WO2013048251A1 - Procédés et usages améliorés liés à l'élevage d'un insecte zoophytophage et protection des récoltes - Google Patents
Procédés et usages améliorés liés à l'élevage d'un insecte zoophytophage et protection des récoltes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013048251A1 WO2013048251A1 PCT/NL2012/050683 NL2012050683W WO2013048251A1 WO 2013048251 A1 WO2013048251 A1 WO 2013048251A1 NL 2012050683 W NL2012050683 W NL 2012050683W WO 2013048251 A1 WO2013048251 A1 WO 2013048251A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- carbohydrate
- zoophytophagous
- insect
- eggs
- macrolophus
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/90—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for insects, e.g. bees or silkworms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of biological crop protection.
- the invention relates to a method for rearing a zoophytophagous insect.
- Further aspects of the invention relate to a method for crop protection, a method for reducing crop damage caused by a zoophytophagous insect, the use of a carbohydrate source as a nutritional source for a zoophytophagous insect, compositions comprising a carbohydrate source for specific uses in relation to the development of a zoophytophagous insect and the use of a carbohydrate source as a food source for a zoophytophagous insect.
- Zoophytophagous insects are insects which have omnivorous feeding habits and can feed on both prey and plant tissue.
- the dependency on prey and plant tissue may differ between the species of zoophytophagous insect and for a certain species may differ depending on the environmental conditions, such as availability of prey.
- Species having a prominent predatory behaviour have a beneficial utility in agriculture and horticulture as biological crop protection tools, due to their preying on crop pests.
- Species having a prominent feeding on plant tissue are potential pests for crops produced in agriculture and/or horticulture.
- Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an example of a zoophytophagous mirid with biological control potential that commonly appears in tomato crops in the Mediterranean (Arno et al. 2010b). This predator is mass-reared and it has been primarily released to control whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouses (Calvo et al. 2009, Urbaneja et al. 2005, Gabarra et al. 2008, Castane et al. 2008).
- Nesidiocoris tenuis was also detected preying upon the invasive pest, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), immediately after its detection in the Spanish Mediterranean coastal area (Desneux et al. 2010), on which it has been shown to be able to regulate its populations (Molla et al. 2011, Gonzalez-Cabrera et al. 2011).
- N tenuis has also been observed to contribute to the control of thrips, leafminers, spidermites and other lepidopteran pests in greenhouses (Jacas et al. 2008).
- Nesidiocoris tenuis can make significant contributions to control of tomato greenhouse pests mentioned above. However, by feeding directly on vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant it may cause necrotic rings on stems and leaf petioles, flower abortion. In addition it can also puncture fruits, such as tomato fruits, possibly reducing yields (Sanchez 2008).
- N. tenuis 1-2 individuals/m 2
- This strategy has been successfully used to control whitefly populations once a certain number of N. tenuis is present in the crop.
- establishment of this number requires five to eight weeks from the release in spring- summer crops.
- E. kuehniella eggs which can be rather expensive.
- the problem of costs of E. kuehniella eggs is also encountered in the rearing of phytophagous insects, such as mirids. In the rearing processes for these organisms E. kuehniella eggs are also used as a food source. For this reason, providing further alternative diets for mirids would be beneficial.
- N. tenuis Apart from N. tenuis other predatory species from the family of the Miridae are also used for biological crop protection. These related predators from the family of the Miridae have a similar developmental biology as N. tenuis. For example Macrolophus pygmaeus and Macrolophus caliginosus are also commercially available. The family of the Miridae has promise to provide additional commercially valuable predators, especially from the genera Nesidiocoris, Macrolophus, Engytatus, Dicyphus and Deraeocoris. Tests using the mirid N.
- tenuis as a model insect for zoophytophagous insects have surprisingly shown that when this model insect is provided with a carbohydrate source in the presence of alternative food sources known to be well accepted, such as E. kuehniella eggs or plant tissue, the consumption of these alternative food sources decreases. It has surprisingly been shown that provision of a carbohydrate source reduces the amount of E. kuehniella eggs required in mass rearing of this zoophytophagous mirid and/or for its establishment in a crop. Furthermore it has been found that provision of a carbohydrate source to the zoophytophagous mirid N. tenuis has a positive effect on parameters related to population development, such as fecundity.
