WO2013019838A1 - Vacuum insulating glass unit with viscous edge seal - Google Patents

Abstract

Vacuum insulating glass (VIG) units, edge seals for VIG units and methods for forming the edge seals are provided. The VIG units include an edge seal that includes a viscous material, which serves to restrict the rate at which gas permeates into a vacuum space defined between the glass sheets of the VIG unit. The edge seals are configured to allow the glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion of the viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the glass sheets.

Description

VACUUM INSULATING GLASS UNIT WITH VISCOU EDGE SEAL

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

(06011 The present application claims the benefit of priority of the following U.S. provisional applications: serial no. 61/514.334, filed oa August 2, 2011, and entitled

"Molybdenum. Disulfide Filled Polyirnide Support Spacer for Vacuum Insulating Windows;" serial no. 61 /521 ,493, filed on August 9, 20 ! 1 , and entitled "Mesh Support Spacer for Vacuum Insulating Windows;" serial no. 61/522.307, filed on August 11 , 201 1 , and entitled "Mesh Support Spacer with Removed Filaments. for Vacuum Insulating Windows;" serial no. 61/545 J 74, filed on October % 20.1 I , and entitled ^Improvements to Support Spacers .for Vacuum Insulated Windows;" serial no. 61/581 ,209, tiled on December 29, 201 1 , and entitled "improvements to Viscous Edge Sea! for Vacuum Insulated Windows;" serial no. 61 /587,746, filed on January 1.8, 2012, and entitled "Hydraulic Sealing Elements: for Viscous Sealed Vacuum insulated Windows;" serial no, 61/588,860, filed on January 20, 2012, and entitled "Elements for Viscous Sealed Vacuum Insulated Windows;" serial no, 61 /624,582, filed on April 16, 2012, and entitled "Vacuum Insulated Window with Viscous Edge Seal;" serial .no. 61/652,946, filed on May 30, 201 , and entitled "Vacuum Insulating Windows with Viscous Edge Seals Part Β;" serial no, 61/670,857, filed on July 12, 2 12, and entitled "Polymer Spacers Formed as Sheets for Vacuum Insulated Glass;" the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herei by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0 02| Gas permeation. Because it plays a central role In this invention the concept of gas permeatio is presented here.

[0003J Without continual or periodic pumping down, the initial low pressure of any vacuum contained in a vessel will increase as atmospheric gas permeates through the materials of which the vessel is made. The rate of pressure increase will depend on the rate of permeation. Therefore the service life of a vacuum insulating glass (V.IG) unit is not indefinite but can he extended, provided there is not a failure of the edge seal, by periodic pumping down through a permanently attached o temporarily attachable pump out port.

|^'0¾I04| With regard to permeation Roth (1994, p 6-7) states (references cited: other publications):

Gases have the possibility to -flow through solids even if the openings present are not large enough to permit a regular (low. The passage of a gas into, through and out of a barrier having no holes large enough to permit more than a small fraction of the gas to pass throug any one hole is known as permeation. The steady state rate of How in these conditions is the permeability coefficient or simply permeability. This is usually expressed in cubic centimeters of gas at S P (standard temperature and pressure) flowing per second through a square centimetre of cross section, per millimetres of wail thickness and I torr of pressure dro across the barrier , , . An ideal, vacuum should maintain forever the .vacuum (pressure) reached at the moment of its separation from the pumps. Any real chamber presents a rise in pressure after being isolated from the pumping system. The pressure rise is produced by the gas which permeates from outside into the chambe . , ,

{0005} Also in regard to permeation O'Hanion (2003, p 70) states (reference cited: other publications):

Permeation is a three step process. Gas first absorbs on the outer wall of a vacuum vessel diffuses through the bulk, and lastly desorbs from the interior- wail.

Permeation through glass, ceramic, and polymeric materials is molecular. Molecules do not dissociate on absorption. Hydrogen does dissociate on metal surfaces and diffuses as atoms that recombine before desorption on the vacuum wall.

£0006} Ceramic glasses typically used for V.1G units have permeability to atmospheric gases in the range of 10^*'^Jto W^1' cnr'-mm- cm^sec-torr).

{0007}

Vacuum insulating glass units are known in the art. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,664,395; 5,657,607; 5,891 ,536; 5,902,652; 6,444,281

B l ; 6,291 ,036; and 7J4 L130 B2 the disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference,

(0008} Vacuum insulating glass (VJ.G) units comprise two substantially parallel spaced apart glass sheets with a vacuum in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. Between the glass sheets are visually nonratrusive spacers that maintain the vacuum space by resisting compressive atmospheric pressure. Common to all V1G units is an edge sea! that, seals the edge gap between the glass sheets and maintains the vacuum by presentin a low permeability-barrier.

}^'0fl09| Thermal heat transfer via convection and conduction cannot occur through a vacuum. Consequently the energy and associated cost savings that can result from the use of V1G units in applications such as windows, doors, and skylights cart be on the order of ten times greater than for inert gas filled thermal pane units, which, have an inert gas such as argon or krypton, at atmospheric pressure between their glass sheets. [003 Oj There are serious unresolved performance and reliability problems that continue to hamper development of commercially viable VIG units, forestalling the significant energ savings that will result should they ever replace inert gas filled thermal pane. Chief among them is edge sea! failure and sudden brittle fracture of the relatively non-ductile glass sheets. These failures are caused by large stresses resulting from, differential thermal expansion and contraction (or "differential thermal strain") of the thermally separated glass sheets. The patent record reveals an ongoing intensive effort to solve this problem by employing more flexible edge seal, designs. The effort is spurred by a quest to capitalize on market demand for more energy efficient buildings. The demand is driven by a pressing need to .forestall the mounting dangers of global, warming by reducing green house gas emissions,

[0.01 I f Steven Chu, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy, stated at the Caltech Commencement, June 52, 2009:

There. is a growing realization that we should be able to build buildings that, will decrease energy use by 80 percent with investments that will pay for themselves In less than 15 vears. Buildings consume 40 percent of the enerev in the U.S.. so that, energy efficient buildings can decrease our carbon emissions by one third.

[0012| At the time of this writing, residential buildings account for 22 percent of U.S. energy consumption, commercial 18 percent. Of the 22 percent residen ti al energy

consumption, 42 percent, is a result of residential heating and cooling. Buildings use 72 percent of the nation's electricity and 55 percent of its natural gas. Buildings are responsible for approximately 40 percent of CO: emissions in the U.S., and approximately 2,300 teragrams (Tg or million tonnes (MMT)) CO? equivalent (source U.S. Department of

Energy),

[00131 The U.S. Green Building Council has instituted an internationally recognized green building certification system known as Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design or LEED certification that promotes energy savings, water efficiency, CO¾ emissions reduction, and improved indoor environmental quality. LEED standards promote greater use of natural light and visibility to the outdoors. VIG units make this possible without being at cross purposes with LEED energy saving and CO? emissions reduction standards. VIG units greatly reduce sound transmission, which improves the quality of living and working environments.

[00141 Because there is a vacuum between them, the glass sheets in a VIG unit are thermally isolated from one another to a far greater degree than those in inert gas units. As a result, the differential thermal strain, between the glass sheets of a VlCj unit caused by indoor and outdoor temperature differences in climates with large temperature extremes is far greater than for inert gas units. In a VIG unit with a rigid edge seal that joins both sheet of glass these differences in thermal strain meet at the unit's edges where they are constrained by compatibility. The result can be very large values of stress in the relatively non-ductile glass sheets and within the edge seal and. its bond to the glass sheets.

[00151 The large stresses that can develop in the glass sheets of a VfG unit with a rigid edge seal can become so high that one or both ceramic glass sheets may fail suddenly in brittle fracture. This problem is exacerbated by ceramic glass's sensitivity to loss of strength from scratches and abrasions, which can precipitate breakage, if a VIG unit is a floor to ceiling window on the 94^m floor of a building and fails suddenly in bri ttle fracture the consequences could exceed the cost of the unit's replacement and include injury or loss of life.

[fl016| Although ceramic glass has a number of negative physical properties that are disadvantages in VIG construction, the Jack of materials with its unique positive physical properties makes it very difficult to circumvent ceramic glass as the preferred transparent material for VIG units. The negative physical characteristics are brittieness, low ductility, low tensile strength, and a high a modulus of elasticity. The positive characteristics are very high rigidity, resistance to creep deformation under continuous loads, hardness, and very importantl ceramic window glass such as soda-lime glass has very low gas permeability, These positive properties make ceramic glass the preferred material for VIG units, which are subject to continuous fiexural loads from atmospheric pressure and which must maintain service vacuum pressures for decades.

[00 J 7| If ceramic glass was more ducts !e and had greater tensile strength then many of the problems plaguing VIG development would he greatly mitigated- G iven that at present there is no suitable alternative to ceramic glass, the only available avenue for progress in VIG development is improved edge seal design, A number of United States Patent Application Publications disclose more flexible edge seal designs, which are attempts to mitigate many of the current problems with VIG performance, assembly, reliability, and safety,

j^'OOlSJ In most of the VIG units described in the art the distance between the glass sheets is necessarily very much smaller than the distance between the glass sheets of .inert gas filled thermal pane units and usually less than 0.08 inch. Despite the fact that close spacing of VIG unit glass sheets exacerbaies the problem of accommodating differential thermal strain between them, close spacing of VIG unit glass sheets is desirable because spacers need to be small in order to be visuall nonintrusive. Small spacers conduct less thermal energy. Close spacing of ViG unit glass sheets reduces the time required to pump down the vacuum, which reduces production costs. Spacers may be or include round disks, cylinders, micro sized particles, or even jianoparticles thai may or may not be imbedded within the glass sheets.

(0ΘΊ9| in contrast to the typical distances between the glass sheets of VIG units, the distances between the glass sheets of inert gas units is chosen to minimize heat transmission from conduction and convection. That optimal spacing is between 0.625 and 0.75 inch. Because the distances between the glass panes of inert gas thermal pane windows are much greater than for VIG units, the stresses that develop in their edge seals are less than, those for VIG units given the same lateral displacement between the glass sheets and similar sealing materials. Therefore the smaller differential thermal strains that develop between the glass sheets of inert gas units as compared to VIG units can be accommodated by simple flexible elastic seals that need not resist collapse under one atmosphere of pressure and that need not maintain a one atmosphere pressure difference for decades,

[00201 The rigid ceramic solder glass or glass frit edge seals that are currently used in VIG units and that are known in the art present serious problems. Seals of this type are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Mos. 5,664,595 and 5,657.607, The advantages of ceramic solder glass edge seals are their very low gas permeabil ity and strong bond to ceramic glass substrates. Their disadvantage is br ttleness and tendency to crack or fracture in climates with large temperature extremes such as occur in ^'North America, it takes only a very small invisible crack or breach in a ViG edge sea! to drastically reduce a unit's service life and to make repair infeasible.

[0021 in the process of forming rigid ceramic solder glass edge seals the ceramic glass sheets must be heated above a temperature that will remove tempering and introduce unwanted stresses within the glass sheets. The long heating and cooling times associated with this process increase manufacturing costs. The high assembly temperatures require the spacers to be of a material that can withstand those temperatures. This limits the range of suitable spacer materials and excludes materials with lower coefficients of thermal conductivity or higher creep resistance. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,701 ,749; 6,558,494; 6,541 ,083; 6,641 ,689; 6,635,321 ; 6,478,91 1 ; 6,365,242; and 6,336,984 disclose methods that reduce the assembly temperatures of VIG units and allow the glass sheets to retain some but not all of their tempering.

(0022} Rigid edge seals can cause bulging out of a VIG unit's glass sheets. For example, if it is colder outdoors the outer glass sheet will contract causing both the inner and outer glass sheets to bulge inward toward the interior of the boilding increasing the likelihood of fracture. Bulging noticeably distorts- reflections creating an objectionable non aesthetic fun. house environment.

{06231 Nippon Sheet Glass produces commercial VTG units with ceramic solder glass edge seals under the trade name Spacia. U.S. Pat, Nos. 5,664,395, and 5,902,652 also describe such VfG units. Service information published for thes units by Nippon Sheet Glass reveal many of the problems presented above. The service in formation states in part (Nippon 2003) (references cited.: other publications):

Precaution; for use ami n t»m&m<t-

1 , When wired glass type is used in di&rent application from conventional window, please Contact us before use, to avoid of the trouble due to thermal breakage,

2. ^'Don't paste the .film and paper on SPACIA. ft xmy brings about thermal breakage. Slight dislocation and occasional omissions of pillars, even if they are found, are negligible roblem in terms of product performance.

