WO2013079979A1 - Appareil de diffuseur comprenant une surface variable - Google Patents

Appareil de diffuseur comprenant une surface variable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013079979A1
WO2013079979A1 PCT/GB2012/052991 GB2012052991W WO2013079979A1 WO 2013079979 A1 WO2013079979 A1 WO 2013079979A1 GB 2012052991 W GB2012052991 W GB 2012052991W WO 2013079979 A1 WO2013079979 A1 WO 2013079979A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
diffuser
elements
absorbent
reservoir
surface area
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2012/052991
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Colin William Litten-Brown
Dean Charles CHAPMAN
Original Assignee
Robert Mcbride Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Mcbride Ltd filed Critical Robert Mcbride Ltd
Priority to EP12799259.2A priority Critical patent/EP2785384A1/fr
Publication of WO2013079979A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013079979A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/015—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone
    • A61L9/04—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air without heating
    • A61L9/12—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor
    • A61L9/127—Apparatus, e.g. holders, therefor comprising a wick
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M1/00—Stationary means for catching or killing insects
    • A01M1/20—Poisoning, narcotising, or burning insects
    • A01M1/2022—Poisoning or narcotising insects by vaporising an insecticide
    • A01M1/2027—Poisoning or narcotising insects by vaporising an insecticide without heating
    • A01M1/2044—Holders or dispensers for liquid insecticide, e.g. using wicks
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2209/00—Aspects relating to disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L2209/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2209/13—Dispensing or storing means for active compounds
    • A61L2209/134—Distributing means, e.g. baffles, valves, manifolds, nozzles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a diffuser apparatus for delivering a vapour to the ambient environment.
  • the present invention is based on the use of absorbent solids such as wood, cellulose card, porous plastic, unglazed ceramic or any other structure through which fluids can pass as delivery systems for fragrances, insecticides or other volatile active materials for use as air fresheners or insecticidal devices.
  • absorbent solids such as wood, cellulose card, porous plastic, unglazed ceramic or any other structure through which fluids can pass as delivery systems for fragrances, insecticides or other volatile active materials for use as air fresheners or insecticidal devices.
  • porous solids as a means of transporting or fragrances or other volatile materials is well known in the art and many different porous solids are commonly used. Some are natural structures such as wood, sola pith or rattan where the material is cut such that the natural xylem and phloem are utilised to transport fluid or the material is selected for having porosity in all directions. Other materials are manufactured but based on natural materials such as card formed of pulped wood or cellulose, fibrous rods made from cellulose or cotton and graphite rods.
  • a wick in this context can be described as the porous medium used for the transport of a volatile active fluid from a reservoir to a point of evaporation or delivery.
  • the volatile active fluid can be delivered but in all cases delivery is made from a porous substrate which can be described in this case as the emanator or diffuser (the latter term will be used here).
  • the diffuser is in direct mechanical contact with the wick such that fluid transfer is achieved between the two substrates. It is well known that if two porous substrates are brought into direct physical contact, preferably by placing two planar surfaces together, fluid will transfer between the two surfaces by capillary action.
  • the wick and diffuser are composed of a single piece of porous material. One end of the porous material is placed into the reservoir, extending to the lowermost point so that all of the volatile active fluid will be able to access the substrate. This wick portion then extends beyond the opening of the reservoir and the portion that extends beyond and from which volatile active fluid is free to evaporate can be thought of as the diffuser.
  • the wick and diffuser are formed of separate pieces and may be separate materials.
  • the wick is solely designed to transport volatile active fluid from the reservoir and to supply it to the diffuser while the role of the diffuser is to provide a surface from which the volatile active material can evaporate.
  • the diffuser is simply exposed to the ambient air and release of volatile active material determined by the ambient temperature, humidity and air flow.
  • the diffuser is exposed to a heat source, forced air flow, piezoelectric nebulizer or other form of mechanical diffusion to promote and control evaporation.
  • the wick and diffuser are normally a fixed size and shape and constructed from single pieces so that the rate of evaporation cannot be controlled at the diffuser.
  • evaporation can be controlled by altering the temperature, amount of air flow or rate of nebulization but in the case of non- powered devices, the only means of adjusting delivery is to encase the diffuser in a vented cage with adjustable vent holes.
  • Such systems are often unsatisfactory as they only regulate air flow through the system and have little effect on the rate of evaporation due to temperature.
  • a diffuser apparatus for delivering a vapour to the ambient environment, the apparatus comprising a reservoir for holding a volatile liquid whereof the vapour is to be delivered by the apparatus, a liquid absorbent diffuser assembly externally of reservoir, and a wick within the reservoir for delivering liquid therefrom to the diffuser assembly wherein the diffuser assembly is adjustably configured such as to have a selectively variable surface area that may be directly exposed to the ambient environment for evaporation of absorbed liquid.
