WO2013021328A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un bioliquide ou d'un biocombustible - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication d'un bioliquide ou d'un biocombustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013021328A1
WO2013021328A1 PCT/IB2012/053988 IB2012053988W WO2013021328A1 WO 2013021328 A1 WO2013021328 A1 WO 2013021328A1 IB 2012053988 W IB2012053988 W IB 2012053988W WO 2013021328 A1 WO2013021328 A1 WO 2013021328A1
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Prior art keywords
biomass
process according
bioliquid
biofuel
phase
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PCT/IB2012/053988
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English (en)
Inventor
Lorenzo LASTELLA
Giovanni Basile
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CO.MA.SE. S.r.l.
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Publication of WO2013021328A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013021328A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/28—Other processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
    • C10G3/40—Thermal non-catalytic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C12P7/649—Biodiesel, i.e. fatty acid alkyl esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
    • C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
    • C10G2300/302—Viscosity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock

Definitions

  • the present description concerns a process for the production of bioliquids or biofuels.
  • Bioliquids are liquid fuels that find application in the production, for example, of electric power and heat, whereas biofuels are used in the transport sector .
  • biofuels are produced starting from a biomass, i.e., from the biodegradable fraction of products, waste, and residue of biological (vegetable and animal) origin prevalently coming from agriculture, silviculture, or industrial activities.
  • biomass i.e., from the biodegradable fraction of products, waste, and residue of biological (vegetable and animal) origin prevalently coming from agriculture, silviculture, or industrial activities.
  • biomass is moreover meant the biodegradable portion of urban waste.
  • Vegetable oil for example, is a liquid fuel obtained by means of pressing of and/or chemical extraction from seeds of oleaginous plants (for example, soybean, palm, sunflower) .
  • oleaginous plants for example, soybean, palm, sunflower
  • vegetable oil is used as bioliquid in static engines for energy production.
  • Biodiesel By subjecting vegetable oil to a process of trans- esterification a product is obtained, referred to as "biodiesel", which can be used, for example, for supplying engines in the transport sector.
  • Trans- esterification is a chemical reaction the main result of which is the modification of the molecules of triglycerides by means of alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, with formation of a mono-alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol.
  • the biodiesel thus produced mainly finds application as fuel in the transport sector and as fuel in the production of electric power and heat.
  • Bio-ethanol is a liquid biofuel deriving from fermentation of vegetable biomass with high sugar content (for example, cane, beet, sweet sorgho) and starch content (for example, maize, wheat, barley, rice) .
  • Bio-ethanol can be used for producing electrical energy and heat and as component of petrols (in this case, it finds application in the transport sector) .
  • non-alimentary materials are used, such as lignocelluiose biomasses, also resulting from agro- industrial and forestry activities, for the production of bioliquids /biofuels (as described, for example, in the patent documents Nos . WO-A-2011/073781, WO-A- 2010/069516 and WO-A-2010/053681) .
  • oil obtained from lignocelluiose material subjected to pyrolysis presents the disadvantage of possessing high acidity and viscosity, solid residue, and high water content and having a limited calorific value.
  • the area required for the production is extremely small as compared to the one necessary for producing biomasses of vegetable origin; microbial biomasses are available in any period of the year;
  • Yeasts and more in general fungi, represent a group of micro-organisms extremely interesting for the production of bioliquids or biofuels.
  • Yeasts are, in fact, able to proliferate very rapidly and accumulate a large amount of lipids characterized by a chemical composition similar to that of vegetable oils.
  • the patent document No. WO-A-2011/051977 describes a process for producing biodiesel starting from a yeast of the genus Pichia. Specifically, the document describes a process of extraction of oil starting from a biomass constituted by said yeast by means of centrifuging, homogeni zation , and extraction with solvents. The oil thus obtained is then subjected to a process of trans-esterification to obtain biodiesel.
