WO2012175339A2

WO2012175339A2 - Decentralised energy network and method for distributing energy in a decentralised energy network

Info

Publication number: WO2012175339A2
Application number: PCT/EP2012/060733
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jochen SCHÄFER; Sebastian Nielebock; Wolfgang Weydanz
Original assignee: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date: 2011-06-24
Filing date: 2012-06-06
Publication date: 2012-12-27
Also published as: WO2012175339A3; DE102011078042A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a decentralised energy network as well as to a method for distributing energy in a decentralised energy network. In the future, energy networks will generate energy in an increasingly decentralised manner by means of a plurality of energy generation units. To this end, the networks must be structured in a far more self-organised manner than has hitherto been the case. In order to guarantee the robustness of such decentralised energy networks and an appropriate distribution of energy in such networks to a plurality of energy consumption units, the energy network according to the invention comprises corresponding agents, at least one agent being associated with every energy consumption or energy generation unit in the decentralised energy network. The agents are interconnected in such a way that every agent can communicate with other agents in the energy network. Any change in power output or power consumption requires a commercial act, whereby significant balance errors are avoided. In order to avoid or to reduce phase imbalances, according to the invention, energy is distributed in the energy network on the basis of phase-specific monetary transactions negotiated between the agents. In order to render the link between the electrical and monetary transaction viable, power purchasing agreements of various natures may be concluded between producers and consumers. The energy network is structured so that the energy in the network is distributed in a phase-specific manner, at least partially on the basis of monetary transactions negotiated between the agents. In this way, an appropriate distribution of energy on the basis of free market mechanisms is achieved. In addition, the decentralised energy network preferably contains other components. In particular, an energy exchange unit is provided, by means of which the agents negotiate the monetary transactions while the energy network is in operation.

Description

description

Decentralized energy network and method of distributing energy in a decentralized energy network

The invention relates to a three-phase, decentralized energy ^¬ network, in particular a low-voltage network, for the distribution of electrical energy and a method for distributing the electrical energy in such a power grid.

The generation of energy in electric power grids today is increasingly based on a plurality of decentralized power generation units in the form of small and medium size generator systems, such. As photovoltaic systems, combined heat and power plants and other decentralized and renewable energy generation plants. The number of these power generation units is continuously increasing, so that a paradigm shift in the energy supply takes place in such a way that the energy of power generation units is atomically distributed without the interposition of a central energy supplier to energy consumers in the energy networks.

As energy consumers are z. As heat pumps, compression refrigerators or chargers for electric vehicles connected to the power grid. Especially for cost reasons, both the power generation units and the energy consumers are trained in single phase with powers of up to 3kW. The connection of single-phase power generation units and energy consumers to a three-phase power grid can lead to an unbalanced load on the power grid. The greater the number of single-phase connected power generation units and energy consumers, the stronger the load in the phases of the power grid can increase. From the different load of the phases, ie the outer conductor of the power grid, errors in the electrical network ^¬ connected electrical components can occur.

These include, for example, the saturation of transforma- The overload of cable connections and the disconnection of individual components due to a tolerance range violation of the mains voltage. In order to avoid phase imbalances, the coordinated connection of power generation units and energy consumption units would be required for an equal distribution of the power fed into and related to the individual phases.

From WO 2009/040140 AI a power grid with a plurality of energy consumption and / or Energieerzeugungseinhei ^¬ th is known, which in each case at least one agent is assigned, the agents are networked with each other such that each agent with other agents in the power grid can communicate. Every change in power output or power consumption, ie both active and reactive power, sets one

Trading tact, thereby avoiding large balance errors. Electricity purchase contracts of various kinds are concluded between producers and consumers. The power system is configured such that the distribution of electric energy in the power grid, at least partly based on Zvi ^¬ rule the agent negotiated monetary transactions. A distribution of energy is achieved based on market mechanisms ^¬ supply and demand of energy. In order to keep the voltage and the frequency in the energy grid stable energy equalization systems are used. To the

To reduce the use of such energy equalization systems as possible, uneven energy distributions are identified. The object of the invention is to provide a decentralized energy network, which meets the above requirements and the energy of several energy and / or energy ^¬ generating units usefully depending on Energiebe ^¬ may be distributed and generable energy.

This object is achieved by the independent claims ge ^¬ triggers. Further developments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims. The energy network according to the invention comprises a plurality of energy consumption and / or energy generation units, each associated with at least one agent, wherein the agents are networked with each other so that each agent can communicate with other agents in the power grid. Each change of power output or power consumption requires ei ^¬ nen Handelsakt, creating large balance errors. In order to make this coupling between the electric and the monetary act practicable, it is possible to conclude electricity purchase contracts of various kinds between producers and consumers. The energy network is ^embodied in such a way that the distribution of the electrical energy in the energy network is at least partially based on monetary transactions negotiated between the agents.

In order to avoid or reduce phase imbalances, it is provided according to the invention that the distribution of the energy in the energy network takes place on the basis of phase-specific monetary transactions negotiated between the agents. This means that as a result of a commercial act, the energy or energy supplied by a component from the three-phase power network is selectively connected to a particular outer conductor of the power network to the voltages between the individual phases (conductors) of the energy network in the desired manner to influence. The phase imbalances can be the more electrical components are integrated in phase-specific trade ^¬ acts, the more reduced.

With the inventive method, a phase-specific distribution of energy is thus achieved based on Marktmecha ^¬ mechanisms of supply and demand of energy. The mo ^¬-monetary transactions provide this particular negotiated punched contracts between individual agents is with whom the sale or purchase of certain quantities is committed to energy. These contracts therefore also include the price at which the energy is sold by one agent and bought by the other agent.