  • the present invention describes a diffuser which consists in its simplest form of one element that is folded in such a way that the user can adjust the position of the folded portion.
  • the diffuser When in its folded orientation the diffuser would present a "minimum” surface area for evaporation while in its totally unfolded orientation the diffuser would present a "maximum” surface area for evaporation.
  • a preferred embodiment of diffuser apparatus in accordance with the invention comprises an absorbent assembly having a plurality of elongate absorbent elements which provide a plurality of diffuser elements and a plurality of said wicks, said diffuser elements providing said diffuser assembly.
  • these elongate absorbent elements are each of a single piece of absorbent material.
  • the absorbent elements may be pivotally connected together so that adjacent diffuser elements may be moved into and out of face-to-face relationship to provide for the selectively variable surface area, e.g. in the manner of a fan.
  • the absorbent elements are of the same length and are pivotally connected together approximately mid-way along their lengths.
  • the diffuser elements are preferably vertical in the normal use configuration of the apparatus.
  • the diffuser is constructed of two elements that can move with respect to each other but which are in fluid contact at all times regardless of their relative position. Movement can be achieved either around a rotational point or by the two elements sliding with respect to each other. It is not necessary that both elements have freedom to move and it may be that one is fixed and that the second is free to move with respect to the first.
  • One of the elements of the diffuser is connected to a wick which extends into the fluid reservoir and it may be that the first diffuser element and the wick are a single continuous structure.
  • This invention also describes a diffuser which is composed of more than two elements in physical contact, one of which is connected to the wick and the others being free to move with relation to the first element and the other secondary elements while retaining fluid contact with at least the primary element which is in turn in physical and fluid contact with the wick.
  • movement of the diffuser elements may be optionally restricted or constrained so that the movable elements are only able to move between two pre-determined positions. This could be for aesthetic reasons, for example using elements that open like a fan or for performance reasons where a minimum and maximum surface area are desirable so that the delivery of volatile active fluid can be controlled between two known limits.
  • an elongate wick formed of a rigid or flexible porous material extends beyond the opening of a reservoir of volatile active fluid to connect to a primary rigid diffuser element.
  • the wick and diffuser may be constructed of the same rigid material or may be separate elements composed of different substances, so long as they are in direct fluid contact.
  • a second diffuser element also formed of a rigid porous material has extensions to either side which have internal grooves into which the primary diffuser element can slide. When so positioned, the inside faces of the primary and secondary diffuser elements are in physical contact and fluid is free to pass between them.
  • the primary and secondary diffuser elements could also be joined by bands encircling both elements at positions along the length of each element but still leaving the majority of both elements exposed to the atmosphere to allow for fragrance evaporation. Other means of connecting the two elements could be envisaged.
  • the secondary diffuser element is by this arrangement free to slide in a vertical direction with respect to the primary element and this has the effect of increasing or decreasing the total evaporative surface area.
  • the primary diffuser element is a rectilinear structure 10mm wide by 1 mm thick and extending for 50mm beyond the neck of the reservoir and the second diffuser element is a rectilinear structure 12mm wide by 1 mm thick and 50mm long with extension from each edge that are a further 2mm long and which return 2mm to wrap around the primary diffuser element
  • the secondary element when the secondary element is at its lowest position with respect to the vertical primary element the total available surface area for evaporation (assuming sides and top exposed only initially) would be:
  • the surface area of the diffuser can be increased by approximately 65% between the fully closed and fully open positions.
  • the porous rigid material of the primary diffuser element is composed of a vertical shaft which is either connected or integral to the wick and which extends from the opening to the fluid reservoir and may also be integral to a threaded cap that secures the device onto the reservoir.
  • This shaft is circular in cross-section.
  • the corresponding secondary diffuser elements are formed from planar sheets of rigid porous material and have a circular hole that allows them to be placed on the primary diffuser element such that the secondary element is free to rotate but is still in physical contact with the primary element.
  • the secondary elements extend perpendicular to the axis of the primary element and may be of any general shape so long as they have horizontally planar surfaces between elements. In order to allow adjustability of surface area, there should be at least two horizontal elements, one of which may be integral to the primary element and fixed. By such an arrangement, several movable elements may be stacked together and thus provide considerable scope for adjustability and also aesthetic arrangement by the user.