3. SPA.O.A is required to use in temperature condition that its difference

between IN and OUT is preferably less than 3.5 .

4, DonH touch on SPACIA with metallic or ceramic hard sharp. Deep scratches sometimes lead to glass breakage.

3, Some deformation of reflective image is unavoidable lor process reasons and for the occasional warpage of glass in case of a big temperature difference between IN and OUT. which is based on its higher thermal insulation, [sic]

[00241 he problems associated with rigid edge seals can be reduced if a flexible seal is used. However, in comparison to stationary rigid, seals, it is more difficult to achieve low permeability and leak rates for seals that accommodate or transmit motion. This difficult exists for various reasons that include the following: flexible materials generally have higher gas permeability than rigid materials, and it is difficult to form lasting reliable bonds or tight fits between flexible elastic materials and the more rigid -materials or configurations of vacuum vessels, ^'die VIG edge seals disclosed by the United States Patent Application Publications discussed below are meant to be more flexible and ductile than rigid solder glass seals.

(0625} The problems with rigid ceramic solder glass edge seals and rigid edge seals for VfG units discussed above are enumerated by United States Patent Application Publications Nos. US 2008/0166570 Ai and US 2009/0155499 A i . These publications disclose designs that mitigate, but. that do not eliminate, the above described problems by introducing metal as a bridging materia! between the edges of the glass sheets. Metal has greater ductility and flexibility than ceramic solder glass. This allows some movement of the edges of the ceramic glass sheets relative to one another under differential thermal strain. This results in less stress and likelihood of fracture. Some of the metal seals that, are disclosed by the above

publications are bent and folded into spring like forms that further increase their flexibility. These publications show some of the metal seals as being entirely between the glass sheets so that one of their dimensions is l imited by the small, distance between the glass sheets. This requires tight folds in the folded over metal .form and places limitations on the strains that can be accommodated without exceeding She elastic limit of the metals. Given the number of cycles of loading and unloading that would occur on a daily basis year after year because of expansion and contraction of the glass sheets, the metal seals disclosed by the above

publications would very likely experience strain or work-hardening and become increasingly less ductile; possibly to a point where cracks or fissures would de velop that would admit air into the vacuum at an unacceptable rate, shortening the service life pf ViG unit to years as opposed to decades. In regard to work-hardening of .flexible metal joints that seal vacuums jousten (2008, p 785) states (references cited; other publications):

For high - and ultrahigh - vacuum equipment, flexible meiai elements are used, which are welded or brazed to the flanges. Such elements include hydiauHcaily formed bellows (the longitudinal section is wavy) and diaphragm bellows

(diaphragms, welded at the outside and inside perimeters). Because they are made of metal, every component of this type is subject, to work-hardening and thus wear, depending on the number of worki ng cycles,

[00261 The folded over forms disclosed by the above publications are only effective as springs in one direction, whereas differential thermal strain in the glass sheets of a VIG unit occurs in two dimensions,

[00.27J United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0155499 A t discloses that the contemplated metal edge seals may be bonded to the glass substrates by methods requiring lower temperatures than those required for solder glass seals. T he methods and materials for bonding the metal strips io the glass substrates as disclosed by Pub. os. US 2008/0166570 A S and LIS 2009/0155499 A. I are elastic in nature. Therefore the bond and bond material are subject to all the forces within the metal strips themselves. Those forces will be a function of the modulu of elasticity of the metal and the strain. Given seals made of elastic materials or having elastic bonds, any relative lateral displacement, of the glass sheets will result in. stresses that persist as long as the displacement persists. Under load, elastic materials are subject to failure from tensile rupture, shear rupture, stain hardening, and bond failure between joined elastic materials. Bond and material fail ure is a general problem with any primarily elastic material or bond used for sealing the edges of VIG units.

Ι0Θ28Ι United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0 ί 78439 A 1 discloses a flexible edge seal for vacuum insulating glazing units. The preferred embodiment discloses a flexible edge seal consisting of a thin metal w ith eonvolutes. The seal is shown as being exterior to the space between the glass sheets of a VIG unit. The surface area of the seal, as disclosed is very much greater than the surface area defined b the gap between, the glass sheets. Two of the factors affecting rate of gas permeation are the surface area and thickness of the material through w h ich gas permeates. The greater the su rface area and the thinner the material through which gas permeates the greater will be the rate of permeation. in thi regard the seal as disclosed by Pub. No, US 2010/01 78439 A.I is less than optimal. The design of this seal requires a space, and therefore surface area, greater than the confutes between the glass sheets will allow. The thin metal is bonded to the glass sheets and is therefore subject to both bond and elastic material failure modes.

0Θ29Ι United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0034996 A 1 discloses a flexible edge seal for vacuum insulating glazing units very similar to and with the same shortcomings as that disclosed by Pub. No. U.S. 2010/0178439 A I.

SUMMA Y OF THE INVENTION

[003 J Unless otherwise qualified, as it relates to ibis Invention glass herein means any material that has a glass transition temperature and includes metallic, organic, and ceramic glasses, the latter including typical window glass suc as soda-lime glass. Glass herein also means any glass as described above that may include other constituents in Sis composition such as but not limited to nanopartieies or nanotubes, which may improve or augment the physical characteristics of the glass or response of the glass to light. Glass herein also includes glass that may have active or passive devices imbedded wholly or partially within it. ί 0031 J Glass sheet herein includes laminated glass, such. as, for example, glass sheets bonded together by a polymer. Glass sheet herein also includes any glass object that is preponderantly flat with substantially even thickness but. which may also have raised or contoured areas in regions that may function to maintai a space and separation between the otherwise flat and even thickness regions of two glass sheets. Though not detailed herein, this invention contemplates that glass sheets with raised contours may be used in some embodiments. Glass sheet herein also includes any glass object thai is preponderantly flat with substantially even thickness bin which may also have recessed regions whose purpose may include containing a viscous material. A glass sheet: herein may have coatings applied.

{0032} Viscous material herein means any material that flows like a liquid when a force is applied and includes both linear and nonlinear viscous materials, and Bingham plastics, A viscous ma erial may include nanopartieies that may reduce permeability, .Not included as a viscous material herein is any glass as defined above that is at a temperature below its glass transition temperature.

f0033| Various embodiments of this invention relate to ViG units that comprise two substantially parallel spaced apart glass sheets with a vacuum space in between and that have one or more edge seals that comprise a viscous material with low gas permeability. The viscous low gas permeability material bridges at least a portion of the gap between the glass sheets and surrounding the vacuum space so as to act as at least a partial seal for the vacuum. Because the gap i bridged by a viscous material that undergoes viscous shear with very low shear stress, when the glass sheets move relative to one another the stresses in the glass sheets resulting from those viscous shear stresses are insignificant and cannot contribute to fracture of the glass sheets or noticeable bulging of the glass sheets. Relative lateral movement of the glass sheets occurs daring times of changing temperature di fference between i ndoors and outdoors. Because the bridging material is viscous, when relative lateral movement, of the glass sheets ceases so too does the shear stress. This i not the ease for edge seals made entirely of elastic materials where static relative displacement results in sustained stress in the glass sheets.

|0Θ34| Barriers to constrain the viscous materia! and methods to place it into assembly do not require heating the glass sheets above a temperature that would affect tempering of the glass sheets, or coatings on the glass sheets, or glass lam.ina.tioR. Because high temperatures are not needed for edge seal assembly, high temperature resistant spacers are not required, allowing selection of spacer composition from a broad range of materials tha may have lower thermal conductivity and lower hardness that is less likely to scratch ceramic glass.

[00351 Given the nature of viscous fluid flow and the no slip condition, it is not possible for the viscous material to foil as a sea! because of tensile rupture, shear rupture, fracture, low temperature brittle fracture, fatigue, material breakdown, delaminattoo, separation, splitting, bond failure, adhesive .failure, or strain hardening as might occur with materials that are primarily elastic in. nature. As a result, VIG units that employ a viscous edge seal as disclosed herein will fail with far less frequency and with less potential damage and risk than VIO units that employ edge seals made entirely of materials that are primarily elastic.

[0036 A viscous material used in a viscous edge seal may be degassed or outgassed in a vacuum autoclave or by some other method. As examples, without limitation, methods to degass or outgass a viscous material may include- creating a vacuum in contact with it, heating, stirring, sonieat.ion, and creating thin cascading flow. Without, limitation any method to degass or outgass a viscous material ma inc lude an combina tion of the forgoing methods.

0037J The interior of a vacuum autoclave or other vessel that contains a degassed or outgassed viscous material may be in communication through hermetically sealed connections such a tubing or fittings to a press or ram extruder, screw or screw extruder, rotary extruder, pump, or directly to a cavity m a VIG unit into which the viscous material is to How. Alternatively a press or other mechanism to cause viscous flow may be an integral assembly within a vacuum autoclave. After the glass sheets of a V1.G unit have been brought together, sandwiching ail or some of the spacers in between, a cavity con figured to contain a viscous material as part of a viscous edge sea! may be evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure through a pump out hole or port, or through multiple pump out. holes or ports that may pass into the cavity and through any intervening material. As examples, and without limitation, intervening materials may include -any or all of the following: a glass sheet of the VIG unit; any spacers, elements, or materials that may be a part, of an edge seal; and or any materials .forming part of a cavity that will contain viscous material that may not necessarily include a glass sheet or edge seal component. Degassed or outgassed viscous materia! may then be pressured into the evacuated cavity through a filler hole or port into the cavity or through multiple filler holes or ports that may pass into the cavity and through any intervening material As examples, and without limitation, intervening materials may include any or all of the following; a glass sheet of the VIG unit; any s ace s;, elements, or materials that may be a part of an edge seal; and or any materials forming part of a cavit that will contain viscous material that may not necessarily include a glass sheet, or edge seal

component. The cavity may or may not remain under continual vacuum pumping to maintain a low pressure as the viscous material is pressured into it Before or after the cavity is rilled or partially filled with viscous material a vacuum pump or pumps and their connections may be released from the pump o t port or ports and the port or potts may he sealed. Likewise the connections and fittings to a press, other device, or container that caused flow of the viscous material may be released and the filler port or ports may be sealed.

}003SJ To pressure a viscous material into a cavity means to create total pressure or total head in that viscous materia! so that the viscous material flows into the cavity. That total pressure or total head ma he created by any method. Those methods ma include, without limitation, a press or press extruder, a pump, a screw or screw extruder, a rotary extruder, a ram extruder, or raising the viscous material higher than or to the height in the cavity to be occupied by viscous material.

{Q639J As non-limiting examples a cavity may be any container, reservoir, or physically bounded region that is part of a VIG unit and that is configured to contain a viscous material or fluid. A cavit configured to contain a viscous material, where the viscous material may be part of an ^'edge seal for a VIG unit, may be entirely between the glass sheets of a VIG unit, it may be entirely outside or ot between the glass sheets or it may be partially in between and partially outside the glass sheets. A cavity may comprise multiple sub-cavities that are its open communication such that a viscous material entering any one of multiple sub-cavities ma flow to one or more of the other sub-cavities. The sub-cavities from which the cavity configured to contain a viscous material is comprised may be, for example, connected in series and/or in parallel and/or may he contained within other sub-ca vities. Viscous material may flow between connected sub-cavities or from one sub-cavity to another while a VIG unit is in service. A cavity may be open to the atmosphere such that a viscous material contained by it may be open to the atmosphere and therefore have an open free surface, in the same sense that a glass containing water has an open free surface. A cavity may comprise a material that floats on top of or that is otherwise in contact with a free surface of a viscous materia! contained by the cavity s c that ass the volume of the viscous materia], changes with thermal expansion and contraction, and rises and fails within the cavity, the material on top also rises and fails.

{0040} If a cavity as defined above con tains a viscous material and any portion of that viscous materia! is included in an edge seal then all of the viscous material contained, by that cavity k considered to be a part of the edge seal.