According to the invention, the power generation or

Self-organizing energy provision regulated by the fact that the agents include the functionality of the phase-specific negotiation of monetary transactions. This ensures in a simple manner locally controlled, even orga ^¬ nisierende distribution of energy with an even load of the phases in the net. A a respective energy consumption and / or energy generation unit associated agent may comprise for this purpose a controllable switching means connecting the energy consumption and / or energy generation unit se ^¬ tively with one of the phases of the power system.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the power grid may also couple to other energy networks and draw energy from other energy networks or provide surplus energy to other energy networks.

To carry out the above monetary transactions, each agent in the power grid preferably has a transaction unit which automatically negotiates prices with other agents for providing and / or purchasing energy and concludes corresponding contracts. One of each

Energy consumption and / or energy generation unit zugeord ^¬ neter agent preferably also includes an energy measurement and / or power control unit for the phase-selective measurement and / or control the respective one of the energy consumption and / or energy generation unit consumed and bereitge ^¬ set energy, thereby to determine whether or how much energy in the energy network can be offered for sale or should be acquired through purchase. Each agent preferably comprises one or more communica tion ^¬ interface, in particular an external Kommunikati ^¬ onsschnittstelle to communicate with other agents and / or an internal communication interface for communication nication with the energy consumption and / or energy generation units to which the respective agent is assigned. To provide easy access by a user to allow the SET ^¬ lungs of the agents, each agent may include one or more user interfaces for accessing and setting parameters of the respective agents.

A particularly simple review of the parameters of an agent is made possible in that a respective Agent auto ^¬ matically reports about his condition generated. This reporting ^¬ te can then be viewed by a user, for example, via corresponding user interfaces ^¬.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the negotiation of the monetary transactions is regulated by a central unit. This is an energy-exchange unit which ^¬ is taltet preferably such ausges that collects offers and requests of the agents for energy phase-specific and based on the In ^¬ offered and requests purchases and sales of energy phasenspe ^¬ zifisch between Agents mediated. In this way, a central trading platform is like a stock market geschaf ^¬ fen on which the energy in the energy network is as a commodity Gehan ^¬ delt. It is thus achieved simply by Marktmechanis ^¬ men a proper distribution of energy in the power grid. In order to perform the greatest possible number of transactions at a particular time in the power grid, the energy exchange unit is configured in a preferred execution ^¬ form such that they phases ^¬ specifically calculates an energy price at which the largest number of monetary transactions between the agent takes place. This price is called the market-clearing price, with the Be ^¬ bill is further explained in the detailed description. Based on these phase-specific energy prices The energy exchange unit then arranges the purchases and sales of energy.

Furthermore, the energy exchange unit is preferably configured such that can be supplied to this unit ^¬ attacked by the agent to view the operations in the energy exchange unit transactions. In order to carry out, if appropriate, transactions outside the network, the energy exchange unit in a further embodiment of the invention is designed such that it can contact energy exchange units of other energy networks in order to provide energy to or from the other energy networks Respectively. In order to avoid abuses when carrying out the energy and monetary transactions, in a preferred variant of the invention a monitoring unit is also provided in the energy network. This unit monitors the execution of the monetary transactions and the phase-selective provision based thereon and the phase-selective consumption of energy based thereon by the energy consumption and / or energy generation units. The monitoring unit has the authorization to initiate countermeasures in the presence of predetermined criteria. Such criteria are in particular detected cases of abuse or

Emergency situations. For example, in the case of energy shortages, it must be ensured that the energy still available is first sent to public entities, such as B. sick ^¬ houses, is spread before it is provided other industrial plant-gen.

In a particularly preferred embodiment that can be performed by the monitoring unit countermeasures include the reduction and / or increasing the gieverbrauchs- by a respective energy and / or power generating unit bereitge ^¬ prepared and / or consumed energy, in particular, the countermeasure can also be the complete shutdown of a respective energy consumption or energy generating unit. The remedial action may include, for phase change and the output of a corresponding command for reducing or increasing the riding ^¬ be provided by a respective energy consumption and / or power generating unit and the energy consumed and / or the output of a corresponding command.

Furthermore, the agents may each have electronic seals to prevent manipulation of the agents, in which case the monitoring unit preferably has the authorization to check the electronic seals of the agents. In addition, the Surveillance Unit may be granted the right to receive reports of suspected abuses and to investigate and / or initiate investigations into suspected abuses.

In a further, particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, a management unit for managing the energy consumption and / or energy generation units belonging to the energy network and their agents is also provided in the energy network. The management unit is preferential ^¬ be designed such that they registered agents in the energy network and / or logs. In this way is stored in the management unit, how many and which energy ^{¬-consumption} or energy generation units are involved in the energy network. In particular, the management unit is configured such that it provides an interface, in particular ^¬ sondere a web page, information about the power network and the registration and / or logging off of agents possible.

Preferably, an object of the management unit is to monitor the power consumption and power generation of the energy consumption and / or power generation units, whereby the occurrence of energy shortages and / or imbalance weights in the energy distribution counter measures by the management unit are determined and corresponding instruc ^¬ solutions and / or suggestions to be issued to the agents by the administrative unit. The countermeasures can in particular a decoupling of the energy network from other energy networks and the issuing of instructions to the agents for increasing the energy production and / or reducing the energy consumption of the energy consumption and / or energy generation units belonging to the respective agents and / or changing the phase of the energy network. The management unit may include analysis with ^¬ tel for analyzing the energy distribution in the energy network further optionally, wherein can be generated based on the analysis, for example Corresponding statistics for later analysis.

Furthermore, the administrative unit can offer advisory services and / or services to promote the technical development of the energy network. For example, the advisory services may consist of accessing a web page where relevant information for advice to the energy network users can be obtained. A service for the advancement of technical development can consist in the fact that through the administrative unit

Programs are defined, which cause, for example, about mone ^¬-monetary rewards participants in the network to develop better algorithms (for example for a quick Entkop ^¬ PelN of the energy network) and provide the administrative unit.

