Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
  • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
  • G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
  • G06F16/951—Indexing; Web crawling techniques
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
  • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
  • G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
  • G06F16/953—Querying, e.g. by the use of web search engines
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
  • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
  • G10L15/08—Speech classification or search
  • G10L15/18—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling
  • G10L15/183—Speech classification or search using natural language modelling using context dependencies, e.g. language models
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
  • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
  • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
  • G10L15/28—Constructional details of speech recognition systems
  • G10L15/32—Multiple recognisers used in sequence or in parallel; Score combination systems therefor, e.g. voting systems

Definitions

• the techniques described herein are directed generally to the field of search queries on a computer network.
• the Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that provide access to a vast array of information.
• the World Wide Web is an information sharing model built on top of the Internet, in which a system of interlinked hypertext documents are accessed using particular protocols (i.e., the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and its variants).
• search engines have been developed to aid users in locating desired content on the Internet.
• a search engine is a computer program that receives a search query from a user (e.g., in the form of a set of keywords) indicative of content desired by the user, and returns information and/or hyperlinks to information that the search engine determines to be relevant to the user's search query.
• Search engines typically work by retrieving a large number of WWW web pages and/or other content using a computer program called a web crawler that browses the WWW in an automated fashion (e.g., following every hyperlink that it comes across in each web page that it browses).
• the retrieved web pages and/or content are analyzed and information about the web pages or content is stored in an index.
• the search engine uses the index to identify the web
• general-purpose search engine means a search engine that provides search results that include web pages and/or content (or hyperlinks to web pages and/or content) hosted on at least two different and independent web sites or domains.
• General purpose search engines attempt to index and provide search results from content distributed across a wide swath of the Internet.
• Examples of general purpose search engines include GoogleTM, operated by Google, Inc. of Mountain View, CA; Yahoo !TM, operated by Yahoo !, Inc. of Sunnyvale, CA; and BingTM, operated by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, WA.
• site- specific search engine means a search engine that provides search results that include web pages and/or content (or hyperlinks to web pages and/or content) hosted on only one web site or domain.
• Site-specific search engines are frequently used by operators of web sites to allow users to find specific web pages or content on their web sites.
• the web site of an online retailer may include a site-specific search engine that facilitates a user locating web pages for products sold by the retailer.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query comprising content; and (B) in response to receiving the query, identifying, based at least in part on the content of the query, at least one search engine to which a representation of the query is to be submitted.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by a device, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being determined dynamically in response to the query.
• Some embodiments provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed by at least one computer, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query comprising content; and (B) in response to receiving the query, identifying, based at least in part on the content of the query, at least one search engine to which a representation of the query is to be submitted.
• Some embodiments provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed by a device, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being determined dynamically in response to the query.
• Some embodiments provide at least one server computer, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query comprising content; and in response to receiving the query, identify, based at least in part on the content of the query, at least one search engine to which a representation of the query is to be submitted.
• Some embodiments provide at least one client device, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query from a user; and cause to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being determined dynamically in response to the query.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query comprising content; (B) in response to the query being received, determining that the content may have at least a first semantic meaning or a second semantic meaning that is different than the first semantic meaning; and (C) identifying a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query, the plurality of search engines comprising a first search engine identified based on the first semantic meaning and a second search engine identified based on the second semantic meaning.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query comprising content; in response to the query being received, determine that the content may have at least a first semantic meaning or a second semantic meaning that is different than the first semantic meaning; and identify a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query, the plurality of search engines comprising a first search engine identified based on the first semantic meaning and a second search engine identified based on the second semantic meaning.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed by at least one computer, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query comprising content; (B) in response to the query being received, determining that the content may have at least a first semantic meaning or a second semantic meaning that is different than the first semantic meaning; and (C) identifying a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query, the plurality of search engines comprising a first search engine identified based on the first semantic meaning and a second search engine identified based on the second semantic meaning.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query; and(B) in response to the query being received, identifying at least one search engine to which to submit a representation of the query, the identifying being based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query; (B) in response to the query being received, identifying a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query; and (C) defining a manner of displaying results from each of the plurality of search engines, the defining being based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of at least one of the plurality of search engines.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by a device, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, at least one of the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being identified based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by a device, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, wherein display of the results is influenced at least in part by consideration received from an operator of at least one of the plurality of search engines.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query; and (B) in response to the query being received, identifying at least one search engine to which to submit a representation of the query, the identifying being based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query; (B) in response to the query being received, identifying a plurality of search engines to which to submit a
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, at least one of the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being identified based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions encoded thereon which, when executed, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a user; and (B) causing to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, wherein the display of the results is influenced at least in part by consideration received from an operator of at least one of the plurality of search engines.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus, comprising at least one processor programmed to: receive a query; and in response to the query being received, identify at least one search engine to which to submit a representation of the query, the identifying being based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query; in response to the query being received, identify a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query; and define a manner of displaying results from each of the plurality of search engines, wherein the defining is based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of at least one of the plurality of search engines.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query from a user; and cause to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, at least one of the plurality of search engines for which results are displayed being identified based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query from a user; and cause to be displayed results generated based on the query by a plurality of search engines, wherein the display of the results is influenced at least in part by consideration received from an operator of at least one of the plurality of search engines.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a device, the query comprising content; (B) determining based at least in part on the content of the query that an application is to be launched on the device; and (C) causing the device to launch the application using at least some information determined from the content of the query.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by a device comprising an application, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a free-form query from a user; (B) transferring a representation of the query to at least one computer; (C) receiving from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch an application on the device.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by a device comprising first and second applications, comprising acts of: (A) receiving, from a user, a natural language input to the first application; (B) transferring a representation of the natural language input to at least one computer; (C) receiving from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch the second application.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions thereon which, when executed by at least one computer, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a device, the query comprising content; (B) determining based at least in part on the content of the query that an application is to be launched on the device; and (C) causing the device to launch the application using at least some information determined from the content of the query.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions recorded thereon which, when executed by a device comprising an application, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a free- form query from a user; (B) transferring a representation of the query to at least one computer; (C) receiving from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch an application on the device.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer-readable medium having instructions recorded thereon which, when executed by a device comprising first and second applications, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving, from a user, a natural language input to the first application; (B) transferring a representation of the natural language input to at least one computer; (C) receiving from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch the second application.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer, comprising: at least one processor, programmed to: receive a query from a device, the query comprising content; determine based at least in part on the content of the query that an application is to be launched on the device; and cause the device to launch the application using at least some information determined from the content of the query.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a device, comprising: at least one processor; an application, executed by the at least one processor, that: receives a free- form query from a user; transfers a representation of the query to at least one computer; receives from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch an application on the device.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a device, comprising: at least one processor; and first and second applications, executed by the at least one processor; wherein the first application: receives, from a user, a natural language input to the first application; transfers a representation of the natural language input to at least one computer; receives from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch the second application.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide a method, performed by at least one computer, comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a device and location data indicating a location of the device, the location data having a level of specificity; (B) in response to the query being received, identifying at least one first search engine to which to submit a representation of the query; (C) determining whether the level of specificity of the location data received in (A) is sufficient for the at least one first search engine; (D) if the level of specificity of the location data is sufficient, instructing the device to issue the representation of the query to the at least one first search engine; and (E) if the level of specificity of the location data is not sufficient, instructing the device to send, to the at least one computer, location data at a greater level of specificity.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer readable medium having encoded thereon instructions which, when executed by at least one computer, perform a method comprising acts of: (A) receiving a query from a device and location data indicating a location of the device, the location data having a level of specificity; (B) in response to the query being received, identifying at least one first search engine to which to submit a representation of the query; (C) determining whether the level of specificity of the location data received in (A) is sufficient for the at least one first search engine; (D) if the level of specificity of the location data is sufficient, instructing the device to issue the representation of the query to the at least one first search engine; and (E) if the level of specificity of the location data is not sufficient, instructing the device to send, to the at least one computer, location data at a greater level of specificity.
• Some embodiments of the invention provide at least one computer, comprising: at least one processor programmed to: receive a query from a device and location data indicating a location of the device, the location data having a level of specificity; in response to the query being received, identify at least one first search engine to which to submit a representation of the query; determine whether the level of specificity of the received location data is sufficient for the at least one first search engine; if the level of specificity of the location data is sufficient, instruct the device to issue the representation of the query to the at least one first search engine; and if the level of specificity of the location data is not sufficient, instruct the device to send, to the at least one computer, location data at a greater level of specificity.
• Figure 1 is a Venn diagram showing sets of search results from multiple different search engines
• Figure 2 is a flow chart of an illustrative process for sending search queries to and receiving search results from multiple search engines, in accordance with some embodiments;
• Figure 3 is a block diagram of a computer environment in which some embodiments may be implemented
• Figure 4 is a block diagram of a client device that executes an application program for querying multiple search engines and an automated speech recognizer for performing speech recognition on voice search queries, in accordance with some embodiments
• Figure 5 is a block diagram of a client device that executes an application program for querying multiple search engines and a server that executes an automated speech recognizer and provides speech recognition services for the client device to perform speech recognition on voice search queries, in accordance with some embodiments
• Figure 6 is a block diagram of a computing environment in which some embodiments may be implemented.
• Figure 7 is a block diagram in which audio data of a voice speech query is recognized using multiple different language models, in accordance with some embodiments
• Figure 8 is a block diagram of a server that instructs a client device which search engines to query in response to receiving a user-supplied search query, in accordance with some embodiments;
• FIG. 9 is a diagram showing Universal Resource Locators (URLs) that may be generated to query multiple search engines, in accordance with some embodiments;
• Figure 10A is a depiction of a display of a client device in which search results from multiple search engines may be displayed;
• Figure 10B is a depiction of a display of a client device in which search results from multiple search engines may be displayed;
• Figure 11 is a block diagram of an illustrative computing device on which aspects described below may be implemented;
• Figure 12 is a flow chart of an illustrative process for identifying the type of information and/or action a user seeks.
• Figure 13 is a flowchart of an illustrative process for determining whether sufficiently accurate location data is available for use.
• a given user- specified search query may indicate an interest in searching for any of several different types of information pertaining to the subject of the query.
• the search query "Miles Davis”
• the user may be interested in obtaining biographical information about Miles Davis, listening to samples of or purchasing Miles Davis' music, and/or social networking with others who are interested in Miles Davis.
• a user may have had to enter the search string "Miles Davis" into three different search engines.