  • Said process is complex and economically disadvantageous in so far as it requires, for example, a plurality of plants - which are very costly necessary for conducting the various steps of the process itself.
  • WO-A-2008/134836 concerns the production of biofuels from microbial biomasses of yeasts and fungi by extraction of the oils contained in said micro-organisms .
  • the production of the oily phase takes place by implementing the process referred to as "direct thermopressurized liquefaction".
  • This extraction process envisages the use of solvents and catalysts and is conducted at a temperature of between 120°C and 400°C and at a pressure of between 1 MPa and 5 MPa.
  • the British patent No. GB 06604 describes a process of "dry distillation" of residual yeasts ' from breweries and distilleries to obtain a gas that following upon condensation - generates a liquid phase largely with a base of water, containing large amounts of ammonia and high-viscosity tar, a gaseous phase, and a solid phase basically constituted by charcoal.
  • the Japanese patent application No. JP-A-7 216362 describes a process to obtain a fertilizer (referred to as "vinegar") by subjecting to dry distillation organic materials having a C/N ratio of 50:1. Cited among the materials that contribute to the component containing nitrogen are yeasts and yeast extract.
  • the process described in the Japanese document makes it possible to obtain - following upon condensation of the gaseous phase generated by the distillation step - the aforesaid aqueous-based fertilizer, a high-viscosity oily liquid, a gaseous component, and a solid phase basically constituted by charcoal.
  • “Dry distillation” consists in a batch process of thermochemical degradation of the material introduced into a container in the absence of air, which is completed over a few hours .
  • the gas produced exits from the container and is condensed, normally at room temperature, to obtain a liquid largely made up of water with low tar content, a solid phase (charcoal), and a gaseous phase.
  • the products of dry distillation are basically constituted by charcoal, on average 35-55% of the initial mass, gas, approximately 20-35%, and an oily liguid phase, at . the most 15-25%, containing a relatively high percentage of water generally egual to or higher than 15-20%.
  • the oily liguid phase - to be used possibly for energy purposes as bioliguid or biofuel - must be separated from the water and subseguently refined to obtain a fraction lower than or equal to a few percent of bioliquid or biofuel with respect to the initial mass .
  • the present description concerns a process for producing a bioliquid or biofuel that comprises the following operations:
  • bioliquids or biofuels to be obtained at costs considerably lower than those required for the production of bioliquids or biofuels obtained with the processes known in the art.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the process for the production of bioliquids or biofuels forming the subject of the present description.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a plant for implementing an embodiment of the process for the production of bioliquids or biofuels forming the subject of the present description.
  • an embodiment or “one embodiment” means that a particular configuration, structure, or characteristic described in relation to ' the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment.
  • the presence of phrases such as “in an embodiment”, “in one embodiment”, or “in a certain embodiment”, in various points throughout the present specification does not necessarily refer to one and the same embodiment.
  • the particular configurations, structures, or characteristics can be combined in any suitable way in one or more embodiments .
  • the present description concerns a process of production of a bioliquid or biofuel that comprises the following operations:
  • bioliquid and “biofuel” are considered synonymous, irrespective of the meaning attributed to said terms by the standards currently in force, whether national or foreign, regarding bioliquids and biofuels.
  • the biomass of yeasts/fungi is characterized by a high percentage of carbon (higher than 50 wt% of the biomass) and does not contain lignocellulose substances .
  • the biomass of yeasts/fungi is an optimal material to be subjected to a process of fast pyrolysis for the production of bioliquids/biofuels .
  • lignocellulose materials subjected to fast pyrolysis determine the synthesis of an oil characterized by high viscosity and corrosiveness .
  • the high viscosity and acidity of the oil obtained can cause both damage to the injection system and encrustations on internal parts of the engine .
  • yeasts/fungi that can be used for the production of a ⁇ biomass to be subjected to fast pyrolysis according to the present description are yeasts preferably not for human use, for example yeasts for feeding animals for breeding, residual yeasts from systems for water and sewage purification, waste yeasts from the production of alcoholic beverages, ethanol, bear and for bread making, or again residual material following upon extraction of oil from yeasts for nutriceutical purposes.