The management unit can be prepared as an interface to at ^¬ whose energy networks, that is, the management unit is configured such that it can communicate with other power networks, particularly with management units of other energy networks.

In addition to the decentralized energy network described above, the invention further comprises a method for distributing energy in such an energy network, wherein the distribution of energy in the energy network is at least partially based on ^phase- specific monetary transactions negotiated between the agents. Embodiments of the invention are described below in detail with reference to the accompanying figure. It shows:

Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a power grid according to the invention. Hereinafter, an embodiment of a three-phase

Power grid is described which is distributed based on the Prinzi ^¬ enthalpies of self-organization and decentralization energy. For this purpose, the power network comprises a plurality of individual agents PEAs (PEA = Private Energy Agent) which are each associated with a power generation and / or energy consumption ^¬ unit in the network. In the following, the term PEA is generally also used as a synonym for the associated power generation or energy consumption unit. The power generation units are, for example, photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, Sterling motors, batteries or electrochemical storage units as well as so-called CHP systems (CHP = Combined Heat and Power). The CHP plants can use energy z. B. generate based on the combustion of diesel or based on the combustion of hydrogen or hydrocarbons in fuel cells. The units of energy consumption in particular households, ge ^¬ advertising consumers (such as office buildings, public baths and the like) and industrial consumers. Optionally, the energy consumption and power generation units can be combined units which consume both energy (excess) can provide energy generated in the network ready ^¬. This applies in particular to energy storage, such. B. electrochemical storage, but can also Spei ^¬ cher such as flywheels and combinations such as electrolytes - hydrogen storage - comprise ^reconversion units.

The three-phase energy network comprises, in a manner known to those skilled in the art, three outer conductors (LI, L2, L3) and a neutral one. conductor (N) and a protective conductor (PE). The energy network is preferably a low-voltage network, ie a power network in which the voltage between one of the outer conductors and the neutral conductor is, for example, 230 V.

Ideally, in the three-phase power network, there is a symmetrical load on the three phase conductors or phases with respect to the neutral conductor. This means, in the ideal case, the voltage applied between a respective outer conductor and the neutral conductor N is the same. An uneven distribution of stress is called phase asymmetry, which is characterized by a (strongly) different loading of the three phases of the energy network. Possible, caused by such a phase imbalance errors are at ^¬ play, the saturation of distribution transformers of the power network, the congestion of cable connections and disconnection of the individual components by a tolerance band exceeding the prevailing between one of the outer conductors and the neutral conductor voltage.

In order not to let such a phase asymmetry occur or to reduce an existing phase asymmetry, devices for controlling the loading of the phases of the energy network are respectively provided in the PEAs (or alternatively in the energy consuming and / or generating units assigned to them). These devices are connected on the one hand to the three-phase power grid and on the other hand to the energy ^¬ consumption and / or generation units (electrical components). The device is connected to all three outer conductors, the neutral conductor and the protective conductor and has a switching means with which the electrical component can receive phase-selectively energy from the three phases of the energy network or feed into it in response to a control signal.

If the energy consumption and / or generation unit is a single-phase electrical component, then the switching means the device may be formed as a controllable switching element which connects the electrical component for Energieent ^¬ acquisition or feed with one of the three phases. The switching means may alternatively comprise a converter circuit. For example, two inverters are over theirs

DC voltage intermediate circuit having a capacitor for Glät ^¬ tion of Rippelströmen coupled together. The electrical component may then be not only a single-phase power generation and / or power consumption unit but also a three-phase component. By means of the two with each other ^¬ coupled inverter may be carried out a variable phase specific energy supply or -entnähme. In particular, it is possible to obtain different powers from individual phases or to feed them into them. Another advantage is that a phase change without Ab ^¬ circuit of the electrical component is possible. In addition, the coscp of the line-side converter can be specified via a corresponding control. Thus, a reactive power compensation is possible.

The basic procedure of a phase-selective energy supply and / or - energy extraction is as follows: If the electrical component is a power generation unit, it follows ^¬ the compound with that of the outer conductor, which has the smallest voltage relative to the neutral conductor. Refers to the electrical component stream from the three-phase power network, the electric component with Demjéni ^¬ gen outer conductor is connected, which has the highest voltage relative to the neutral conductor of the power system. Whether the electrical component must be connected to the outer conductor with the highest voltage or the outer conductor with the lowest voltage can be determined by the detection of the current direction. The power measurement is used insbesonde ^¬ re of the detection, whether the component is a power generator or a power consumer. This information is used to select the "right" phase. If energy storage devices, ie components that can simultaneously be producers and consumers, are operated, the phase change, in the case of the communication device, can be transmitted by the higher-level control. If this is not available, the hysteresis band can be placed around the zero point so that even relatively low load requirements, to the memory, do not lead to any switching of the component. In the case of rapid request changes, the switch can make a phase lock, ie z. B. within 10s a switching frequency> 10 detected, the switching is blocked and only released again according to the set maximum Stromvorzeichenände ^¬ tion per time. Through the phase-selective energy supply and / or

-Decreasing phase asymmetries can be avoided. If phase asymmetries already exist in the three-phase energy network, they can be reduced by the (control) device. The effect is greater, the greater the number of a respective control device according to the invention is ^¬ connected components.