- the invention according to an aspect relates to a method for rearing a zoophytophagous insect comprising:
- a food source comprising protein, such as animal protein
- the population of the zoophytophagous insect preferably comprises sexually mature individuals of both sexes and/or comprises individuals of both sexes that can develop to sexual maturity. Individuals that can develop to sexual maturity include all pre-mature life stages of the zoophytophagous insect, including fertilized eggs and nymphs.
- the method according to the invention is aimed at rearing a zoophytophagous insect.
- zoophytophagous insects are insects which have omnivorous feeding habits and can feed on both prey and plant tissue. Certain species of zoophytophagous insects are classified as beneficial, due to extensive preying on crop pests, other zoophytophagous insects are classified as pests due to extensive feeding on plant tissue.
- beneficial and pest zoophytophagous insects Rearing of both beneficial and pest zoophytophagous insects is of interest to agriculture and horticulture.
- Beneficial zoophytophagous insects may be reared as biological crop protection tools.
- the zoophytophagous insects regarded as (potential) crop pests may be reared to conduct research into for example their behaviour, reproduction and control. Rearing of a zoophytophagous insect suitable for use as a crop protection agent is preferred for the present invention.
- the zoophytophagous insect preferably is a zoophytophagous mirid, meaning that it is selected from the family of the Miridae.
- the zoophytophagous insect preferably is selected from the subtribe Dicyphina or from the tribe Deraeocorini, and from the subtribe Dicyphina for example is selected from the genus Nesidiocoris, such as Nesidiocoris tenuis, or from the genus Macrolophus, such as Macrolophus pygmaeus, Macrolophus caliginosus, Macrolophus praeclarus or Macrolophus melanotoma or from the genus Engytatus, such as Engytatus modestus, or from the genus Dicyphus, such as Dicyphus tamaninii, Dicyphus hesperus, Dicyphus hyalinipennis, and from the tribe Deraeo
- a food source comprising protein is provided to the zoophytophagous insect.
- the proteinaceous food source aids in supporting the protein requirement of the individuals of the zoophytophagous insect population.
- the protein source may be selected such that it comprises animal protein.
- Animal protein has a composition well adapted to the requirements of the zoophytophagous insect.
- the proteinaceous food source is a prey.
- a prey should be understood to mean a life stage of an animal organism that can be preyed by the zoophytophagous insect.
- Arthropod eggs such as lepidopteran eggs, more particularly eggs from Ephestia kuehniella or Sitotroga cereallella, or eggs from other insect species such as from medfly (for example as disclosed in WO2011/010308) are particularly suitable prey that may be used as a protein containing food source.
- Arthropod eggs preferably are provided in a frozen state or dried state.
- Alternative prey may be selected from Artemia cysts, preferably decapsulated Artemia cysts.
- a food source comprising a carbohydrate source is also provided to the zoophytophagous insect.
- the food source comprising a carbohydrate source preferably is an artificial food source, meaning that at least one of its constituents and/or components is in a processed form.
- the carbohydrate in the carbohydrate source is an isolated carbohydrate, meaning that it is obtained by isolation and/or purification from a natural source.
- carbohydrate embraces monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Within the present invention the use of all these forms of saccharides is envisaged.
- carbohydrate as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a trisaccharide or a tetrasaccahride.
- Suitable sugars may be selected from glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, lactulose, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, melizitose, trehalulose, glucosucrose, stachyose or mixtures thereof.
- the carbohydrate may be provided to the zoophytophagous insect in any form which renders it suitable as a food source for the insect. Suitable forms include solid forms and aqueous solutions. Solid forms are preferably provided as powder forms. Solutions, are preferably provided entrapped in a matrix and/or by a coating. The use of an aqueous carbohydrate solution is beneficial in view of the fact that it may also be used as a water source by the zoophytophagous insect.
- Solutions entrapped in a matrix include gels.
- Gels may be obtained by using a gelling agent.
- biological gelling agent is preferred.
