WO2013070082A1 - Use of swellable elastomeric polymer materials - Google Patents

Use of swellable elastomeric polymer materials Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013070082A1
WO2013070082A1 PCT/NL2012/050801 NL2012050801W WO2013070082A1 WO 2013070082 A1 WO2013070082 A1 WO 2013070082A1 NL 2012050801 W NL2012050801 W NL 2012050801W WO 2013070082 A1 WO2013070082 A1 WO 2013070082A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
rubber
swell
water
previous
compound
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NL2012/050801
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Roger Martin SEYGER
Original Assignee
Ruma Products Holding B.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ruma Products Holding B.V. filed Critical Ruma Products Holding B.V.
Publication of WO2013070082A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013070082A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/50—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls
    • C09K8/516—Compositions for plastering borehole walls, i.e. compositions for temporary consolidation of borehole walls characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. encapsulated material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
    • A61L29/12—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
    • E21B33/1208—Packers; Plugs characterised by the construction of the sealing or packing means

Definitions

  • Suitable amides are for instance dimethylformamide, propanamide, and the like.
  • Suitable water-swellable elastomers are for instance described in WO-A-2005/012686.
  • the water-swellable elastomer or that is swellable in other fluids than water is a combination of an elastomer matrix and a fluid- soluble compound dispersed therein, wherein the migration of the fluid soluble compound is prevented by the matrix of the elastomer, whereas water or other fluid may migrate into the matrix by diffusion.
  • the matrix swells.
  • the concentration of fluid-soluble compound in the elastomer composition of the invention is higher than that of the fluid that is used to allow the elastomer to swell.
  • the fluid-soluble compound is incorporated in a plurality of particles homogeneously distributed through the matrix material.
  • hydroxide imide; nitrate; nitride; nitrite; phosphate; sulfide; sulfate; and combinations thereof.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for sealing a space comprising the steps of i) contacting one or more fluid-swellable elastomer bodies with a swell-postponing compound; and, at the same time or at a later time, ii) allowing said one or more bodies to contact a fluid, in particular water. Further, the inventions relates to a composition, comprising an elastomer matrix which comprises an elastomer selected from the group consisting of: rubber materials which, apart from swelling in water, also swell in crude oil; rubber materials which do not swell in crude oil; and combinations thereof.