A change of phase is basically possible during operation of the electrical component. However, it is expedient to change the phase as a function of one of the

Current measuring device detected current to make. In particular, a switching of the phase should only take place if the current fed into the energy grid or taken from the power grid is below a predetermined threshold. As a result, a low-load or load-free switching can be made possible. It is also expedient if a hysteresis curve for the (phase) voltage is stored in the device. The hysteresis is chosen for the changeover of the mains voltage if necessary blocking of the phase field is changing place festzu for a defined time after switching ^¬. In this way - if the phase asymmetry around the switching criterion oscillates around - excessively frequent phase changes can be avoided. The power supply network shown in FIG. 1 distributes the power generated or consumed as uniformly as possible at the phases in ^¬ nerhalb of the network, wherein excess energy can be provided also other networks or optionally also energy from other networks can be obtained from energy shortages. The boundary conditions of this self-organizing energy distribution in this case consist in that on the one hand the voltage and the frequency of the electrical energy supplied should be kept constant and on the other a Be ^{¬ operation of} the network autonomously, ie independent of other energy networks, should be possible. In order to achieve this, the PEAs are networked with each other so that each PEA can communicate with another PEA, ie exchange corresponding information. In addition, a central and local energy exchange unit LEX is also provided to access wel ^¬ che each PEA. The communication of the PEAs with each other is indicated here with corresponding arrows PI, whereas the communication of the individual PEAs with the energy exchange unit LEX is reproduced with corresponding arrows P2. The communication of PEAs among each other is not limited to neighboring PEAs, but each PEA can communicate with each PEA. The distribution of energy in the power grid of FIG. 1 is essentially market-based characterized in that the individual ^¬ NEN PEAs with one another or with the interposition of local energy exchange unit LEX their required or provide as a commodity on ^¬ schüssige energy and based thereon carry out monetary transactions. The local energy exchange unit LEX thus essentially represents a switching unit of supply and demand of the individual PEAs, which buy or sell energy for money. Since pure market-controlled distribution of the energy in emergencies or misuse by the PEAs can possibly lead to a strong imbalance in the energy distribution, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, an administration unit IA (IA = Island Administration) and a Monitoring unit EP (EP = Electricity Police) provided by which in case of emergency or misuse control mechanisms for energy distribution are provided, which intervene in the purely market-based distribution of energy. The management unit IA and the monitoring unit EP preferably represent public institutions, which have been defined by the PEAs belonging to the energy network, in order to fulfill tasks which can not be optimally controlled by pure market regulation mechanisms, such as eg. As the monitoring of the legal permissibility of a commercial act for the purchase or sale of energy or the decoupling of the illustrated in Fig. 1 energy network of other networks. In the following, the tasks and functions of the individual components of the network of Figs. 1, ie, the agent PEAs, the energy exchange unit LEX, the Verwaltungsein ^¬ integrated IA and the monitoring unit EP in detail beschrie ^¬ ben.

As already mentioned, the PEAs either negotiate monetary transactions for the provision or purchase of energy either with each other or with the interposition of the energy exchange unit LEX. The PEAs can thereby be assigned to any energy generation or energy consumption units, wherein the PEAs z. B. be divided into three classes. The first class concerns micro-PEAs associated with power and / or power generation units with a consumption or generator power of 5 kW and less. The second class relates to mini-PEAs, which energy consumption ^¬ and / or energy generation units are associated with a consumption or generator power of 30 kW and less. The third class includes industrial PEAs which ^¬ energy consumption and / or power generation units with a consumable or generator power of 30 kW and more are assigned. The most important functions of each PEA can be divided into a total of seven functional classes, which are as follows: Measurement functions,

Functions to control the flow of energy within the phases of the energy network,

- user interface functions,

internal communication,

external communication,

Reporting capabilities,

financial functions.

It may possibly be realized only a part of the functions in a PEA. According to the measurement functions, the time-resolved flow of total energy and the flow of energy for specific loads and generators are monitored and stored for each phase. Further, statistical functions are implemented, which calculate the average Ener ^¬ giekurve (load curve, power generation curve) for a "Averaging" or a "mean Week". Additionally, provided by the measurement functions tätsfunktionen Energiequali- which monitor the quality of the riding ^¬ be detected frequency, voltage, and the like.

The functions of the PEA to control the flow of energy ER possible that a user of the PEA, to parameterize certain pre shouted ^¬ bene load curves that are to be met in the PEA. In addition, the user may program certain reaction mechanisms that determine how the PEA should respond to significant deviations from a predetermined energy consumption behavior. If the PEA includes its own energy generators (eg, wind generators, biomass generators, and the like), the PEA will phase-balance the balance between internal and external power generation and power consumption. In addition, a PEA has different energy reduction or Energieab ^¬ switching scenarios, which are performed by the PEA when needed and which z. B. be initiated by the administration unit IA or the monitoring unit EP from the outside can. If necessary, these scenarios can be programmed individually.

The user interface features of a PEA will play as implemented examples through an internal Web server, with the aid of a computer, the special ^¬ a standard PC, allows the parameterization of the PEA. The user interface functions also control access to the PEA from outside. In particular, the parameterization of the PEA can be delegated to a service provider who offers the management of the PEAs as a service. The user interface functions also include alarm mechanisms that can be programmed to inform a user of the PEA when significant deviations from a predetermined load behavior occur, resulting in, for example, very high energy costs due to a deviation from a given contract. The alarm can be implemented acoustically, visually, by sending an SMS, email or in any other way.

Based on the function of the internal communication, a PEA communicates with internal generators and loads as well as with the switching means for phase selection via a standardized interface via which it issues, for example, commands for switching on a generator. In addition, the PEA "intelligent" loads can with so-called. Communicate in order to reduce its performance. For example, such a ligent in ^¬ load be a stove that prevents Be ^¬ user another stove on when already active hotplate Intelligent loads can also be realized in the form of an intelligent household, intelligent building management or in the form of small and medium sized intelligent industrial installations.