}^'004l| A cavity containing a viscous material as part of an edge seal may or may not have its entire volume occupied by that viscous material,

004 The volume of any cavity containing a viscous ma teria! may be variable and may change with thermal expansion and contraction of the materials of a VIG unit including the viscous material Changing volume of a cavity containing a viscous material, though related to material, expansion and contraction, may be the direct result of, without limitation: exuding of viscous materials between edge seal elements or components; and or movement, expansion and contraction, or inflation and contraction of rigid, flexible, or elastic

membranes or components,

[0043] A cavity configured to contain a viscous material may or may not be evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure before viscous materia! is pressured into it. A cavity configured to contain a viscous material may be evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure and put through an outgassing bake-out. before viscous material is pressured into it

jWfl44J As part of a process that includes pressuring viscous material into a cavity configured, to contain that viscous material, the main cavity between the glass sheets of a VIG unit that contains spacers and is meant to be viewed through may be evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric before, during, or after viscous material Is pressured into its cavity. Evacuating or pumping down the main cavity to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure before or while pressuring viscous material into its cavity may cause the glass sheets to resist separation a viscous material is pressured into its cavity.

(0045} A raw hole or port in a glass sheet through which gas, air, and viscous material ma flow may have a ring or rings made of materials other than glass cemented into it to provide structural strength to the gl ss around the hole or port. Cement or adhesive may penetrate into a ground surface around a hole or port in a glass sheet forming a strong bond with a ring, which may be a metal, polymer, or composite. A ring may have features that allow quick hookup or installation of tubing or other fitting for, but not limited to, pumping, evacuating, pressuring, and sealing. [0046] Polymers, because of their low thermal conductivi ties, are highly suitable materials from which spacers may he comprised, of which spacers may consist or of which spacers may consist essentially of. The use of poly mers is made possible by the relatively low assembly temperatures afforded by viscous edge seals. Because the spacers may be disposed in the main vacuum space of a VIG unit in a portion of a VtG unit that is meant to be viewed through, the spacers ma be composed of a polymer that is transparent to visible light, Good candidate polymers include, but are not limited to, poiyimide, polyamide, poiyetherimide, polycarbonate, and po!yhenzimidazole. Polymers used for spacers may have filers that .may Include but are not limited to glass fibers, carbon fibers, or molybdenum disulfide. Molybdenum disulfide may reduce Metiona! forces while the carbon and glass fibers may impart enhanced tensile, compressive, and shear strength while also reducing creep. Other fillers may include carbon black, or other additives that improve polymer resistance to oxidation or that reduce degradation caused by ultraviolet light or other light spectrums.

Q647J Polymer spacers may have molybdenum disulfide embedded in or deposited on face that will contact one of the glass sheets to provide low friction,

06 8! An use of the term polymer herein means a polymer that may include a filler or fillers. Any use of the term polymer herein means a polymer that may include a material or materials embedded in a surface or face of the polymer.

[(HMD Polymers may be easily formed into various shapes for spacers that may be of particular advantage in limiting heat conduction while providing resistance to overturning moments caused by fictional forces between ^'the glass sheets of a VIG unit. In. basic

embodiments, the spacers comprise two oppositely facing end faces connecte by a. spacer body. As an example, a cylindrical spacer may comprise two spacer segments, wherein one of the two segments has a larger diameter than the other of the two spacer segments, The larger diameter segment may fo m a stabilizing loot at one end of the spacer body. The smaller diameter segment may make up all or most of the remainder of the spacer body. The end face of the larger diameter segment may be adhered to one of the glass sheets of a VIG unit while the end face of the smaller diameter segment may be in contact with the other glass sheet without being adhered to it The smaller diameter segment reduces heat conduction compared to that of the larger diameter segment while the larger diameter end face anchored to one of the glass sheets resists overturning moments created by friction caused by contact betwee the end face of the smaller diameter segment with the other glass sheet The forgoing configuration allows spacer thickness to be increased without increasing spacer diameter or cross sectional area of the entire spacer in order to maintain spacer stability. Increasing spacer thickness decreases heat conduction. Having to increase spacer cross sectional area to maintain stability when increasing spacer thickness would negate reduction in heat conduction provided by thicker spacers. ^'Increasing spacer thickness and consequently increasing gap di stance between glass sheeis of a ViG unit can increase the service life of a VIG unit by increasing the volume of the vacuum in between the glass sheets. Given no change in permeation rate as vacuum volume increases the pressure rise over time caused by permeation will be slower the larger the vacuum volume.

[00501 When a spacer is said to be in contact with a giass sheet it means that the spacer may contact the glass sheet directly or that it may contact a material that is in between the glass sheet and. spacer. As examples, and without limitation, intermediate materials that may be in between a spacer and a glass sheet may include coatings, polymers, laminates, powders, lubricants, adhesives, contact sheets, and active or passive devices.

00511 Instead of forming individual unconnected polymer spacers that must then be manipulated on some individual basis as part, of a process to place them on a glass sheet of a VIG unit, compression and injection molding methods available for forming and producing polymer parts can automatically create integral polymer interconnections between polymer VIG support spacers that may eliminate the time that might otherwise be required to manipulate and place a large number of individual support spacers on a giass sheet.

Interconnected spacers allow simultaneous handling, manipulation, and placing of spacers en masse as a set of pre-arrayed spacers.

00521 Pre-arrayed spacers are spacers thai are formed in a process or multiple processes that produce multiple spacers with interconnections between them that, hold and maintain those spacers in the same array as they will have when first installed between the glass sheets of a VIG unit. An array herein means a spatial relationship that includes both geometry and distance. To say that a first and a second array of spacers is the same means that the first array can be superimposed on the second such that ail t e spacers of the first and second array will coincide. The geometry of an array need not be rectangular or square and may be of infinite, variety. The geometry and distances between spacers in an array may vary and need not be regular or repeating.

{^"0053J Polymer pre-arrayed spacers are spacers that are pre-arrayed where the spacers and their interconnections comprise polymers.

{0654} For example, in some embodiments interconnected spacer arrays comprising, for example, at least 10. at least 1000, at least 1000 and at least 10,000 spacers may be employed.

54 At some point in a process; of assembly of interconnected spacers on a glass sheet of a VIG unit some or all interconnections may be removed, in some instances a jig may hold an initially interconnected array of spacers until the jig and a glass sheet are brought together, pressing the spacers to the face of the glass sheet where they may be adhered using a low outgassmg adhesive that may be specified according to AST E595.

|0055] To remove an interconnection means to create physical discontinuity between spacers where material continuity had. existed. This may include, but is not limited to, removing an. entire interconnection, breaking an. interconnection but otherwise leaving the connecting material attached to at least one spacer, or removing a portion of an.

interconnection such that port ions of the i nterconnection are still connected to one or more spacers,

{0056} Polymer spacers may be formed, or created so as to be interconnected to each other as part of a forming process or multiple forming processes. Example forming processes, without limitation, may include injection and compression molding techniques, interconnections may comprise the polymer itself so that thousands of spacers may he manipulated simultaneously by hand and or by automation until some or all of

interconnections are removed either before or after or both before and after spacers are placed on a glass sheet. The interconnections may be in the form of a con tin uous unbroken sheet with no holes or discontinuities or there may be holes or discontinuities in the sheet of any size, shape, and or relationship so long as the spacers can be manipulated as a whole and their array essentially maintained until the interconnections are removed.

[0U57J To place a spacer or spacers on a glass sheet means either to place them directly in contact with the glass sheet or in contact with an intermediate material that may be in between the spacers and the glass sheet. As non-limiting examples, intermediate materials may include coatings, laminations, polymers, powders, lubricants, adhesives, contact sheet, and active or passive devices. To adhere something to a glass sheet such as, but without limitation, a spacer, interconnection, or polymer sheet means that it may be adhered directly to the glass sheet or to an intermediate material that is in between it and the glass sheet. Any component of a VIG unit thai is adhered to a glass sheet has the same defin ition of adhered as above.

[ 5SJ A polymer sheet herein means any interconnection or interconnections between an array of V IG spacers that comprise a polymer or poly mers and may have discontinuities in the form of holes of any size, shape, and or configuration and may have varying thickness and or perforations, and especially reduced thickness or indents or perforations where the sheet transitions to or becomes a spacer. A polymer sheet herein may be a mesh with filaments of any size, shape, and thickness. A single filament may have variable size, shape, and thickness.

{0659} As an example, a thin polymer sheet that is formed or created that integrally interconnects Vi^'G polymer spacers may comprise spacers imbedded therein as an array of thicker regions of the thin polymer sheet. The polymer spacers, while still .interconnected to one another by the thin polymer sheet formed at the same time and of the same polymer as the spacers, may be adhered to one of d e glass sheets of a V1G unit after which the thin polymer sheet may be .removed. Removal may be by, but not limited to, pulling, .ripping, punching, or shearing. The thin polymer sheet may be removed around the circumference or periphery, or close to the circumference or periphery, of each polymer spacer leaving an array of individual and no longer interconnected polymer spacers adhered to the glass sheet. A thin polymer sheet comprising polymer spacers may be thinner and or have formed perforations at its interconnections or transitions to the imbedded or integral polymer spacers so as to reduce the force necessary to remove the polymer sheet from the polymer spacers.

[Θβ60| fr» we preceding example polymer spacers are produced with polymer interconnections as part of a forming process and those interconnections hold the spacers in the same array they will have when first installed between the glass sheets of a VIG unit. Therefore in this example the spacers are polymer pre-arrayed spacers. This allows the spacers to be manipulated by hand or by automation en masse until it may be convenient to remove some or al! of the interconnections.

[0061| in some instances it may be convenient to remove interconnections after spacers have been placed on a glass sheet as described in. the example above and in still, other cases it may be convenient to remove interconnections before they are placed on a glass sheet as in the case of a jig as described in the example below. In some cases at least some

interconnections may be removed before spacers are placed on a glass sheet with still others being removed after the spacers are placed on the glass sheet,

[0062] An array of interconnected spacers may be formed. The interconnections may hold and maintain essentially the array that the spacers will have when first assembled in between the glass sheets of a VI G unit, which would make the spacers pre-arrayed spacers. An interconnected array of spacers may be placed in or on a jig that may hold and maintain spacer array independent of the existence of the interconnections created in the forming process. Likewise a jig may hold an interconnected array of spacers such that if some o l! of the interconnections are removed some or all of the spacers may lose their placement in the array. An example where a jig may hold and. maintain a spacer array independent of the interconnections is a plate with an array of holes that mirror an array of spacers.

Interconnected spacers may be placed on. the plate such that the spacers are held within the holes. If all the interconnections are removed, the spacer array will be maintained, by all the spacers being held, by the holes in the jig,

1_.00631 Spacers may be held with some resistance in or by a jig whether or not the spacers are held in holes as just described or held in proper relationship by a different method. Other methods of holding the. spacers may include tacky s ubstances or static electricity. Spacers may he held to a. jig riot directly but by connections between a polymer sheet and a jig. Resistance and fixity may be created by , but not limited to, a press fit in holes or other mechanical methods or by a light chemical bond, tack, or electrostatic charge. At this point in the process, while spacers are still held by a jig, interconnections may be removed by mechanical methods that may include, but. are not limited to, ripping, tearing, shearing, punching, cutting, slicing, or grinding. Alternatively interconnections between spacers may be removed by methods that are not mechanical and that, may include, but are not limited to, melting, chemical dissolving, or vaporization. The forgoing methods of interconnection removal may also be utilized if an interconnected array of spacers is first placed on a glass sheet of a VIG unit with or without the use of a jig. Any method of interconnection removal may be used alone or in combination with any number of other methods either simultaneously or in series or in any order or overlap of application.

00641 Once interconnections have been removed, the jig, still holding the spacers in their original array, may place the spacers on a glass sheet by pressing the spacers to the glass sheet, of a VIG unit. The spacers may protrude beyond the surface of the j ig and the faces of the exposed spacers may be charged with a low outgassing adhesive so that when they are pressed to the glass sheet they adhere. After the jig has pressed the spacers to a glass sheet it may be pulled away from the glass sheet and the resistance to removal of the spacers from the j ig is Overcome and the spacers part from the jig and remain affixed to the glass sheet.

[00651 There may be instances where it may be advantages not to remove all interconnections between spacers while spacers are in or on a jig so that at least some of the interconnections may be removed while the spacers are still in or on a Jig. A jig holding spacers may therefore press spacers to a glass sheet with some or ail of the spacer interconnections remaining. Remaining interconnections may or may not be removed once spacers have been placed on a glass sheet using a jig. In some instances interconnections may not be removed while spacers are in or on a jig and some or none of the interconnections may be removed once spacers have been placed on a glass sheet.