• the user might have entered this search string into the search engine for an encyclopedia web site to obtain biographical information, into the search engine for a web site that sells music to listen to or purchase music, and into the search engine of a social networking site to connect with others.
• This process is often time consuming and laborious, as the user must navigate to multiple different web sites (and potentially manage multiple different browser windows or tabs) and enter the same search string repeatedly.
• the inventors have also recognized that, because different search engines index web pages and/or content in different ways, index different universes of content, and/or use different algorithms to determine which web pages and/or content best match a particular search query, different search engines may provide different (though possibly overlapping) sets of search results in response to the same search query. This concept is illustrated by the Venn diagram in Figure 1.
• Each set depicted in the Venn diagram of Figure 1 represents the search results from one of four hypothetical search engines (i.e., search engine one, search engine two, search engine three, and search engine four) provided in response to a user-provided search query for the keywords "Miles Davis.”
• set 101 includes results provided from search engine one and includes search results "Q,” “R,” “S,” and “T.”
• Set 103 includes results provided from search engine two and includes results “R,” “S,” and “Y.”
• Set 105 includes results provided from search engine three and includes results "S,” “T,” and “X.”
• Set 107 includes results provided from search engine four and includes result "Z.”
• some search results are included only in one of the sets and, as such, are returned from only one of the four search engines, while other search results are included in multiple of the sets and, as such, are returned from two or more of the search engines.
• the search engine When a search engine returns a set of search results in response to a search query, the search engine generally returns the results in an ordered list.
• the list may be ordered by relevance, may be ordered based on money paid for higher positions in the search results, and/or may be ordered based on other criteria. For example, web pages or content that a search engine has determined to be most relevant may be at the top of the list of the results, while web pages or content that the search engine has determined to be less relevant may be farther down in the list of results.
• a particular electronics manufacture may pay an electronics e-tailer to list its televisions higher up in the list when users enter search queries including the word "television" into the site- specific search engine for the e-tailer' s web site.
• any particular web page or piece of content may be at or near the top of the list of results provided by a first of the two search engines (e.g., because the first search engine has determined the web page or piece of content to be particularly relevant in the universe of content in evaluates), but may be further down the list of results provided by a second of the two search engines (e.g., because the second of the two search engines has determined the web page or piece of content to be less relevant in the universe of content it evaluates).
• results that are listed near the top of the list of search results from the second search engine may be listed much lower in the list of results provided by the first engine.
• the inventors have recognized that users are more likely to notice and access results that are near the top of the list. Thus, by using only one of the two search engines, a user may not notice or access results that may be highly relevant to the user.
• the inventors have recognized that issuing a user- specified search query to only a single search engine increases the chances of some web pages and/or pieces of content that are potentially relevant not being included the search results or being listed low enough in the returned list of search results that the user disregards them.
• issuing such a search query to only a single search engine may limit the content that is returned to only the type of content that is search and/or indexed by that search engine, while the user may be interested in other, different types of content pertaining to that search query.
• metasearch engines Some conventional web-based software programs, referred to as metasearch engines or search engine aggregators, receive a user-specified search query, issue the search query to multiple search engines, receive results from each of these search engines, remove duplicates, aggregate these search results into a single list, and display this list of aggregated search results to the user.
• metasearch engines One example of such a metasearch engine is DogpileTM, operated by Infospace, Inc. of Bellevue, WA.
• the inventors have recognized that these metasearch engines have a number of
• the search engines that are queried by these metasearch engines include only general-purpose search engines, and do not include any site-specific search engines.
• metasearch engines in response to a user-specified search query, display to the user a single list of aggregated search results from a number of different search engines, the user has no ability to see which search engine provided which search result, to see how relevant each of the plurality of search engines deemed a particular search result to be, or to look at the full set of results returned from any one particular search engine.
• metasearch engines run on one or more servers that receive a user- specified search query issued from a browser or other software application executing on the user's client device and issue the search query from the server(s) to the plurality of search engines that are to be queried. Because a metasearch engine may receive search queries from and provide aggregated search results to a large number of users, the server(s) on which the metasearch engine operates may regularly issue a very large number of search queries to the search engines whose results it aggregates. One consequence of this is that a search engine may receive hundreds of thousands or even millions of search queries daily from the same server or IP address, and may perceive this behavior as a single user issuing an enormous number of search queries to the search engine.
• search engine operators would consider this behavior to be an abuse of the search engine service and/or a potential denial of service attack and would take action to block search queries to their search engines from an IP address issuing such a large number of queries. For this reason, a metasearch engine operator must typically obtain contractual agreements with the search engine operators whose search engine results are aggregated by the metasearch engine to allow the metasearch engine to issue a large number of search queries to these search engines.
• metasearch engines do not provide any capability for the user to control to which search engines his or her search query is to be provided. Rather, existing metasearch engines have a fixed set of search engines to which every search query is provided. Thus, the user has no control over which search engines' results are provided in response to a search query and the metasearch engines do not perform any
• Some embodiments described below are directed to techniques for receiving a user-specified query comprising content and, in response to receiving the query, identifying, based at least in part on the content of the query, at least one search engine to which a representation of the query is to be submitted. For example, some embodiments of the invention are directed to determining, upon receiving a user- specified search query, the type of information which the user seeks, and customizing the search engines to which the query is submitted. This determination may, for example, be based on the content of the user' s query, the location of the user when the search query was received, the user' s browsing and/or query history, the browsing and/or query history of other users, any combination of the foregoing, and/or other information.
• a representation of the query may be submitted to multiple search engines that are selected because they are known to provide access to information of that type.
• the search engines to which queries are sent and for which results are displayed may not be static in some embodiments, but rather may be dynamically determined, so that the search engines may vary from query to query for a particular user and/or between different users.
• embodiments of the invention may determine (e.g., based on the content of the query, the user's previous search and/or browsing history, etc.) that the user likely seeks information relating to sports.
• embodiments of the invention may cause a representation of the user's query to be submitted to one or more search engines provided by sports-related websites, and cause results generated by the search engine(s) to be presented to the user.
• Some embodiments of the invention are not limited to identifying only a single type of information as that which the user seeks, and may determine two or more types.
• embodiments of the invention may also acknowledge the possibility that the user seeks celebrity-related information (e.g., based on the query's content, the user's previous search and/or browsing history, etc.).
• some embodiments of the invention may cause a representation of the user's query to be submitted to one or more search engines provided by celebrity-related websites, and cause results generated by the search engine(s) to be presented to the user, instead of or in addition to the results generated by sports-related websites.
• some embodiments of the invention may submit a representation of the user' s query to search engines providing access to other types of information than that which was determined that the user' s query may be directed to.
• a representation of the user's query may be submitted to one or more general-purpose search engines, and results generated by the search engine(s) may be presented to the user, in addition to the information generated by the more specific search engines (e.g., sports-related and/or celebrity-related websites in the Tom Brady example) which provide information determined to be that in which the user is likely interested.
• the system provides the benefit of focused and highly relevant results when it determines the user's intent correctly, while having the "safety net" of providing at least some relevant information (e.g., via the general-purpose search engine) if it determines the user's intent incorrectly.
• the safety net of providing at least some relevant information (e.g., via the general-purpose search engine) if it determines the user's intent incorrectly.
• some embodiments that attempt to determine the user' s intent provide the safety net or fallback option of returning other results returned by additional search engines, not all embodiments are limited in this respect. For example, some
• embodiments of the invention may only cause results generated by more specific search engines to be presented.
• results generated by the search engines may be arranged based on an assessment of how likely it is that each search engine provides the type of information the user seeks. For example, referring to the Tom Brady example, if it is determined that the user most likely seeks sports-related information, then results generated by one or more search engines provided by sports-related website(s) may be displayed most prominently. If it is determined to also be possible that the user seeks celebrity-related information, then results generated by one or more search engines provided by celebrity-related website(s) may be displayed less prominently than that which is provided by the sports-related websites. If the user's query is also submitted to general-purpose search engines (e.g., as a "backup option"), then the results generated by those search engines may be displayed least prominently. It should be appreciated, however, that an arrangement of results generated by various search engines in this manner is optional, and that embodiments of the invention are not limited to displaying results in a manner that is influenced by an assessment of how likely a user seeks a particular type of information.
• results from multiple search engines may be displayed concurrently on a display which employs a carousel metaphor, in which each search engine from which results were received occupies a slot.
• Examples of a carousel are shown in Figures 10A- 10B, and a commercialized example is the Dragon Search mobile phone application made available by the Assignee of this application, Nuance Communications, Inc. The user may select a particular slot to view results generated by the corresponding search engine.
• the slots corresponding to search engines provided by sports-related websites may be displayed most prominently by, for example, placing the corresponding slots in the center of the carousel, toward the left, or in any other suitable position.
• the slots corresponding to the search engines provided by celebrity-related websites may, for example, be placed in slots that are deemed less prominent than those corresponding to the sports-related websites, followed by the slots corresponding to general-purpose search engines.
• the less prominent slots may be visible when the results are initially presented, whereas in other embodiments they may not, so that the user may need to take an action (e.g., scroll) to view the results for those slots.
• some embodiments of the invention determine, upon receiving a user's query, the type of information the user most likely seeks, and cause information of that type to be presented most prominently to the user, and may cause other types of information (e.g., determined to be less likely than the identified type but still possibly the type the user seeks) to be presented as "backup.”
• some embodiments of the invention may be aggressive in presenting specialized information of the type identified to be most likely that which the user seeks, while also allowing for the possibility that the user seeks information that is not limited to any particular type.
• Figure 2 depicts an example process 200 that may be performed to determine, upon receiving a user's query, the type of information that the user likely seeks, and to present that type of information (e.g., alone or among one or more other types of information) to the user.
• Process 200 may, for example, be performed by an application program executing on a client device 250 employed by the user and/or a computer 275 that is external to the client device (e.g., in communication with client device 250 via a communication medium, not shown).
• Client device 250 may be any suitable type of computing device having hardware capable of executing an application program.
• client devices examples include a laptop or desktop personal computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), a server computer, and/or various other types of computing devices.
• External computer 275 may also include any suitable type of computing device, such as a laptop or desktop personal computer, server computer, and/or other type of computing devices.
• the client device and external computer may provide speech recognition capability, so that a user-specified query may be submitted via voice input.
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to systems having speech recognition capability, and are not limited to systems comprising mobile telephones or smartphones.
• Process 200 begins in act 201, wherein an application program on client device 250 receives a user- specified query (e.g., via voice and/or text input).
• a user- specified query e.g., via voice and/or text input.