Description

Title: USE OF SWELLABLE ELASTOMERIC POLYMER MATERIALS
The invention is directed to the controlled use of elastomeric polymer materials having water-swellable properties.
Elastomeric materials, such as rubbers are used in many industries, inter alia in energy winning in such forms as geo-thermal and in oil and gas production, for instance for sealing off spaces in various places in wellbores in an earth formation. A specific class of these materials are swellable
elastomers.
WO-A-2005/012686 for instance describes a composition for sealing a space in a wellbore formed in an earth formation, the earth formation containing formation fluids susceptible of flowing into the wellbore. The rubber compositions described in this document are fluid-swellable, which means that upon contact with specific fluids the rubber compositions may swell, for instance upon contact with water or hydrocarbons coming from areas surrounding the wellbore.
Although these known compositions are useful in sealing off underground formation areas upon contact with fluid, the present inventors realized that in the practical application of these materials there can be serious obstacles. In particular it is considered disadvantageous that the prior art rubber compositions start to swell immediately upon contact with any fluid.
The production of wellbores typically requires the control of equipment at very great depths, several kilometers not being uncommon. Swellable elastomers are applied commonly in this wellbore production process to create a seal between the various casings and the fluids contained within the rock formations being penetrated that are used to contain and convey the drill string and thus form the drill hole. Also swellable elastomers are used in seals that are used as spacers to position and seal an inner pipe in a concentric outer pipe. By using swellable elastomers here fluids can be contained in a certain segment. Also swellable elastomers are used in production enhancement processes, such as fracturing, the process of initiating and subsequently propagating a fracture in a rock layer, employing the pressure of a fluid as the source of energy. This may be done by pumping particles into the fracture, using swellable elastomers as the sealing source against these motive pressures.
In most applications the swellable elastomers must be applied and function at great depths. It becomes very difficult to ensure that the swellable compositions do not contact activating fluids prematurely, viz. before they are put in their proper place. In this respect it is important to realize that for elastomers the swelling curve (viz. swelling ratio versus time) is steep in the beginning and tends to tail off and flatten after some time, thus the rate of swelling upon contact with the activating fluid is fastest for initial unswollen elastomers. These factors make utilization of the swelling behavior
complicated and in the event of delays in getting the swelling elastomer into the required place very difficult to control.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method that allows the use of swellable rubber compositions, as well as swelling rubber products, such as swelling packers, casings and tubing seals and similar, in a better controlled manner with respect to their swelling behavior, so that these compositions and products can be employed more successfully in the above- mentioned applications, as in all other applications where swelling elastomers are required or used.
The inventors found that the contacting the swellable rubber compound with certain compounds prior to, or simultaneously with contacting with fluids, makes it possible to postpone the swelling of water-swellable elastomers when these are (eventually or prematurely) contacted with fluid. In particular these compounds may be organic compounds that contain one or more oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms, such as alcohol compounds, amines, amides, acids, ethers, etc. Thus in a first aspect the invention is directed to a method for sealing a space, in particular a space in a wellbore of an earth formation, comprising the steps of i) contacting one or more water-swellable elastomer bodies with at least one swell-postponing compound; and, at the same time or at a later time, ii) allowing said one or more bodies to contact water, in particular formation water.
US-A-2008/0135250, US-A-2010/206589 and US-A-2004/194971 relate to rubber compositions and the use thereof in sealing wellbore spaces. However, none of these prior art documents disclose or suggest a first step i) of contacting one or more water-swellable elastomer bodies with at least one swell-postponing compound.
Preferably the swell-postponing compound is liquid at application temperature and pressures. In accordance with the invention, the swell- postponing compound is preferably an N- and/or O- containing organic compound, such as alcohol compounds, amines, amides, acids, ethers, and the like.
Suitable alcohol compounds can in principle be any organic compound having one or more -OH groups, in particular monohydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, pentanol or hexadecan-l-ol; or polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol (ethane- 1,2-diol), glycerol
(propane- 1, 2, 3-triol), erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, volemitol, or polyvinylalcohol (PVA); as well as combinations thereof. Preferably the alcohol compound is liquid at application temperature and pressures. More preferably the alcohol compound is glycerol or methanol, most preferably glycerol.
Suitable amines are for instance 1-aminobutane, cyclohexylamine, methylamine, dimethylamine, and the like.
Suitable amides are for instance dimethylformamide, propanamide, and the like.
Suitable acids are for instance formic acid, acetic acid, butanoic acid, benzoic acid, and the like.
The compound is chosen such that it postpones the normal swelling behavior of the swellable polymer. Preferably the swellable polymer is a water- swellable polymer and the swell-postponing postpones the swelling due to contact with water. The organic compounds are completely or partially soluble in water and thus can reduce the swell rate and ultimate swell of water- swellable elastomers.
The water that according to the invention is intended to induce water-swelling of the activated elastomeric composition is typically formation water (i.e. water that is found in an earth formations). This water may be pure, but generally it contains dissolved salts, usually in high concentrations, for instance more than 30 g/dm3. Generally the swelleable composition of the invention should be capable of swelling in water of salinity as high as 140 g/dm3 sodium chloride and containing considerable concentrations of bivalent ions, such as at least 40 g/dm3 calcium chloride and 8 g/dm3 magnesium chloride. Even saturated salt solutions are encountered in practice and still can be used in the method of the invention. The transition from non-swollen to fully swollen state preferably takes place within a timeframe of 1-10 weeks, more preferably 2-3 weeks, and the swollen state should be maintained for a period of preferably at least one year.
Suitable water-swellable elastomers are for instance described in WO-A-2005/012686. The water-swellable elastomer or that is swellable in other fluids than water is a combination of an elastomer matrix and a fluid- soluble compound dispersed therein, wherein the migration of the fluid soluble compound is prevented by the matrix of the elastomer, whereas water or other fluid may migrate into the matrix by diffusion. As a result the matrix swells. In order to obtain the desired level of swelling, it is important that the concentration of fluid-soluble compound in the elastomer composition of the invention is higher than that of the fluid that is used to allow the elastomer to swell. Preferably the fluid-soluble compound is incorporated in a plurality of particles homogeneously distributed through the matrix material.