  • the process described herein envisages subjecting to fast pyrolysis either biomasses of yeasts/fungi purposely produced (primary biomasses) or ones that are the residue and/or waste of production of biomasses of yeasts/fungi for the applications referred to above.
  • the biomass to be subjected to pyrolysis must in any case possess a degree of humidity of less than 20 wt%, preferably between 5 and 10 wt%.
  • Yeasts/fungi commonly used for the aforesaid purposes and for the production of bioliquid or biofuel according to the present description are, for example, selected from among: Aspergillus (fisheri, fumigatus, nidulas) , Candida (utilis, guilhermondi , oleophila, lopotica) , Criptococcus terricolus , Cladosporium (fulvum, herbarum) , Eremothecium ashovi, Hansenula (saturnus, ciferrii) , Kluyveromyces fragilis, Lipomyces starkeyi , Phaffia rhodozyma, Rhodutorala (glutinis , gracilis) , Rhodosporidium toruloides , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces carisbergengis, Saccharomyces rauxii, Saccharomycop
  • Figure 1 shows a diagram of an embodiment of the process of production of bioliquids or biofuels according to the present description.
  • a primary microbial biomass 3a i.e., a purposely produced one.
  • waste or low-cost materials of a lignocellulose type e.g. wood, bran, rice husks, etc.
  • materials rich in starches and sugars digested by alcoholic production, molasses (from sugar refineries), glycerol (from production of biodiesel), optionally added with technical salts useful for the growth of microorganisms .
  • the step of production of the biomass of yeasts and/or fungi ' takes place within tanks provided for the growth of the micro-organisms, such as for example fermenters.
  • the substrate produced with residual substances, as listed above, on which the micro-organisms multiply must be prepared, for example, by means of processes of shredding and acid hydrolisis.
  • the yeasts/fungi within the fermenter are fed with nutrients that are prepared and stored in closed steel tanks, provided with controlled openings, normally subjected to a step of sterilization with a current of steam.
  • the fermenters are provided with an aeration system to guarantee for the micro-organisms, cultivated with the appropriate nutrients, the oxygenation necessary for their growth and proliferation.
  • the fermenters are provided with probes necessary for measuring the parameters required for growth of the micro-organisms, i.e., probes for detecting the temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Moreover present is a system for monitoring the amount of yeast present in the tank.
  • a factory for producing forage yeasts supplied with 27,000 tonnes per year of bran, produce 19,000 tonnes per year of yeasts having the composition appearing below.
  • the average composition of said yeasts is summed up in the following list:
  • the microbial biomass in a different embodiment, the microbial biomass
  • 3b derives from residue and/or waste of production of biomasses of yeasts/fungi deriving from processes of water and/or sewage purification.
  • a moist microbial biomass envisages a step of dehydration and drying 5 of the wet biomass, i.e., passage thereof in a dessiccator operating, for example, thanks to the use of the heat produced by the fast-pyrolysis system or by a possible cogeneration unit fed with the gas produced by the fast-pyrolys is system.
  • a microbial biomass 3c preferably a waste biomass, which has already been dried and/or contains a percentage of humidity not higher than 5- 10%, such as for example a microbial biomass deriving from the production of bread or bear, this can be directly fed to the fast-pyrolysis step 6.
  • the microbial biomasses with low water content (10-20%) can be dried to 5% to guarantee a better effectiveness in the production of the oily liquid phase of the fast pyrolysis.
  • the biomass of yeasts/fungi to be subjected to the process of fast pyrolysis described herein moreover presents the advantage, as compared to lignocellulose biomasses, of not requiring further preparation steps, such as for example shredding.