• the query may be received in any of numerous ways via any of numerous user interfaces.
• the application program executing on the client device causes a representation of the user- specified query to be transmitted to external computer 275 in act 203, which receives it in act 205 and identifies the type of information and/or action which the user seeks in act 207.
• the representation of the query can take any of numerous forms, as can the identification of the information and/or action specified by the query.
• External computer 275 generates information (e.g., comprising search queries to be submitted to the identified search engines) in act 209, and transmits the information to the application program executing on the client device in act 211.
• the application program executing on client device 250 After receiving the transmitted information in act 213, the application program executing on client device 250 processes the information (e.g., by issuing search queries to each identified search engine) in act 215. If act 215 includes issuing search queries to search engines, then the application program executing on client device 250 receives results generated from those queries in act 217. Results are displayed to the user in act 219. Example process 200 then completes.
• example process 200 represents only one manner of implementing embodiments of the invention.
• client device executing an application program and an external computer
• numerous other system configurations may alternatively be employed.
• some embodiments of the invention may receive a user- specified query, identify search engines making available the types of information the user may seek, generate search queries and display results therefrom, all on a single device.
• some embodiments of the invention may employ multiple computers external to the client device to identify search engines making available the types of information the user may seek and generate search queries. Variations on example process 200 may be performed by any of numerous component configurations, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• example process 200 may include one or more of acts 201-219 being performed in a different sequence than that which is described herein, may omit one or more of acts 201-219, and/or may include acts not described. Embodiments of the invention are not limited to being implemented in any particular manner.
• an application program executing on client device 250 receives user input specifying a search query.
• a search query may take any suitable form, and may not be bound by a predefined syntax.
• a search query may be free-form, and comprise any information susceptible to representation via a string of one or more characters.
• a search query may comprise a name of a person (e.g., "Tom Brady"), place (e.g., "Saratoga Springs"), thing (e.g., "New York Stock Exchange”), any combination thereof (e.g., "ski shops in Park City”), and/or otherwise convey a user's desire to search for information on one or more particular topics or concepts.
• User input defining a search query may be received in any of a variety of ways and in any of a variety of formats.
• the user input may be received as text and may be received via an input device (e.g., a keyboard, touch screen, mouse, and/or any other input device) integrated into or coupled to the client device.
• user input may be received as audio via a microphone that is integrated into or coupled to the client device.
• a user may speak a search query into the microphone and the application program may receive the user's voice input as audio data.
• the client device may provide a number of different options from which the user may select to provide a search query.
• the client device may permit the user to input the query either in voice format (e.g., by speaking the query into a microphone) or in text format (e.g., by typing the query on a keyboard or a touchscreen).
• a representation of the user-specified query received in act 201 is transmitted to external computer 275 in act 203, and received by the external computer in act 205.
• automated speech recognition may be performed on audio data representing the voice input to obtain a recognition result (e.g., in textual form) that may be used to identify one or more search engines making available the type(s) of information the user seeks, and to generate queries to be submitted to those search engines.
• a recognition result e.g., in textual form
• search engines to be queried may have a speech interface, so that audio data may be provided to such search engines instead of providing a text search query based on automated speech recognition of the audio.
• Embodiments of the invention are not limited to any particular
• automated speech recognition may be conducted by client device
• Automated speech recognition techniques are known, and any suitable automated speech recognition technique may be used to obtain a recognition result for the audio data.
• the client device may execute an automated speech recognizer, which is a software program that performs automated speech recognition on audio data, and the application program may use the automated speech recognizer to obtain a recognition result of the audio data.
• client device 401 executes the application program 403 that performs at least some of the above-described acts of process 200 (e.g., those performed by the client device) and an automated speech recognizer 405.
• application program 403 receives user- supplied audio data 407, it may pass the audio data to automated speech recognizer 405.
• Automated speech recognizer 405 may perform automated speech recognition on the audio data to obtain a recognition result 409 and may return recognition result 409 to application program 403 for use in formatting queries for the speech engines.
• the inventors have recognized that some client devices may not have sufficient computing resources to execute an automated speech recognizer that operates with a desired level of accuracy and/or efficiency. That is, for example, a client device may not have sufficient memory to store acoustic models, language models, grammars, and/or other components of such a speech recognizer and/or may not have a processor powerful enough to perform automated speech recognition at a desired level of efficiency. This may occur in any number of situations, such as when the client device is a handheld device, such as a PDA or mobile phone.
• automated speech recognition on audio data that originates from a user may be performed by the external computer.
• client device 501 executes application program 503 that receives voice input supplied by a user in the form of audio data.
• Automated speech recognition may be performed on a representation of the audio data by an automated speech recognizer 507 executing on a server 505. That is, automated speech recognition may be performed on the full audio data, or some processed representation of it.
• application program may send the user-supplied audio data 509 to automated speech recognizer 507 executing on server 505.
• the audio data 509 may be sent to the automated speech recognizer in any of a variety of possible ways, and may be processed on the client device and/or on the server before being passed to the speech recognizer.
• the user-supplied audio may be captured by a microphone and analog-to-digital conversion may be performed (on the client or server) on the captured microphone audio to generate digital audio data.
• This digital audio data may be supplied to automated speech recognizer 507.
• some processing of the digital audio data may be performed on the client and/or server prior to sending this data to the automated speech recognizer.
• the digital data may be compressed or some pre-processing may be performed to extract parameters of the audio that are useful in automated speech recognition.
• the extracted parameters may be passed to automated speech recognizer 507 as the representation of the audio data or may be sent along with other audio data.
• compression any of a variety of possible compression algorithms may be used.
• the speexTM codec may be used.
• audio data may refer to an analog audio signal, a digital representation of an analog audio signal, a compressed representation of such a digital or analog signal, a set of features or parameters extracted from the digital or analog signal, any combination of the foregoing, and/or other information.
• Automated speech recognizer 507 may perform automated speech recognition on audio data 509 and return to application program 503 a response 511 that comprises results from audio data 509.
• the results may take any suitable form.
• the results may comprise a text recognition result obtained by automated speech recognizer 507 from performing automated speech recognition on the audio data.
• client device 501 is depicted as communicating directly with server 505. It should be appreciated that this depiction is provided merely to facilitate an understanding of the types of information sent between client device 501 and server 505, and that client device 501 may communicate with server 505 in any of a variety of ways and via any suitable communication medium, including, for example, via the Internet.
• automatic speech recognition on audio data received at a client device is performed on the client device, and in the example of Figure 5, audio data is provided from the client device to a server and the server performs automatic speech recognition.
• automatic speech recognition may be performed partially by the client device and partially by the server. For example, a portion of an ASR process may be performed on the client and a portion may be performed on the server. This may be done, for example, to enable the client device to perform a portion of the speech recognition process, but leave computationally intensive portions for the server.
• one or more servers may provide automated speech recognition services for multiple client devices.
• Figure 6 shows a computing environment in which each of a plurality of users 601a, 601b, ... 601n operates a client device 603a, 603b, ..., 603n.
• Each client device 603 may execute an application program that sends search queries via communication medium 607 to search engines 609a, 609b, 609c, 609n, and displays the results of these search queries to its respective users (e.g., by executing some of the acts of process 200 of Figure 2).
• Communication medium 607 may comprise any suitable communications infrastructure, employing any suitable communication protocol(s), including wired and/or wireless communications protocols.
• communication medium 607 may comprise one or more intranets, local area networks (LANs), wide area network (WANs), the Internet, or any combination thereof.
• Server 605 may provide automated speech recognition services to support these searches when the user enters a query audibly.
• client devices 603 may send some or all of the audio data via communication medium 607 to server 605 to have automated speech recognition performed on the audio data, and may receive a recognition result and/or other information (e.g., search queries and an identification of search engines to issue them to) via communication medium 607 based on the recognition result in response.
• server 605 may have automated speech recognition performed on the audio data, and may receive a recognition result and/or other information (e.g., search queries and an identification of search engines to issue them to) via communication medium 607 based on the recognition result in response.
• server 605 may provide other functionality (either instead of or in addition to ASR services) to facilitate issuance of search queries from a client device 603 to one or more of search engines 609. Some examples of this additional functionality are described in detail below. For the sake of simplicity, in the example of Figure 6, only one server 605 is depicted. However, it should be understood that, as is conventional for Internet servers that receive a high volume of traffic, any number of servers may be used to provide the functionality of server 605 that is described herein and the traffic load from client devices 603 may be balanced across these servers using any of a variety of load balancing techniques. In addition, the functionality of the servers may be distributed in any suitable way, so that each server need not perform the same functions and may be arranged to share the functions performed by the set of servers collectively.
• a number of techniques may be used to facilitate automated speech recognition of the audio data to generate search queries. These techniques may be employed in embodiments in which automated speech recognition is performed entirely on the client device, in embodiments in which automated speech recognition is performed entirely on a computer external to the client device, and in embodiments wherein ASR is distributed between the client device and an external computer.
• one or more language models used by the automated speech recognizer in performing speech recognition on the audio data of the user- supplied search query may be selected based on the search engine(s) which are to be queried.
• the automated speech recognizer may perform recognition on the same audio data using multiple different language models to yield multiple different recognition results.
• speech recognition is performed on audio data 701 using language models 703a, 703b, ..., 703n to generate recognition results 705a, 705b, ..., 705n.
• each of recognition results 705 may be the same, each may be different from the others, or some may be the same and some may be different.
• One or more of language models 703 may be associated with a particular search engine and the recognition result generated using a language model that is associated with a particular search engine may serve as the basis for the search query that is issued to that search engine.
• a language model that has been trained on the content that is indexed by a particular search engine may be used to generate the recognition result that serves as the basis for the query that is issued to that search engine. This results in a query that is more likely to yield relevant search results for that search engine.
• This technique may be particularly useful when issuing queries to site-specific search engines that index a limited amount of content that is generally directed to a particular subject area.
• site-specific search engines that index a limited amount of content that is generally directed to a particular subject area.
• an online shoe retailer may have a site-specific search engine for its e-commerce web site.
• the content of this web site may include shoe-specific terminology and phrases, such as the name of shoe brands and models, descriptions of shoe properties, and various other shoe-specific information.
• the recognizer is more likely to accurately recognize speech that includes the shoe- specific terminology and phrases.
• the audio input may be recognized using a first language model (e.g., a language model that has been trained on content related to the content indexed by the site- specific search engine) to generate a recognition result that serves as the basis for the query to be issued to the site- specific search engine and may also be recognized using a second language model (e.g., that has been trained on more general content), different from the first language model, to generate a recognition result that serves as the basis for the query to be issued to the general-purpose search engine.