{066$! A polymer sheet that interconnects polymer spacers may connect or transition to spacers at any po nt along the axis of a spacer as defined by a line constructed, vertical and at right angles to the faces of the polymer sheet.

|_. β671 instead of just a jig being used, a jig, die, and punch set may be used that punches spacers free from a polymer sheet, in other words removes the interconnections, before, during, or after placement, on a glass sheet. Placement of spacers on a glass sheet ma be initiated by the stroke of a punch that simultaneously breaks spacers free from a polymer sheet and presses spacers to a glass sheet.

{0668! Jn all of the methods and processes described thus far, intermediate materials may he used instead of a glass sheet One example is to use a punch and die to separate spacers from a. polymer sheet, in. other words remove the interconnections, and. to adhere the spacers to a sheet of an intermediate material that holds their array until the intermediate material is positioned over a glass sheet and the spacers attached to it are placed on the glass sheet where they may be -adhered. An intermediate material may be flexible so as to more easily conform to any wave present on a glass sheet. A series of intermediate materials may be used in a series of processes that transfers spacers from one intermediate material to another before spacers are placed on a glass sheet of a VIQ unit. In some i stances an intermediate material may not be removed from an array of spacers and may itself be adhered to a glass sheet, while still holding spacers. In these cases the intermediate material ma remain between the assembled glass sheets of a V1G unit and become s permanent component.

{00691 Spacers may be placed on a glass sheet by siraul taneously placing the

equivalent of an entire simultaneously produced array of spacers on a glass sheet or by simultaneously or successively placing sections of simultaneously produced spacer arrays on a glass sheet or by simultaneously or successively placing the equivalent of multiple simultaneously produced spacer arrays including f actions thereof on a glass sheet. Spacers may be placed on a glass sheet by being pressed to a glass sheet by a roller that passes ove a spacer array or arrays and or tractions thereof

[6670J A simultaneously produced array of interconnected spacers may be smaller than a glass sheet. In these eases multiple arrays of interconnected spacers may be used, in a process of placing spacers on a glass sheet A simultaneously produced arra of

I S interconnected spacers ma be cut or reduced to any size to accommodate any size glass sheet.

{007J I .In some embodiments the polymer interconnections of a polymer sheet may comprise filaments running between spacers. In some embodiments it may he advantages not. to remove these filaments or to remove only some of the filaments and to include all of them or those remaining in between, the glass sheets of a fully assembled VIG unit.

{XMJ72J In some embodiments the interconnecting polymer sheet may be clear or translucent, with or without a color tint, and continuous or nearly so. it. may be advantages in these cases to adhere or place with no adherence or partial, adherence the entire polymer sheet with integral spacers on a glass sheet without .removal of any of the interconnections or with removal of only some of the interconnections,

{0073} Within all of the examples or contemplated embodiments of polymer sheets and poly mer spacers and methods and processes for assembly and placement, of Spacers in VIG units, polymer spacers and or polymer sheets ma be adhered, partially adhered, or not adhered to a glass sheet.

[007 1 Active or passive devices, coatings, and chemicals ma be attached to a polymer sheet or embedded in it and may include but are not limited to solar cells for the generation of electricity, chemicals and circuitry to produce and transmit current induced by solar radiation, photochromic material or chemicals, photochrome material or chemicals that react to electrical current, photochromic material or chemicals that selectivel transmit, absorb, or reflect different wave lengths of electromagnetic radiation, and Sow emissivity or reflective coatings.

[00751 In all of the processes and arrangements described above for placing spacers on a glass sheet the glass sheet and spacers can be in any orientation. For example, and without limitation, instead of a sheet of polymer spacers being positioned over a glass sheet as part of the placement process, a glass sheet may be positioned over the spacers and the glass sheet lowered to the spacers or the spacers .raised to the glass sheet or the glass sheet lowered while the spacers are raised.

j^'0fl76J A subset of polymer spacers interconnected by a polymer sheet may mean all of the interconnected spacers or two or more spacers up to the total number of interconnected spacers.

{0077} A spacer may .migrate from its initial position after having been first placed on a glass sheet. Migration may be the result of ferees between the spacer and glass sheets or between intermediate materials in between the spacer and glass sheets. This may be more likely to happen, if a spacer is not adhered to either glass sheet or is part of a polymer sheet that floats between the glass sheets. ^'The array that spacers may have when initially placed on a glass sheet may change over time. Without limitation this ^'may be caused by a polymer sheet shrinking over time or changing dimensions caused by a bake-out procedure.

{0078J Spacers and polymer sheets may be oatgassed before or after being placed on a glass sheet of a V!G unit. Without limitation, the outgassing may be done in a vacuum autoclave.

0079] Some illustrative aspects and embod iments of the invention, are summarized below.

[0680| One aspect of the invention provides a vacuum insulating glass unit comprising: a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; at least one spacer in between the first and second glass sheets configured to contribute to the Separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum space; and an. edge seal The edge seal comprises: a viscous material, wherein the viscous material restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum space; the edge sea! being configured to allow the first and second glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured, such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion, of the viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the first and second glass sheets; and at least one barrier whose configuration constrains the viscous material. In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the viscous material is a Newtonian fluid, such as polyisobutene.

[068! The barrier in the vacuum insulating_, glass unit may be a viscous barrier in contact with the viscous material. In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second glass sheets make -up part of the barrier, while in other embodiments, the barrier does not include either of the first and the second glass sheets.

jOflSiJ In. ne embodiment:, the vacuum insulating glass unit includes a viscous material disposed in between the first and second glass sheets and the barrier comprises a first pair of strip spacers comprising a first strip spacer and a second strip spacer disposed between the first and second glass sheets on the vacuum space side of the viscous material, wherein the first strip spacer is affixed to the first glass sheet and the second strip spacer is affixed to the second glass sheet, and further wherein the first and second strip spacers are in contact and able to move laterally with respect to one another. The barrier further comprises a second pair of strip spacers comprising a third strip spacer and a fourth strip spacer disposed between the first and second glass sheets on the side of the visco us material opposite the vacuum space side, wherein the third strip spacer is affixed to the first glass sheet and the fourth strip spacer is affixed to the second glass sheet, and further wherein the third and fourth strip spacers are in contact and able to move laterally with respect to one another. This barrier also comprises a viscous barrier disposed in between the first pair of strip spacers and the viscous material and in between the second pa ir of strip spacers and the viscous material. Examples of vacuum insulating glass units in accordance w ith this embodiment are depicted in FIGS. 3-7, and. are described in greater detail in the Detailed Description section, below.

[0083J in one variation, of this embodiment of the invention, first and third strip spacers are joined by a strip of material extending in between the first and third strip spacers and in between the first glass sheet and the viscous material, and further wherein the second and fourth strip spacers are joined by a strip of material extending in between the third and fourth strip spacers and in between the second glass sheet, and the viscous material.

[0084| in another embodiment, the first and second glass sheets each has an outer surface opposite the vacuum space and an inner surface facing the vacuum space and the edge seal includes an end cap having a first extension portion that extends over the outer surface of the first glass sheet and a second extension portion that extends over the outer surface of the second glass sheet, wherein the viscous material is disposed in between the outer surface of the first glass sheet and the first extension and in between the outer surface of the second glass sheet and the second extension. In this embodiment,, the barrier includes a first strip spacer disposed i n between the outer surface of the first glass sheet and the first extension oft one side of the viscous material: a second strip spacer disposed in between the outer surface of the first glass sheet and the first, extension on the other side of the viscous material; a third strip spacer disposed in between the outer surface of the second glass sheet and the second extension on one side of the viscous material; a fourth strip spacer disposed in between the outer surface of the second glass sheet and the second extension on the other side of the viscous material; and a viscous barrier disposed in between the first strip spacer and the viscous material, in between the second strip spacer and the viscous material, in between the third strip spacer and the viscous material, and m between the fourth strip spacer and. the viscous material. An example of a vacuum insulating glass unit in accordance with this embodiment is depicted m FIG. 8. and is described in greater detail in the Detailed

Description section, below.

|flfl85| In another embodiment, the edge seal includes: an end cap that forms an enclosure- around the peripheral edges of the first and second glass sheets, wherein the viscous material fills the enclosure; and an elastic membrane that is affixed to and spans the gap separating the peripheral edges of the first and second glass sheets, wherein the elastic membrane is configured to constrain the viscous material. An exam le of a vacuum insulating glass unit in accordance with this embodiment is depicted in FIG. 9, and is described in greater detail in the Detailed Description section, bekuv.

{ΘΘ801 h* another embodiment, the first and second glass sheets each has an outer surface facing opposite the vacuum space and an inner surface facing the vacuum space and the gap separating the first and second glass sheets tapers inward from, the peripheral edge regi on of the first and second glass sheets. I n this embodiment, the edge sea! includes an end cap that forms an enclosure around the peripheral edges of the first and second glass sheets and the viscous material fills the enclosure and extends into the tapered gap separating the first and second glass sheets up to a point at which the surface tension at its leading edge prevents it from creeping further into the gap. An example of a vacuum insulating glass unit in accordance with this embodiment is depicted in FIG. 10, and is described in greater detail in She Detailed Description section, below.

[00871 Another aspect of the invention provides edge seals for vacuum insulating glass units, in one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the edge seal comprises a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. The edge seal in this embodiment comprises a viscous material, wherein the viscous material restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum; the edge seal being configured to allow the first and second glass sheets to move laterally relati ve to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion of the viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the first ami second glass sheets; and at least one barrier whose configuration constrains the viscous material.

[0088} Another aspect of the invention pro vides methods for forming an edge seal for a vacuum insulating elass unit comprising a first alass sheet and a second "lass sheet and at least one spacer in between the first and second glass sheets configured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glass sheets. In one embodiment, the method, comprises sealing the edge of the vacuum insulating glass unit with an edge seal which, together with the first and second glass sheets, defines vacuum space in between the first and second glass sheets; evacuating the vacuum space through a pump out port to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure; and sealing the pump out port. The edge seal in this embodiment being configured to allow relative lateral movement between the first and second glass sheets when the first and seeond glass sheets experience differential thermal strain, and comprising: a viscous material, wherein the viscous material restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum space when it is at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure and further wherein there is viscoos shear in at least a portion of the viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the first and second glass sheets; and at least one ^'barrier whose

configuration constrains the viscous material. Sealing the edge of the vacuum insulating glass unit in this embodiment can be accomplished, for example, by pumping the viscous materia! in between the first and second glass sheets through one or more entry holes disposed along the periphery of at least one o t.be .first and second glass sheets; directing, via a pressure differential, the viscous material to flow to on or more exit holes disposed along the periphery of at least one of the first and second glass sheets; and sealing the entry and exit holes. An example of a method of forming an edge seal in accordance with this embodiment is shown in FIGS.. 13 and .14, and is described in greater detail in the Detailed Discussion section, below.

BRIEF DESC IPTIO OF THE DRAWINGS

[0089J The figures listed below relate to various embodiments of this invention or act as aids to reference those drawings.

{0690} FIG. 1 is not meant to represent a particular embodiment of this invention, FIG. I Is a plan, view of a generalized schematic depicting the basic elements of a ^'V^'lO unit that is used to reference the location of the cross sectional drawings herein that do depict particular embodiments of this invention.

[0091 J FIG. 2 is a sectional view of FIG. 1

[0092J FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of a VI.G unit according to a first, embodiment of this invention under the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit was in service in a building and. the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same,

(0093J FIG. 4 is a detail of a portion of the section shown in FIG, 3 but with greatly exaggerated scale in one area for clarity.

{^'0094J FIG. 5 is the same cross sectional view as FIG. 3 under the condition that the ambient air temperature on. one side of the unit is lower than on the other, as would occur if the unit was in service and it was colder outdoors.

(0095} FIG. 6 is a sectional plan view of a V1G unit with -an edge seal as depicted in FIG. 3. [OOWiJ FIG. 7 is the same cross section as in FIG. 3 but with modification to more fully delineate the scope of the invention.

{0097} FIG. 8 is a cross sec tional view (as referenced by FIG. I.) of the edge region of a VIG unit according to a second embodiment of this invention under the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit, was in service in a budding and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same.

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of a VIG unit according to a third embodiment of this invention tinder the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit was in service in a building and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same.