Based on the external communication function, a respective PEA communicates with the energy exchange unit LEX to make a corresponding contract for the phase selective To buy or sell energy. In addition, external communication can also take place directly between individual PEAs. Further, each PEA on a communication ^¬ interface to the administrative unit IA described below, to receive, for example, an instruction to Reduzie ^¬ tion of the load. Each PEA also communicates with the monitoring unit EP described in more detail below. Furthermore, corresponding safety functions are realized via the function of the external communication.

According to the reporting functions, a PEA generates reports on the generation and consumption of energy, single event reports, financial statistics reports and reports containing proposals for optimizing the PEA (eg recalibration of the load curve, flexible handling of the negotiation) of contracts and the like).

According to the financial functions, a respective PEA negotiates with other PEAs to buy the energy they need or to sell a surplus of energy. The energy thus represents a commodity, this good is preferably traded on the energy exchange unit LEX. Another function of the PEA is the autonomous Reali ^¬ sation of phase specific energy contracts under mediation of the energy exchange unit LEX or directly with walls ^¬ ren PEAs. In addition, a PEA preferably comprises Opti ^¬ mierungsalgorithmen to reduce the cost of purchasing energy and maximize revenues for the sale of energy. In addition, further optimization mechanisms may be envisaged in the negotiation of contracts. The financial functions also include an electronic seal which safeguards the data relevant to the monetary trade file so that a user can not manipulate it. In addition, security features are implemented advantage to protect the data on the PEA and prevent their out ^¬ peek. As mentioned above, the aim of a PEA is, in particular, to achieve the ^autonomous realization of energy contracts. This means that a PEA should act autonomously in most cases. Under certain general rules that are set by the user of the PEA, it should be able to set pieces to negotiate monetary transactions relating to the purchase and sale of energy durchzufüh ^¬ ren. If such standard situations deviate from given profiles under certain conditions, the user is informed and can intervene manually. In order to add further intelligent functionalities in addition to the elementary functionalities of a PEA at a later date, a generic platform for the implementation of the PEAs should be used.

A PEA can be implemented analogously to a DSL router, wherein preferably an open-source operating system for operating the PEAs, for example Linux, is used. A standard user uses only the standard functionalities of the router. Users with more experience can implement and dynamically customize additional functions based on the open source operating system.

To realize an energy network according to FIG. 1, it is necessary for the operators / users of individual energy or energy generation units to be ready to acquire a corresponding PEA with phase selection mechanism. This is particularly achieved when the Ener ^¬ generating companies energy consumers to use a PEAs cause in that it discounted energy tariffs be ^¬ riding a if a PEA is used by a consumer. The price for the purchase of a PEA should stand for the annual energy consumption costs in a ratio of 1: 1 up to 2: 1. The user interface functionality of the PEA should be sufficiently complex to provide reporting functionality, control functionality, and the like. That's why a big screen is mandatory. As this may result in an unacceptable price for the PEA, there should in particular be the possibility that the PEA can be connected to a standard PC. The PEA should therefore be implemented as a web server.

The functionalities of the energy exchange unit LEX are described below. A basic idea that is based on the use of a LEX is that each act of trading is assigned an act of energy consumption or energy generation. The PEA is an agent acting on behalf of the corresponding consumer or generator to which the PEA is assigned. In addition to local functions for measuring and controlling local demand and supply of energy, LEX should also be able to operate outside the market associated with the local energy grid in order to buy or sell energy. However, the main task of the LEX is to provide a platform for the local market of the individual PEAs of the power grid of Fig. 1. The LEX is preferably implemented as a web server on which the PEAs can access via standardized protocols. The key features of the LEX are as follows:

Gathering offers and inquiries for all phases of the energy network,

Calculation of a so-called market clearing price,

Realization of contracts,

Display of trading activities on a website,

Negotiate with other and larger LEXs to avoid overbidding. Undersupply of energy, reporting to energy producers and energy consumers rather. It may possibly be realized only a part of the functions in a LEX.

To realize the functionality of collecting offers and requests a standardized interface is vorgese ^¬ hen over which the PEA contact the LEX. You can query the current market clearing price and submit offers regarding the purchase and sale of energy and request the current status of trading records.

According to the functionality of the calculation of the market-clearing price one price is calculated by the LEX, the ge ^¬ Mäss the supply and demand of energy to the greatest number leads to monetary transactions for the purchase or sale of energy. This market clearing price is determined as follows:

It is believed that at a given time t the total ^¬ i PEAs a total of ni electricity (in kWh) would buy at a price of pi. Of course, these PEAs would also buy the same amount of energy / electricity at a lower price. Therefore, a total amount at a pre-admit ^¬ nen price P _k would be purchased at electricity, which reads as follows:

Here, all prices are summed which are larger than p _k , ie the prices are arranged as follows:

Conversely, that at a given time t to a ^¬ A number _j of PEAs a total quantity of electricity at a price a _j p _j would sell or higher. The total amount of energy that is eventually sold at a price p _k is then as follows: k

7 = 0

From these aggregated offers and inquiries, the market clearing price p _M cp can finally be calculated, at which the largest number of transactions is carried out. Assuming a continuous representation of the price of, the result of these market-clearing price when the following condi ^¬ supply is met: j ^"s (p) dp = ^ a (p) dp.

The calculation of this market clearing price is carried out by the LEX and based on this price the monetary transactions between the individual PEAs are then mediated.

In order for the LEX to be able to realize the corresponding monetary transactions, the LEX itself contains a broker function, ie each PEA can access the LEX directly without any other trader being interposed. The LEX should therefore have rights and the Bank may conclude appropriate Kaufver ^¬ sluggish as well as to manage the bank accounts of the PEA. Optionally, a LEX may also be implemented as an interregional energy exchange unit to allow for energy exchange between individual local power networks shown in FIG. For this purpose, if appropriate, an intermediate layer between the PEA and the LEX in the form of an energy distributor can be provided.