Formation fluid may have an elevated temperature, such as 30 °C or more, preferably up to 350 °C. The water-soluble compound is preferably a salt having a water- solubility of 360 g/dm3 (NaCl) or more. Suitable water-soluble compounds are fine particles, in particular fine particles of salt, preferably a dissociating salt, which can be uniformly compounded into the base rubber. For example extremely fine salt particles which are water soluble may be used.
The salt is preferably a salt wherein the anion is selected from the group of: acetate; bicarbonate; carbonate; formate; halide; hydrosulfide;
hydroxide; imide; nitrate; nitride; nitrite; phosphate; sulfide; sulfate; and combinations thereof.
The cation can be a metal or another positive ion, such as an ammonium ion. Preferably the cation is chosen from Na+, K+ Ca2+, NH4 + and combinations thereof.
The preferred salts are NaCl and CaC .
Suitable elastomers are rubber materials which, apart from swelling in water, also swell in crude oil present in petroleum wells, such as ethylene propylene rubber (EPM and EPDM); ethylene- propylene-diene terpolymer rubber (EPT); butyl rubber (IIR); brominated butyl rubber (BUR); chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR); chlorinated polyethylene (CM/CPE); neoprene rubber (CR); epichlorohydrin ethylene oxide copolymer (CO, ECO); styrene butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR); sulphonated polyethylene (CSM); ethylene acrylate rubber (EAM/AEM); silicone rubbers (VMQ); and fluorsilicone rubber (FVMQ).
Also suitable are rubber materials which do not swell in crude oil, such as butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (nitrile rubber, NBR); hydrogenated NBR (HNBR, HNS), such as ZETPOL™, TORNAC™, TERBAN™; NBR with reactive groups (X-NBR); perfluoro rubbers (FFKM) such as KALREZ™, CHEMRAZ™; fluoro rubbers (FKM), such as VITONTM, FLUORELTMJ and tetrafluorethylene/propylene (TFE/P), such as AFLAS™.
Most of these elastomers can be crosslinked by more than one crosslinking agent {e.g. either sulphur crosslinked or peroxide crosslinked). Apart from the thermoset (non swelling and oil swelling) elastomer matrix materials quoted above, also blends of elastomers can be applied (so called "elastomeric alloys"). Although an almost inexhaustible combination of thermoplastic and thermoset elastomers are feasible, the most preferred are the EPDM/polypropylene blends such as SARLINK™, Levaflex™,
Santoprene™, NBR-polypropylene blends such as GEOLAST™,
NBR/polyvinylchloride blends and NR/polypropylene blends. All of these have a tendency to swell in petroleum crudes, especially at the targeted downhole well temperatures.
The water-swellable elastomer compositions for use in the present invention may further comprise other ingredients, in particular plasticizers, such as polyester or polyether plasticizers; additives to increase the
mechanical properties, such as carbon blacks or silica fillers; crosslinkers, such as sulfur or peroxide type crosslinkers; crosslinking promotors, such as (iso)cyanurates or methacrylates.
The water-swellable elastomer may contain further additives, such as poly-electrolytes, such as super absorbing polymers (SAPs), such as sodium polyacrylate and acrylic acids, or hydrophilic clays such as sodium bentonite particles (e.g. Wyoming Bentonite), or natural water swelling material such as wood, cork or cellulose fillers.
Suitably the an elastomer is used in combination with a polar super absorbing polymer (SAP) and a salt, whereby the polar SAP is grafted onto the backbone of the elastomer. Such system has the advantage that the polar SAP particles tend to retain the salt particles in the elastomer matrix thereby reducing leaching of the salt from the elastomer. The polar salt is attracted by electrostatic forces to the polar SAP molecules, which are grafted ("glued") to the backbone of the rubber.
The transition from non-swollen to fully swollen state preferably takes place within a timeframe of 2-3 weeks, and the swollen state should preferably be maintained for a period of at least one year. A process according to the present invention comprises contacting a water-swellable elastomer (or other fluid-swellable elastomer) body into contact with the swell-postponing compound and subsequently or
simultaneously bringing the body to a desired location and allowing the body to come into contact with water or other fluid.
The present inventors found that the water-swelling behavior can be postponed considerably, as is illustrated in the examples hereinbelow.
The compositions of the invention can be formed into products of different shapes and dimensions. Non-limiting examples of products made from the compositions of the invention are small particles, for instance spherical particles, e.g. having an average diameter of from 0.1 to 10 mm; the packers, spacers and seals mentioned above; and other elastomer products commonly used in the field of oil and gas recovery, as well as geothermal energy applications. Apart from application in oil and gas production, and applications which involve the storage and/or winning of geothermic heat, the compositions of the invention and the products made therefrom can be used in completely different application fields, such as in preparing medical devices, such as catheters.
Example
A rubber composition was prepared using the following ing
100 g HNBR rubber,
25.0 g polyester plasticizer,
50.0 g HAF (High Abrasion Furnace) carbon black,
2.0 g peroxide crosslinker,
2.0 g triallyl isocyanurate (coagent for crosslinking), and 100 g NaCl The ingredients were compounded using a 2 roll mill. The compounded rubber was vulcanized at 160 °C during 1 hour. Test pieces were cut and submerged in testing liquids, containing different glycol contents, as indicated in Table 1 and Figure 1. Changes in hardness, weight and volume were monitored over time. The following results were obtained.
Table 1. Development of several parameters upon contacting with mixtures of different glycol/water content.
Glycol/water Duration Hardness Hardness Weight Weight Volume Volume content 0 Shore-A change (g) change (cm3) change
(w/w) (days) % % %
100/0 0 72 0 7.73 0 5.93 0
100/0 3 49 ■23 10.74 38.94 8.55 44.18
100/0 5 40 ■32 12.58 62.74 10.34 74.37
100/0 7 37 ■35 14.12 82.66 11.71 97.47
100/0 14 33 ■39 20.36 163.39 17.54 195.78
100/0 21 33 ■39 26.81 246.83 23.48 295.95
100/0 35 30 -42 33.55 334.02 29.39 395.62
20/80 0 72 0 7.76 0 5.99 0
20/80 3 33 ■39 28.45 266.62 26.22 337.73
20/80 5 32 -40 36.91 375.64 34.31 472.79
20/80 7 35 ■37 42.12 442.78 39.2 554.42
20/80 14 34 -38 43.1 455.41 50.01 734.89
20/80 21 33 -39 56.88 632.99 53.71 796.66
20/80 35 30 -42 59.09 661.47 55.93 833.72
50/50 0 72 0 7.71 0 5.92 0
50/50 3 34 -38 22.27 188.85 19.99 237.67
50/50 5 32 -40 29.02 276.39 26.13 341.39
50/50 7 32 -40 33.79 338.26 30.39 413.34
50/50 14 33 -39 45.72 493 41.11 594.43
50/50 21 33 -39 50.84 559.4 46.28 681.76
50/50 35 30 -42 55.02 613.62 50.29 749.49
0/100 0 72 0 7.82 0 5.85 0
0/100 3 32 -40 34.41 340.03 32.34 452.82
0/100 5 33 -39 45.48 481.59 43.46 642.91
0/100 7 31 -41 53.12 579.28 51.19 775.04
0/100 14 32 -40 68.71 778.64 66.89 1043.42 The results clearly demonstrate that swelling of the rubber compositions may be successfully inhibited by using glycol in accordance with the present invention.