  • the top of the primary element is fitted with a cap that could be pushed, screwed, nailed or glued in place and which extends beyond the circumference of the primary element and which is intended to prevent the secondary elements from being removed.
  • This cap could also be formed of rigid porous material to extend the available surface area for evaporation.
  • the primary element is formed of a vertical shaft with a square or rectangular cross-section. At a position just above the point where the primary element extends from the fluid reservoir there is a hole to accept a horizontal shaft or axle.
  • Secondary elements are formed from planar sheets and stacked vertically such that they are in direct physical contact.
  • the secondary elements have at one point a hole that corresponds to the shaft in the primary element and it is around this shaft that the secondary elements are free to move. This hole could be at one end of the secondary elements such that they fan out or in the centre so that they twist open to form a spiral. Other aesthetic arrangements could be envisaged and this description is not meant to be in any way limiting.
  • the shaft or axle is capped at both ends to prevent the elements from being removed from the axle and it could be formed of any rigid material that is resistant to the volatile active fluid including optionally a porous substance.
  • the ends of the free-moving elements may be joined by means of a length of flexible material such that they are restricted in their movement.
  • a length of flexible material such that they are restricted in their movement.
  • the elements are restricted that in their fully open position the uppermost ends of the elements are restricted to a position that they are adjacent to the next element and that the level of overlap increases down the length of the elements to the axle.
  • Such an arrangement would mimic a Japanese-style fan, some of which are formed of wooden, plastic or bone elements the ends of which are joined by fabric or some other flexible material.
  • One option would be to cut out holes in the primary and/or secondary elements so that the overall surface area is reduced.
  • the number, size, shape and position of the holes would be varied depending on the aesthetic requirements and also the desired rate of evaporation.
  • Another option would be to mask part of the surface of the primary and/or secondary elements using a material that is impervious to the liquid being emanated and also chemically unaffected by the liquid, i.e. it does not warp, dissolve or become detached due to the adhesive being impaired. Examples would be the adhesion of impervious materials to the surface such as plastic or the printing of impervious substances such as latex.
  • a third option would be to intersperse the porous elements with elements constructed of an impervious material which therefore provide aesthetic benefits but do not provide any liquid transfer or diffusion.
  • the axle would need to either be constructed of a porous material or be sheathed in a porous material with which the elements are all in direct contact.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of diffuser apparatus in accordance with the invention
  • Figs. 2 to Fig. 13 illustrate further embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings A first embodiment of diffuser assembly 100 in accordance with the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1 of the drawings and comprises a generally conical reservoir 101 (with a neck 102) and an absorbent assembly 103 itself comprised of a plurality (four shown) of equal length, elongate elements 104 each of absorbent material and pivotally connected together (as represented by reference numeral 105) at approximately the mid points of their length whereby the assembly 103 may be "fanned-open" (Fig. 1 a) and “fanned-closed” (Fig. 1 b) in the manner that will be clearly understood from the drawings and their pivotal connection 105 locates in the region of the neck 102 of the reservoir 101 .
  • Elongate elements 104 are of increasing width in going from their lower to their upper ends (as viewed in Fig. 1 ).
  • a further feature of the construction illustrated in Figs. 1 (a) and (b) is the provision of apertures 106 to reduce the evaporative surface area.
  • each elongate element 104 together constitute a diffusion assembly and the lower parts 1041 act as wicks for conveying a volatile liquid (not shown) held in the reservoir to the upper parts 104a.
  • the surface area of the diffusion assembly that is exposed to the atmosphere may be selectively controlled by movement of the elongate elements 104 between the open position shown in Fig. 1 (a) and the closed position shown in Fig. 1 (b), it being appreciated that the elongate elements 104 may adopt any position between these two extremes.
  • FIG. 1 depicts in vertical cross-section and isometric view the first embodiment of the invention and comprises a reservoir 1 containing volatile active fluid 2.
  • a wick 3 Immersed in the volatile active fluid 2 is a wick 3 extending to the opening 4 in the reservoir 1 .
  • the wick 3 is held in its vertical position by an insert 5 in the opening 4 of the reservoir 1 .
  • the wick 3 extends to form a primary diffuser 6 which has one or more folded sections 7 that comprise the movable part of the invention. In this configuration, the folded sections 7 are shown in their "closed" position i.e. the position that exposes the least surface are to the air for evaporation of the volatile active material..
  • Figure 3 depicts in vertical cross-section and isometric view the same device as in Figure 2 but in this case the folded sections 6 of the diffuser 5 are shown in their unfolded or "open" position exposing the maximum evaporative surface area.