• a first language model e.g., a language model that has been trained on content related to the content indexed by the site- specific search engine
• a second language model e.g., that has been trained on more general content
• each of recognition results 705 may be generated by performing automatic speech recognition on audio data 701 using a corresponding language model.
• one of recognition results 705 may be selected to be the result that serves as the basis for generating a search query to be issued to multiple search engines. This selection may be made in any suitable way. For example, as discussed above, the recognition result that has the highest score or confidence value as a result of the speech recognition may be selected, or any other suitable criterion or combination of criteria may be used.
• performing multiple separate and independent speech recognition processes with each of the different language models may increase the latency in obtaining recognition results and/or may increase the amount of processing resources used in performing speech recognition.
• one generalized language model may be used to create a lattice of hypothesized word sequences, and this lattice may be re-scored using one or more selected language models to yield recognition result(s) particularly for the selected language model(s).
• this lattice may be re-scored using one or more selected language models to yield recognition result(s) particularly for the selected language model(s).
• the time and processing resources consumed in generating the recognition results may be reduced because the same lattice is used in producing each recognition result and thus only needs to be generated once.
• audio data 701 is shown as being provided directly to each of language models 703. This depiction is provided merely to facilitate an understanding of how multiple language models may be used, and it should be understood that, in practice, the language models may not operate directly on audio data.
• a lattice with multiple hypothesized sequences of words may be obtained from audio data using an acoustic model and a general language model, and specialized language models 703 may be used to rescore the general lattice and obtain a sequence of words appropriate to a specific search engine.
• one language model may be selected from a plurality of available language models. For example, in some embodiments, one language model may be identified as being well-suited for
• recognizing the query Any of a variety of possible criteria or combinations of criteria may be used to select a language model to be used in recognizing a particular voice query.
• the content of the query may be used as a basis for selecting a language model to be used.
• a two-pass process may be used whereby in a first pass automatic speech recognition of a voice query or a portion of a voice query is performed using a general language model that doesn't have a specialized vocabulary.
• Such a language model may recognize some of the words in the query, but may not accurately recognize all of the words.
• the recognition result obtained from the first-pass may be used to classify the query based on topic or category. Any suitable classification technique may be used, and a variety are known.
• a language model that has a specialized vocabulary directed to the identified topic or category may be selected.
• a second-pass of automatic speech recognition may be performed using the selected language model. For example, if after the first-pass it is determined that the voice query includes word such as "directions,” "street,” or “road,” it may be determined that voice query is map-related query, and a map-related language model (e.g., a language model that includes city, street, and place names for the United States and/or other countries) may be selected and used in the second-pass.
• a map-related language model e.g., a language model that includes city, street, and place names for the United States and/or other countries
• the recognition result from the second-pass may serve as the basis for one or more search queries to be provided to one or more search engines.
• the search engine or engines that are queried may be selected based on the language model that was selected to recognize the query in the second-pass, and/or based on the content of the recognition result obtained from the second-pass.
• a language model that is used to recognize a voice search query supplied from a user as audio data may be updated based on topics of interest. This may be done in any of a variety of possible ways. Current events frequently result in search engines receiving a large number of search queries that include keywords associated with a particular event, including keywords that may have been previously unused and not the subject of frequent searches. For example, if a popular new movie is playing in movie theaters, search engines may receive a large number of search queries from different users that include the name of the movie, the names of the actors in the movie, or other keywords associated with the movie.
• search engines may receive a large number of queries that include the names of the teams and/or athletes participating in the event, or an event in popular culture may thrust a person previously unknown to the general public into the limelight (e.g., a person winning the lottery, a person accused of a high-profile crime, a person involved in a high profile scandal, etc.)
• words and/or phrases associated with topics of recent user interest may be identified, and the language model may be updated to improve the accuracy of recognizing these words and/or phrases.
• These words and/or phrases may be identified in any of a variety of ways. For example, in some embodiments in which user- supplied queries (e.g., in audio format, text format, or some other format) are provided from a plurality of client devices to a server or set of servers, the server or set of servers may identify frequently used search terms or phrases in these search queries and the language model may be updated based on these frequently used search terms.
• words and/or phrases associated with topics of interest may be identified manually by one or more humans tasked with identifying such words or phrases.
• One or more language models may be updated in this manner with any desired degree of frequency.
• a language model may be updated at a regular interval, such as once per day, once every two days, twice per day, once per week, or any of a variety of other possible intervals.
• a language model may be updated in response to a user action, such as an indication from the user to update the language model or in any other suitable way.
• words provided in user search queries, words obtained from web crawling, and/or words from other sources may be collected and used to update one or more language models.
• a word count indicating the number of occurrences of the words in the source data may be maintained and words whose word count exceeds a threshold value may be added to the language model(s).
• an auto-pronunciation e.g., a sequence of phonemes
• a human reviewer e.g., a linguist
• the language model(s) used in automated speech recognition of search queries may be updated using feedback indicating which search results a user selected.
• an automated speech recognizer may generate a recognition result from audio data of a user- supplied voice search query. This recognition result may serve as the basis for one or more search queries that are provided to one or more search engines, and search results from the one or more search engines may be returned and displayed to the user in response to the query or queries.
• the user may select one or more of the search results to view a particular web page or piece of content.
• information about which search result(s) the user selected may be used to update the language model(s) used by the automated speech recognizer.
• a search query for the phrase "Willy Maze” may be issued to one or more search engines.
• one or more of the search engines may return in its list of results a hyperlink to a web page with biographical information about Willie Mays. If the user selects this hyperlink to access that web page, the content of the web page may be used to update the language model(s). This may increase the likelihood that the next time a user speaks the phrase "Willie Mays," it will be correctly recognized.
• the language model(s) used for a particular user may be customized to that user's speech, using previous utterances obtained from that user. This may be done in any of a variety of ways.
• voice data received from a particular speaker may be represented as a bag-of-word feature vector, with the goal of discovering a set of representative latent speakers to "explain" the data. The outcome is that, for example, similar speakers are clustered together in a
• These clusters may be used to build a set of latent speaker language model components. Using these latent components, adaptation for a particular user is performed via estimating the speaker-specific linear interpolation weights of the language model components using the received voice data from the particular speaker for which adaptation is being performed.
• the language model(s) used for a particular user may be updated based on the user's historical browsing information. This may be accomplished in any of a variety of ways. For example, based on the user's browsing history, web sites that are frequently visited may be identified. The language model(s) used to recognize speech queries may be re-trained using a training corpus in which content from the frequently visited web sites is emphasized.
• any or all of the above-described techniques for selecting a language model to facilitate automated speech recognition can be used in combination with each other.
• these techniques for selecting a language model need not be used, and in some embodiments the same language model may be used to process all voice input.
• external computer 275 identifies the type(s) of information that the user seeks and/or action(s) that the user wishes to perform. This may be performed in any of numerous ways.
• An example process 1200 for determining, upon receiving a user- specified query, the type(s) of information that the user seeks and/or the actions(s) that the user wishes to perform is depicted in Figure 12. The example process 1200 is but one technique which may be used to determine one or more types of information sought by the user and/or actions the user wishes to perform.
• automated speech recognition is performed on audio data defining the query in act 1205.
• automated speech recognition may be performed in any of numerous ways, as embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing any particular technique(s).
• the output of act 1205 is a textual representation of the user- specified query, comprising one or more words.
• example process 1200 proceeds to act 1210, wherein the query is associated with one or more information categories. This may be accomplished in any of numerous ways. For example, a query may be associated with an information category based at least in part on the query's content.
• the textual output generated in act 1205 may be processed to determine a semantic meaning for individual words and/or combinations of words in the user-specified query, and/or of the overall meaning of the query, to attempt to identify the type of information that the user seeks. For example, if a user- specified query includes the words "Starbucks® in Boston,” then act 1210 may include determining that the word "Starbucks®” represents a restaurant, and that the word "Boston” represents a location. This may be accomplished in any of numerous ways. For example, any suitable natural language processing technique (of which numerous examples exist) may be employed to determine the semantic meaning of individual words, and/or combinations of words, in a user-specified query.
• the natural language processing may, for example, include applying, to individual words and/or combinations of words in a user-specified query, semantic tags that indicate a meaning for one or more of the words.
• the semantic tags may relate to any of numerous types of information.
• a semantic tag may relate to software applications, books, movies, sports, businesses, music, television, and/or other information types.
• the embodiments of the invention that employ semantic tags are not limited to employing these or any other particular types of tags.
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing any particular natural language processing technique or applying semantic tags, as any suitable technique, whether now known or later developed, may be employed.
• the determination of one or more information categories to which a query relates and the behavior to be initiated in response is based (at least in part) on the semantic tags applied to the query.
• a collection of possible information categories and associated behaviors may be defined, and a query may be associated with one or more of the information categories based on semantic tags that are applied to the query.
• the collection of possible information categories may include a "restaurant” information category and a "location” information category, and queries to which the "restaurants" and "location” semantic tags are applied may be associated with these information categories.
• One or more behaviors can be associated with this combination of information categories, as discussed below.
• associating a query with one or more information categories need not be performed using a predefined collection of information categories and semantic tags.
• information categories and/or semantic tags may be dynamically defined, using any suitable technique(s).
• a user- specified query may be associated with multiple information categories that have different meanings.
• the inventors have recognized that while a user submitting a query may intend one meaning for the content of the query, other meanings may also be possible.
• a user submitting the query "Fargo" may intend to look for information relating to the city in North Dakota, but other semantic meanings are also possible (e.g., the user may seek information on the film).
• some embodiments of the invention enable a user-specified query to be associated with multiple information categories.
• the word "Fargo" in the user- specified query may cause the query be associated with one information category relating to geographic locations and another relating to movies.
• a plurality of search engines to which to submit a representation of the query may be identified.
• the plurality of search engines may comprise a first search engine identified based on the first semantic meaning of the content and a second search engine identified based on the second semantic meaning of the content.
• a user- specified query may be associated with any suitable number of information categories, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• a user- specified query may be associated with an information category using information other than the content of the query. For example, the user' s location, search history, browsing history, and/or other information may influence the association of a query with one or more information categories, and/or the prioritization of behaviors or actions taken if the query is associated with multiple categories.
• this information may cause the query "Fargo" to be associated with the "movies” information category and not the "geographic locations” information category, or if associated with both, may treat the "movies" association as being more likely and therefore as a higher priority than the "geographic location” association in determining one or more actions to take, as discussed below.