[0099} FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. I) of the edge region of a VIG unit according to a fourth embodiment of this invention under the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit was in service in a building and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same.

jiilfiflj FIG, M shows a schematic plan view of a VIG unit indicating that the edge seals disclosed herein need not run continuousl around the edges of a V IG unit and that they may be discontinuous.

(0101 j FIG. 12 i s a sec tional view of FIG II.

{0192} FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view of a VIG unit that diagrams a method of assembly for the edge seal, depicted in FIG. 3 through FIG. 6.

0103J IC;. 14 is a sectional view of FIG. 13.

[010 1 FIG' 15 is a plan view of a polymer sheet that interconnects an array of polymer spacers according to one embodiment of this invention.

[0105} FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view of FIG. 15.

{0106} FIG. 17 is the cross sectional view of the polymer sheet in FIG. 16 placed on a glass sheet according to one embodiment of this invention.

{0107| FIG'. 18 is the cross sectional view of FIG. 17 showing how a polymer sheet ma be removed from integrally formed polymer spacers according to one embodiment of this invention.

101 8} FIG. 1.9 is a cross sectional view of a poly mer sheet that interconnects an array of polymer spacers in a punch and die used to remove the polymer sheet from the spacers and press them to a glass sheet according to one embodiment of this invention,

{0109} FIG. 20 is a cross sectional view of a vacuum insulating glass unit with viscous edge seal showing a polymer sheet with polymer spacers where the sheet is essentially continuous and not removed from the spacers in the final VIG assembly according to one embodiment of this invention.

|01J0| FIG. 21 is a cross sectional view of a poly mer sheet with integral spacers positioned by a jig with a glass sheet lowered onto the polymer spacers according to one embodiment of this invention.

{_.0111| FIG. 22 depicts a support spacer for a VIG unit with a shape to minimize heat conduction and provide for stability according to one embodiment of this invention.

£01.] 2 J FIG. 23 depicts a support spacer for a VIG unit with a shape to minimize heat conduction and prov ide for stability according to one embodimen t of this invention.

[0113f FIG. 24 depicts a support spacer for a VIG unit with a shape to minimize heat conduction and provide for stability according to one embodiment of this invention.

{0114| FIG. 25 depicts a support spacer for a VIG unit with a shape to minimize heat, conduction and provide for stability according to one embodiment of this invention,

[01151 FIG. 26 depicts a plan view of a V IG unit with a mesh support spacer according to one embodiment of this invention.

[01161 FIG. 27 is a cross sectional view of FIG. 26.

{Oil 7| FIG. 28 depicts a plan view of a VIG unit with mesh removed during window assembly according to one embodiment of this invention.

{0118| FIG. 29 is a cross sectional view of a VIG unit depicting how a viscous material ma be pressured into a cavity between the glass sheets of a VIG unit according to one embodiment of this invention.

[0119J FIG. 30 is a cross sectional v iew of a VI G unit with a cavity comprising multiple sub-cavities according to one embodiment of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OF THIS

INVENTION^"

{0120} FIG. 1 is a generalized schematic plan view depicting the basic elements of a VIG unit and is used to reference the location of the cross sectional drawings herein that: depict particular embodiments of this invention., FIG, 2 is a cross section of FIG. I .

Referring to FIGS. I and 2, a IG unit^' comprises two glass sheets 101 and 1 2 with a vacuum space 103 in between. The glass sheets are separated by spacers 104 which may be small discs made of PE Polyethylene. Although removal of any one spacer 104 will not necessarily result in the collapse of a portion of vacuum space 103, it can be said that every spacer 104 contributes to the separation of glass sheets 1 1 and 102 and therefore to the maintenance of the vacuum space 103 by resisting compression caused by atmospheric pressure. The vacuum space 103 is sealed around its perimeter by an edge sea! 1 S.

{01211 An alternative to a multiple spacer arrangement may be a unitized or single spacer comprising a screen or mesh -similar in form to insect screens but with larger grid spacing. The diameter or cross sectional dimensions of the filaments of such a screen spacer may vary so as to limit heat transmission surface area in. contact with the glass sheets and so as to allow gas transmission between grid squares during pumping down of the vacuum space. A unit spacer may include perimeter strip elements with wider widths than the grid filaments. Carbon fiber may be one of marry suitable materials for such a single unit screen spacer. A screen spacer may drastically reduce material and assembly costs and may be particularly well suited to take advantage of a viscous edge seal.

{0122 j FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of a VIG unit according to a first embodiment of this invention showing an edge seal that comprises viscous material 302 with low gas permeability and barriers that constrain viscous material 302 that, include: glass sheets 303 and 304; strip spacers 305, 06, 307, 08; and lubricating low vapor pressure viscous barrier 309. Strip spacers 305, 306, 307, 308 may be made of 420 stainless steel, which has virtually the same coefficient of thermal expansion as soda lime glass, or they may be made of PE Polyethylene or other suitable polymers.

{01231 FIG. 3 shows the edge region under the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit was in service in -a building and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same. Glass sheets 303 and 304 are separated by an array of spacers 310, The thickness of spacers 310, and therefore the distance between glass sheets 303 and 304, may be approximately 0,02 inch. Spacers 310 may have a variety of shapes and be made of a variety of materials. The materials may be metallic, polymer, ceramic or composites of these materials. A preferred spacer 310 is a disk made of a polymer that will withstand the compressive forces placed on it, that lias low thermal, conductivity, and that will tend not to scratch glass sheets 303 and 304. Spacers 310 ma be affixed to one of the glass sheets 303 or 304 so that the cannot migrate and yet allow relative lateral movement between glass sheets 303 and 304 with little resistance. In addition to being highly creep resistant, PE Polyethylene is self lubricating and may be a suitable materia! for spacers 31.0. The space 311 between glass sheets 303 and 304 is a vacuum at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure, preferably less than 10^"' torr. The low pressure vacuum space 311 essentially eliminates eonvective and conductive- heat, transfer through that space. Strip spacers 305 and 30? may be cemented or otherwise permanently affixed to glass sheet 303 and strip spacers 306 and 308 may be similarly affixed to glass sheet 304. Both strip spacers 305 and 386 are proximate the edges of glass sheets 303 and 304 and in between glass sheets 303 and 304. Strip spacers 305 and 306 may continue in this manner around both, glass sheets 303 and 304. The thickness of strip spacers 305, 306, 307, and 308 may be the same and each equal to one half the distance between: glass sheets 303 and 304, Therefore the combined thickness of spacers 305 and 306 may be equal to the distance between glass sheets 303 and 304 and the thickness of spacers 310, Strip spacers 307 and 308 are similar to strip spacers 305 and 306 except that, they are situated further in from the edge of the glass sheets and there are no discontinuities as they continue around glass sheets 303 and 304. The distance between spacers 305 and 307 may he, for example, approximately two inches. For some applications where the rate of gas permeation through viscous material 302 must be kept especially low, as for example when long service life is sought without pumping down through a pump out port (not. pictured) every couple of decades, the distance betwee strip spacers 305 and 307 may he ten inches or more. These regions of the edge where the seal is present could be buried within a wall cavity with insulation on either side. Strip spacers 305 and 307 may be one hal f inch wide and strip spacers 306 and 308 may be one quarter inch wide. Strip spacers 305 and 306 may contact each other in the sense that each exerts a reaction force against the other but they are not affixed to one another and are therefore free to move laterally relative to one another. Even though, there may be an additional material or compound between strip spacers 305 and 306 they are still considered to be in contact. In the same sense stri spacers 307 and 308 may contact each other but are not affixed to one another and. are therefore free to move laterally relative to one another. When glass sheets 303 and 304 are at the same temperature the center lines 312 of strip spacers 305 and 306 may closely coincide.

(0.1241 Still referring to FUG.3, gases 3.13 at higher pressure than the pressure in vacuum space 311 may permeate through at least a portion of viscous material 302 at such a low rate as to provide a long service life for the vacuum insulating glass unit or at a rate that extends service life to anywhere from .10 to 20 years at which time the vacuum space 3.11 may be pumped down to its initial low vacuum pressure through a permanently attached, or temporarily attachable pump out port (not pictured).

[01.251 Still referring to FIG.3, capping all of the edges of glass sheets 303 and 304 is an end cap 315 that may be pressed on and that surrounds the periphery of the V1G unit In addition to shielding the edge gap 316, end cap 315 applies a clamping force against glass sheets 303 and 304 so as to maintain sufficient pressure on strip spacers 305 and 306. 0.1.261 Still referring to FIG. 3, viscous barrier 30*) prevents viscous material.302 with low gas permeability from contacting spacers 305, 306, 307, and 308 where it could work its way between those spacers and increase friet.ion.al. forces. The lubricating low vapor pressure viscous barrier 309 resists long term pressure induced creep between strip spacers 307 and 308 which are under tight contact with each other in excess of atmospheric pressure.

.01271 Let ι be the thicknes of a sheet of glass and let there be an arbitrary x and y Cartesian coordinate system in a plane substantially parallel to the faces of the glass sheet. In order to achieve a. continuously tight gap free contact between strip spacers 307 and 308 and strip spacers 305 and 306 the gradient magnitude jV/ ~ [{<¾/<¾? ÷ at an point around the peripher of glass sheets 303 and 304 should be sufficiently small such thai any irregularities represented by -will, be pressed out through .flexure caused by the compressive pressure of the atmosphere over the evacuated space 311 and by the clamping force of ca 315. Fortunately modern plate glass used for glazing is produced by the PiS.k.ington float process. Le Bourhis (2008; p 35-36) states (references cited; other publications):

The process was developed after the Second. World War by Britain's PHkmgton Brothers Ltd . . . it was a revolution in flat glass production since polishing of the glass plates was no longer necessary. . . In 1959, after seven years of

experimentation and an investment of £7 million Pilkington Ltd introduced this economical means to produce distortion-free glass. Nowadays almost 90% of flat soda-lime-silica glass is exclusively produced in this way . . .

10128] The Pilkington float process automatically produces stock plate glass such that J i is sufficiently small to achieve the necessary tight continuous contact between stri spacers 305 and 306^', and strip spacers 307 and 308. Thickness measurements of various specimens of plate glass from various sources using a digital micrometer reading to 0.00005 inch indicate that stock unaltered float glass will meet the necessar criteria for

,

[01 9) Still referring to FIG. 3, a cavity is defined by the continuous region bounded by glass sheets 303 and 304 and by viscous barrier 309.

[O l JOj FIG. is a detail of a portion of the section shown in FIG. 3 that greatl y exaggerates the scale of the surface texture 317 of strip spacer 308 that is in contact wi th strip spacer 307,. The surface texture 317 may be ground, satin, grooved, or some other category of roughness or combination of smoothness and roughness with very small amplitude 318. For example, the amplitude 318 may be on the order of 0.0004 inch. The net force on strip spacer 308 may be nine pounds per lineal inch of spacer. If the width of strip spacer 308 is one quarter inch this would r sult in a pressure on strip spacer 308 of 36 psi. Most of this pressure would be resisted through the high point contacts of the rough or grooved surface texture 317 of strip spacer 308 on strip spacer 307 and not by the thin, film of viscous barrier 309 that will become partially interposed between strip spacers 307 and 308 due to relative lateral movement of glass sheets 303 and 304. Therefore the pressure of the thin film of viscous barrie ^" 309 that will become partially interposed between strip spacers 307 and 308 will not exceed the pressure of viscous material 302. By limiting the pressure of the thi film of viscous barrier 309 between strip spacers 307 and 308 to that of viscous material 302 any tendency to "pump" viscous barrier 309 between spacers 307 and 308 and into vacuum space 31.1 is mitigated. The rough surface 317 increases the frietional forces on the thin film of viscous barrier 309 between spacers 307 and 308 and thereby increases the resistance of viscous barrier 309 to creep between spacers 307 and 308 and into evacuated space 311.

[0131 Ongoing rheoiogical tests at three times atmospheric pressure have yet to reveal any sign of cree of a preferred material, lor viscous barrier 309 through a gap larger than that created by the rough surface of 31 ?.