Claims

Claims
1. Method for sealing a space, in particular a space in a wellbore of an earth formation, comprising the steps of i) contacting one or more fluid- swellable elastomer bodies with a swell-postponing compound; and, at the same time or at a later time, ii) allowing said one or more bodies to contact a fluid, in particular water, more in particular formation water.
2. Method according to the previous claim, wherein said swell- postponing compound is an N- and/or 0- containing organic compound.
3. Method according to any of the previous claims, wherein said swell- postponing compound is selected from alcohol compounds, amines, amides, acids, ethers, and combinations thereof.
4. Method according to the previous claim, wherein said swell- postponing compound is an alcohol compound that is selected from monohydric alcohols, preferably from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, pentanol or hexadecan-l-ol; polyhydric alcohols, preferably from ethylene glycol (ethane- 1,2-diol), glycerol (propane- 1, 2, 3-triol), erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol and/or volemitol; as well as combinations thereof.
5. Method according to the previous claim, wherein the alcohol compound is glycerol, methanol, or a mixture thereof, preferably glycerol.
6. Method according to any of the previous claims, wherein said fluid- swellable elastomeric body is a water-swellable elastomeric body.
7. Method according to any of the previous claims, comprising the subsequent steps of contacting said one or more bodies with said swell- postponing compound, next bringing said one or more bodies into place, followed by allowing said one or more bodies to contact said water or other fluid.
8. Composition for use in a method according to any of the previous claims, wherein said elastomer matrix comprises an elastomer selected from the group consisting of: rubber materials which, apart from swelling in water, also swell in crude oil; rubber materials which do not swell in crude oil; and combinations thereof.
9. Composition according to the previous claim, wherein said rubber material which, apart from swelling in water, also swells in crude oil, is selected from ethylene propylene rubber (EPM and EPDM); ethylene- propylene-diene terpolymer rubber (EPT); butyl rubber (IIR); brominated butyl rubber (BUR); chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR); chlorinated polyethylene (CM/CPE); neoprene rubber (CR); epichlorohydrin ethylene oxide copolymer (CO, ECO); styrene butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR); sulphonated
polyethylene (CSM); ethylene acrylate rubber (EAM/AEM); silicone rubbers (VMQ); fluorsilicone rubber (FVMQ), and combinations thereof; and wherein said rubber material which does not swell in crude oil, is selected from the group consisting of butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer (nitrile rubber, NBR); hydrogenated NBR (HNBR, HNS), such as ZETPOL™, TORNAC™,
TERBAN™; NBR with reactive groups (X-NBR); perfluoro rubbers (FFKM) such as KALREZ™, CHEMRAZ™; fluoro rubbers (FKM), such as VITON™, FLUOREL™; tetrafluorethylene/propylene (TFE/P), such as AFLAS™; and combinations thereof.
10. Product comprising a composition according to any of the previous claims, which product is in the form of a permanent or retrievable packer, seal assembly, seal spacer, tubing seal, casing seal assembly, wire-line or coil- tubing conveyed sealing assembly, a sealing plug or valve.
PCT/NL2012/050801 2011-11-11 2012-11-12 Use of swellable elastomeric polymer materials WO2013070082A1 (en)