In order to make trading activities visible to PEAs, such activities are reflected on a website that can be visited by individual consumers or energy producers. This site can thus be a platform to stimulate new market developments, to inform consumers. and communicate trends and estimates to consumers.

A LEX may also, under certain circumstances, contact other or larger LEXs, especially if there is a local demand or surplus of energy. The LEX can then offer the energy surplus of other LEXs or buy energy from other LEXs. The LEX mediated contract partners so ^¬ with contracts between distantly spaced encryption.

The above-mentioned report functionality of the LEX is the important special ^¬ since the PEA work very autonomously. This is because a user often desires a high degree of automation for a commodity such as electricity. Based on the reporting functionality a user can then überprü ^¬ check which amounts of energy purchased by whom and what prices were paid for it. The LEX can also have security functionality. These safety functions should meet the Si ^¬ cherheitsanforderungen the PEA, as the LEX is a communication partner of the PEA. The functionalities of the monitoring unit in the form of the electricity police EP will be explained below. It should be noted that a difference of electrical energy as a commodity to other goods is that electrical energy is indistinguishable. The seller of electricity can not provide the transmitted quantity of electricity with corresponding markings which clearly indicate the origin of the energy. There is therefore no intermediate entity that can track the transfer ei ^¬ nes energy package. Instead, each seller places the amount of energy that he has generated into a common pool, and the consumer extracts a corresponding amount of energy from the pool according to the certificate with which he purchased the amount of energy. It thus occur in the Essentially two different types of frauds:

The seller sells energy that he has not put into the pool.

The device draws power from the pool, for wel ^¬ che he has not paid.

There is therefore a need for a supervisory authority which is entitled to verify the legality of commercial files and which is also entitled to intervene in cases of fraud. This institution is the monitoring unit EP shown in FIG. This monitoring unit can for example be reali ^¬ Siert as Web servers. The basic functionalities of this unit are as follows:

Monitoring of trade files,

Verification of fulfillment of contracts,

Carrying out measurements to track energy shortages,

Right to access the PEAs,

Verification of the integrity of the electronic seal of a PEA,

Instructing permission, a switching off or a reduction in the power of a power generator or a power ^¬ consumer,

Authorization to force a shutdown or degradation of an energy producer or energy consumer,

Receiving reports of suspected abuse,

Conducting investigations regarding suspected abuse.

It can thereby be realized, if appropriate, only part of the functionali ^¬ activities in an EP. The functionality of the monitoring of the trade file ensures the legality of every trade act. This ^¬ he follows the fact that each Handelsakt is reported to the monitoring unit, wherein the message summarizes the traded amount of energy and the time of production or consumption environmentally. The monitoring unit inserts this trading act into a total time schedule. If the timing of the realization of the Handelsakts is reached, the monitoring unit Mes ^¬ solutions through both the power and the energy consumption in order to check whether the Handelsakt was carried out correctly.

The functionality of performing measurements to track energy bottlenecks serves to identify such energy bottlenecks that are not caused by abuse. Sol ^¬ che energy ^shortages can have their cause, for example, in egg ^¬ ner wrong calibration of measuring equipment, losses on the lines and the like. Accurate measurements at various locations, in particular at energy plants for balancing the energy, are the basis for the exact examination of the system and the detection of technical problems of all kinds.

In accordance with the functionality of access to the PEAs, the Surveillance Unit has the exclusive right to access the PEAs with or without appropriate court orders, depending on the situation. There is a standard access to the respective PEA for monitoring trade files. This access is secured by a cryptographic mechanism, so that only the monitoring unit can access this data.

According to the electronic seal verification functionality of a PEA, it allows the monitoring unit to access the PEA to verify the integrity of that seal. The seal protects the data area of the PEA, which contains trade-relevant information. Since the monitoring unit performs a variety of measurements ^¬, it can quickly identify problems in the provision or in the demand for electrical energy. To forestall damage affecting larger public institutions, such as hospitals, public facilities, and the like, the monitoring unit has the functionality of disabling or reducing the performance of energy consumers. In doing so, the PEAs implement mechanisms for responding to such commands. Such a command may involve time delays, it may be conditional and it may be prioritized. In emergencies where damage is to be avoided, the monitoring unit may also issue a command not tied to a condition. This command includes, among other things, an increase in power or a differentiated increase or decrease in power or a shutdown of the power of individual consumers or energy producers. For example, switching off televisions can be forced because a heavy electrical appliance must remove a tree from train tracks. According to a further functionality, the monitoring unit ^¬ ^¬ Vermu Teter scams also serves to accept advertisements for.

The monitoring unit may further cases of suspected fraud cases in the energy network itself to be entitled to carry out investi ^¬ tions. The investigations can be initiated, for example, by weaving robots. The management ^¬ unit can only be used for initialization of further investigations and, where the tests are carried out even by human Liehe user.

When implementing the monitoring unit, ^various safety ^aspects must be taken into account in order to did a police instance realize. Among other things, these aspects concern the verifiability of fraud, ie means must be provided that an agent in the network who has carried out a specific action can not deny authorship of this action.

The functionalities of the management unit IA shown in FIG. 1 will be explained below. According to represent ^¬ provided in Fig. 1 energy network, the PEAs involved form a kind of "island" which is ver on the management unit IA ^¬ prevails. The significance of such island is that in case of problems, which to its cause far ent ^¬ fernten parts of the island have the "inhabitants of the island" (representing the PEA's) have the ability to decouple from the "rest of the world" and solve their energy problems themselves. such distant cause can at ^¬ his game as shutting down a power line in another country. the possibility of decoupling implies that the capacity of power generation and energy demand on the island are balanced. the Prin ^¬ zip the island is "self-similar", ie islands from any possible power class up to a single household can be realized. If each household or Wenig ^¬ least a greater part of a household one type of energy generation has (such. As a photovoltaic roof), at least the operation of the island on this very small scale possible for a certain time.