  • the biomass of yeasts/fungi is subjected to the process of fast pyrolysis 6 within a metal reactor provided with walls constituted by materials (for example, ceramic and/or refractory materials) that enable the process to be conducted at high temperatures and in an acid environment .
  • materials for example, ceramic and/or refractory materials
  • the step of fast pyrolysis 6 is carried out in the complete absence of oxygen or else in the presence a (technically obtainable) minimum amount of oxygen such as to prevent combustion and gasification of said biomass .
  • the temperature at which the process of fast pyrolysis is conducted is comprised between 400°C and 800°C, preferably approximately 450-600°C according to the type of micro-organisms treated.
  • the step of fast pyrolysis 6 intrinsically comprises as a whole the following operations:
  • the process of fast pyrolysis is characterized by: continuous supply of the biomass to be subjected to pyrolysis in amounts such as to guarantee maximization of the production of oil;
  • minimal stay time of the material in the reactor generally less than 30 s, preferably in the region of 10 - 15 s;
  • the biomass is, in fact, fed into the reactor when this is at the operating temperature;
  • the highest amount of oily liguid phase is produced as a result of the combined effect of temperature in the reactor, time of stay of the material in the reactor where fast pyrolysis takes place, rate of extraction and condensation and of the characteristics of the biomass subjected to fast pyrolysis (composition, size, and drying) .
  • the material introduced into the reactor "evaporates" immediately, in less than 5 s, preferably less than 2 s, more preferably in the region of 0.5- I s, separating within the reactor the gas-vapour part, which passes rapidly to the condensation step to form an oily liquid phase and a gaseous phase, from the solid phase basically constituted by char, which is eliminated from the reactor and collected in a purposely provided container.
  • the solid phase basically constituted by char, which is eliminated from the reactor and collected in a purposely provided container.
  • the solid phase also presents a low residual tar content.
  • the rate of output of the gas-vapour from the reactor (1-5 s) and the condensation rate (0.5-2 s) prevent cracking of the molecules of the gas-vapour and enable maximum production of oily liquid phase.
  • the process of fast pyrolysis is triggered by propane gas or in any case with an external energy source. Then, the process is self-supplied exploiting the charcoal or the gas produced by the process of pyrolysis itself, directly by means of combustion or indirectly by using gas to produce the electrical energy necessary to supply electrical apparatuses for heating (for example, induction ovens or electrical hot plates) and for moving the service apparatuses such as augers, pumps, etc.
  • the gas produced by the process of pyrolysis and used for maintaining the temperature of the reactor at the desired level is normally made up of: CO (33-37%), H 2 (33-37%), CH 4 (28-32%), C0 2 (0.5-1%), N 2 (5-7%) .
  • the fast pyrolysis can be obtained with various types of reactor, but always respects the functional principles described above.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of a plant for implementing the process according to the present invention.
  • the reactor 60 is fed with a biomass of yeasts/fungi 3a, 3b, 3c, having for example the composition described above for forage yeasts (50 kg of yeasts Saccha ro yces cerevisiae characterized by 5% humidity, 50% proteins, and 6% ash) .
  • the biomass is fed into the reactor by means of a hopper-auger 61 feed system so as to prevent any introduction of air.
  • the system is continuous, i.e., the speed of the auger is correlated to the amount of biomass being fed to the reactor.
  • the hopper-auger feed system 61 is provided with a sensor for detecting the too-empty condition (not illustrated), i.e., a sensor able to detect when the biomass supplied to the reactor 60 has run out and issue a warning in order to prevent entry of air into the reactor itself.
  • a sensor for detecting the too-empty condition i.e., a sensor able to detect when the biomass supplied to the reactor 60 has run out and issue a warning in order to prevent entry of air into the reactor itself.
  • the reactor 60 is constituted by a cylinder, the temperature of which is brought to 600°C by means of gas, for example propane, which is oxidized in a jacket external to the reactor (not illustrated) . Once the desired temperature has been reached, the movement of the hopper-auger feed system 61 starts .