  • Figure 4 depicts in vertical cross-section and isometric view a second embodiment of the invention and comprises a device in which the primary diffuser 6 extending from the wick 3 located in the reservoir 1 of volatile active fluid 2 is in contact with a separate secondary diffuser 8.
  • the secondary diffuser 8 is composed of a rigid porous material which may be the same material as the primary diffuser 6 but may also be of a different porous material so long as direct contact of the two components allows for fluid transfer between the primary diffuser 6 and the secondary diffuser 8.
  • the secondary diffuser has in this depiction of the device extensions 9 on either side which wrap around the primary diffuser 6 and allow for the secondary diffuser 8 to be slid up and down in a vertical direction with respect to the primary diffuser 6.
  • the secondary diffuser 8 is in its lowest position with respect to the primary diffuser 6 which results in the minimum surface area of porous material exposed.
  • Figure 5 depicts the same device as described in Figure 4 in isometric view but in this case the secondary diffuser 8 is extended with respect to the primary diffuser 6 allowing for increased surface area for evaporation.
  • Figure 6 depicts in vertical cross-section and isometric view a third embodiment of the invention and comprises a device in which the primary diffuser 6 extending from the wick 3 located in the reservoir 1 of volatile active fluid 2 is formed of a flat sheet and is attached to secondary diffuser elements 9 by means of an axle 10.
  • the secondary diffuser elements 9 have a hole preferentially but not essentially at one end by which means they are attached to the axle 10.
  • the axle 10 has a stop 1 1 at both ends to prevent the secondary diffuser elements 9 from being removed. It is envisaged that during manufacture one of these stops 1 1 would be removable to allow for assembly.
  • the secondary diffuser elements 9 are allowed to rotate freely about the axle 10.
  • Figure 7 depicts in isometric view the same device as in Figure 6 but in this case the secondary diffuser elements 9 have been rotated to create a fan with much greater exposed surface area than the closed embodiment of Figure 6.
  • Figure 8 depicts in vertical cross-section and isometric view a fourth embodiment of the invention and comprises a device in which the primary diffuser 6 extending from the wick 3 located in the reservoir 1 of volatile active fluid 2 is formed of a circular cross-section element.
  • Planar secondary diffuser elements 12 are constructed in such a way that they have a hole, preferably but not essentially in the centre of the largest face which corresponds in diameter to the cross-sectional diameter of the primary diffuser 6.
  • the primary diffuser 6 optionally has a stop located just above the point from which it emerges from the reservoir 1 to define the lowest position where the planar secondary diffuser elements 12 can be located or alternatively they can be allowed to rest on the top of the reservoir 1 and insert 5.
  • planar secondary diffuser elements 12 allow for them to be located on the primary diffuser 6 with sufficient tolerance to allow physical contact and thus fluid transfer but still allowing rotation of the planar secondary diffuser elements 12 with respect to the vertical axis of the primary diffuser 6.
  • a removable stop 13 At the top of the primary diffuser is a removable stop 13 that prevent the planar secondary diffuser elements 12 from being removed.
  • planar secondary diffuser elements 12 have been arranged in the same orientation, presenting the minimum surface area for evaporation.
  • Figure 9 depicts in isometric view the same device as in Figure 8 but in this case the planar secondary diffuser elements 12 have been arranged in a spiral pattern, exposing a much greater evaporative surface area than in Figure 8.
  • Figure 10 depicts in isometric view the same device depicted in Figure 7 but in this case there are circular holes 14 cut through the top portion of the primary diffuser 6 and secondary diffuser elements 9 to reduce the evaporative surface area.
  • Figure 1 1 depicts in isometric view the same device depicted in Figure 7 but in this case the primary diffuser 6 and secondary diffuser elements 9 have the addition of non-porous mask features 15 covering part of the surface area and preventing liquid from evaporating from these regions.
  • Figure 12 depicts in isometric view the same device depicted in Figure 7 but in this case there are non-porous elements 16 interspersed with the primary diffuser 6 and secondary diffuser elements 9.
  • the non-porous elements 16 have been depicted with squared tops to distinguish them from the round-topped secondary diffuser elements 9.
  • Figure 13 depicts a cross-section through the central portion of Figure 12 and shows a porous sheath 17 around the axle 10.
  • the porous sheath allows for direct fluid transfer between the primary diffuser 6 and the secondary diffuser elements 9.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un appareil de diffuseur (100) pour distribuer une vapeur à l'environnement ambiant, lequel appareil comprend un réservoir (101) pour contenir un liquide volatil dont la vapeur doit être distribuée par l'appareil (1041), un ensemble diffuseur absorbant les liquides (104u) à l'extérieur du réservoir (101), et une mèche à l'intérieur du réservoir pour distribuer un liquide à partir de celui-ci à l'ensemble diffuseur. L'ensemble diffuseur (104u) est configuré de façon réglable de façon à avoir une surface variable sélectivement, qui peut être directement exposée à l'environnement ambiant pour l'évaporation de liquide absorbé. Des éléments absorbants individuels peuvent être reliés de façon pivotante ou articulée les uns aux autres.
PCT/GB2012/052991 2011-12-02 2012-12-03 Appareil de diffuseur comprenant une surface variable WO2013079979A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12799259.2A EP2785384A1 (fr) 2011-12-02 2012-12-03 Appareil de diffuseur comprenant une surface variable