According to the invention, the administrative unit IA represents a unit which assumes administrative tasks for each island from PEAs and implements the required administrative structures. In particular, such management ^¬ unit comprises the following functions: - Register and deregistration of PEA in the management unit,

Manage a website with information about the island, Performing the decoupling of the island,

Monitoring performance imbalances,

Consulting services,

Analysis,

- technical development of the island,

Communication with other islands.

If necessary, only a part of the functions can be realized in an IA.

According to the functionality of the registration or the deregistration, a new consumer can register to an administrative unit. If necessary, several administrative units may be active in a given geographical area. The advantage of registering at an administrative unit is that in the case of a distant one

Power failure the individual, registered unit is embedded in a larger context, so that the operation of the unit after such an event is suitably ensured. Competition between individual administrative units ^¬ is of course desirable and thus it is also possible for the PEA, log out of an administrative unit. Via a website, the administrative unit informs about the number and capacities of energy consumers or energy producers that belong to an island. The website also provides access to the registration process. In addition, information about the pros given for the island rules are given, such as what actions are taken if an island decoupled, as the administrative unit dealing with the market-based Energievertei ^¬ development and the like. The process of undocking the island is then initialized by the Management ^¬ processing unit in particular when a distant power failure occurs, the impact on the Ener ^¬ gieversorgung the PEA of the island. In order to implement the decoupling of the island, the administrative unit has the authorization to specify energy controls for the energy producers and energy consumers. The management unit includes a database containing information regarding the flexibility of the different energy producers and consumers. This information can be collected early on automatically through communication between the IA administrative unit and the PEAs. If, for example, the external power supply reaches a level of 30% and then suddenly fails completely, the administrative unit instructs the energy consumers to immediately reduce their energy consumption accordingly. Then, the management unit determines the power generation capacities within the island and instructs the power generators to take the necessary generation of energy accordingly. In principle, such a failure of an ex ^¬ ternal power supply could also be controlled by the market. However, there is a risk that industrial plants will compete with hospitals for the purchase of energy. Therefore it makes sense to balance the mechanisms of the free market ^¬ s, which is achieved on the management unit, which operates according to generally accepted Aktionsplä ^¬ nen in case of emergency situations.

In order to keep the voltage and frequency stable in the power grid, energy balancers typically exist in conventional power networks that compensate for poor estimates of line losses, incorrect performance of contracts, incorrect measurements, or the like. Such balancing systems always lead to additional losses. In order to reduce the use of such energy equalization systems as possible, the management unit pursues pha ^¬ sensually uneven energy distributions, for example, with the aid of the monitoring unit EP, which identifies their causes. The administrative unit then proposes - also phase-specific - appropriate measures to remedy the problem. The administrative unit offers and consulting services for the individual PEAs with regard to energy-related products, energy-saving options and the like. The management unit further performs analysis based on the data of which are measured in the operation of the power system ge ^¬. From this statistics are generated, which make it possible to define appropriate measures to improve the energy supply situation of the whole network or individual energy producers and energy consumers.

The administrative unit may also support the technical development of the energy network by establishing appropriate programs. Of course, this can only be done based on the free market mechanism. However, the focus of technological development is on characteristics which affect only the administrative unit, given ^¬ play, the development of better algorithms to perform the rapid decoupling of the energy network.

The management unit also enables communication with other power networks, whereby corresponding mechanisms of cooperation with other networks can be implemented.

The security requirements for the administrative unit IA are similar to the security requirements for the monitoring unit EP, since the administrative unit, like the monitoring unit, is a public authority and has certain execution rights. Therefore it is necessary to prevent hazardous substan ^¬ che actions that can be performed by the administrative unit possible ^¬ example, such. For example, the administrative unit incorrectly separates an industrial facility from the power grid. The management unit may also be the target of attacks by hackers. Therefore, access control in the administrative unit is an important security requirement. By coordinating energy consumption units and energy generation units that are capable of phase-specific power consumption or feed-in, the problems caused by phase asymmetries in the energy network can be reduced independently. As already explained, coordination takes place through agent-based and phase-specific trading. The trade mechanism can ensure problem solving via market prices. At the same time, problem solving takes place at economically optimized costs, since technical measures are taken where they make economic sense.

An additional provision / removal of reactive ^{ice ¬} tion, the mains voltage can be kept within a tolerance band, whereby a better network utilization is ensured. Phase-specific trading is applied to both active and reactive power.

This will be illustrated by the following examples.

example 1

In a residential area, a large number of small photovoltaic systems are connected in a single phase to the outer conductor LI of the three-phase power grid. At noon on sunny days a simultaneous strong power feed-in into the outer conductor LI occurs. As a result, an unbalanced load of a distribution network transformer of the energy ^¬ network is created, which leads to shutdown of individual photovoltaic inverters by the voltage overshoot on the outer conductor LI. Using the inventive agent-based trading mechanism, it is possible to place the feeding of the photovoltaic systems, depending on the load of the phases of the power grid, on different outer conductors LI, L2, L3. Likewise, several consumers can be connected to those outer conductor, which has the highest voltage. Example 2

In a residential area, a large number of small photovoltaic systems are installed, which are connected, for example, to the outer conductor LI in a single-phase manner. In hours of strong sunlight there is a large power feed into this outsider or this phase. On the other hand, electrical stoves in the apartments or houses are connected in three phases to the power grid and provided with a power electronics, which allows to make an increased or complete power extraction from the outer conductor LI. When realizing agent-based and phase-specific trading, the price for LI-LI performance drops in the hours of strong sunlight. The agents assigned to the respective control devices or the electrical components register this and adjust their purchasing behavior accordingly.