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NL2007778 2011-11-11
NL2007778 2011-11-11

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014035724A1 (en) * 2012-08-29 2014-03-06 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods for forming highly conductive propped fractures
DE102014008511A1 (en) 2014-06-03 2015-12-03 Gerhard Behrendt Elastomers based on polyurethanes containing fillers and a process for their preparation and their use
EP3390521A4 (en) * 2015-12-16 2019-06-26 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Self-healing water-swellable hydraulic seal

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040194971A1 (en) 2001-01-26 2004-10-07 Neil Thomson Device and method to seal boreholes
WO2005012686A1 (en) 2003-07-29 2005-02-10 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. System for sealing a space in a wellbore
US20070027245A1 (en) * 2005-07-18 2007-02-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Swellable Elastomer-Based Apparatus, Oilfield Elements Comprising Same, and Methods of Using Same in Oilfield Applications
US20080135250A1 (en) 2004-11-18 2008-06-12 Shell Oil Company Method of Sealing an Annular Space In a Wellbore
EP2113546A1 (en) * 2008-04-28 2009-11-04 Schlumberger Holdings Limited Swellable compositions for borehole applications
US20100206589A1 (en) 2007-08-20 2010-08-19 Erik Kerst Cornelissen Method of creating an annular seal around a tubular element

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040194971A1 (en) 2001-01-26 2004-10-07 Neil Thomson Device and method to seal boreholes
WO2005012686A1 (en) 2003-07-29 2005-02-10 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. System for sealing a space in a wellbore
US20080135250A1 (en) 2004-11-18 2008-06-12 Shell Oil Company Method of Sealing an Annular Space In a Wellbore
US20070027245A1 (en) * 2005-07-18 2007-02-01 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Swellable Elastomer-Based Apparatus, Oilfield Elements Comprising Same, and Methods of Using Same in Oilfield Applications
US20100206589A1 (en) 2007-08-20 2010-08-19 Erik Kerst Cornelissen Method of creating an annular seal around a tubular element
EP2113546A1 (en) * 2008-04-28 2009-11-04 Schlumberger Holdings Limited Swellable compositions for borehole applications

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014035724A1 (en) * 2012-08-29 2014-03-06 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods for forming highly conductive propped fractures
US9540561B2 (en) 2012-08-29 2017-01-10 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods for forming highly conductive propped fractures
DE102014008511A1 (en) 2014-06-03 2015-12-03 Gerhard Behrendt Elastomers based on polyurethanes containing fillers and a process for their preparation and their use
EP3390521A4 (en) * 2015-12-16 2019-06-26 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Self-healing water-swellable hydraulic seal
US11230652B2 (en) 2015-12-16 2022-01-25 Danfoss Power Solutions Ii Technology A/S Self-healing water-swellable hydraulic seal
US11939514B2 (en) 2015-12-16 2024-03-26 Danfoss A/S Self-healing water-swellable hydraulic seal

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