• location data indicates that the user is in North Dakota when the query is submitted
• this information may cause the query "Fargo" to be associated with the "geographic locations” information category and not the "movies” information category, or if associated with both, may treat the "geographic locations" association as a higher priority.
• Any of numerous types of information may be considered when associating a user- specified query with an information category, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• example process 1200 proceeds to act 1215, wherein a "behavior" for the identified one or more information categories is determined.
• act 1215 may include identifying one or more search engines and/or other facilities making available information relevant to the one or more information categories identified in act 1210.
• a behavior defined for an information category may comprise initiating and/or performing any of numerous types of actions, which may or may not include identifying one or more search engines to which a representation of the user- specified query should be submitted.
• a behavior defined for an information category may include performing one or more native actions.
• the inventors have recognized that some user- specified queries may reveal a desire on the user's part to perform an action, in addition to or rather than to search for information.
• initiating a native action may include (as examples) launching an application, such as a media player application, map application, etc., a service (e.g., one which initiates a telephone call from a client device), and/or any other natively executed facility.
• an application such as a media player application, map application, etc.
• a service e.g., one which initiates a telephone call from a client device
• Some embodiments of the invention define a behavior for a user- specified query which includes initiating one or more native actions.
• Identifying a behavior to be initiated in act 1215 may be performed in any of numerous ways.
• a defined mapping associates information categories with sets of behaviors, each set comprising one or more native actions and/or one or more search engines to which a corresponding user-specified query should be submitted.
• the mapping may also define a prioritization among the behaviors. As discussed above, prioritization can be based on any suitable criteria (e.g., relevance, compensation provided by the search engine, etc.).
• a set of behaviors may include any suitable number of native actions and/or search engines (e.g., a set need not comprise a plurality of native actions or search engines), as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• a defined mapping may specify that user-specified queries associated with a "restaurant” and "location" information categories cause a set of behaviors to be initiated which includes launching one or more native actions and submitting the query to one or more search engines previously determined to be appropriate recipients for queries of the identified type.
• act 1215 may involve identifying one or more native actions to initiate and/or one or more search engines to which to submit the example user-specified query "Starbucks® in Boston" associated with the restaurant location information category in act 1210.
• Table 1 below provides an illustrative mapping of various information categories to behaviors. Referring to the "Starbucks® in Boston” example to illustrate, Table 1 defines a mapping of user- specified queries associated with the "restaurant" and
• “location” information categories to a set of behaviors which includes launching a map application ("Maps,” shown in the “Tab 1 (Prime)” column of Table 1), submitting a representation of the query to a search engine offered by a website providing restaurant reviews ("Yelp,” shown in the "Tab 2" column), submitting a representation of the query to a general-purpose search engine so that telephone numbers included in search results may be identified and presented ("Call Tab,” shown in the "Tab 3” column), submitting a representation of the query to a search engine offered by a website providing reference information (“Wikipedia,” shown in the "Tab 4" column), submitting a representation of the query to a search engine provided by a social networking website (“Twitter,” shown in the "Tab 5" column), and submitting a representation of the query to a general- purpose search engine that is identified by the user ("Gen.
• Table 1 is a non-limiting example and is merely intended as an illustration of the types of behaviors that may be mapped to information categories. Embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing the mapping shown in Table 1, or indeed any mapping at all.
• a user-specified query associated with the "Title [in theaters]” and “Buy [Theater]” information categories may be submitted to a set which includes a search engine provided by a website enabling users to purchase movie tickets ("fandango," shown in the "Tab 1 (Prime)” column of Table 1), a search engine offered by a website providing movie reviews ("rottentomatoes," shown in the "Tab 2" column), a search engine offered by a website providing movie information (“IMDB,” shown in the "Tab 3” column), a search engine offered by a website providing reference information (“Wikipedia,” shown in the "Tab 4" column), a search engine provided by a social networking website (“Twitter,” shown in the "Tab 5" column), and a general-purpose search engine identified by the user ("Gen.
• Any suitable number and type of behaviors may be mapped to a set of information categories, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing a pre-defined mapping of information categories to sets of search engines and/or native actions. Any suitable technique(s) may be employed to determine a set of behaviors appropriate for a user- specified query associated with a particular information category. For example, if a set of behaviors includes submitting a query to one or more search engines, the search engine(s) may be identified dynamically, such as based on the content of the query, and/or other information. For example, as described further below, the presence and/or accuracy of location data provided with a user- specified query may be used at least partially to determine which search engine(s) are identified in act 1215.
• identifying search engines to which a user- specified query should be submitted offers the opportunity to make the particular type of information determined to be that which the user seeks available to him/her more quickly than conventional approaches may allow.
• a conventional approach to searching for Starbucks®' locations in Boston may entail the user submitting the same example query to a general-purpose search engine. While the results returned by the general-purpose search engine may include pages provided by
• results from these sites may be included in the results.
• results include pages from sites similar to those identified in the example, the user may be forced to sift through other results that are unrelated to the particular information that he/she seeks.
• a general-purpose search engine may respond to the query "Starbucks® in Boston" by generating results including links to sites providing information on other restaurants in Boston, information on the
• embodiments of the invention may identify, upon receiving a user' s query, the particular type of information that the user seeks, and attempt to immediately present information of that type to the user (e.g., based on an estimated similarity between the content of the query, and/or other information, and content made available by one or more search engines). As a result, embodiments of the invention may reduce the time and cognitive load associated with locating a particular type of information.
• the user may be immediately presented with results from a plurality of search engines, for instance, map data showing the locations of Starbucks® restaurants in Boston, reviews of various Starbucks® locations in Boston, etc.
• embodiments of the invention can be aggressive in attempting to immediately present a specific type of information the user is believed to seek, because other less specific information can simultaneously be provided as a fallback option in case the aggressive, specific approach turns out to misapprehend the user's intent.
• embodiments of the invention may identify one or more "most aggressive" options (e.g., provided one or more sites making available specialized information that is closely related to a particular information category). In the example given above, these options may be the site providing access to map data and/or restaurant reviews.
• results generated by the most aggressive option(s) may be presented more prominently than results generated by other, less specific options.
• the freedom to present specialized information prominently in response to a search is afforded by the other, less aggressive search engines in the identified set, which provide fallback options in case the specialized information is not the type that the user seeks.
• these options are provided by the search engines provided by sites making available reference information, etc.
• the alternatives also presented may provide more generalized information that may encompass the type of information which the user seeks.
• these fallback options may provide access to other information related to the specific type of information which the most aggressive option provides, but which the user may not have thought to search for, or may have intended to also search for after completing an initial search.
• identifying a set of search engines to which a user- specified query should be submitted may involve identifying one or more search engines for each of multiple potential meanings of the content of the query.
• a user- specified query may be associated in act 1210 with more than one information category, perhaps because the content of the user's query is identified as having more than one potential meaning. If a user-specified query is associated with more than one information category in act 1210, then identifying in act 1215 a behavior (e.g., a set of search engines to which the query should be submitted) may entail any of numerous actions.
• act 1215 may include identifying which potential meaning is most likely to be the meaning intended by the user.
• the user's location, search history, browsing history, and/or other information may be analyzed to determine a probability that the user intended each potential meaning, using any of numerous techniques.
• the "Fargo" example query given above to illustrate, if the user has recently searched for information on other films and is not currently located in North Dakota, then it may be determined that it is more probable that the user intended to search for information on the film Fargo, and less probable that the user intended to search for information on the city.
• the set of search engines identified as being the ones to which the query should be submitted, and/or the ones from which results should be most prominently displayed may be the ones associated with the movies information category rather than the geographic locations information category.
• a set of search engines may, for example, be identified which includes a first search engine provided by a website that makes available information on films, a second search engine provided by a website that makes available information on geographic locations, a third, general-purpose search engine, etc., so that more than one potential meaning may be represented in the results generated.
• act 1215 may include identifying one or more general-purpose search engines as the search engine(s) to which the user's query should be submitted.
• Embodiments of the invention may process a query which cannot be associated with an information category in any suitable fashion.
• the number of search engines identified in act 1215 may differ depending on the information category or categories to which the query is mapped, and the number and type of search engines relevant thereto.
• act 1215 may include, for a user- specified query mapped to the restaurant locations information category in act 1210, identifying a first quantity of search engines to which the query should be submitted.
• act 1215 may include identifying a different quantity of search engines to which the query should be submitted. Queries mapped to multiple information categories, or mapped to no information categories, may have different numbers of search engines identified. Any suitable number of search engines may be identified for any user- specified query, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• a user may specify one or more of the search engines to which one or more queries may be submitted. For example, the user may specify that certain queries (e.g., all queries, those which are mapped to particular information categories, etc.) be submitted to one or more specified search engines.
• the user may specify such search engine(s) in any suitable manner, e.g., via direct input (e.g., to a client device via a keyboard, touch screen, and/or other input facility), and this information may be stored by the application program on client device 250 and/or external computer 275.
• input specifying one or more search engines may be supplied when the user provides a search query to the application program.
• the input may be supplied once by the user and stored, and each time a user-specified query is received the information may be accessed to determine whether there are previously- specified search engines to which the query is to be submitted.
• Embodiments of the invention may store and/or retrieve one or more specified search engines in any of numerous ways.
• a user may also specify within the query one or more search engines to which the query should be submitted. For example, the user may submit the query "give me the Wikipedia page for George Washington,” or "give me the Yelp review for John Doe's Bar and Grill," and embodiments of the invention may provide for the query being submitted to the identified search engine. This may be accomplished in any of numerous ways.
• queries that include the name of a particular search engine may be mapped to a particular information category in act 1210 (e.g., based on the presence of the word identifying the search engine in the query), and a behavior may be identified for that information category that includes submitting the query to the identified search engine.
• the name of a search engine within a user-specified query may be identified without mapping the query to an information category.
• Embodiments of the invention may identify a search engine to which a query is submitted using any suitable technique(s).
• act 1215 need not include only determining a set of search engines to which a user-specified query should be submitted.
• a behavior that is identified in act 1215 for a user- specified query may include the initiation of one or more native actions on client device 250, either in addition to or instead of determining one or more search engines for a query.
• the inventors have recognized that some user-specified queries may reveal a desire to perform an action in addition to or rather than search for information.
• a user- specified query that includes the words "play I Got a Feeling video” may indicate a desire to play a video, rather than to search for information on the song "I Got a Feeling.”