- the selection of biological gelling agent is within the ambit of the knowledge of the skilled person. Examples of suitable biological gelling agents are agar, carrageenan, alginate, gelatine, starch.
- Solutions entrapped by a coating may be obtained with known encapsulation techniques. Particularly useful are the methods disclosed in US 6,780,507. Products obtained with the methods disclosed herein are obtainable via HYDROCAPSULE ® (Jasper, GA, USA).
- the concentration of the carbohydrate in the carbohydrate solution may be in the range 0.2 -1.5 M, preferably 0.2-0.8 M, more preferably 0.3-0.6 M.
- the use of solutions, having a carbohydrate concentration, in particular a sugar concentration, within this range have proven to be well accepted by zoophytophagous insects while obtaining the surprising effects associated with the present invention.
- the carbohydrate source comprises >15%, >20%, > 25%, > 30%, >35%, >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95% carbohydrate.
- the rearing method it is further preferred to provide a water source to the
- the source of water may for example be plant tissue such as tissue from tobacco plants as used in the rearing method disclosed by Castane and Zapata (2005).
- Suitable standard conditions are 23-27°C, preferably 25 °C and 70 +/- 10% RH, and a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod.
- tobacco plants are used to provide a water source and/or an oviposition substrate.
- a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for crop protection.
- a zoophytophagous insect may be suitable for use as a crop protection agent in view of its ability to predate on crop pests.
- beneficial zoophytophagous predators may also cause damage to crops by feeding on the plant tissue.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that providing a carbohydrate source on a crop reduces the crop damage caused by a zoophytophagous insect and/or supports the establishement of a population of the zoophytophagous insect in the crop.
- the method for crop protection comprises:
- a food source for the zoophytophagous insect, said food source comprising a carbohydrate source.
- a zoophytophagous insect is provided which is suitable for use as a crop protection agent.
- the possible selections of zoophytophagous insect and further details concerning the zoophytophagous insect have already been discussed in connection to the preferred and alternative embodiments of the method of rearing.
- the zoophytophagous insect may be provided on the crop by known methods. Suitable methods may be the methods known for releasing N. tenuis in a crop. In this respect reference may be made to the NESIBUG ® product available from Koppert B. V. (Berkel an Rodenrijs, The Netherlands) and the guidelines for its use.
- a food source for the zoophytophagous insect is provided on the crop. Said food source comprises a carbohydrate source. Technical details about the food source comprising the carbohydrate source have already been discussed in connection to the method of rearing of the invention.
- the method for crop protection may be aimed at protection against a pest selected from whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:
- a bioactive compound may be any compound which has an effect on the physiology of the zoophytophagous insect.
- a number of is to be understood to mean one or more.
- the bioactive compound may have a positive or negative effect on the physiology of the zoophytophagous insect. Positively acting bioactive compounds promote or improve normal physiological conditions and/or functions of the
- zoophytophagous insect may for example be selected from from natural amino acids, natural proteins, vitamins. Negatively acting bioactive compounds may for example reduce or inhibit normal physiological conditions and/or functions of the zoophytophagous insect. It is preferred that the negatively acting bioactive compounds reduces the population development of the population of the zoophytophagous insect. Bioactive compounds reducing the population development of the zoophytophagous insect may for example be selected from agents that reduce fecundity, or reduce longevity or an insecticide, preferably a biological insecticide. The further provision of a bioactive compounds reducing the population development of the zoophytophagous insect, may be helpful at times where it is beneficial to decrease the number of zoophytophagous insects in the crop.
- a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for reducing plant damage caused by a zoophytophagous insect.
- a zoophytophagous insect As already discussed above, both zoophytophagous insects regarded as beneficial and zoophytophagous insects regarded as pests can cause plant damage. According to this aspect of the invention plant damage by a
- zoophytophagous insect may be reduced by providing on the plant an amount of a carbohydrate source.
- Yet another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a carbohydrate source as a food source for a zoophytophagous insect.
- the use of a carbohydrate source as a food source for a zoophytophagous insect has not been disclosed in the prior art, particularly not when used in the presence of plant tissue or prey, which are food source known to be well accepted by zoophytophagous insects.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that such use of a carbohydrate source as a food source for a zoophytophagous insect results in surprising effects. According to an embodiment of this aspect of the invention the surprising effect is faster establishment of a population of the
- the surprising effect is reduction of the immature development time and/or increasing the mean body weight of the zoophytophagous insect.