[0132 J FIG. 5 is the same cross sectional v iew as FIG. 3 but under the condition that the ambient air temperature on one side of the unit is lower than on the other as would occur if the unit was in service and it was colder outdoors. When glass sheets 303 and 304 move laterally relative to one another 320 as a result of thermal strain or for any other service related reason, viscous material 302 undergoes viscous shear through a shear angle 319 with very little shear stress while maintaining adhesion to glass sheets 303 and 304 under the no- slip condition for viscou fluids, hi this manner viscous matersai 302 cannot fail as a seal because of tensile rupture, adhesi ve failure, cold brittle fracture, material breakdown, strain hardening, cieSa matioii, fatigue, bond failure, shear rapture, puncture, or by inducing failure stresses in glass sheets 303 and 304. The low shear stress assures that glass sheets 303 and 304 will not bulge. Because the shear is viscou shear, where shear stress is a function of shear rate, once relative motion between glass sheets 303 and 304 stops there is no shear stress and of course no shear stress induced compressive or tensile stresses in glass sheets 303 and 304, This is not the case for elastic materials where stress persists after motion stops whether or not the strains are in the elastic or inelastic range. Therefore, given a viscous edge seal as disclosed by this embodiment, stresses in glass sheets 303 and 304 are not a function, of static relative lateral displacement 320 between glass sheets 303 and 304. Therefore the size of a VIG unit with a viscous edge seal may be limited only by the practical size of producing glass sheets 303 and 304. This is not the case for the metal edge seals disclosed by Pub. Nos. US 2008/0166570 Ah US 2009/0 5S499 AS /US 2010/0178439 A l , and US 20 ! 0/0034996 A L where the edge seals are subject to elastic and inelastic stress and strain and limite by strain at ultimate strength. An edge seal design that does not limit the size of a VIG unit is significant. Larger V^'lG units are more energy efficient because per square foot of wi ndow there can be less lineal footage of heat conducting edge seal

[01331 Referring to FIG. 5, when lateral relative movement 320 occurs between glass sheets 303 and 304 as a result, of thermal strain the space bounded by glass sheets 303 and 304 and spacers 305, 306. 307, and 308 does not change significantly and by geometric proof the volumes occupied by viscous barrier 309 do not significantly change. Therefore, given this type of relative movement, viscous barrier 309 redistributes to new shapes within the same volumes.

[01341 Changing indoor and outdoor temperatures will, cause the components of a V IG unit, t expand and contract differenti lly, including viscous material 302 and viscous barrier 309. As a. result, the dimensions of the spaces that contain viscous material 302 and viscous barrier 309 will change. To accommodate this, viscous material 302 has a free surface 321 across the top of the unit as depicted in FIG, 6 that rises and falls as does the free surface of any fluid whose container changes dimensions. Also shown in FIG. 6 is a break 324 in strip spacer 365 to allow pressure equalization.

[01351 By way of illustration only, m some embodiments, the viscous material used in the edge seal will have a gas permeability of no greater than about 1,000,000 (centimeter' · millimeter/meter · day · bar) for oxygen gas at 20 ^s€, as measured b ASTM D 3985. This includes embodiments in which the viscous materia! has a gas permeability of.no greater than about 100,000 (centimeter' · mm/of * d · bar) for oxygen gas at 20 °C, as measured by ASTM D 3985, and further includes embodiments in which the viscous material has a gas permeability of no greater than about 10,000 (centimeter" · m /rcr · d - bar) for oxygen gas at 20 °C, as measured by ASTM D 3985, and further includes embodiments in which the viscous materia! has a gas permeability of no greater than about 1 ,000 (centimeter^* - ntm/m^" - d - bar) for oxygen gas at 20 ^aC, as measured by ASTM O 3985.

[01.361 The desirable viscosity of the low permeability viscous material may vary over a wide range depending upon a variety of factors, including the method used to apply or dispose the viscous material in the edge seal. By way of illustration only, in some

embodiments, the low permeability viscous material will have a viscosity of so greater than about 90.000,000 (mPa · s) at 20 °C. This includes emboditnents in which the low permeability viscous materia! has a viscosity of no greater than about i , 00,000 (mPa * s) at 20 ^!"'C, further^' includes embodiments in which the low permeability viscous material has a viscosity of no greater than about 10,000 (raPa - s) at 20 K still further includes

embodiments in which the low permeability viscous material has a viscosity^' of no greater than about 1,000 (tnPa · s) at 20 °C\ still further includes embodiments in which the low permeability viscous material has a viscosity of no greater man about 100 (mPa - s) at 20 °C and still further includes embodiments in which the low permeability viscous materia! has a viscosity of n greater than about i (mPa - s) at 20 *C.

{0137} A viscous material with low gas permeability suitable for material 302 would be a cold flowing Newtonian fluid such as a low to medium molecular weight polyisobutene or PIB. The gas permeability of polyisobutene is one of the lowest for polymers and against which the permeability of other polymers is compared, in the form of elastic butyl rubber it lines all tires to prevent permeation of air out of the tires. PIB is inert, nontoxic, and stable indefinitely. Specifically, PIB manufactured by the chemical company BASF under the trade name Oppanoi BI O has suitable viscosity. Other molecular weight grades of ΡΪΒ may be suitable for this invention. For example, BASF makes a family of low molecular- weight PI B's under the trade name Giissopal. Under some embodiments of this invention GlissopaS or some formulation combining Giissopai and an Oppanoi 8 may be an optimal choice for the viscous material 302 with low gas permeability. The choice may depend on the particular barrier or barriers used to segregate the PIB from the evacuated space 311 and or on the particular method used to place the PIB into assembly, Oppanoi BIO has atmospheric gas permeability

This compares favorably with the gas permeability of metals 10^{* 10} ero^mm^em^sec-iorr), and of glasses 10^*'^*' o 10^"*u

cm' -mm/(en- ' sec-torr).

{0138} Given the metal and solder glass edge seal thicknesses disclosed b ^'the prior art, a two inch wide strip of viscous material 302 consisting of ΡΓΒ would have a reduced rate of permeation compared to the metal seals and an increased rate of permeation relative to the solder glass seals of only a factor often. Given that the edge seal accounts for only 1/1000 to 1/5000 of the permeable surface of a vacuum insulating glass unit, any loss of service life of a ViG unit with a viscous PIB edge seal, compared to a unit with a solder glass edge seal, would be negligible. If a VIG unit has a permanently attached, or temporarily attachable pump out port to which a vacuum pump can be attached in order to pump down the vacuum every couple of decades then the difference between the permeation rates of a solder glass edge sea? and a two inch wide viscous edge seal composed, of P1B is inconsequential,

{0139} Oppanoi B 10 is a Newtonian fluid. A Newtonian fluid is one where shear stress is proportional to shear rate. The constant of proportionality is defined as the material's viscosity. If Oppanoi 81.0 were used for the embodiment shown in FIG, 3 with a gap of 0.02 inches between glass sheets 303 and 304, shear stresses caused by changing temperature differentials between inside and outside while the unit is in service would result in tensile and compressive forces in. glass sheets 303 and 304 on. the order of fractions of a pound force per l ineal inch of glass edge,

{0140} Oppanoi B 10 exhibit cold How, Unless confined, any force exerted on it will cause it to flow and keep flowing. For example, if a container of Oppanoi B I O is tipped over without a lid its contents will slowly spill out Like water it seeks its own level and exerts hydrostatic pressure. If an. object with, greater specific gravity is placed on. the surface of Oppanoi B10 it will slowly sink to the bottom. If the object's specific gravity is less than Oppanoi B 10 it will float on the surface.

[0141 } The terra "viscous harrier ^" is used to refer to a viscous material that may be used in an edge sea! along with the low permeability viscous materials described above. This term is used for clarity to distinguish the two materials in those embodiments in which they are used together in an edge seal. By way of illusiraiion only, in some embodiments, the viscous material of the viscous barrier will have a vapor pressure of no greater than about 10^'* ton-. This includes embodiments in which the viscous materia! of the viscous barrier has a vapor pressure of no greater than about W^b torr, and further includes embodiments in which the viscous material of the viscous barrier has a vapor pressure of no greater than about 10^"8 torr. A suitable materia! for viscous barrier 309 is the high temperature vacuum grease

manufactured by M & I Materials Ltd under the trade name Apiezon H. Apiezon H is relatively stiff grease with a vapor pressure at 20 degrees Celsius of 1.7 X 10^'9 torr, Apiezon H is inert and stable indefinitely. It will not melt and gets stiffer as its temperature increases. This particular characteristic is important because it will not soften if, for example, during V^'lG unit fabrication polyisobutene at ari elevated, temperature and lowered viscosity is pumped between, glass sheets 303 and 304. Also of importance is the fact that the specific gravity of Apiezon H is virtually Identical, to that of polyisobutene.

{0142} Vacuum greases such as Apiezon H are primarily employed in vacuum sealing applications involving fixed o-ring or gasket seals or in rotary motion seals and. where the vacuum space is under continual or short term intermittent pumping to maintain the vacuum at (he desired level. They are also used in sealing ground glass stop cocks used in. chemistry glassware. But here again th vacuums are maintained for short periods or are under continuous or short term intermittent pumping to maintain the vacuum. The importance of such greases has to do with their low vapor pressure and lubricating properties and with their ability to ai least reduce gas leaking through the surface imperfections of o-rings and gaskets. Greases are generally not Newtonian fluids and under shear their shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear but instead the relationship between shear stress and shear rate for greases takes more complicated nonlinear forms,

jjO 143J U e of vacuum greases in vacuum sealing applications does not suggest their use as a viscous material for edge sealing V G units. To the contrary, the types of vacuum sealing applications where vacuum grease is employed suggest that it is not a viscous material suitable for restricting the permeation of gas through a VIG edge seal.

}0144| FIG. 7 is the same cross section as in FIG. 3 but with modification to more fully delineate the scope of the invention. The modification is that the strip spacers 31⁾5 and 307 are joined by a. strip of the same material to becom one strip spacer 322 a nd strip spacers 306 and 308 are similarly joined to become one strip spacer 323, Viscous low gas permeability material 302 is then no longer in contact with glass sheets 303 and 304.

Unitizing strip spacers 305 and 307 and strip spacers 306 and 308 may speed VIG unit assembly times and reduce the area presented by viscous low gas permeability material 302 for gas to permeate through. A cavi y is defined by the continuous region bounded by stri spacers 322 and 323 and viscous barrier 309.

{0145J FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of VIG unit according to a second embodiment of this invention showing art edge seal that comprises viscous material 802 with low gas permeability and barriers to constrain viscous material 802 that include: glass sheets 803 and 804; strip spacers 80S, 806, 807, and 808; lubricating low vapor pressure viscous barrier 809; and end cap 815. FIG. 8 shows the edge region under the condition that the ambient: air temperatures on. either side of the unit are the same, as would occur if the unit was in service in a building and the indoor and outdoor temperatu es were the same.. Viscous material 802 with Sow gas permeability and viscous barrier 809 .may continue unbroken around the edge regions of glass sheets 803 and 804, Strip spacers 805, 806, 807, 808, and end cap 815 may continue unbroken around the edge regions of glass sheets 803 and 804. End cap 815 may place a clamping_, or compressive force against glass sheet 803 and 804. Glass sheets 803 and 804 are separated by an array of spacers 810 and by strip spacers 813 and 814, Strip spacers 813 and 814 may continue unbroken around the edge regions of glass sheets 803 and 804. The space 811 between glass sheets 803 and 804 is a vacuum at a pressure less than atmospheric, preferably less than .10^"* torr. The low pressure vacuum space 811 greatly reduces eo.nveetive and conductive heat transfer between glass sheets 803 and 804. Strip spacers 805 and 80? may be cemented to glass sheet 803 and strip spacers 806 and 808 may be cemented to glass sheet 804. End cap 815 is free to move relative to spacers 05, 806, 807, and 708, When there is relative lateral movement between glass sheets 803 and 804 some portion of viscous material 802 will undergo viscous shear. A first cavity is defined by the continuous region bounded by viscous harrier 809, glass sheet 804, and end cap 815. A second cavity is defined by the continuous region hounded by viscous barrier 809, glass sheet 803, and end cap 815,

(0146| FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of a VIG unit according to a third embodiment of thi invention showing an edge seal that comprises viscous material 902 with low gas permeability and barriers to constrain viscous material 902 that include: glass sheets 903 and ^'904, elastic membrane 905, and end cap 906. Elastic membrane 905 is cemented or otherwise affixed to glass sheets 903 and 904. Elastic membrane 90S need not have low gas permeabil ity so it can be made of a material and wi th a thickness thai stretches easil and with ver little force, FIG. 9 shows the edge region under the condition that the ambient air temperatures on either side of the unit are the same as would occur if the unit was in service in a building and the indoor and outdoor temperatures were the same. Glass sheets 903 and 904 are separated b an array of spacers 907 and by stri spacer 908, Viscous material 02, elastic membrane 905, end cap 906 and strip spacer 908 may continue unbroken around the edge regions of glass sheets 903 and 904. The space 911 between glass sheet 903 and 904 i a vacuum at a pressure less than atmospheric, preferably less than I ff* torr. The low pressure vacuum space 911 greatly reduces convective and conductive heat transfer between glass sheets 903 and 904, End cap 906 may place a clamping or compressive force against glass sheets 903 and 904, End cap 906 is not affixed to glass sheets 903 and 904 and is free to move relative to glass sheets 903 and 904, When there is relati ve lateral movement between glass sheets 903 and 904 some portion of viscous material 902 will undergo viscous shear. A cavity is defined by the continuous region bounded by end cap 906, elastic membrane 90S. and glass sheets 903 and 904.