• some embodiments of the invention may define a behavior for a query which includes initiating that action.
• the action may include launching a media player application on the user' s device to play a song or video (as in the example above), and/or performing one or more other actions.
• an external computer e.g., external computer 275, shown in Figure 2 may, upon receiving a query comprising content from a device, determine based at least in part on the content of the query that an application is to be launched on the device. The external computer may cause the device to launch the application using at least some information determined from the content of the query.
• a client device may receive a free-form query from a user, transfer a representation of the query to at least one computer, and receive from the at least one computer at least one instruction to launch an application on the device.
• a behavior that is defined for a user- specified query may include both initiating a native action and also initiating a search for information to one or more search engines. For example, if a user-specified query appears to indicate a desire to initiate an action, the action may be initiated, and a query may be submitted to one or more identified search engines.
• a behavior defined for a user-specified query may include instructing a client device to perform one or more of a set of alternative actions.
• external computer 275 which performs the act 1215 in the example process 200, may not know what applications are installed on client device 250, and thus may not know what applications are available to launch.
• an ordered list of actions e.g., applications
• the client device may first attempt to perform the first action (e.g., launch a first application) on the list, and if the action cannot be performed (e.g., because the first application is not installed on the device), attempt to perform the second action (e.g., launch the second application) on the list, until either the client device is able to perform a specified action or the list of alternatives is exhausted.
• the first action e.g., launch a first application
• the second action e.g., launch the second application
• the client device may choose from the applications installed which one to launch.
• the external computer may be informed of the applications installed on the device (e.g., via information provided with a user- specified query or in any other suitable way), so that specific instructions may be given to the application on the client device about which application(s) to launch.
• the external computer may be informed of the applications installed on the device (e.g., via information provided with a user- specified query or in any other suitable way), so that specific instructions may be given to the application on the client device about which application(s) to launch.
• Embodiments of the invention that relate to initiating a native action are not limited to any particular implementation.
• process 1200 completes.
• example process 200 proceeds to act 209, wherein information is generated by external computer 275. This may be performed in any of numerous ways, and the information may take any of various forms (e.g., depending on the behavior identified in act 1215).
• act 209 may include generating a representation of the user- specified query received in act 1205 for submission to one or more search engines identified in act 1215, generating instructions to initiate an action on the client device identified in act 1215, and/or generating any of numerous other forms of information, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• act 209 may include external computer 275 generating instructions specifying the search engine(s) and a query to be submitted to each.
• a query to be submitted to a search engine may be specified in the form of a Universal Resource Locator (URL) having encoded therein a representation of the query, appropriately formatted for that search engine.
• URL Universal Resource Locator
• one or more words in a user-specified query may be encoded in a URL formatted for a search engine.
• act 209 may include modifying the word to conform to the search engine's requirements. For example, act 209 may involve modifying the word "Massachusetts" in a user- specified query to be encoded as "MA" within a URL. Any suitable types of modification or other processing may be performed, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• the modification or other processing may, in some embodiments, be performed by external computer 275. However, embodiments of the invention are not limited to such an implementation, as the modification or other processing may be performed by the client device 250, or by both client device 250 and external device 275.
• Figure 9 depicts example URLs that may be generated for three different search engines for the user- specified query "Miles Davis.”
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing the format depicted for any search engine, whether or not the search engine is represented in Figure 9.
• search engines cannot be queried with a simple URL.
• the client first establishes a connection or session with the search engine, and then sends the query to the search engine. If such a search engine is identified as a search engine to be queried, a query based on the content of the user- supplied query may be generated in a format suitable for that search engine. Like the URLs, the query for such a search engine may be generated by the application program on the client device and/or by a computer external to the client device (e.g., server 605).
• act 209 may include external computer 275 generating instructions specifying the actions to be initiated.
• the instructions may, for example, specify a particular application to be launched (e.g., using a Uniform Resource Identifier, or URI, identifying the application and parameters identifying content which the application should process).
• the instructions may specify a plurality of applications (e.g., in an ordered list), from which the client device may select one to launch, in any suitable manner (e.g., by attempting to launch each application specified until an application installed on the device is found).
• the instructions may specify a desired behavior (e.g., an action to be initiated) without specifying an application to achieve it, thereby leaving it to the client to identify an installed application corresponding to the specified behavior.
• a desired behavior e.g., an action to be initiated
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to generating instructions specifying that only a single behavior action should be initiated, as any suitable number of actions may be initiated. Embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• Act 209 may include generating instructions specifying that both a native action is to be initiated and that a representation of the user- specified query is to be submitted to one or more search engines. These instructions may specify that these tasks be performed in any of numerous ways.
• act 1220 may include generating instructions specifying that an application is to be launched, and that the search results should be displayed as a backup option if the corresponding application is stopped by the user after launch.
• the instructions may specify that initiation of the native action should be presented as an option which the user may select (e.g., together with an option of having search queries submitted, among search results returned by identified search engines, etc.). Any of numerous implementations are possible.
• act 209 may include generating instructions instructing the client device to provide additional information to the external computer 275.
• the instructions generated in act 209 may include a request to provide more accurate location information, since the device's location may drive whether certain behaviors (e.g., submission of queries to certain search engines, and/or including certain search parameters in a query) are appropriate.
• the location information provided with a user- specified query in act 203 may be at any degree of specificity.
• the location data may only indicate the location of a cell tower with which the device communicates (and be accurate to within about 2,000 meters), may identify a rough location as supplied by Global Positioning Services (GPS) satellites (and be accurate to within about 100 meters), or identify a more exact location identified by GPS (and be accurate to within about 10 meters).
• GPS Global Positioning Services
• Different searches may require different degrees of precision in location data to be performed. For example, if a user-specified query includes the words "subway near me,” and the accurate location provided with the query is only accurate to within about 2,000 meters, then more specific or accurate location data may be desired before a response to the query may be given with a desired degree of accuracy.
• Example process 1300 via which an external computer 275 may determine whether location data supplied by a client device is sufficiently specific, and if not may request more specific location data, is shown in Figure 13.
• Example process 1300 may, for example, be performed after a user-specified query is received by external computer 275 (e.g., after act 205 in example process 200, and prior to or after act 207).
• external computer 275 determines whether the location data received is specific enough in act 1303. This determination may be made in any of numerous ways, based on any of numerous criteria. For example, as noted above, external computer 275 may make this determination based upon analyzing the content of the user's query (e.g., to determine whether the user is searching for location- specific information), based on predefined specificity requirements of one or more particular search engines identified as those to which a representation of the query is to be submitted, immediately upon receiving the query (e.g., the external computer may request location data for all queries be provided at at least at a threshold level of granularity), or in any other suitable fashion.
• example process 1300 terminates by proceeding to act 207 ( Figure 2). If it is determined that the location data is not sufficiently specific, then example process 1300 proceeds to act 1305, wherein a request for more specific location information is generated, and sent to the client device in act 1307.
• the client device receives the request in act 1309, and in act 1311 determines whether more specific location data than that which was initially provided is available. More specific location information may have become available for any of numerous reasons. For example, when the user-specified query was initially submitted to the external computer in act 203, the client device may have been in the process of acquiring more specific location data (e.g., from its GPS system), and that information may now be available. If more specific location data is available, then example process 1300 proceeds to act 1313, wherein the information is sent to external computer 275. The information is received by the external computer in act 1315, and example process 1300 terminates by proceeding to act 207. In act 207, the process of Figure 2 may employ the more specific location data in any suitable way, one example of which includes identifying one or more search engines to which a user- specified query should be submitted.
• more specific location data e.g., from its GPS system
• example process 1300 proceeds to act 1317, wherein the client device attempts to obtain more specific information.
• act 1317 may include client device 250 attempting to activate its GPS system, if one is available and not already activated. Client device 250 then begins a predetermined timeout period in act 1319. In this respect, the timeout period may be established to ensure that only a predetermined period elapses before the client device either obtains more specific location data and sends it to external computer 275, or informs external computer 275 that more specific location data is not available.
• Example process 1300 then proceeds to act 1321, wherein it is determined whether the timeout period has elapsed. If not, a determination is made in act 1325 of whether more specific location data has been received in response to the request issued in act 1317. If not, the process returns to act 1321, and then continues as described above until either the timeout period expires or more specific location data is received. If the timeout period elapses, then the client device sends an indication that more specific location data is not available in act 1323. If more specific location data is obtained, then the client device sends the more specific data to the external computer in act 1327.
• act 207 may employ the more specific location data sent in act 1327, or the indication that more specific location data is not available sent in act 1323, in identifying one or more search engines to which a user- specified query should be submitted.
• example process 1300 is but one example of a technique which may be employed to obtain specific location data, and that such data may be obtained using any suitable technique.
• the availability or absence of specific location data may drive any of numerous types of system behavior. For example, for certain types of queries, the absence of sufficiently specific location data may alter the search engines to which a user- specified query is submitted.
• the query may not be submitted to a search engine that provides access to map data, since any map generated may not provide information useful to the user. Rather, the query may instead, for example, be submitted to a search engine provided by a public transit authority website and one or more general-purpose search engines, so that the user may locate a nearby subway station using information provided by those information sources rather than having one located automatically based on location data.
• example process 200 proceeds to act 211, wherein external computer 275 transmits the generated information to client device 250. This may be performed in any suitable way, using any suitable communications infrastructure and/or technique(s). Example process 200 then proceeds to act 213, wherein client device 250 receives the instructions. It should be appreciated that although example process 200 illustrates external computer 275 determining the type(s) of information the user seeks and/or action(s) or behaviors the user wishes to perform, embodiments of the invention are not limited to being implemented in this manner.
• client device 250 may alternatively perform any one or more of the acts shown in Figure 2 as being performed by external computer 275, including performing automated speech recognition on a user- specified query, identifying the type(s) of information the user seeks and/or action(s) the user wishes to perform (e.g., by performing example process 1200 of Figure 12), generating search queries to be submitted to various search engines, and/or other acts.
• Embodiments of the invention are not limited to being implemented using any particular architecture.
• an application program executing on client device 803 receives a search query from a user 801, which may be in text format, audio format, or some other format.
• Client device 803 passes the user-supplied search query to server 805, which determines which search engines to query, generates URLs for the determined search engines with the appropriate search strings, and returns the URLs to the application program on client device 803.
• server 805 determines which search engines to query, generates URLs for the determined search engines with the appropriate search strings, and returns the URLs to the application program on client device 803.
• the determination as to which search engines to query may be made on the client device, and/or the client device may generate URLs to be used with different search engines.