- Immature development may be measured as the number of days required for development from fresh hatchling (day of hatch from egg) to the last moult (last nymphal stage to adult).
- the mean body weight may be determined of freshly moulted adults. In view of differences in development of males and females it is preferred to determine the mean body weight per sex.
- a further aspect of the invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising a carbohydrate source for use in reducing the immature development time and/or increasing the mean body weight of a zoophytophagous insect.
- the composition is used particularly as a food source for a zoophytophagous insect in the presence of a first food source, said first food source being selected from plant tissue or prey, which are food sources known to be well accepted by zoophytophagous insects.
- Pesticide-free tomato plants (30 cm high) variety "Optima” (from Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc., Almeria, Spain) were used in all the assays. Tomato plants were planted on 8 x 8 x 8 cm pots.
- a climatic chamber 25 ⁇ 1°C, 60 ⁇ 5 % HR, 16:8 h L:D photoperiod
- N. tenuis was able to obtain the sugars from Hydrocapsules produced by Hydrocapsule Inc. (Jasper, Georgia (USA)) and the effect of their addition on the immature development of N. tenuis when it also feeds on E. kuehniella eggs. These microcapsules have a polymeric shell for the preservation, storage, and controlled delivery of sugars.
- the Hydrocapsules used in this assay were 1-2 mm in diameter.
- the core of the Hydrocapsules was 0.5 M sucrose solution (this concentration was selected from the previous results, in prep.).
- Newly emerged nymphs were individualized in Petri dishes (6 cm in diameter) with a tomato leaf disc and fed with two treatments: E. kuehniella with and without Hydrocapsules. Each treatment was replicated 50 times. The eggs and the tomato leaf disc were added and renewed as above. The hydrocapsules were added ad libitum (0.6 g per dish and day) and renewed daily. The Petri dishes were undisturbed placed in a climatic chamber (25 ⁇ 1°C, 60 ⁇ 5 % HR, 16:8 h L:D photoperiod).
- the petri dishes were checked daily to determine N. tenuis instar, egg consumption and mortality. These data were used to calculate the nymphal developmental time, the survivorship of each nymphal instar and the number of eggs consumed. Once they reached the adult stage, they were transferred in couples to a plastic cup (370 cm 3 ) with an apical shoot of tomato (14 cm approximately) with E. kuehniella eggs (300-400 eggs) and Hydrocapsules (0.6 g) ad libitum. To maintain the shoot turgor, the plastic cup was introduced in a smaller plastic glass (230 cm 3 ) with water. Tomato shoots reached the water through a hole in the base of the first glass (Sanchez et al. 2009). The glass with tomato and N.
- N. tenuis was used as a model organism. The number of necrotic rings per plant was counted in plants with and without sugars added. Nesidiocoris tenuis produces necrotic rings when it feeds on tomato plants (Calvo et al. 2009, Arno et al. 2010a, Sanchez and Lacasa 2008). This parameter has been used to evaluate the damages produced by N. tenuis under field conditions (Calvo and Urbaneja 2004). This assay was conducted in a greenhouse at Instituto Valenciano de Investigaations Agrarias (IVIA) (Montcada, Valencia). The environmental conditions were 25 ⁇ 2 °C, 65 ⁇ 10% RH and natural photoperiod.
- sugar sources Two amounts of sugar sources (one or three eppendorfs per plant) and a control (without sugar addition) were compared. Sugar sources were placed in the apical part of the tomato plant. Eppendorfs were filled with 0.5 M sucrose solution and tapped with cotton as in the previous assay.
- Each replicate consisted of a plastic cage (55 x 30 x 30 cm) with two lateral holes and one in the upper part (10 X 10 cm) sealed with muslin to permit ventilation.
- One of the lateral holes had a muslin sleeve to manipulate the interior part of the cage.