Example 3

In a residential area, a large number of small photovoltaic systems are connected in a single phase to the outer conductor LI. In hours of strong sunlight, there is a strong power feed into this phase. Heat pumps in the homes of residential area connected to the single phase are Ener ^¬ gienetz and have a device for controlling the loading of the phases of the power system, which allows the selection of the phase. In an agent-based energy-based trading network, the price of the LI phase power decreases during periods of high solar radiation. The heat pump agents register this and adjust their buying behavior accordingly.

Example 4

A large photovoltaic system is connected to the outer conductor LI single phase for unknown reasons. Conventional equipped with monitoring relay motors for example Pumps would be unscheduled in this subnetwork of the power network with correspondingly pronounced phase balance off ^¬ . By way of example, the subnetwork should also include a commercial enterprise with machines whose electric motors are capable of phase-specific power consumption. According to the invention, the price for the power from the phase LI drops in the hours of strong sunlight. The electric motors of the business enterprise associated agents regis ration ^¬ ren this and judge accordingly receive from their purchase.

Example 5

At the end of a stub of the power grid, power generation units are connected in a single phase. Conventional motors equipped with monitoring relays for pumps, for example, would be disconnected unscheduled in this subnetwork with correspondingly pronounced phase asymmetry. In the subnetwork is also a commercial enterprise with machines whose electric motors are capable of phase-specific power consumption. According to the invention, the price for power from the phase LI drops in the hours of strong sunlight. The agents assigned to the electric motors of the machines of the business enterprise register this and arrange their purchase accordingly.

Example 6

Power generation units, such. As combined heat and power plants, usually feed three-phase in the power grid. When phase asymmetries occur, the variable phase-specific feed makes a contribution to network symmetry if, on the one hand, the combined heat and power plant is connected to the power grid via a control device according to the invention and, on the other hand, the described trading mechanism is used.

Claims

claims

1. Decentralized energy network with a plurality of energy consumption and / or energy generation units, each of which is assigned at least one agent (PEA), wherein the

Agents (PEA) are interconnected such that each agent (PEA) can communicate with other agents (PEA) in the energy network, and wherein the energy network is configured such that the distribution of energy in the energy network based at least partially on between the agents (PEA ) negotiated monetary transactions, characterized in that the distribution of the energy in the energy network is based on phase-specific monetary transactions negotiated between the agents (PEA).

2. Power grid according to claim 1, wherein the power grid is configured such that it can relate energy from other Energieset ^¬ zen and / or other energy networks can provide.

An energy network according to claim 1 or 2, wherein each agent (PEA) comprises a transaction unit which automatically negotiates prices with other agents (PEA) for providing and / or purchasing energy and concludes corresponding contracts.

4. Power grid according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a respective energy consumption and / or energy generating units associated agent (PEA) an energy metering and / or energy control unit for the phase-selective Mes ^¬ sen and / or controlling the respective energy consumption / or energy production units consumed and provided energy.

5. energy network according to any one of the preceding claims, in which each agent (PEA) includes one or more communication interfaces ^¬, in particular an external communica tion ^¬ interface for communicating with other agents (PEA) and / or an internal communication interface for communication with the one or more energy and / or power generation units to which the agent (PEA) is assigned.

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the energy network comprises a local energy exchange unit (LEX), over which the agents (PEA) negotiate the monetary transactions in the operation of the energy ^¬ gienetzes.

7. energy network according to claim 6, wherein the energy exchange unit (LEX) is designed such that they In ^¬ messenger and requests the agent (PEA) for energy phase specific collects and based on the offers and requests purchases and sales of energy phase specific between the agents PEA).

8. Energy network according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the energy exchange unit (LEX) is configured such that it a NEN energy price calculated phase-specific, at the largest ^¬ te number of monetary transactions between the agents (PEA) takes place and ^¬ averages based on these phasenspezifi ^¬ rule energy prices, purchases and sales of energy ver.

An energy network according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the energy exchange unit (LEX) can be accessed by the agents (PEA) to view the transactions mediated by the energy exchange unit (LEX).

10. Power grid according to one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the energy exchange unit (LEX) is designed such that it can contact energy exchange units (LEX) of other energy networks to provide energy to the other energy networks or to refer to this.

11. Energy network according to one of the preceding claims, in which the energy network comprises a monitoring unit (EP), which during operation of the power system monitors the execution of the mo ^¬-monetary transactions and based on this phase-selective deployment and based on this phase selective consumption of energy by the energy consumption and / or power generation units and has the authorization to the respective agent (PEA) access and wherein Presence of predetermined criteria to initiate countermeasures.

12. energy network according to claim 11, wherein the counter measures the reduction and / or increase in the ^¬ provided by a respective energy consumption and / or energy generation unit prepared and / or consumed energy and / or the output of a corresponding command for reducing and / or Erhö- Hung by a respective energy consumption and / or

Energy supplied and / or consumed power unit and / or the output of a corresponding command to phase change include.

13. Energy network according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the energy network, a management unit (IA) for Verwal ^¬ tion of belonging to the energy network energy and / or energy generation unit and its agents (PEA).

14. Energy network according to claim 13, wherein the administrative unit (IA) monitors the energy consumption and the energy production of the energy consumption and / or energy generating units and determines the occurrence of energy shortages and / or imbalances in the energy distribution countermeasures and corresponding instructions and / or suggestions to the agents (PEA).

The power grid of claim 14, wherein the countermeasures include decoupling the power grid from other power networks and issuing instructions to the agents (PEA) to increase power generation and / or reduce the power consumption of the respective agents (PEA) Consumption and / or power generation unit and / or the change of the phase of the power network include.

16. energy network according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the management unit (IA) analysis means for analyzing the Energiever ^¬ division included in the power network.

A method of distributing energy in a power grid as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the distribution of power in the power grid is at least partially based on phase-negotiated monetary transactions between the agents (PEA).