• the server may instruct the client device which search engines to query and the client device may generate the URLs for these search engines.
• server 805 may, in some embodiments, perform automated speech recognition on the audio data to generate a recognition result and determine which search engines to query based on the recognition result.
• automated speech recognition may be performed on client device 803, and the recognition result, rather than the audio data, may be sent from client device 803 to server 805.
• Other configurations are possible, including ones in which ASR operations are distributed in any suitable manner between the client device and the server.
• the determination of which search engines to query using any of the above-discussed criteria may be made by the application program executing on the client device. In other embodiments, the determination of which search engines to query using the above-discussed criteria may be made by a computer (e.g., server 805 in Figure 8) external to the client device executing the application program, and the external computer may provide information identifying the search engines to be queried to the application program. In other embodiments, the determination may be distributed between the client device and one or more external computers in any suitable way. For example, the application program may determine which search engines to query using information provided to it by the external computer to facilitate the determination.
• a computer e.g., server 805 in Figure 8
• example process 200 proceeds to act 215, wherein the client device processes the information. Depending on the nature of the information received, this may take any of numerous forms.
• the processing can include issuing the search queries to the set of search engines identified in act 1215.
• An example environment 300 in which a client device issues search queries to each of a plurality of search engines is depicted in Figure 3.
• user 301 accesses the internet 305 via a client device 303.
• Search engines 307a, 307b, 307c, ..., and 307n execute on servers that are accessible via the Internet 305.
• the information provided to the client device may include a search query that may, for example, take the form of a URL formatted appropriately for submission to a particular search engine.
• the URL may include an encoded representation of the original user-specified query, and/or may include any other suitable form(s) of information.
• issuing search queries from the client device may provide the advantage that the search engines that are queried do not receive a large volume of queries from the same server or IP address.
• the search engines being queried may receive a very large number of queries from a single source, and may perceive this behavior as a single user issuing an enormous number of search queries to the search engine.
• search engine operators would consider this behavior to be an abuse of the search engine service and/or a potential denial of service attack and would take action to block search queries to their search engines from a source issuing such a large number of queries.
• the search engines may perceive the queries as being issued from the client device that caused them to be issued, and may treat the issuance of such queries as normal user behavior.
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to being implemented in this manner.
• that external computer may instead issue the queries (or a portion of the queries), receive the search results from the search engines to which queries were issued, and return search results to the client device. Any of numerous implementations are possible.
• a search query may not be submitted to a search engine, but rather to an API provided by a search engine designed to provide content formatted for processing by one or more native controls on a client device.
• content formatted for processing by native controls may, in some instances, load faster and provide a superior user experience than markup language (e.g., HTML) content supplied by some search engines in response to search queries.
• markup language e.g., HTML
• an API made available by a search engine may respond to a search query with results formatted in JavaScript, which native controls on a client device may be configured to process to render a user display.
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing JavaScript, as any suitable representation enabling processing by native controls on a client device may alternatively be used.
• act 215 may include initiating one or more native actions, specified in the information received from the external computer, on client device 250. Any suitable action(s) may be initiated and/or performed.
• a native action may include the launch of an application resident on the client device, as described above.
• the information processed in act 215 may specify that a native action be initiated and/or performed in any suitable fashion.
• instructions may specify that an application be executed in such a manner that if it is stopped by the user, the client device returns immediately to the search application on the client device that received the user's query, so that search results may be presented to the user (e.g., as a backup option to the execution of the application in case the user' s intent was not correctly informed).
• the instructions may specify presenting the search results along with an option to launch a native application, as embodiments of the invention that relate to performing a native action may be implemented in any suitable way.
• the information processed in act 215 may specify that any of a set of alternative native actions be initiated.
• the information may specify that one or more of a collection of potential native actions be initiated, depending on the capabilities of the device.
• the information may specify a list of media player applications.
• the client device may determine whether any of the media player applications in the list is installed on the device, and if a named media player application is determined to be installed, that application may be launched. If multiple of the listed media players are present, the information from the external computer may specify a prioritization scheme based on any suitable criteria, and the client device may launch the highest priority media player that is resident, or the client device may be free to select any of the media players specified.
• embodiments of the invention are not limited to employing an ordered list, as any suitable technique for identifying one or more native actions to be initiated and/or performed may be employed.
• the prioritization may be determined in any suitable manner.
• some embodiments of the invention provide for the prioritized order in which applications are named being influenced by consideration received from one or more providers of applications. For example, a provider may pay to have its application named on a list provided by the external computer before a competitor's application, so that its application will be launched if both reside on the client device. If two application providers both provide compensation, the prioritization between them may be determined in any suitable manner, such as by always giving preference to an application whose provider paid greater compensation, by alternating which application is prioritized in any suitable manner (e.g., in proportion to compensation paid by each), or in any other suitable manner. These techniques are merely examples, as prioritization may be determined in any suitable manner.
• example process 200 proceeds to act 217, wherein results are received from each search engine to which a search query was submitted.
• Search results may be received via any suitable communications infrastructure and/or protocol, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• search results may be formatted in any of a variety of ways.
• some search engines may provide results as a hypertext markup language (HTML) web page including a list of hyperlinks to the content and/or web pages identified as relevant to the search query.
• Other search engines may provide results in a format (e.g., JavaScript notation) which allows native controls on the device to be used to process the results for display.
• Other search engines may provide results in other formats. It should be appreciated that all search results received need not be in the same format, as multiple result formats may be received and displayed.
• each search engine may provide its results to the external computer, and the external computer may provide these results to the client device.
• Embodiments of the invention are not limited to being implemented in any particular way.
• example process 200 proceeds to act 219, wherein results are displayed.
• the results may, for example, include search results generated by search engines to which search queries were submitted, the results of initiating a native action, and/or any other suitable information.
• results may be displayed on a display device that is integrated with or coupled to the client device.
• the results may be displayed in any of a variety of formats and may be presented in any of a variety of possible ways.
• search results returned from search engines that provide search results as an HTML web page may be displayed by rendering the HTML code in the web page.
• metasearch engines such as the above-discussed DogpileTM metasearch engine, which do not render the HTML code received from a search engine, but rather extract links from this HTML code and generate new HTML code to display the extracted links.
• HTML code may be automatically generated to display the received search results, and these search results may be displayed by rendering the automatically generated HTML code.
• the search engines for which results are displayed may include one or more general-purpose search engines and/or one or more site-specific search engines.
• the search results displayed in response to one user- specified query may have been returned by each of multiple different search engines (one or more of which may be a general-purpose search engine, and one or more of which may be a site-specific search engine).
• the search results returned by each search engine may be visually separated from search results returned by other search engines, so that it is clear to the user viewing the search results which search engine provided each set of search results.
• the order of the list of search results returned from each search engine may be preserved in the displayed search results for each search engine, such that the user may view how relevant each search engine determined each search result to be in the results returned.
• Search results from each search engine may be visually separated in any of a variety of possible ways. For example, search results from multiple search engines may be displayed concurrently on the display but separated by columns, lines, or in some other way. In some embodiments, only one of the search engines' search results may be displayed on the display at any given time, and the user may control which of the search engines' search results are displayed (e.g., by selecting an icon, button, or other user interface element).
• search results may be displayed using a carousel metaphor, in which the carousel has a plurality of slots, each slot corresponding to one of the search engines from which search results were received. User selection of one of the slots of the carousel may, for example, cause results returned by the corresponding search engine to be displayed.
• Figures 10A and 10B show screenshots of example displays 1000A-1000B which employ a carousel metaphor.
• Example displays 1000A- 1000B may, for example, be presented by the Dragon SearchTM application offered by Nuance Communications, Inc., of Burlington, MA for use with the iPhoneTM device offered by Apple Computer, Inc. of Cupertino, CA.
• Example display 1000 A shown in Figure 10A presents results generated in response to a first user- specified query
• example display 1000B shown in Figure 10B presents results generated in response to a second user- specified query.
• Each of example displays 1000A-1000B includes a carousel having multiple slots, with each slot being assigned a different search engine or native action.
• example display 1000A comprises carousel 1001A which includes slots 1020A, 1025A, 1030A, 1035 A and 1040A, each of which corresponds to a different search engine or native action.
• example display 1000B comprises carousel 1001B which includes slots 1020B, 1025B, 1030B, 1035B and 1040B, each of which corresponds to a different search engine or native action.
• the search engine or native action to which each slot corresponds is identified via an icon that identifies the search engine or native action, although any suitable manner of identification (e.g., symbol, text, image, etc.) may be employed.
• the examples shown in Figures 10A-10B depict search engines and/or native actions assigned to slots in a carousel that are chosen based at least in part on the content of a user-specified query.
• example display 1000A ( Figure 10A) shows via query field 1009A that the user- specified query is "Legal Seafood Boston
• a set of search engines and/or native actions are chosen based at least in part on the content of this query, and assigned to each of slots 1020A, 1025 A, 1030A, 1035 A and 1040A.
• choosing the set of search engines and/or native actions may involve determining one or more information categories to which the query relates, and then employing a predefined mapping (an example of which is shown in Table 1, above) to identify a set of search engines and/or native actions that make available information relevant to the identified one or more information categories.
• a predefined mapping an example of which is shown in Table 1, above
• a map application is assigned to slot 1030A
• a search engine offered by the "Yelp” restaurant review website is assigned to slot 1035 A
• a service providing access to telephone numbers included in results generated by a general-purpose search engine is assigned to slot 1025A
• a search engine offered by the "Wikipedia” reference website is assigned to slot 1040A
• a search engine provided by the "Twitter” social networking website is assigned to slot 1020A.
• query field 1009 A indicates that the user-specified query is "Avatar.”
• a set of search engines and/or native actions is chosen based at least in part on the content of this query, and assigned to slots 1020B, 1025B, 1030B, 1035B and 1040B.
• the user-specified query "Avatar” is associated with the "Movies” and "Title [not in theaters]” information categories, so that the set assigned to slots 1020B, 1025B, 1030B, 1035B and 1040A (as defined by the example mapping provided by Table 1) includes a search engine offered by the "IMDB" movie information website assigned to slot 1030B, a search engine offered by the "rottentomatoes” movie review website assigned to slot 1035B, a media player application assigned to slot 1025B, a search engine offered by the "Wikipedia” reference website assigned to slot 1040B, and a search engine provided by the "Twitter” social networking website assigned to slot 1020B.
• some embodiments of the invention enable the slots in a carousel to be assigned to sets of search engines and/or native actions based on the content of a user- specified query, rather than the slots being assigned to a static set regardless of the query that is received.