[01.47J FIG. 10 is cross sectional view (as referenced by FIG. 1) of the edge region of a V IG unit according to a fourth embodiment of this invention showing an edge seal that comprises viscous material 1002 with low gas permeability and barriers to constrain viscous material 1002 that include: glass sheets 1003, 1004, and end cap 1005, Viscous material with low gas permeability 1.00.2 and end cap 1005 may continue unbroken around the edge regions of glass sheets 1.003 and 1004. The space 1006 between glass sheets 1.003 and 1004 is a vacuum at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure, preferably less than. 10^* torr. The low pressure vacuum space 1006 greatly reduces convective and conductive heat transfer between glass sheets 1003 and 100 . Maintaining separation between glass sheets 1003 and 1004 are micro sized spacers 1007 that may be made of, for example, nanopartieles or anolubes. Viscous material 1002 is prevented from creeping into space 1006 by surface tension at the leading edge of material 1002 that is bounded, by vacuum space 1006. This is made possible by the extremely close spacing of glass sheets 1.003 and 1004, When, there is relative lateral movement between -glass sheet 1003 and 1004 some portion of viscous material 1002 will undergo viscous shear. A cavity is defined be the continuous region bounded be end cap 1005 and glass sheets 1.003 and 3004,

[0T48| FIG. 11 shows a schematic plan view of a VIG unit with a vacuum 1101 and an array of spacers 1102 between glass sheets 1103 and 1104 as depicted tn FIG. 12, which is a sectional view of FIG. 1.1. Glass sheets 1.103 and 1 104 are rig idly joined to one another at 1105. Edge seal 1107 may be any of the first through fourth embodiments disclosed herein- Glass sheets 1103 and 1104 are free to expand and contract independently of one another yet remain fixed at point 1105. The rigid contact point 1105 prevents glass sheets 1103 and 1104 from "walking" their way out of registration, with one another as a result, of repeated cycles of expansion and contraction of glass sheets 11.03 and 1104, The embodimen of a VIG unit as disclosed by F G. 11 underscores that the viscous edge seals as disclosed herein need not be continuous and. without break.

[01.491 FIG. 13 is a schematic plan view of a VIG unit that diagrams a process suitable for the first embodiment, herein depicted in FIG. 3 through FIG. 6» for placing a viscous low gas permeability material 1306 into assembly between glass sheets 1301 and 1302. FIG. 14 is a section of FIG. 13. Glass sheets 1301 and 1302 have a vacuum 1303 in between them and are separated by an array of spacers 1304. The assembly process is as follows: first, glass sheets 1301 and 1302 are placed together so as to sandwich all of the spacers between them; second, edge caps, 315 in FIG. 3» are pressed onto the edges^* third, viscous low gas permeability material. 1306 is pumped through holes 1307 in glass sheet 1302 while maintaining lower pressures at holes 1308; fourth, viscous material 1306 flows 1309 toward holes 1308; fifth, after the viscous material has been placed, holes .1307 and 1308 are sealed with caps. (0150) Still referring to FIGS. 13 and. 14. one assembly process is as follows: first, glass sheets J 301 and 1302 are placed together so as to sandwich some or all of the spacers between them; second, the centra! cavity containing the support spacers is evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric; third, the cavity to be filled with a viscous material in evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric; fourth, viscous low gas permeability materia! 1306, which has been degassed and or outgassed in a vacuum autoclave or by other methods, is pressed through holes 130? in glass sheet 1302 while maintaining vacuum pumping at holes 1308; fifth, viscous material 1.306 flows 1.309 toward holes 1308; sixth, after the viscous material has been placed, holes 1307 and 1308 are sealed with caps.

[0151 J FIG. 15 depicts a plan view of a polymer sheet 1401 with integrally formed poiymer spacers 1402 according to one embodiment of this invention. Polymer sheet 1401 may he formed simultaneously with polymer spacers 1402 by injection molding or compression molding teehni ues. Perforations 1403 may be formed in the same process and may represent discontinuities in poiymer sheet 1401. Regions 1404 where polymer sheet 1401. connects to or transitions to poiymer spacers 1402 may be thinner than other regions of polymer sheet 1401. FIG. 16 is a cross sectional vie of FIG. 15 and reveals thai region 1404 where poiymer sheet 1401 connects to or transitions to poiymer spacers 1 02 may be thinner than other regions of polymer sheet 1401. FIG. 17 is a cross sectional view depicting poiymer sheet 1401 with poiymer spacers 1402 placed such that polymer spacers 1 02 may be i contact with glass sheet 1405. Prior to polymer spacers 1402 being placed on glass sheet 1405, end faces 1406 of polymer spacers 1402 that may contact glass sheet 1405 ma be charged with an adhesive that may be low outgassitig. According to one embodiment of this invention FIG. 18 depicts how polymer sheet 1.401 may be removed from polymer spacers 1402 by pulling 1407 on polymer sheet 1401, leaving polymer spacers 1402 adhered to glass sheet 1405, Removal of polymer sheet 1401 from polymer spacers 1402 may be aided by thinner regions 1404 and by perforations 1403 depicted in FIGS. 15 and 16.

[0 52J FIG. 1 depicts a sectional view of a poiymer sheet 1401 that interconnects an array of polymer spacers 1402 that ma have been formed by compression and or injection molding techniques. Polymer sheet 1401 and polymer spacers 1402 ma he set in a die 1410 that may contact, glass sheet 1405. Another die or jig 1411. ma sit on top of polymer sheet 1401, Punch plate 1412 may drive down 1413 on polymer spacers 1402, removing polymer sheet 1401, and pressing polymer spacers to glass sheet 1405 where the may or may not be adhered to glass sheet 1405 by an adhesive that, may or ma not be low outgasstng. Punch plate 1412 may contact die or jig 1411 in its stroke cycle pressing poiy mer sheet 1401 to die 1410 in order to obtain a clean break between spacers 1 02 and polymer sheet, 1401 , Punch plate 1412 may be or comprise a flexible material such as but not limited to rubber. A roller 1414 may pass over punch plate 1412 successively pressing raws of polymer spacers 1402 to glass sheet 1405 and removing polymer sheet 1401,

(01531 FIG. 20 shows a VIG unit with glass sheets 1501 and 1502 and viscous edge seal 1503. Polymer sheet 1504 may be totally adhered, partially adhered, or not adhered at all to glass sheet 1502. Support spacers 1565 are interconnected by essentially continuous polymer sheet 1504. Polymer sheet 1504 and spacers 1505 may be formed Integrally connected and simultaneously in the same compression or injection molding process.

(0154} FIG. 21 Is a cross sectional view of a poly mer sheet 1601 with integral poly mer spacers 1602 positioned by a jig 1603, which has pins 1604 that pass through holes 1605 in polymer sheet 1601. Glass sheet 1606 may be lowered onto polymer spacers 1602, which ma or may not be adhered to glass sheet 1606,

(¾155| FIG, 22 depicts a detail of a support spacer 1632 with a flange 1633. Flange 1633 allows thickness 1634 of spacer 1632 to be increased by increasing stability against overturning. Overturning moment is generated by frietionai forces between spacer 1632 and glass sheets 1630 and 1631 when glass sheets 1630 and 1.631 move laterally relative to one another because of differential thermal strain. Flange 1633 allows remainder of spacer body, segment 1636, to have a smaller diameter 1635. The smaller diameter 1635 and greater thickness 1634 minimize heat conduction through spacer 1632. Spacer 1632 may be cemented or otherwise adhered to glass sheet .1631.

[0156J FIG. 23 depicts a detail of a support spacer 1 41 with a tapered side 1642 between glass sheets 1643 and 1644. Tapered side 1642 provides a wider base 1645 to resist an overturning moment while providing for less heat loss through spacer 1641 than would occur if spacer 1641 was cylindrical with a diameter 1646.

(0157} FIG. 24 depicts a detail of a support spacer 1650 with a beveled edge 1651. Bev eled edge 1651 reduces the area of spacer 1650 i n contact with glass sheet 1652 , which reduces heat loss through spacer 1650. Beveled edge 1651 also reduces the likelihood of spacer 1650 being chipped when glass sheet 1652 moves relative to it. Spacer 1650 may or may not be cemented or adhered to or otherwise affixed to glass sheet 1653.

[01.58J FIG. 25 depicts a detail of a support spacer 1 60 that has a square cross section to emphasize that cross sectional geometry of spacers may have varied shapes and still possess the attributes of reduced heat conduction and stability disclosed by FIGS, 22 through 24. [0.1S9J Referring to FIGS. 26 and 27, a VIG unit 1681 comprises two glass! sheets 1682 and 1683 separated by a vacuum gap 1684 at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. A mesh support spacer 1685 in between sheets 1682 and 1683 maintains vacuum gap 1684 by resisting the compressive load of atmospheric pressure. Mesh support spacer 1685 may he fixed and immovable with respect to either glass sheet 1 82 or 1683 or may float, between sheets 1682 and 1683. A low gas permeability edge seal 1 86 around the periphery of VIG unit 1681 separates the atmosphere from vacuum gap 1684.

}0160J Still referring to FIGS. 26 and 27, mesh support spacer 1685 comprises support spacers 1687 that are interconnected b a mesh 1688. Support spacers 1687 resist the compressive load of atmospheric pressure. Mesh 1688 allows easy and rapid assembly of VIG unit 1681. Mesh 1688 may be less thick than spacers 1687 in a direction perpendicular to glass sheets 1682 and 1683. Support spacers 1687 and mesh 1688 may include any suitable materials. In some embodiments spacers 1687 and mesh 1688 are made of a polymer. A. suitable polymer is polyimide. In some embodiments spacers 1687 and mesh 1688 may be formed at the same time and s a unit as in a compression molding process. Spacers 1687 may be of any suitable size or shape. Mesh filaments 1689 ma be of any length or cross section. In some embodiments the cross sections of .filaments 1689 may vary i n size and shape,

{0161} Referring to F GS. 27 and 28, in some embodiments mesh filaments 1689 are removed wholly or in part during assembly of VIG unit 1681, FIG, 28 shows a VIG unit

1681 with mesh filaments 1689 removed during assembly. Mesh 1 88 aids in assembly of VIG unit 1681 because it ailovvs many spacers 1687 to be simultaneously placed as a matt on glass sheets 1 82 and or 1 83, After a mesh support spacer 1685 is positioned on glass sheet.

1682 and or 1683, mesh filaments 1689 may be quickl removed by cutting or by other methods, leaving spacers 1687 on one or both of glass sheets 1682 and 1683. Spacers 1687 may be affixed to one of the glass sheets 1682 or 1683 or float between them. Some of the spacers may be affixed to glass sheet 1682 while others are affixed to glass sheet 1683 while still others may float. In sorae embodiments some of the filaments 1689 may remain uncut or partially removed. During assembly of a VIG unit 1681, one mesh spacer 1685 or multiple mesh spacers 1685 may be used.

[0.1.621 Referring to FIGS. 26 through 28. mesh support spacer 1 85 may be placed on a glass sheet 1682 or 1683 with the aid of a jig that holds mesh 1688 and spacers 1687 and that precisely aligns spacers 1687. Cutting blades on a cutting head may run down the rows of spacers 1687 cutting and removing filaments 1689. The blade positions may be adjusted b photo sensors that detect the positions of spacers 1687. A cutting head may be used to cut and remove filaments while a mesh is held in. the jig nd before the spacers are placed on a glass sheet or after a mesh has been placed on a glass sheet.

