapeur, sans pour autant dégrader son rendement à débit faible. By this, it can be envisaged to use a low-power expansion machine on points with high steam flow, without degrading its low-flow performance.
Avant le démarrage à froid de la machine, il est possible de réaliser un balayage du volume de travail 50 par la vapeur en ouvrant simultanément les volets de chaque tubulure. Ce balayage est réalisé lorsque la machine de détente est arrêtée et reste bloquée au point mort bas par la génératrice 46, cette position permettant de maximiser la surface d'échange entre la vapeur et les parois du volume 50. Before the cold start of the machine, it is possible to perform a sweeping of the working volume 50 by the steam by simultaneously opening the flaps of each tubing. This sweeping is performed when the expansion machine is stopped and remains locked at low dead point by the generator 46, this position maximizing the exchange surface between the steam and the walls of the volume 50.
Cela permet la mise en température de l'ensemble de la machine, garantissant l'absence de condensation dans le volume 50 lors de son démarrage ultérieur.  This allows the temperature of the entire machine, ensuring the absence of condensation in the volume 50 at its subsequent start.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1) Dispositif de contrôle pour une machine de détente à piston (22) d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine (10), ladite machine comprenant un cylindre (38) à l'intérieur duquel coulisse un piston (40) relié à un arbre de sortie (44), au moins une tubulure d'alimentation (48) de fluide de travail en phase vapeur, au moins une tubulure d'évacuation (52) dudit fluide de travail et des moyens d'obturation (54, 54') desdites tubulures, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'obturation comprennent des moyens (54, 54') non reliés mécaniquement à l'arbre de sortie (44). 1) Control device for a piston expansion machine (22) of a Rankine cycle closed circuit (10), said machine comprising a cylinder (38) inside which slides a piston (40) connected to a output shaft (44), at least one supply pipe (48) of vapor-phase working fluid, at least one discharge pipe (52) of said working fluid and closure means (54, 54 ' ) of said pipes, characterized in that the closure means comprise means (54, 54 ') not mechanically connected to the output shaft (44).
2) Dispositif de contrôle selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'obturation comprennent des moyens de fermeture/ouverture (56, 56') de la tubulure (48, 52) commandés par un actionneur non mécanique (58, 58'). 3) Dispositif de contrôle selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'actionneur est un actionneur électrique (58, 58'). 2) Control device according to claim 1, characterized in that the closure means comprise means for closing / opening (56, 56 ') of the tubing (48, 52) controlled by a non-mechanical actuator (58, 58 '). 3) Control device according to claim 2, characterized in that the actuator is an electric actuator (58, 58 ').
4) Dispositif de contrôle selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de fermeture/ouverture comprennent un volet (56, 56'). 4) Control device according to claim 2, characterized in that the closing / opening means comprise a flap (56, 56 ').
5) Procédé de contrôle d'une machine de détente à piston (22) d'un circuit fermé à cycle de Rankine (10), ladite machine comprenant un cylindre (38) à l'intérieur duquel coulisse un piston (40) relié à un arbre de sortie (44), au moins une tubulure d'alimentation (48) de fluide de travail en phase vapeur, au moins une tubulure d'évacuation (52) dudit fluide de travail et des moyens d'obturation (54, 54') desdites tubulures, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures par des moyens non reliés mécaniquement à l'arbre de sortie (44). 6) Procédé de contrôle selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur par des électrovannes (54, 54') commandées par le système de contrôle/commande (36) du circuit. 7) Procédé de contrôle selon la revendication 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à envoyer au système de contrôle/commande (36) une information sur la position angulaire de l'arbre de sortie (44) pour contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures. 5) A method for controlling a piston expansion machine (22) of a Rankine cycle closed circuit (10), said machine comprising a cylinder (38) inside which a piston (40) connected to an output shaft (44), at least one vapor phase working fluid supply pipe (48), at least one evacuation pipe (52) of said working fluid and closure means (54, 54 ') of said pipes, characterized in that it consists in controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the pipes by means not mechanically connected to the output shaft (44). 6) Control method according to claim 5, characterized in that it consists in controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase by solenoid valves (54, 54 ') controlled by the control / command system (36) of the circuit . 7) Control method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that it consists in sending to the control / command system (36) information on the angular position of the output shaft (44) to control the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the pipes.
8) Procédé de contrôle selon l'une des revendications 5 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à contrôler la circulation du fluide de travail en phase vapeur dans les tubulures (48, 52) pour réaliser un balayage continu du volume de travail de la machine. 8) A method of control according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that it consists in controlling the circulation of the working fluid in the vapor phase in the tubes (48, 52) to achieve a continuous scanning of the volume of work of the machine.
PCT/FR2012/000476 2011-12-21 2012-11-20 Device for controlling a decompression machine of a rankine cycle closed circuit, and method using such a device WO2013093224A1 (en)

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FR1104001A FR2984950B1 (en) 2011-12-21 2011-12-21 DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING A RANKINE CYCLE CLOSED CIRCUIT RELIEF MACHINE AND METHOD USING SUCH A DEVICE

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DE102020216336A1 (en) 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Heat engine with external heat supply

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DE102020200614A1 (en) 2020-01-20 2021-07-22 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Heat engine with external heat supply
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FR2984950B1 (en) 2015-04-10

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