• the assignment of a search engine or native action to a carousel slot in some embodiments may be considered "dynamic" in that it is based at least in part on the content of a user' s query. It should be appreciated, however, that some embodiments of the invention may not assign all slots dynamically.
• one or more search engines and/or native actions assigned to slots may be statically defined, and others may be dynamically determined.
• one or more slots in a carousel may each be assigned a predefined search engine or native action, and one or more other slots may each be assigned dynamically.
• the assignment of a search engine or native action to a slot in a carousel may be performed in any suitable way, as embodiments of the invention are not limited to any particular manner of implementation.
• Example display 1000 A includes area 1005 A in which results generated by a selected search engine or native action are displayed.
• a user selects a search engine or native action to cause its results to be displayed in area 1005 A by providing input to (e.g., tapping if a client device includes a touch display, and/or providing any other suitable form of input) a corresponding icon shown in a carousel slot.
• example display 1000 A includes indicator 1007 A to indicate the slot in the carousel 1001 A selected for display.
• the indicator 1007 A indicates that results generated by the map application identified by the icon in slot 1030A are displayed in area 1005A.
• indicator 1007B indicates that results generated by the search engine provided by the "IMDB" website identified by the icon shown in slot 1030B are displayed in area 1005B.
• the placement of particular search engines or native actions in particular carousel slots may be determined dynamically (e.g., based on an estimated similarity between the content of the query (and/or other information) and content made available by a search engine or native action). For example, some embodiments of the invention may provide for results generated by search engines providing access to a specific type of information that it is believed the user seeks to be presented more prominently than results generated by search engines providing access to more general types of information.
• a most aggressive specific search engine option e.g., provided by a site that makes available specialized information relating to the user-specified query
• other less aggressive specific search engine options e.g., providing less specialized information, but potentially encompassing the type of information the user seeks
• Displaying some information more prominently than other information may be accomplished in any of numerous ways. In the examples shown in Figures 10A-10B, information generated by a particular search engine or native application may be displayed more prominently than other information by allocating that information to a slot in the carousel that has a more prominent appearance than others.
• the slot may be one which is displayed upon the search results initially being presented so that the user need take no action (e.g., scrolling the carousel) to view them, one which is justified with respect to the display (e.g., centered, left-justified, right-justified), and/or defined using any other criteria.
• results generated by the "IMDB" search engine identified as those to be displayed most prominently, are shown in slot 1030B, which is centered with respect to the display.
• slot 1030B is shown immediately upon results being presented, as indicated by indicator 1007B.
• information generated by the map application identified as that which is to be displayed most prominently, are shown in slot 1030A, which is centered with respect to the display and shown immediately as indicated by indicator 1007 A.
• a user may configure which search engines are to be allocated to which slots in the carousel.
• the allocation of carousel slots to particular search engines may be made based on the results returned by the search engines. For example, if one of the search engines selected at act 203 of process 200 as a search engine to be queried does not return any search results or returns an indication that no search results were found as a result of the query, a slot in the carousel may not be allocated for that search engine, and the page returned from that search engine may not be displayed to the user.
• a user may be provided with the capability to scroll up and down the list of search results and/or adjust the zoom level at which results are displayed so as to adjust which portion of the search results are displayed in area 1005.
• not all of the carousel slots may be able to be displayed at one time, owing to the size of the display.
• slots 1020 A and 1040 A are only partially displayed.
• carousel 1001A may include slots that are not displayed at all in example display 1000A.
• some embodiments of the invention enable a user to adjust which slots of the carousel are displayed by shifting the carousel to the right side and/or to the left side of the display. This may be accomplished in any of a variety of ways. For example, the user may drag the carousel in one direction using a pointer device such as a mouse, or drag the carousel in one direction using his or her finger in embodiments in which display 1000 is presented on a touch screen.
• a carousel 1001 may wrap around a display 1000. For example, if the user continuously drags carousel 1001A to the left side of display 1000A, then the slots of carousel 1001 A moving the left will move off of the left side of the display and will eventually re-enter the display on the right side. In this respect, dragging carousel 1001 A in a particular direction can be thought of as rotating the carousel in that direction.
• example displays 1000 A and 1000B each include a query field
• query field 1009 indicates to a user the query that is the basis for information supplied to a selected search engine or native application for which information is displayed in area 1005.
• query field 1009 may display the user- supplied query that is the basis for information submitted to each different search engine or native application in response to that query.
• the query shown in the field may change with the selection of different slots on the carousel, to show the information submitted to each.
• a user may input a search query into field 1009 in any of a variety ways.
• a user may provide text input to field 1009 (e.g., via a physical or touch screen keyboard).
• a user may provide voice input to field 1009.
• the user may select (e.g., touch) button 1011 and speak his or her search query into a microphone on the client device.
• queries for each of the search engines selected in act 203 may be issued automatically in response to receiving the search query from the user in act 201.
• the queries for all or some of the search engines selected in act 203 may not be issued to those search engines until the user provides input requesting to view the search results from those search engines.
• the search results from some search engines may include a large amount of content.
• the search results from a search engine for a web site that hosts video clips may include a thumbnail image of each video included in the list of results. Consequently, transferring the search results from the search engine to the client device or external computer may take a relatively long time.
• the time taken to transfer the search results may be time that is not well spent if the user does not ever view the search results from that search engine.
• search queries to search engines that return results including bandwidth-intensive content such as a large number of images, video data, audio data, and/or other bandwidth-intensive content may not be issued automatically in response to receiving a user-supplied search query, while search queries to search engines that return results that do not include bandwidth-intensive content may be issued automatically.
• the size of the content (or the expected size of the content) of a set of search results is one example of a criterion that may be used to determine whether to issue a search query automatically to a particular search engine or whether to await some user indication before issuing the query to that search engine. Any of a variety of other criteria or combinations of criteria may be used.
• Some embodiments of the invention may provide for displaying sponsored content and/or other information in response to a user- specified query.
• a search engine in response to a query being received, is identified to which to submit a representation of the query. The identifying may be based at least in part on consideration received from an operator of the at least one search engine.
• the display of sponsored content may be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, some embodiments may enable a banner which includes sponsored content on a display. In other embodiments, sponsored content may be displayed within a particular slot on a carousel. In yet other embodiments, the order in which icons are arranged in slots on the carousel may be influenced by consideration received an entity. For example, a search engine provider may pay to have its results displayed more prominently than other search engines' results, such as by displaying the search engine's results in the center slot of the carousel, or by having its results be shown immediately upon any results being made available.
• the display of sponsored content may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as embodiments of the invention are not limited in this respect.
• sponsored content may be driven by the content of a user's query. For example, if a user's query indicates that he/she seeks information on a particular restaurant of a particular category of restaurant, then another restaurant in that category may pay to have one of the slots in the carousel show information on its location(s), reviews, coupons or other promotional offer.
• sponsored content may be driven by information other than the content of a user' s query.
• sponsored content may be driven by such auxiliary information as the location of a client device, previous searches and/or browsing activity performed by the user, demographic information on the user, the speed at which the device is moving (which may indicate whether and what type of vehicle the device is travelling in), and/or other information. For example, if a user- specified query indicates that the user is looking for information on nearby restaurants, then a restaurant located close to the user's current location may have information presented on the display based, at least in part, on the restaurant having paid to have its information displayed to such users. Any of numerous implementations are possible. VI. Monitoring User Actions
• search results from one or more search engines are displayed to a user
• the user may view some or all of the lists of search results, and may access hyperlinks to view web pages or content identified in the lists of results.
• the application program may monitor user actions taken with respect to the search results and may store information about the monitored user actions.
• the monitored actions can take any suitable form, as the aspect of the invention relating to monitoring user actions is not limited in this respect.
• the monitored user actions may include, for example, which search engines' search results the user viewed and what web pages and/or content the user accessed.
• the information describing the monitored user actions may be subsequently used to update language models used in automatic speech recognition of voice queries, determine which search engines to query in response to subsequent user queries, determine how search engine results are to be presented (e.g., determine which carousel slot is the default slot and/or in what order the search engines are to be positioned in the carousel slots), and/or to facilitate various other aspects of querying search engines, displaying search engine results and/or launching native behaviors.
• the client device may send the monitored information to the external computer.
• the external computer may associate this information with the client device, the user of the client device, and/or the network address from which the information was sent, and may store it for subsequent use.
• FIG. 11 is a block diagram an illustrative computing device 1100 that may be used to implement any of the above-discussed computing devices.
• the computing device 1100 may include one or more processors 1101 and one or more tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., memory 1103).
• Memory 1103 may store, in tangible non-transitory computer-readable storage media computer instructions that implement any of the above-described functionality.
• Processor(s) 1101 may be coupled to memory 1103 and may execute such computer instructions to cause the functionality to be realized and performed.
• Computing device 1100 may also include a network input/output (I/O) interface 1105 via which the computing device may communicate with other computers (e.g., over a network), and may also include one or more user I/O interfaces, via which the computer may provide output to and receive input from a user.
• the user I/O interfaces may include devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a display device (e.g., a monitor or touch screen), speakers, a camera, and/or various other types of I/O devices.
• the above-described embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any of numerous ways.
• the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof.
• the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers.
• any component or collection of components that perform the functions described above can be generically considered as one or more controllers that control the above-discussed functions.
• the one or more controllers can be implemented in numerous ways, such as with dedicated hardware, or with general purpose hardware (e.g., one or more processors) that is programmed using microcode or software to perform the functions recited above.
• one implementation of various embodiments of the present invention comprises at least one tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a computer memory, a floppy disk, a compact disk, and optical disk, a magnetic tape, a flash memory, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, etc.) encoded with one or more computer programs (i.e., a plurality of instructions) that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, performs the above-discussed functions of various embodiments of the present invention.
• the computer-readable storage medium can be transportable such that the program(s) stored thereon can be loaded onto any computer resource to implement various aspects of the present invention discussed herein.
• references to a computer program which, when executed, performs the above-discussed functions is not limited to an application program running on a host computer. Rather, the term computer program is used herein in a generic sense to reference any type of computer code (e.g., software or microcode) that can be employed to program a processor to implement the above-discussed aspects of the present invention.
• embodiments of the invention may be implemented as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided.
• the acts performed as part of the method(s) may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.
• Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed. Such terms are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term).

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• 2012
  • 2012-07-12 WO PCT/US2012/046365 patent/WO2013009938A2/fr active Application Filing
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