  • the biomass of yeasts (characterized by a fine size and with 5% humidity) immediately passes into the gas-vapour phase (leaving within the reactor 60 a solid phase) and flows into a condensation system 64 where it is immediately cooled (in about 0.5-2 s) for example by means of cooled water (at a temperature of approximately 10°C) .
  • ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate are added to the yeasts being fed in amounts of 1- 5 wt% .
  • an aspirator 66 for regulating the speed of outlet of the gas-vapour from the reactor and for maintaining the system in slight negative pressure.
  • the system 64 for condensation of the gas-vapour generated by fast pyrolysis of the biomass determines formation of an oily liquid phase and a gaseous phase.
  • the gaseous phase passes into a system for cleaning from any possible presence of charcoal dust 65
  • the oily liquid phase obtained at the end of fast pyrolysis can be - if necessary - subjected to a step of separation 8 from the residual process water.
  • a step of separation 8 from the residual process water did not prove necessary, since an oily liquid phase with low water content was generated .
  • the oily liquid phase is subjected to one or more upgrading processes 9 for eliminating any possible solid residue (charcoal dust) for example by filtration or centrifuging, for improving the pH, for deoxygenation, for increasing the calorific value and reducing the viscosity to obtain at the end of said process or processes of physical upgrading the bioliquid or biofuel .
  • upgrading processes 9 for eliminating any possible solid residue (charcoal dust) for example by filtration or centrifuging, for improving the pH, for deoxygenation, for increasing the calorific value and reducing the viscosity to obtain at the end of said process or processes of physical upgrading the bioliquid or biofuel .
  • Said upgrading processes 9 can be selected from among: treatment with natural mineral products such as zeolites, filtration-nanofiltration, passage in a cavitation reactor to obtain a molecular simplification (also referred to as "cold cracking"), deoxidation of the material, stable mixing with water by means of cavitation .
  • the solid phase pushed along the reactor 60 by a wormscrew or auger 69, is expelled from the reactor and collected in purposely provided containers 63 by means of a delivery auger 68.
  • the aforesaid solid phase can be used as agricultural amender or else can be further subjected to a treatment step 7 (with known technology, for example with vapour) to obtain active charcoal employing known technology.
  • Table 1 Appearing in Table 1 is the content, expressed in weight percentage, of end products obtained at the end of the process of fast pyrolysis described above and conducted at temperatures of 600°C and 850°C.
  • Oily liquid phase 65-75 wt % 15-20 wt %
  • Table 1 shows that the products obtained from pyrolysis are both gaseous and solid (char and active charcoal), as well as liquid (oily liquid phase) in proportions that differ according to the temperature used .
  • the process described herein enables production of a bioliquid or biofuel with an acid value of 11 mg KOH/g, without any need for treatment with ammonium dioxide or other substances.
  • the calorific value of the bioliquid or biofuel is found to be of 38 MJ/kg; the one obtained on average is comprised between 32 and 40 MJ/kg and said value can be increased, according to the biomass used and the upgrading technique employed.
  • the bioliquid or biofuel obtained is characterized by a value of viscosity at 20°C of between 5 and 50 cSt, preferably approximately 20 cSt (datum variable according to the material used and the upgrading system adopted) .
  • the value detected is 5 cSt at 20°C.
  • the values of viscosity that can be achieved with the process described are decidedly lower than the values of viscosity of the bioliquids/biofuels obtained from lignocellulose biomasses .
  • the reduced viscosity of the bioliquid or biofuel obtained by means of the process described is determined both by the absence -of lignocellulose substances in the starting biomass and by the composition of the starting biomass, which is particularly suitable for pyrolysis (i.e., the yeasts), as well.. as by the use of the upgrading systems mentioned above, but above all by the use of fast pyrolysis .
  • the process described enables a bioliquid or biofuel to be obtained with characteristics that enable a particularly effective use thereof for supply of diesel engines, in particular for the production of electrical energy and of heat ( cogeneration ) .