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB201120811A GB201120811D0 (en) 2011-12-02 2011-12-02 Air freshener with multiple-element diffuser
GB1120811.3 2011-12-02

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013079979A1 true WO2013079979A1 (fr) 2013-06-06

Family

ID=45509112

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2012/052991 WO2013079979A1 (fr) 2011-12-02 2012-12-03 Appareil de diffuseur comprenant une surface variable

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2785384A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB201120811D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013079979A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114041631A (zh) * 2021-03-05 2022-02-15 沃威 多功能便携式电子烟
GB2621157A (en) * 2022-08-04 2024-02-07 Tonkinson Reece Collapsible diffuser reed

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050178345A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-18 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Wick-based delivery system incorporating a capillary member
US20060233538A1 (en) * 2005-04-14 2006-10-19 Tollens Fernando R Energized systems and devices for delivering volatile materials
WO2007036062A2 (fr) * 2005-09-29 2007-04-05 Givaudan Sa Diffuseur de liquide volatile
US20080217425A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2008-09-11 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Evaporating Device
EP2005974A1 (fr) * 2007-06-14 2008-12-24 Firmenich SA Dispositif pour distribuer une substance volatile
US20110290908A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2011-12-01 Lyse Tranzeat Device for dispensing a volatile substance

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050178345A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-18 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Wick-based delivery system incorporating a capillary member
US20060233538A1 (en) * 2005-04-14 2006-10-19 Tollens Fernando R Energized systems and devices for delivering volatile materials
US20080217425A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2008-09-11 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Evaporating Device
WO2007036062A2 (fr) * 2005-09-29 2007-04-05 Givaudan Sa Diffuseur de liquide volatile
EP2005974A1 (fr) * 2007-06-14 2008-12-24 Firmenich SA Dispositif pour distribuer une substance volatile
US20110290908A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2011-12-01 Lyse Tranzeat Device for dispensing a volatile substance

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114041631A (zh) * 2021-03-05 2022-02-15 沃威 多功能便携式电子烟
GB2621157A (en) * 2022-08-04 2024-02-07 Tonkinson Reece Collapsible diffuser reed

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB201120811D0 (en) 2012-01-11
EP2785384A1 (fr) 2014-10-08

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