(0.163 j Still referring to FIGS. 26 through 28, the array of spacers 1687 may be of any suitable geometry.

(016 J Still referring to FIGS. 26 through 28, mesh filaments 1689 may be removed before or after VIG unit 1681 is assembled by vaporization or melting through a thermal or other process or by dissolving by a liquid or gas environment or contact with such an environment. As part of a vaporizatio or melting process support spacers .1687 may be shielded from a thermal source.

(0165} Still referring to FIGS. 26 through 28, mesh filaments 1689 are equivalent to a sheet that interconnects spacers 1687,

[0166} Still referring to FIGS. 26 through 28, mesh filaments 1689 may not be removed and may remain between glass sheets 1682 and 1 83 after VIG assembly.

101.671 .Referring to F G. 29, a ViG unit 1 01 comprises glass sheets 1702 and 1.703 with a vacuum space 1704 at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure in between them. An array of support spacers 1705 ma maintain separation of glass sheets 1702 and 1703. An edge seal may comprise outer strip spacers 1706 and 1707 and inner strip spacers .1708 and 1.709. An edge seal may further comprise lubricating low vapor pressure viscous barriers 1710 and 1711. Strip spacers 1706, 1707, 1708, and 1709 along with viscous barriers 1710 and 1 11 may define part of a cavity 1712 between glas sheets 1702 and 1703, which may include additional suh-eav es (not shown here), configured to contain low permeability viscous material. Ca vi ty 17:1.2 may be part, of a vi scous edge seal. The bou nding elements or barriers that define that part of a cavity in between th glass sheets of a VIG unit that is to contain a viscous material as part of an edge seal are not limited to the strip spacers or low vapor pressure viscous barriers that are recited above and shown in FIG, 29 but may include different, additional., and or fewer barrier elements just so long as they define in whole or in part a cavi ty that will contain a viscous ^'material.

|0168j A cavity containing a viscous material that forms part of an edge seal for a VIG unit may be entirely between the glass sheets of that unit as depicted in FIGS, 3 and 7. it. may be entirel outside the glass sheets as depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9, or it may be partially between and partially outside the glass sheets as depicted in FIG. 10.

(0169} A cavity containing a viscous materia! as part of an edge seal may or may not have its entire volume occupied by thai viscous material. [0170J Still referring to FIG. 29, a vacuum autoclave 1713 may degass or outgass a viscous material to be pressured into cavity 1.712. A vacuum pump 1714 attached to cavity 1712 through connections 1715 may pump down cavity 1712 to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. After cavity 1712 has been evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure, a viscous materia! ma be pressured into cavity .1712, including any additional sub-cavities that form part of cavity 1712, through connections .1716 that may feed directly to vacuum autoclave 1713. The total pressure or total head necessary to cause flow of a viscous material into cavity 1.712, including any additional sub-cavities that form part of cavity 1.712, may be created by, but limited to, a press, screw, pump, hydrostatic pressure, or rotary extruder.

[0171 f Still referring to FIG. 29, there may be multiple connections 1715 and multiple connections 1716 connected through multiple openings 1.717 and 1718,

[0172} Still referring to FIG. 29, cavity 1712, including any additional sob-cavities that form part of cavity 1 12 , ma not be evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric before a viscous material is pressured into them.

[01 3! Still referring to FIG. 29, a viscous material to he pressured into cavity 1712, including an additional sub-cavities that form pari of cavity 1712, ma not be degassed before being pressured into them,

{0174} FIG. 30 depicts a scenario where a cavity containing viscous material as part of an edge seal for a VJ.G unit comprises a sub-cavity thai is disposed between the glass sheets of the V1G unit in communication with other sub-cavities thai are not disposed between the glass sheets. Referring to FIG. 30, a V1G unit includes two glass sheets 1815 and 1816 separated by a vacuum gap 1.817 at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. Support spacers 1818 that may be affixed to either sheet .1815 or 1.816 in between glass sheets 1815 an 1816 maintain vacuum gap 1817 by resisting the compressive load of atmospheric pressure. Strip spacers 1819 and 1821 are affixed to glass sheet 1816 and strip spacers 1820 and 1822 are affixed to glass sheet 1815, In between strip spacers 1819 and 1821 and strip spacers 1820 and 1822 and glass sheets 1815 and 1816 is a low permeability viscous material 1823. in between viscous material 1823 and strip spacers 1819, 1820, 1821 and 1822 is a viscous barrier material 1824. Viscous barrier material 1824 provides a viscous harrier that resists creep between spacers 1819 and 1820 and between spacers 1821 and 1822. Viscous material 1823 is also contained within flexible diaphragm 1827 and passes through port 1826 in. glass sheet 1815 so that viscous material. 1823 contained in the flexible diaphragm 1827 is in communication with viscous materia! 1823 in between glass sheets 1815 and 1816. Flexible diaphragm 1827 and port 1826 define sub-cavities of (he cavity configured to contain, the viscous material that are not between glass sheets 1.815 and 1816, while the space bounded by glass sheets 1815 and 1816 and viscous barrier material 1 24 define a sub-cavity that is between glass sheets 1815 and 1816, As the volume of viscous material 1823 expands and contracts with changing temperatures_* volume compatibility between viscous material 1823 and the confines between glass sheets 1815 and 1816^' is maintained by viscous, material 1823 being pre stired out and in through pott 1.826. Rigid cell. 1825 contains flexible diaphragm 1827 and is evacuated to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure. Springs 182*) exert pressure on plate 1828 which in. torn exerts pressure on diaphragm 1827. Flexible diaphragm 1827 may comprise metal and plastic laminates that have low gas and moisture permeability or other suitable laminates or coated materials. The volume of the sub-cavity defined by flexible diaphragm 1827 will change as viscous material 1823 flows in and. out. of it.

[0175J Any method to seal a ViG unit that comprises two glass sheets with a vacuum space in between must, include one or more l w gas permeability materials that bridge or span the gaps between the glass sheets so as to seal off and maintain the vacuum. The most advantageous places to bridge those gaps are in the edge regions of the glass sheets.

Examples in the art show that combinations of different materials may be used to bridge the gaps, ^'those materials may be configured in literally an infinite number of ways. As examples, the materials may be entirely between, the glass sheets, or entirely outside the space between the glass sheets, or they may be partially between the glass sheets.

[01.76J The commonality among the infinite number of possible embodiments for this invention is that a viscous material bridges or spans some portion of the gap between the glass sheets of a ViG unit and that relative lateral movement between, the glass sheets is accommodated by the viscous material undergoing viscous shear. It is contemplated that, the scope of this invention encompasses all of the infinite number of ways that a viscous material might be configured and constrained so as to function in the above described manner.

REFERENCES CITED: OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Jousten K, editor. Handbook of Vacuum Technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley- VCH; 2008. 1002 p.

l,e Bourhts E. 2008. Glass, Mechanics and ^'Technology. Weinhetm, Germany: Wiley-

VCH. 366 p. Maco&ko C. W. 1994. lieology, Principles,, Measurements, and Applications. New York: Wiley- VCH. 550 p.

^'Morrison F. A, 20(>1. Understanding Rheology. New York; Oxford University Press. 545 P-

Nippon Sheet Glass, 2003. Precaution For Use and Maitiiai.nan.ee [sic]. 1 screen.

Aval! able from: .http://vv\vw.nsg-spacia.cojp tech wan¾ni>\jitral

O'Hanlon J. F. 2003, A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology, 3^rd Ed. Ho oken, NJ: John

Wile & Sons. 5 Ϊ 6 p,

Roth. A. .1 94. Vacuum Sealing ^'Techniques. Woodbury, NY: American institute of

Physics. 845 p.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method of assembling a vacuum insulating glass unit, the assembled vacuum insulating glass unit comprising:

(a) a first, glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space m between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure:

(b) at least one spacer in between the first and second glass sheets confi ured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum space; and

(c) an edge seal comprising:

(i) a cavit configured to contain a first viscous material;

(ii) a first viscous material contained in the cavity, wherein the first viscous material restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum space; the edge seal being configured to allow the first and second glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion of the first viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the first and second glass sheets; and

(in) at least one barrier whose configuration constrains the first viscous material the method comprising evacuating the cavity configured to contain the first viscous materia! to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure and, subsequently, pressuring the first viscous material into the cavity,

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first viscous material has been degassed or outgassed prior to being pressured info the cavity.

3. The method, of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the cavity configured to contain the first viscous material is disposed between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet.

4. A method of assembling a vacuum insulating glass unit, the assembled vacuum insulating glass unit comprising: (a) a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure;

(b) at least one spacer in between the first and second glass sheets configured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum space; and

(c) an edge sea! comprising;

(i) a cavity configured to contain a first viscous material;

(.0) a first viscous material contained in the cavity, wherein air permeate through the first^' viscous raaterial and into the vacuum apace in the assembled vacuum insulating glass unit; the edge seal being configured to allow the first and second glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion of the first viscous .material when there is relative lateral movement between the first and second glass sheets; and

(Hi) at least one barrier whose configuration constrains the first viscous materia!,

the method comprising evacuating the cavity configured to contain the first viscous material to a pressure less than atmospheric pressure and, subsequently, pressuring the first viscous material into the cavity.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the firs viscous material has been degassed or outgassed prior t being pressured into the cavity.

6. The method of claim 4. wherein at least a portion of the cavity configured to contain the first viscous materia! is disposed between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet.

7. A method of assembling a vacuum insulating glass unit that includes, the assembled vacuum insulating glas unit comprising;

f ) a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure;

(b) a plurality of polymer spacers comprising a polymer disposed in between the first and second, glass sheets and configured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum space; and

(c) an edge seal comprising: (i) a viscous material,, wherein the viscous material restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum space; the edge seal being configured to allow the first and second glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least .a portion of the viscous materia] when there is ^'relative lateral movement, between the first and second glass sheets; and

(ii) at least one harrier whose configuration constrains the viscous material,

the method comprising placing a plurality of spacers on the first glass sheet and subsequently placing the second glass sheet on the plurality of spacers, such that the plurality of spacers are positioned in between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet in a configuration that contributes to the separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum, space; wherein prior to being placed between the first glass sheet, and the second glass sheet, at least a subset of the poivmer spacers are interconnected.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing some or all of the interconnections between the poi vmer spacers prior to placing the plurality of spacers on. the first glass sheet.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing some or all of the interconnections between the polymer spacers after placing the plurality of spacers on the first glass sheet

10, The method of claim ?, wherein some or all of the plurality of polymer spacers remain interconnected within the assembled vacuum insulating glass unit.

1 1 , The method of claim 7, wherein at least a subset of t he poly mer spacers that are interconnected prior to being disposed between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet have the same array prior to being disposed between the first glass sheet and the second glass as they have in the assembled vacuum insulating glass unit,

.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the subset of the polymer spacers that are interconnected prior to being placed between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet comprises at least 100 polymer spacers,

13. A vacuum insulating glass (V j) unit, comprising: (a) a first glass sheet and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure;

fb) at least one spacer in between the first and second glass sheets configured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glass sheets and the maintenance of the vacuum space; and

(c) an edge sea! comprising;

(i) a degassed or outgassed viscous material, wherein the degassed or outgassed viscous materia! restricts the rate at which gas permeates into the vacuum space and; the edge seal being configured to allow the first and secon glass sheets to move laterally relative to one another when the first and second glass sheets experience differential thermal strain and further configured such that viscous shear occurs within at least a portion of the viscous material when there is relative lateral movement between the f rst and second glass sheets; and

(is) at least one barrier whose configuration constrains the viscous material.

14. A method of assembling a vacuum insulating glass unit, the assembled vacuum insulating glas unit comprising;

a first glass shee and a second glass sheet with a vacuum space in between at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure;

a plurality of polymer spacers disposed in between the first and second glass sheets and configured to contribute to the separation of the first and second glas sheets and the main tenance of the vacuum space^*

and an edge seal that seals the vacuum space and maintains the vacuum,

the method comprising placing polymer pre-arrayed spacers on the first glass sheet and subsequently placing the second glass sheet in contact with the spacers.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising rem ving at least some of the polymer interconnections betwee the spacers of the polymer pre-arrayed spacers prior to placing the second glas sheet in contact with the spacers.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising removing at least some of the poly mer interconnections between the spacers of the poly mer pre-array ed spacers a fter placing the second glass sheet in contact with the spacers.