- a tomato plant with the eppendorfs (0, 1 or 3 depending on the treatment) and a couple of N. tenuis (3-days old). Every two days, the plants were watered and the eppendorfs renewed. Each treatment was replicated 16 times (a total of 48 cages). Seven days later, eight plants of each treatment were taken to the lab. Once there, the number of necrotic rings and N.
- Macrolophus pygmaeus has been mass-reared for several generations (>100) at the Koppert plant.
- the system supplies frozen Ephestia eggs as a food source and plant material as moisture source and oviposition substrate (replaced twice a week).
- Fresh nymphs (0-3 days old) were collected at the beginning of the trial from this mass- rearing.
- Ephestia was offered on sticky labels (12x18 mm), to all rearing units. Each label prepared in this way contained an amount of ⁇ 40 mg.
- Fecundity of Macrolophus pygmaeus was assessed according to a direct method described by Callebaut et al (2004).
- the diet consisted either of pure frozen Ephestia kuehniella eggs or the same eggs supplemented with powdered saccharose sugar, both in combination with plant material as a moisture source and oviposition substrate. After 1 week of maturation the adults were dissected and the resulting egg counts provide a prediction of life-time fecundity.
- Fresh nymphs (0-3 days old) were collected from this mass-rearing and reared until adulthood in the laboratory according the control in experiment 4. This experiment was started with fresh adults (0-3 days) and the experiment was performed in a petri-dish (0 7,5 cm,h 3 cm) with a ventilated gauze lid. 10-15 adults of both sexes were placed in each unit on day 0, together with the treatment diet and plant material as a moisture source and oviposition substrate. Ephestia was offered on 2 sticky labels (prepared as in trial 1), to all rearing units and replaced twice a week. Powdered sugar was obtained from retail (Van Gilse) and contained 99.2 % sucrose and E341. The treatments were as follows: Ephestia eggs + powdered saccharose sugar (50:50 b/w), and Ephestia eggs.
- Phtyophagy in predaceaous Heteroptera effects on life history and population dynamics. Phtyophagy in predaceaous Heteroptera:
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Abstract
La présente invention appartient au domaine de la protection biologique des récoltes. Selon un premier aspect, l'invention concerne un procédé d'élevage d'un insecte zoophytophage. D'autres aspects de l'invention concernent un procédé de protection des récoltes, un procédé de réduction des dommages causés aux récoltes par un insecte zoophytophage, l'utilisation d'une source d'hydrates de carbone en tant que source de nutrition pour un insecte zoophytophage, des compositions comportant une source d'hydrates de carbone destinée à des usages particuliers en relation avec le développement d'un insecte zoophytophage et l'utilisation d'une source d'hydrates de carbone en tant que source d'alimentation pour un insecte zoophytophage.
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WO2016023957A1 (fr) * | 2014-08-12 | 2016-02-18 | Invivo Agrosolutions | Composition comprenant des oeufs d'arthropodes |
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WO1999063814A1 (fr) | 1998-06-08 | 1999-12-16 | The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Milieu artificiel pour l'elevage d'entomophages |
WO2000049897A1 (fr) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-08-31 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Milieux nutritifs artificiels pour arthropodes |
US6780507B2 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2004-08-24 | Analytical Research Systems, Inc. | Hydrocapsules and method of preparation thereof |
WO2011010308A2 (fr) | 2009-07-23 | 2011-01-27 | Bio-Fly Ltd | Système et procédé pour nourrir des insectes bénéfiques |
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2011
- 2011-09-29 NL NL1039084A patent/NL1039084C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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WO1999063814A1 (fr) | 1998-06-08 | 1999-12-16 | The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Milieu artificiel pour l'elevage d'entomophages |
WO2000049897A1 (fr) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-08-31 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Milieux nutritifs artificiels pour arthropodes |
US6780507B2 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2004-08-24 | Analytical Research Systems, Inc. | Hydrocapsules and method of preparation thereof |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016023957A1 (fr) * | 2014-08-12 | 2016-02-18 | Invivo Agrosolutions | Composition comprenant des oeufs d'arthropodes |
FR3024820A1 (fr) * | 2014-08-12 | 2016-02-19 | Invivo Agrosolutions | Composition comprenant des oeufs d'arthropodes |
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