  • the process envisages the use of non-alimentary biomasses, the costs of production of which are mainly represented by the costs of the nutrients used for proliferation of the micro-organisms and by the degree of transformation into bioliquid/biofuel .
  • the other addenda of the cost (for example, amortization costs, costs of management and of staff) on average account for about 22-28% of the total production cost.
  • yeasts An economically interesting alternative to the production of yeasts consists in the use of residual yeasts/fungi or ones coming from reclamation/purification activities .
  • the amount of daily nutrient was: 2.5 g/1 of molasses, 0.1 g/1 of sodium nitrate, and 0.1 g/1 of magnesium sulphate.
  • the yeast thus fed produced lipids in an amount of around 30 wt%.
  • CF Conversion Factor
  • Ci is the cost of the i-th nutrient (from 1 to n) (Euro/kg)
  • Qi is the amount of i-th nutrient (g/1)
  • Q t is the total amount of nutrients (g/1)
  • C t is the cost of the nutrients in given conditions of growth to produce a tonne of oil (Euro/tonne)
  • X is the amount of oil produced in the pyrolysis plant (0.5 corresponds to 50%)
  • the cost of production of the microbial biomass is inversely proportional to the conversion factor CF and directly proportional to the cost of the individual nutrients, in proportion to the amount of each in the substrate.
  • a conversion factor CF of 2 represents a conversion of one "quantity of nutrients" (for example, 2.7 g/1 per day) to obtain "two quantities” (approximately 5.4 g/1 per day) of dry biomass .

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'un bioliquide ou d'un biocombustible qui consiste à : i) se procurer une biomasse de champignons, de préférence de levure ; ii) soumettre la biomasse à une pyrolyse rapide pour obtenir une phase liquide huileuse, une phase gazeuse et une phase solide ; et iii) soumettre la phase liquide huileuse à au moins un procédé de valorisation pour obtenir le bioliquide ou le biocombustible.
PCT/IB2012/053988 2011-08-08 2012-08-03 Procédé de fabrication d'un bioliquide ou d'un biocombustible WO2013021328A1 (fr)

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RU2554355C1 (ru) * 2014-06-10 2015-06-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-производственное объединение РГ ИННОВАЦИИ" Способ переработки органического сырья в топливо
CN109135793A (zh) * 2018-10-31 2019-01-04 浙江工业大学 一种绿色环保的去除木醋液烟熏味的方法
CN110734795A (zh) * 2019-11-27 2020-01-31 中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所 一种酵母制备生物燃料的方法
CN114686248A (zh) * 2022-04-22 2022-07-01 成都鸿翔环卫服务有限公司 一种面向高温热解有机物制取可燃液体的方法及系统

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GB190306604A (en) 1903-03-21 1904-01-07 Philip Schidrowitz A New and Improved Process for the Manufacture of Certain Products from Waste Brewery and Distillery Yeast
JPH07216362A (ja) 1994-02-01 1995-08-15 Kawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd 酢液、その製造方法及び植物成長促進剤
US6485841B1 (en) * 1998-10-30 2002-11-26 Ensyn Technologies, Inc. Bio-oil preservatives
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2554355C1 (ru) * 2014-06-10 2015-06-27 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-производственное объединение РГ ИННОВАЦИИ" Способ переработки органического сырья в топливо
CN109135793A (zh) * 2018-10-31 2019-01-04 浙江工业大学 一种绿色环保的去除木醋液烟熏味的方法
CN110734795A (zh) * 2019-11-27 2020-01-31 中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所 一种酵母制备生物燃料的方法
CN110734795B (zh) * 2019-11-27 2021-12-24 中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所 一种酵母制备生物燃料的方法
CN114686248A (zh) * 2022-04-22 2022-07-01 成都鸿翔环卫服务有限公司 一种面向高温热解有机物制取可燃液体的方法及系统

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